Shuang Deng DRC

‘Back To The Future’ Transforming historic places

Shuang Deng S3316139

Title: ‘Back to the future’ Sub-title: Transforming historic places

Research Question: How can historical characters of usage contribute to the regeneration of declined historical places?

Sub-Question: How can the regeneration of an ancient market accommodate increased tourism balancing this with the needs of local inhabitants to preserve historical character?

Abstract

With rapid urbanization, many of our historical characters are being lost and destroyed. This may be considered a tragedy when it appears particularly in rapidly developing countries where cities are becoming characterless and placeless. This project addresses how declined historic places are regenerated to maintain and enlarge their features, while promoting new development.

Most studies of historic character preservation have accepted archaeological and architectural approaches which protect building’s facade and other objects of historical significance, but which fail to consider the public realm and contribute to the sense of ‘characteristic’ and ‘history’. As Cromley (1987) argues, “Historic preservation‘s sense of history is not aimed at telling dynamic stories in which urban life is constructing itself, but instead is aimed at establishing a static past when things were nicer” . This research discusses how landscape architecture can not only preserve historic characters, but can also carefully reveal character, define features, and create a distinctive physical place for people, which inform and commemorate a particular historical period.

Beginning with two case studies, the Footscray Wharf and the CUB site in Melbourne, this research project aims to discuss historical characters and how to utilize them to accommodate different demands, which celebrates a particular history. This discussion is then further tested through the site of the YunDing Ancient Market in regional China in more detail. The project proposes ways that ancient market might be regenerated by revealing and reusing its symbolic features to accommodate the development of tourism, while balancing needs of local inhabitants. Addressing the issue of rapid urbanization resulting in characterless public places, this research may provide a way to rethink how to preserve and apply historical characters in developing a new urban realm. To quote Yunche (2011), this is done in such way that “Landscaping embraces rather than rejects culture and the human inhabitants.”

Contents

Phases

Phase 1

Chapter 1: Introduction

8

Reasons of regeneration

9

Background /Aim

10

Chapter 2: Framework

11

Precedents

11

Follie

14

Design strategy

15

Criteria method

17

Project

Chapter 3: Case Study 1 (Footscray Wharf)

Phase 2

Research Design

Definition of terms

18

Site introduction

19

Site analysis

22

Site structure

24

Site condition

27

Site problem

28

Characteristics

30

Jetties structures

31

Basalt rocks

36

Native plant species

40

Summary

46

Chapter 4: Case Study 2 (CUB)

48

Site introduction

49

Site analysis

51

Characteristics of CUB

53

Land-use concept

56

Beer park

57

Summary

63

Chapter 5: YunDing Ancient Market Project

4

8

64

Site introduction

65

Social phenomenon

67

Site contexts

68

Formulation of ancient market

72

Phase 3

Design

Research

Project

Phases

Chapter 6: Analytical tool box Historical characteristics(Eaves)

75

Historical characteristics(Stone)

78

Spacial analysis

82

Requirements of seller

84

Potential areas

86

Interaction

88

Small size

90

Medium size

92

Large size

94

Chapter 7: The developmental master plan

96

Chapter 8: Testing

98

Street Eating

98

Street Shopping

100

Tea House & Opera

102

Temple

108

Restaurant

110

Chapter 9: Criteria from data Redesign Tea House & Opera Phase 4

73

116 120

Chapter 10: Discussion

126

Chapter 11: Conclusion

127

Chapter 12: Bibliography

128

Image references

129

5

Design Research Project Digram

Defining regeneration

Historical places Nature + History

Historical characteristics Big

+

Small

Phase 1 Landforms Inhabit Landscape Natural structures Cityscape

Exploring regeneration Case Study (In AUS)

Footscray Wharf

Monuments Elements Structures Artefacts

Understanding history Historical development Specific period of time

Phase 2

Carlton and United Brewery

Understanding history Brewing history Brewing process Raw materials

Implementing regeneration YunDing Ancient Market (In CHN)

Exploring history Historical formation Historical effect

Phase 3

Test and design 5 areas on site

6

Understanding site Location Traffic Targeted population Surroundings Problems Features

Historical V

Past Now Future

Site ana

Surroundin Site pro

Site ana

Surround Specific c

Respect nati

Formulation Inhabitants b

Test 1

Tes

Restaurant Snack stall Fish Fruit Vegetable

Meat s Fis Veget Fru

Values

t w e

alysis

ng context oblems

Background of ancient towns and villages in China

Famous ancient towns and villages

Ancient towns and villages in rural area VS

Over-development

Characterless

Exploring characteristics

Remaining characteristics

ding area condition

Brewing machines Previous materials Beer barrel

n of Market behaviours

st 2

store sh table uit

Declining

Combine

Wharf structure Materials Native plant species

alysis

ive customs

Lacking development

Revealing characteristics

Specific eaves Native stone Stone structure

Transforming riverside Regenerate as the beginning of the industrial wharf

Connect

Proposed land-use Beer park Learn Meet Show Taste Farm

Observe sellers

Looking for and design potential area

Small Medium Large

Test 3

Test 4

Opera house Tea house Snack stall Souvenir store Meat store Vegetable Fruit

Herb stall Souvenir store Farming tools stall Vegetable Fruit

Column Wall Broken area

Test 5 Restaurant Fish Flower stall Souvenir store Vegetable Fruit

Criteria of design

Compare with other ancient towns (WuZhen and LiZhuang) Phase 4 7

Introduction Definition of terms

What is a historic place?

According to Heritage Victoria (2013), a historic place is a specific area or site, perhaps a large area such as whole region or landscape, or small region such as a feature or building, which is valued by people for its natural and cultural significance.

A historical place, shaped by nature and history, is an inheritance passed from a generation to the next. Also, it is reflected in the natural and cultural diversity and richness of places or objects, which help us and next generation to understand our past and our effect on the historic landscape.

What are historical characters?

A historical character is composed of both its physical form (it might be considered an element) and its attributes or characteristics. It is shaped by a process of natural change through time and the production of culture.

Historical characters can separated into two scales. The large scale characters include the formation of landforms, inhabitation, landscape, natural structures, cityscape, the group of buildings etc. Small scale characters cover historical objects, such as monuments, elements, structures, artefacts etc. They are represented by specific form, material, colour, pattern, custom, smell, view, sound, scale, native vegetation etc.

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Reasons of regeneration Regeneration for exploration values of the heritage places.

Historical Values Historical Characters

Witnessed/Recorded

Historical Places

Will Inform/Transmit

Future

Telling/Showing

Past

Now

The reasons for transforming historical places should be caused by its vital role for the community. A historical place has its specific historical values and characters.

They have witnessed and recorded the past. Now they are telling and showing what a history happened. Then they also will inform and transmit history to next generation.

In addition, the reasons for transforming declined historical places may be aesthetic, economic, historic, ethical, archaeological, environmental, and even personal. To more details: - Historical places are a link with our past, a reminder of special moments in our lives, culture and history.

How to challenge the traditional preservation method of historical characters?

Most historical objects are preserved by supports of government, partners and individual donations, such as UNESCO, Heritage Victoria. Their actions fail to an interaction between people and historical characters. People cannot participate a historical place where owns symbolic characters. However, I believe that historical characters should be shown in a public space, which offer for experience and participation. Previous historical characters will be maintained and enlarged in physical place to integrate with a new development, which achieve a productive development.

- Historical places are a vital part of a location’s special identity which could benefit local economic, such as tourism.

- Historical places have natural or culture values which should be handed on to our next generation, which plays an educational role with social and spiritual obligation.

Also, Australian Natural Heritage Charter (2002) defined that Natural historical significance means the importance of ecosystems and biodiversity for their existence value, and for present or future generations, in terms of their social, aesthetic and life support value.

However, historical places are very important to current and future generations, at the same time, preserving and regenerating historical places are quite challenged to landscape architects. We are not only preservers, but also developers who explore their value, reveal their characters, create a medium to link the past and now, inviting people to celebrate and experience.

9

Background

Events/Festivals Local food/products Ancient town & village tourism Reasons of traveling ancient village

Culture/Theme Experience of spirit Native customs

Over-development in ZhouZhuang Source: Tourjn

There are more than 47,000 towns in China now and some of them are historic ones. Those historic towns are invaluable because they inherit ancient Chinese culture and the native people still keep their precious customs.

Urban people yearn to relax themselves in those historic towns, which experiences and understands the specific history in past.

In fact, when traveling to these famous tourist spots becomes a hit, the purity of the historic towns or villages with the valuable culture are broken down by economic benefits because of over-development. The peaceful life of the local people is destroyed as well. Strong commercial atmosphere is not what we want to experience in these towns. So these historical places need protective development and authentic renovation by revealing and reuse its previous feathers.

On the contrary of over-development, it’s the decline of villages. As the regional development of China imbalances and also with the acceleration of the urbanization, there are gaps between rural and urban places in economy, politics, culture, science and technology, and human resources. Serious loss of young labor-force, low level of technology and lack of infrastructures and entertainment facilities are normal phenomenon in rural areas.

Some of the areas are even devastating that people’s living standard falls behind. Some ancient landscape and architecture are suffering destruction in different levels.

Therefore, the declined ancient towns and villages in 10

The decline of YunDing Village

rural areas have great potential and opportunities to be transformed, improved and regenerated.

Design Aim Basically, I aim trough the regeneration to transform declined ancient village and town into a more attractive historical place where has its specific characters and image. However, there are three targets, I am making effort. Firstly, for social value, the regeneration of declined ancient village can share and pass its culture and custom to visitor, which lets them to understand and respect our history and culture value. Secondly, the regeneration try to reduce stress of Chinese mage-cities, which attracts more and more previous inhabitants work and live back by creating more job opportunities and building a better public infrastructure. Inhabitants, who are living and working in city, can return their hometown which take care their ageing parents, kids, lands and ancient houses. Therefore, ancient towns and villages are protected by local inhabitants who get a better income from tourism, which builds a sustainable development. Finally, the regeneration of the declined ancient village balances between developed and developing ancient town and villages, which disperses pressures of developed ancient towns to developing ancient town and villages.

Framework Precedents

Traditional techniques+ Native materials

Amanfayun Resort and Fayun Village Project The Design Institute of Landscape Architecture China Academy of Art Source: AMAN Resorts

This project is to maintain the ancient village by productive development, which regenerates the ‘Chinese village of 18 century’ for visitors to experience and engage. In construction process, the ancient trees, wooden structures and mud walls are protected; also designers try to understand ancient constructive techniques, and then shift them to build new houses. The new houses are constructed by traditional techniques and native materials, which accommodates native inhabitants, landscape and atmosphere. For example, the mud walls are made by local yellow mud, straw and broken tiles. As a result, this project informs me to explore and utilize native materials and traditional way to regenerate a declined ancient village with its historical contexts.

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Restore/enhance character+Experience history

UNC project is to enlarge and maintain the historic campus characters such as ancient trees and monuments, which enhance a sense of ‘dignity’. In addition, reforestation and improved vegetation management are applied to restore ancient campus landscape. Designers aim to not only maintain an exceptional legacy of natural features and magnificent ancient trees, but also carefully revealing character-defining features. For example, reconfiguring pathways and planting trees are planned as a walking tour to experience those ancient campus woodland. ASLA (2011) states that ‘ A Walking Tour of Campus Trees’ was devolved to educate campus visitors and students, which reflects a sense of ancient campus.

This project inspires me to explore a understanding of site in deeper,which defines what features of a site have and need to enhance and restore.

The Dignity of Restraint Project Hoerr Schaudt Landscape Architects Source: HOERR SCHAUDT landscape architects

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Reuse former characteristics + Enlarge the quality of space

Regeneration by reusing materials with new functions

This new park was created on the site of a former shipyard in Zhongshan city. This project has improved the landscape of city downtown area. This new park was also intended to create new recreation for local people to become a park for environmental and historical education, and develop as a tourist attraction. In design process, designer tried to preserve an industrial characters and provide an attractive park. As a result, the rusting industrial remnants from the former shipyard were treated in different ways; some of them were preserved, restored, modified and removed, which created new forms to contribute this new park.

However, this project informed me for how to reuse and develop former historical characters, and how to use design strategies to preserve them, becoming more valuable, accessible. For example, the rusting water tower became a new light tower through adding the glass decoration. In addition, this project helps me to understand what the derelict historical characters can be used to create a distinctive physical space, rather than remove or destroy them.

Zhongshan Shipyard Park Project Turenscape Landscape Architects Source: Turenscape

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Follie

Regeneration

Old form

Declining

Declining

Remnant

Regenerating

New form

An old form experienced destruction, decline and disintegration, after that, it just maintained a little fragments and remnant. Then, using ‘enlargement, enhancement and maintenance’ as strategies to active and stimulate its fragments, which regenerates a new form, but it bases on an old form .

Enlargement

14

Enhancement

Maintenance

Design Strategy

Understanding a history Historic Events Historic Effect Festivals Customs Culture Previous appearance

Negative condition

Enlarge Enhance Maintain

Characteristics/Features Specific custom Traditional materials Symbolic element Broken area Inaccessibility Low standard of life Lacking infrastructure

Balancing a relationship

Inhabitants

Readings Photos Interview Documentary

Design strategy

Analysing a site Positive condition

Tools

Replace Remove Fix/Repair

Tools Visiting Taking photos Drawings Observation Writing

Form Materiel Colour Pattern Custom Smell View Sound Scale Vegetation

Design language (Tool box)

Respect/Require/Expect

Behaviours Habits Needs

Sellers

Needs of space Population of tourism Income

Visitors

Specific experience Historical attraction Accessibility

Test with different programs

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Other Assistants: The field trip The field trip is offered to explore and experience the history of the site, which provides the understanding for how did the site influence the existing and former surrounding landscape structure. At the same time, Some responses and primal concept are documented by hand drawings, photography, taking notes and etc., in order to explore its potential values , such as historical, commercial, aesthetic value and etc.

Mappings Mappings help me to understand the location of the site and the relationship between it and surrounding area. It aims to analysis site contexts, sash as scale, direction, traffic, people flow and etc. Also mappings show where the site has different elements and structures.

Models Models help me to develop the initial concept, which will provide understanding of how to transform historic places into a new public space.

Drawings Drawings include site plans, sections, elevations and other details. They help me to understand a continual process of exploration.

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Criteria Method

My design criteria comes from project aim, precedents, case studies, and testing, then generating a final criteria.

At this moment, I have got the my own criteria from project aim and precedents; also I will use that to discuss the design outcomes of case studies, and then using all criteria to discuss the final project.

Aim + Precedents

Case Study 1

Criteria from aim and precedents: Income: Did it raise the income for local community?

Case Study 2

Data

How?

Material: Did it use or reuse historical materials and former remaining materials? How use?

Final Project ‘Step by step’ criteria

Quality of space: Did it improve the exiting quality of space? What qualities?

Experience: Did it provide a specific experience to participators? What?

However, there are 4 aspects of criteria from previous aims and precedents. ‘Income’ will discuss for whether the design outcomes have raised income to local inhabitants. ‘Material’ will determine whether design process and outcome has used and recycled former remaining materials. ‘Quality of space’ means for whether the design proposition has improved the existing the quality of space. ‘Experience’ focus on whether the design has provided a specific experience for participators. I will utilize four of them to discuss further case studies.

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Case Study 1 (Footscray Wharf)

Case Study 1 - Footscray Wharf Back to the beginning of the industrial wharf

‘Heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to future generations. Our cultural and natural heritage are both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration.’ - UNESCO(2013)

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Site introduction

Footscray Wharves in 1860s Source: Walking Melbourne

Footscray Wharf in 1944 Source: Geocaching

‘Back to the beginning of industrial wharf’ is a main theme to attempt, which regenerates a sense of ‘beginning of industrial wharf by its representative characters.

According to Port of Melbourne Corporation(2013), Footscray Wharves were originally constructed by individual factories established along the riverbank at Footscray in 1860s. Factories used the wharves, in order to transport materials and finished goods, and dump their waste. The various wharves were maintained by the individual factories until the 1880s when the Melbourne Harbor Trust became responsible for all port berthing facilities. The Trust replaced the existing wharves with a continuous wharf structure which stretched the entire length of the existing Maribyrnong Street, with equal lengths on either side of Footscray Road. This new wharf continued to service the factories lining the riverfront but was also used for unloading general goods for other businesses.

age Victoria(2013) states that Footscray Wharf is of historical, archaeological and social importance to the State of Victoria. So, Footscray Wharf is a big potential and opportunity to develop and explore, basing on a maintenance of historic remains.

However, ‘back to the beginning of industrial wharf’ is a main theme to attempt, which provides a sense of ‘beginning of industrial wharf. The historical time should be back to ‘18 Century’, at that period of time, people constructed the wharf by a lot of timbers and basalt rocks. Maritime structures are made by timbers and rocks utilized to protect river bank. Also, it maintained some specific plant species along the riverside. These historical characters may represent the image of beginning of industrial wharf.

In its description, ‘In 1917, a railway line was installed parallel to the river and the tracks remains alongside the road. Factories and boat builders continued to use the wharf until the gradual closure of local factories in 1960 and 70s.’ (Port of Melbourne Corporation, 2013)) Herit-

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Footscray Wharf Historical Timeline

Footsscray Prak Footscray Wharves

Footscray Wharves in 1860s Source: Walking Melbourne

St. Monica's Church

St. Monica’s Church in 1880s Source: Picture Victoria

Community Arts Centre

Footscray Park in 1911 Source: Flickr

Conway Fish

Footscray Station

Conway Fish in 1890s Source: PHIBS

Footscray Station in1859 Source: Picture Victoria

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Community Arts Centre in 1872 Source: Creative Spaces

Bunbury Street Tunnel

Maribyrnong River Rail Bridge

Footscray Wharf Bunbury Street Tunnel in 1926 Source: Walking Melbourne

Rail Bridge in 1928 Source: Walking Melbourne

Footscray Wharf

Footscray Wharf

Rail Bridge in 1928 Source: Australian Project Solutions

Footscray Wharf in 1927 Source: Museum Victoria

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Site analysis

Population of Melbourne 4,246,345

Population of Footscray 13,203 Location of Site

Footscray is a suburb 5 km west of Melbourne, its population is 13,203.

Population of Footscray 13,203

Population of Site About 1,500

Relationship between Site and Surroundings

Footscray Wharf is located in Footscray , on the west bank of the Maribyrnong river, running south from Hopkins Street. There are some attractive places to surround my site, such as Footscray Rail Station, Footscray Market, Haevenly Queen Temple and Footscray Park and etc. Footscray Wharf is surrounded in historical areas, but Footscray Wharf stimulated the development of surrounding area in past. On the other hand, it witnessed the development of Footscray or Maribyrnong Community. Exploration of Footscray Wharf is to understand the formulation of a specific history.

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Site

Footscary Wharf soil distribution Source: Flora of Melbourne

According to reference map, Footscary Wharf is between basalt plains and tertiary sands, which grow lots of native vegetation. In additional, constructors used basalt rocks from near volcano to construct their riverbank. As a result, basalt rocks and native vegetation should be considered as its historical characters, because it witnesses a construction of industrial wharf in a landscape context.

N

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125 Metres

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Kilometres

Maribyrnong River Master Plan

Port Heritage Trail Source: Port of Melbourne

According to Port of Melbourne(2013),Footscray Wharf is one of 12 heritage ports in port heritage trail. 12 heritage ports have had a longstanding relationship with its surrounding communities in contributing economic benefits to Victoria. So local government wants what Footscray Wharf can be regenerated as a specific historical wharf that has its own characters.

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Existing Site Structure

The site is between Hopkins Street, Whitehall, and Napier Street.

The main bicycle trail is along the Maribyrnong River riverside. One tail line is to transport passenger form Melbourne to suburbs, such as Williamstown, New Port. The other one is to transport goods.

The main area of open space is along the riverside, two reserves. Because of lacking public infrastructure, such as shelter, beach; local people do not want to stay the wharf in a long time.

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Large commercial and industrial areas are opposite of my site and side of the main streets. So there is a challenge for how people experience a beginning of industrial wharf without seeing a modern port opposite. A visual control will be applied on design.

There are main 4 interesting places on my site, including Tannery Reserve, Grimes Reserve, Footscray Community Arts Centre, and Conway Fish. A regeneration of Footscray Wharf connects these ‘historical points’, will benefit a sense of wharf history.

25

50%

26

35%

Mixed Use

15%

Existing riverbank and rail line condition

During the site visiting, existing Footscray Wharf can be seen the former wharf’s structure that has built between ‘18 Century’, such as its driven piles, iron spikes, bolts, fenders, basalt rocks and etc. These remnants are separately on the riverbank and in the river. In addition, three timber jetties are representing a past Footscray Wharf ; one (Maribyrnong River Cruises) is located near Hopkins Street, other one is close to Napier Street. The biggest jetty is between them.

Otherwise, there is a railway along the riverside. But now it became a derelict tail line.

So it is an opportunity to regenerate a historical footpath by reusing historical characters.

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Site Problems

Rusty Railway

Plastic Pollution

Broken Riverbank Desertification of Riverbank

The site has three problems. Firstly, the riverbank is broken with desertification, which damages the maritime structure and is harmful for native vegetation. Secondly, the rail track has heavily rusted. Thirdly, lot of plastic products dumped into river, and timer structures. These problem will be addressed in a regeneration.

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Location of site problems

Rusty Rail

Desertification Area

Broken Riverbank

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Characteristics of Footscray Wharf

1

Jetties structures

2

Basalt rocks

‘Footscray Wharf is the significant maritime character of the riverfront.’(Heritage Victoria) The maritime character is revealed by historical occupation, such as its Jetties structures, basalt rocks, topography, buildings, plant species and etc. Jiven & J. Larkham (2003) states that a sense of place is created through using elements of historical forms. Basing on an analysis of characters and reading, my reflection is how using these historic elements to create a distinctive physical place, which engage people to experience and occupy. However, wooden structures, basalt rocks and native plant species are main characters to contribute the regeneration of Footscray Wharf.

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3

Plant species

1. Jetties Structures

Need to fix and repair Using timber

Broken Riverbank

Existing Wooden wharf

31

Different activities on riverbank

To support riverbank strategy

Some possibilities are guessed to explore its potential functions. Footscray Wharf as a historical place not only owns a rich history and maritime character, but also is a multifunctional public space to satisfy different demands of people. For example, the proposed riverside can fish, access water, view city’s landscape, hang out, meet and other outdoor activities.

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Separated riverbank strategy

To protect riverbank from using more rock

To fix riverbank for native vegetation and wildlife

A fixed riverbank becomes more accessible.

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+

+ Existing

34

Steps

+ Former characters

=

Accessible riverside with characters

Native vegetation

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2. Basalt Rocks

Need to replace Using basalt rocks

Existing rock landscape

Rusty railway

Rock park concept

Basalt rocks as a main character are to transform a rusty railway, generating as a rock park. Using different layout and accumulation of rocks replace a railway, in order to create a space where can experience the beginning of Footscray Wharf. In addition an irregular shape of path will be generated to improve existing path network and connect other ‘historical points’.

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Five different forms of path are test to connect two existing reserves and more potential attractive places, which regenerates a new network; in order to improve existing path network, becoming more accessible.

Testing path patterns of rock park

Existing footpath network Existing Interesting and historic places

Proposed footpath network Proposed Interesting and historic places

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Existing vision

Proposed vision influence

The rusty railway is replaced by a basalt rock park. Using characters, epically rocks and native vegetation create the space to enhance the quality of a space. People will feel a sense of ‘beginning of industry wharf’ in 18 Century by characters. Najafi & Shariff (2011) discusses that sense of place is personal subjective perception of their environments and their more or less conscious feelings about those places.

So native trees and rocks become the main elements of a specific environment to be experienced and felt. In addition, planting trees is to influence or block people’s vision, which cannot see car park and the opposite modern ports.

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3. Native Plant Species

Needs to replant Plant native plant species

Native Plant species

Desertification of Riverbank

Trees in growth

Ground cover in growth 40

Potential native plant species

Gahnia filum Spinifex sericeus

Atriplex cinerea

Sarcocornia quinqueflora

Suaeda australis Puccinellia stricta

Juncus krausii

Blackwood River Red Gum Acacia Melanoxylon Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Manna Gum Sweet Bursaria Eucalyptus Viminalis Bursaria Spinosa

Silver Wattle Acacia Dealbata

Tree Violet Melicytus Dentacus Black Wattle River Bottlebrush Acacia Mearnsii Callistemon Sieberi Planting more native plant species deals with desertification area of riverbank; also it enhances the atmosphere of beginning of industrial wharf. Trees and ground cover root system can catch the soil of desertification. On the other hand, different plant species is beneficial for plant diversity and a rich experience of native plants.

Sedges Bolboschoenus

Austrostipa Stipoides Common Reed Kangaroo Grass Phragmites Australis Themeda Triandra 41

+ Existing

42

+ Ground Cover

= Native Trees

Vege

Existing vision

Proposed vision influence

etation Corridor

Native plant species are planted to regenerate an original riverbank of 18 Century. In addition, native trees are used to influence people’s vision; they cannot see modern stuffs, such as modern apartment. Area of between trees will develop a pedestrian, which walk, bike, and run in that space that is surrounded by native plant species.

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Vegetation in growth

Existing

10 Years

30 Years

50 Years

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First Green Corridor Second Green Corridor

Native Potential Fish and Bird Species

Southern Pygmy Perch

Short-finned Eel

Nankeen Night Heron

Red-browed Finch

Freshwater Shrimp

Eastern Gambusia

Flat-headed Gudgeon

Scuds

Common Galaxia

Australian Smelt

Willie Wagtail

Red Wattlebird

Pacific Black Duck

Masked Lapwing

White-plumed Honeyeater

With the growth native vegetation, two green corridors will be generated. One is along the river side. Other one is on the rock park, which connect two previous two reserves. In addition, more and more native wildlife will be attracted to live here.

Crimson Rosella

Chestnut Teal

Red-rumped Parrot

Dusky Woodswallow

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Summary

Platforms and Steps Car Parking Trees Maritime structure Umbrella Curving pathway Flower Beds Rocks Jetties Water plant Seating Pathway

Vehicle way Pedestrian Cycle way

Proposed circulation

Potential outdoor activities 46

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Proposed site plan According to previous four criteria (income, material, quality of life, experience), I have used them to discuss my design outcome of Case Study 1.

Income: Case study 1 fails to increase income to local community, but it is possible to create opportunities to interact people who live in local community.

Material: Case study 1 is successful to use traditional materials and reuse remaining materials. For example, remaining basalt rocks are reused to create a rock park, which covers rusty rail line. In addition, the river bank is reconstructed by traditional materials and some maritime structures are maintained becoming sculptures.

Quality of space: Case study 1 is good to improve the exiting quality of space. The proposed space becomes more accessible, comfortable and visible. For example, the broken area of river bank is fixed to access water and plant to more native plants, which provides more shadows and sitting space.

Experience: The study tries to be back the beginning of Footscray Wharf, which experiences historical space with its specific characters. For instance, people can experience the original industry wharf by timber riverside. Also they can walk round the basalt rock to feel rough landscape of construction of riverbank.

Otherwise, this study is posed the extra criteria, because the design outcome is beneficial local environment. For example, the native plants are planted to keep a harmonious ecosystem with surroundings contexts. So ‘environment’ will become one more aspect in criteria to discuss next Case Study.

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Case Study 2 (CUB)

Case Study 2 - CUB(Carlton and United Brewery) Back to the flourishing Carlton brewing factory

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Site introduction

Existing Site Condition

The Carlton and United Brewery in Melbourne is located on between Bouverie Street and Swanton Street. According to Heritage Victoria(2013), the brewery fund at 24 Bouverie Street in 1858. With 155 years, this brewery witnessed growth of an Auetralia’s leading brewer and generation of icons and international brands, such as VB,Cascade, Crown Lager, Cralton Draughr and etc. (Carlton& United Breweries,2013) But nowadays, we just can see its remnants, including the Malthouse on Swanston Street, a pub on the corner of Swanston Street and Queensberry Street, the Bluestone building on the corner of Bouverie Street and the remaining walls on the Bouveris Street. However, this case study is going to regenerate a theme beer park to celebrate the flourishing brewing factory through using its characters.

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History of CUB

Entrance of Carlton Brewery in 1870 Source: Carlton & United Breweries

Figure . Carlton Brewery Factory in 1880 Source: Carlton & United Breweries

Victoria Bitter Barrels in 1920s Source: Carlton & United Breweries

50

‘In 1858 Rosenberg and Company founded a brewery at 24Bouverie Street, North Melbourne and traded as the North Melbourne Brewery. In 1864 an Mr John Bellman reopened the brewery naming it the Carlton Brewery, after the new title given to the area immediately north of the city. In 1872 the original plant and chimney were demolished and replaced by a new brewing tower. In 1883 a further bluestone warehouse was erected on Bouverie Street and a wine and spirit store was built. In 1904, the brewery continued to expand by acquiring more land and building new structures including the first major building on Swanston Street, the Malt House. In 1925 the Bouverie Street frontage was completed by the construction of the bluestone building on the corner. In the 1990s all but the bluestone buildings on Bouverie Stre et and the Malt House on Swanston Street were demolished.’ (Heritage Victoria 2001) The description also states that the CUB in Melbourne is of historical, architectural and technical important to the State of Victoria. The remaining buildings and walls represent the early manufactory history and witnessed a development of an early brewing industry as a principal centre of brewing of Victoria. Term of architectural significant, the remaining buildings express between 19th and 20th century brewing processes, especially the red brick Malt-house. After that, this heritage place shows a technical value, for example, the Malthouse is constructed by cement, blue-stone concrete, perpendicular steel rods, and cylindrical rods. (Heritage Victoria 2001)

Site analysis

The Carlton and United Brewery in Melbourne is located on between Bouverie Street and Swanton Street, it is belonged Carlton Community.

Apartment

Pub Store

Malthouse Remaining walls

Bluestone house

Design Hub

Existing site plan

There are some remnants on site at this moment, including the Malthouse on Swanston Street, a pub on the corner of Swanston Street and Queensberry Street, the Bluestone building on the corner of Bouverie Street and the remaining walls on the Bouveris Street.

51

Carlton Community heritage distribution

Site contexts

17%

35%

In Carlton Community, 17% area is business; around 35% area is residential, and 45% area is for mix use.

52

Mixed Use

45%

Characteristics of CUB

Exiting positive conditions

Bluestone house(bluestone, rods)

+

Furniture Sculpture

Malthouse( brick, architectural style )

Streetscape

According to previous analysis, the main characters include the disposal brewing machines, blue stone and old barrel. They will become a language to describe a brewing history.

Atmosphere/Vision/Texture

CUB in Melbourne remains some positive conditions. To be more detail, brewing house was constructed by bluestone and malthouse was constructed by red bricks with specific style. Also the site has the historical streetscape and atmosphere between surroundings. The materials of construction can be utilized to regenerate a declined brewing factory. However, these positive conditions should be maintained and integrate with representative characters to contribute a generation of flourishing brewing factory.

53

Brewery Process

Beer brewing process Source: Malting and Brewing

BARLY

+

wATER

+

HOPS

=

BEER

Beer raw materials

On the other hand, the CUB beer park is to share traditional brewing technical, process and materials.

54

Concept from bee pipeline

Main paths will be decorated by beer pipeline. This concept comes from beer’s flow. For example, when beer is flowing from a machine to others, it represents people’s flow from Bulestone house to beer garden, which guides people to explore this brewing factory. It is also provide a shelter to participators. In addition, people can be easy to access every interesting place through these ‘beer pipeline’.

Regeneration of path network

A linkage between historic points can be achieved through a path network, which may be able to improve accessibility.

The new network depends on former paths, and then they are extended to regenerates a new network to connect exiting historical remains.

55

Land use concept ‘Learn’ The ‘Learn’ area include a sculpture garden(showing brewing process), heritage garden(transmitting and reflecting history of brewery), and a CUB museum(introducing CUB’s and growth and development for how Carlton beer effect local people and became a culture).

‘Meet’ The ‘meet’ area includes cafe, information and resting deck.

These spaces provide to people relax, meet, hang out, sit, watch, communicate, and etc. Also, the different level of decks can bring different experience for participators.

‘Show’

The Design Hub integrates with Malthouse become a multifunctional ‘show’ area. Design Hub may be able to show some artworks, and then Malthouse can celebrate bigger scale events, such as fashion show, beer festival, art exhibition, opera, theatre and etc.

‘Taste’ The ‘taste’ area represents a beer garden; people can taste different brands of beer from CUB. It also is a fixable space, people can move their barrels that become chairs. People drink the Carlton’s beer, watching the Footy match; perhaps they can feel sense of ‘us’ and ‘local’.

‘Farm’ The ‘farm’ area includes barley garden, hops garden, native plant species. The primary function is as green corridor, but it is also farm to rich urban landscape and soften hardscape.

The farm will introduce what Carlton’s hops and barley come from and how they contribute to CUB, and etc.

56

Beer park

Beer Pub

Hops Garden CafĂŠ/Information Sculpture Garden

Exhibition

Barly Gaeden Heritage Garden

Resting Deck Proposed Site Plan 57

Barley

Beer pipeline (Pedestrian)

C

Pub 58

Beer garden

Beer pipeline (Pedestrian)

Sculptures

Store

Apartment

C’

Sculpture Garden

Sculptures

Beer pipeline (Pedestrian)

D

Barley

D’

Bluestone museum

Resting deck

T-square

Design hub 59

Apartment

60

Grass land

Design hub

Beer pipeline (Pedestrian)

Hops garden

Malt-house (Exhibition)

Hops garden

A

A’

Heritage garden

Bluestone museum

B’

B

Beer pipeline (Pedestrian)

Cafe/Information

Beer pipeline (Pedestrian)

Beer garden

Pub

61

Existing and proposed circulation and junctions

Existing and proposed trees

62

Summary

Historical materials

Disposal brewing machines

To regenerate for

Sculptures

Blue stone

Bench

Beer barrel

Seat/Decoration

Historical identity

Remaining walls Malt house Blue stone house

To regenerate for

Heritage garden Exhibition Museum

Case study 2 (CUB) is to reuse and recycle former remains of site, which enhances the qualities of space in CUB. Proposed CUB will become a ‘beer park’ to share its brewing history, technic and products. Also, people can experience the beer culture by its facilities, such as heritage garden, CUB museum, sculpture garden and etc. However, reusing and recycling pervious materials will be applied to regenerate a declined historical place, which enhance its atmosphere, feeling specifically. There are five citiria to discuss the outcome of Income: Case study 2 will raise income to local area, especially near retail stores can be benefited by increased tourism. CUB is probable to stimulate the economy of Carlton Community.

Material: The remaining materials are maintained well to contribute the beer park, for example, the former brewing machines regenerate for the sculptures and beer pipelines become the pedestrians.

Quality of space: That beer park is separated as different areas where have different qualities of space. More public facilities are designed to meet the needs of people. For example, pervious broken walls has transformed heritage garden, people can sit into the garden and walk around remaining walls that are maintained, in order to talk a brewing story.

Experience: In term of experience, Beer Park is providing different specific experience. For example, people can know how to make beer by former machines and raw materials in CUB. In addition, there is a very specific experience through in beer pipeline. But there is a problem about hops and barley garden. They may be not suitable for city area, because they cannot bear a hug number of visitor.

Environment: The environment is improved by transforming broken areas. More vegetation is planted to generate more grassland to visitors.

Importantly, these criteria will be used in YunDing project and I have learnt how to use historial materials and use historial forms to regenerate a physical space.

63

YunDing Ancient Market Project

YunDing Ancient Market Project Back to the ancient market in SiChuan

64

Site introduction

Beijing

YunDing

YunDing Village is located in southwest of China, SiChuan province; which lies in Yunding Mountain between LongChang and Lu County.

While, it is belonged by LongChang County.

Location of YD market

MIANYANG

WENCHUAN

NANCHONG CHENDU

NEIJIANG

CHONGQING

ZIGONG

LONGCHANG

LUZHOU Y WA TO MO

There are five airports and three river ports near YunDing Village.

The nearest one is LuZhou airport, which needs half hour to arrive from airport to the site.

Airport and port

65

19 M

1K TO DU

EN

CH

ING

GQ

ON

H OC MT

K

124

LONGCHANG

AY RAILW

KM

54 U

HO

UZ

L TO SITE

MOTOWAY LEVEL 2 WAY LEVEL 3 WAY

LongChang County is a middle point between ChongQing and ChengDu. From ChongQing to LongChang, it needs one and half hours; from ChengDu to LongChang, it needs around two hours. Also, from LuZhou to LongChang, it needs about one hour by motorway. After that, form the CBD of LongChang County to YunDing village needs half hour by Level 3 way.

Traffic condition

14.190.000 CHENDU

0.770.000

LONGCHANG

29.190.000 CHONGQING

According to existing traffic condition, there are three mega-cities will become the targets. People, who come from these mega-cities, will be attracted by this ancient village.

4.790.000

LUZHOU

Target population

66

Social phenomenon Chinese urbanisation causes a decline of ancient towns and villages.

Chinese urbanization

Urban

Losing labour-force

Developing

Village Declining

Imbalance

Proposed Model

Urban

Inhabitants returning Urban people visiting

Moderate Development

Village Regenerating

Balance With Chinese rapid urbanisation, LongChang County became a big exporter of labourforce to mega-cities. More and more young people move from rural to urban region for work and better life. LongChang County has contributed round 40% of whole population to Chinese urbanization. Young people give up their work in rural area, leaving their children and parents, and then going to city, looking for a new job. This kind of imbalance of development leads to a serious social problems, including a declining ancient village.

67

Site contexts

New market New village Residential area

Ancient village

Ancient market

68

Motoway

Ancient farmland

In the past 30 years, a new village has formed at bottom of the YunDing Mountain; also a new market and residential area have built in that new village by local government. A new village is built on a more flat topography with a good traffic condition, which becomes more accessible and convenience. Actually, the development of new village results in a quick decline of the ancient village. Inhabitants began to move, work and live out, which hopes to live in a higher standard of life.

There are just around 200 people, living in the ancient village. Most of them are ageing people. However, lack of development is main reason to cause people move and live out.

69

YunDing village built in Ming Dynasty (in 1363). During 600 years, it has formed the characteristic natural and cultural landscape with specific local custom. YunDing Village is stockaded by local rocks as a circular wall; its length is 1640m, width of wall body is 4.5m, the average height is 7.5m. The inside of village had previously 48 buildings which had different facilities and functions, such as Village Affair Bureau, post office, performance hall, soldiers’ sheds and schools. Village architecture styles include southern SiChuan, the Hakka and Hui style. Importantly, outside of village, there is the ancient market .This market is formed two streets as a shape of ‘T’. Because of local traditional custom, locals like going to the market at midnight or between 12:00pm and 4:00am where sells hand-made products, vegetable, meat and fruits and etc. They trade with torches. But they will leave before dawn. Even though the village is declining, but its characters remain well.

For example, some ancient architectures and street-scape keep well. Especially, there have some specific traditional eaves and street is paved by local stone.

Site

Around 200 inhabitants

1.77 ha

70

Forest Houses Car park Wall of village Stone factory

Existing site plan

71

Formulation of ancient market

The ancient market mainly includes traditional buildings, stone pavement and stone kerb. Pavement and kerb are constructed by local stone. Doors and windows face the street. On the other hand, eaves are longer than kerbs or as long as kerbs, in order to drain away rain and protect walls.

Ancient buildings Stone pavement

Stone kerb

Pavement

Kerb

Buildings

Buildings

Pavement

Kerb Market structure

72

Analytical Tool Box

Market condition at daytime

Market condition at night

The narrowest

The widest

With the declining ancient village, there are a very small number of inhabitants walk on the market at daytime. In contrast, there are some inhabitants to gather the junction of two streets at night. The night market is running with small group of inhabitant, trading some vegetable and meats.

2.8M

7.2M

73

Respecting behaviours of inhabitants Inhabitants occupy space with their habits.

Souvenir store

Tea house

Farming tool stall

Vegetable

Meat stall Buyer

74

Seller

Historical characteristics - Eaves

S

L

S

A

S

A

S

L

S

S

A

L

A

A

A

S

A

A

A

A

Large 2300-1700mm Average 1700-1300mm Short 1300-800mm 75

Eaves function

Raining day

Sunny day

Historical eaves inspired me to design canopy or shelter by using their forms. Eaves can become shelters to meet different weather and different group of people. For example, when strong sun light or rain is coming, eaves can extend to block bad weather.

Sun light movement

76

The longest eave

Average long eave

The shortest eave

Different existing eave length will meet different requirements.

77

Historical characteristics - Stone Stone has became as a culture.

Stone wall

Stone steps

Current stone factory

Stone bridge Derelict stone on market Stone pathway

Stone column

Stone arches

Stone gate

Stone art-work

78

Stone has become or represented a culture in the ancient village, because it is playing a vital role in life of inhabitants.

Bridge, buildings, steps, column, streets, paths, memorial arches, walls, handicraft, sculptures can be made by local stone.

Also local constructors prefer to use stone to make staffs, because people can to get stone from near stone factory easily in village and the quality is considered high.

Stone construction

Stone structure

The pavement of the ancient market is constructed by local stone, including steps, kerbs and slopes. In addition, the stone structures are informed to use into designing the stone beach.

79

Reusing previous stone structure to make new interventions.

80

Testing stone structure

81

Column Analysis

To respect habits of inhabitants

Existing structures on the kerbs

82

Inhabitants occupying space with their habits

Setting up an vention to

n intertest

Integrating with inhabitant’s habits and needs of tourism

In order to respect habits of local people and increased tourism, I tested how to use small space on kerb to balance them. Firstly, I tried to understand for how local people occupy market space with their habits and behaviours. Secondly, I put an intervention to test whether it would affect people behaviours and bring some inconvenient situations. Finally, I integrated with previous understandings of inhabitant’s behaviours and requirements of sellers and buyers, which generated a new space arrangement to balance them. For example, there keeps a distance between interventions and columns to make sure what inhabitants and buyers are easy to access and reach doors and windows.

Observation Walking direction Intervention Column Inhabitants Seller Buyer Door Wall Window 83

Requirements Of Sellers

Vegetable

Fruit

Snack stall

Meat store

Herb stall

Farming tool

T-shirt store

Tea house

84

SiChuan Opera

Vegetable

Fruit

Fish

Flower stall

Souvenir store

Restaurant

One squire means 1M2. Differing type of sellers needs different size of space.

For example, vegetable seller just needs one or two squire meters.

85

L

M

S =

=

=

=

Stones can replace part of furnitures.

86

Potential areas for ‘small, medium,large’

Depends on previous analysis of seller’s requirements, there are three different scale of space to satisfy different type of sellers(small, medium and large). After that, different potential areas are fund to meet the sellers. For instance, the broken area between two houses can used to fit in different sellers who need large scale of space , such as tea house, restaurant and opera.

Large size(broken area) is between houses.

Medium size is close the walls.

Small size is the front of column.

Small(Column) Medium(Wall) Large(Broken house)

87

Interaction between inhabitant, seller and buyer

Inhabitant

Previous relationship

88

Inhabitant

Seller

Proposed relationship

Inhabitant

Seller

Seller

Seller

Buyer

Buyer

Inhabitant

89

Small Size

400

400 1200

90

1200

600

400

600

600

600

Interventions for vegetable and fruit sellers

400

400 600

600 Intervention for inhabitants, drying cloths and food 91

Medium Size

400

Intervention for fish stall

1200

92

Intervention for farming tool stall

400

Intervention for meat stall

1200

Intervention for herb stall

400

400

Intervention for flower stall

1200

Intervention for flower stall

Intervention for souvenir store

93

Large Size

400

2000 Existing

94

Proposed

2000 Intervention for restaurant

800

1200 Intervention for snack stall

400 Intervention for tea-house

4000 Intervention for opera-house

95

The Development Of Master Plan The developmental master plan is to develop the 5 main scenarios with their different features. They are formed by the historical characteristics and construct by local materials and recycling materials from broken houses. The five scenarios attempt to provide the specific experiences to visitors, at the same time they are designed to meet needs of inhabitants, which respect local customs and share their culture and history.

Street Shopping

Street Eating 1

2

96

Restaurant

Temple

Tea House & Opera

5

4

3

97

15M

10

5

Testing Street Eating

Vegetable stall

Fruit stall

Fish stall

A

Eave

A‘

Restaurant

Snack stall

1

2M

Street Eating plan 98

Local specific snacks

Tools

To enlarge

=

=

=

=

=

=

Street Eating is the regeneration from one of broken areas where people can experience and taste traditional characteristic snacks. It is an opportunity for vendors and visitors to communicate in this area where in habitants can sell home-made snakes to visitors, at the same time, visitors can taste the local food and see how to make snacks. Importantly, their interactions will happen in this distinctive physical space where regenerated by historical characteristics.

Public furnitures are made by local stone.

=

=

Street Eating A-A’ section

99

Street Shopping

Stone bench

Vegetable stall

Meat store

B

Eave

100

Stone step

Fruit stall

Fish stall

B’

Night market

Tools =

=

=

= = 1

2M

=

Street Shopping plan

Public furnitures are made by local stone

=

The stone furnitures are designed for Street Shopping and vendors to sell local products.

Visitors and inhabitants may = buy some vegetables, fruits, fish and meats. Local framers can sell their products to visitors and locals, which increasing their income. As a result, the custom of ancient market is maintained; inhabitants still can buy something in night market. In addition, the ancient market operates in day market for visitors who can experience what this ancient market works with local custom. However, this area tries to create more opportunities between buy-sell. In addition, it is tried to develop the space on kerbs rather than occupying space on street, vendors just sell products on kerbs, in order to make sure a good running of people flow.

Street Shopping section

101

Tea House & Opera

Vegetable stall

Fruit stall

C

Meat store

Snack stall

102

Souvenir store

Traditional SiChuan Opera

Ancient tea house

Stone bench

Flower bed

C’

Stone bench

Tea house

Eave

Opera house

1

3M Tea House & Opera plan

103

Tools

Native plant

=

=

=

=

To combine

Umbrella

Public furnitures are made by local stone

=

=

=

=

To combine

Opera stage

104

Tea house and opera house are regenerated by historical characteristics. The furnitures are produced by local stone with stone structure, canopies are constructed from the form of eaves; also the opera house is generated by eave’s structure. This area is proposed to experience traditional tea culture of SiChuan and understand local opera with its historical stories. Not only people can drink local teas and watch the opera, but also they can buy snacks and the gift of opera culture. The cultural place designs to tell history and share culture, which may create a sense of ‘history’. In addition, it makes opportunities for visitors to understand and respect the history of ancient towns and villages.

Existing condition of Tea House & Opera C-C’ section

105

106

Proposed condition at day time of Tea House & Opera C-C’ section

Proposed condition at night time of Tea House & Opera C-C’ section 107

Temple

D

Souvenir store

Stone bench

Farming tool stall

Vegetable stall

Fruit stall

Eave

Herb stall

1

3M

Temple proposed plan

108 D’

Local Buddhism events

Tools

Set up eave as shelter

=

=

=

=

Public furnitures are made by local stone

=

1

3M

=

Different level stone bench

The temple area is to meet the needs of inhabitants, because local = = but there has not a commupeople prefer to worship Budda per week, nication space with enough infrastructures. When they finished worship they just stand the area of front of temple gate to communicate. As a result, the long canopy and some stone bench are designed close the wall. They can sit along the wall under the canopy, also it is potential area for vendors to sell the products of worship. But the little number of seats are hard to meet the needs of visitors, vendors and inhabitants.

Temple exiting plan

Temple D-D’ section

109

Restaurant

Kitchen

Restaurant checkout

Flower bed

E

Restaurant

110

Souvenir store

Vegetable stall

Restaurant waiting

E’

Flower stall

Fruit stall

Fish stall

Stone bench 1

3

5M

Restaurant plan

111

The regeneration of this broken area is to propose a eating space for visitors to taste the characteristic food, especially Sichuan Cuisine or Sichuan Hotpot. The characteristic restaurant is formed by historical characters, for example, the umbrellas are generated by combination of two same eaves. Otherwise, the remaining walls can be maintained to transform restaurant’s checkout and display wall. Even through the regeneration produces a new restaurant, but its character is restored and maintained and people also can feel what that is a historical place.

112

Exiting broken wall

Restaurant exiting condition of E-E’ section

Reusing broken wall as checkout

113

Tools

Native plant

To combine

=

=

=

=

Public furnitures are made by local stone = =

=

114

=

Restaurant E-E’ section

115

Criteria From Data

3 REASONABLE

14 MAXIMUM

8 REASONABLE

30 MAXIMUM

According to observation from local markets, one seller can serve 2 buyers very well in small size at the same time, especially vegetable and fruit stall. On the other hand, 2 sellers serve well 6 people in medium size one. Therefore, the ancient market can accept and serve 1.340 people in a reasonable condition; also per person can get around 4m2. In contrast, a small size on market can admit 14 in maximum and a medium size can admit 30 in maximum. So the maximum population is 5.375 that per person just can obtain 1.2 m2.

5.374

1.340

MAXIMUM POPULATION

REASONABLE POPULATION 4m2 (per person)

116

1.2 m2 (per person)

Data from ancient town traveling report

The data from ‘Chinese Ancient Town and Village Traveling Report’ (2011), visitors of WuZhen is the fastest growing ancient town, which is increasing 57% per year. WuZhen has become the most attractive traveling spots in China. Otherwise, LiZhuang is the fastest raise ancient village in SiChuan Province, which is growing 30% per year. Therefore I will use these data to criticize my previous design outcomes whether they can accommodate increase tourism.

2001

2000

ZhouZhuang

2009

2010

1.475.000

TongLi

5.920.000

3.630.000

870.000

Increased 32% per year

5.310.000

789.000

Wuzhen

LiZhuang

Increased 27% per year

Increased 57% per year

Increased 30% per year

30.000

950.000

ZhouZhuang

TongLi

Wuzhen

LiZhuang

Structure of the different age visiting ancient towns and villages

Under 17 18 - 24 25 - 44 45 - 64 Over 65 Age

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

Source: Sohu(2011) Potential visitors

Current visitors

The report states that people between 25 and 44 ages are the main visitors to ancient town and village. They choose mostly to visit ancient town in public holidays, such as National Day and International Labour Day. So the proposed YunDing ancient market has to accommodate the sharp increase of visitors.

117

1.340

5.374

REASONABLE POPULATION

x 67 OR

MAXIMUM POPULATION

x 268

x 108 OR

x 1.075

Increased rate of per year of WuZhen

Tourist Increase

3

5

8

13

8

13

20

30

1340

2103

3301

5181

318m2 In Total CURRENT X 57%

YEAR 1 X 57%

L 148

118

232

Increased rate of per year of LiZhuang

Tourist Increase

3

4

5

7

8

10

13

17

1340

1742

2264

YEAR 2 X 57%

2943

9

12

22

29

3825

4972

YEAR 3 X 57%

364

571

Depends on previous data analysis, increasing 57% per year and increasing 30% per year are used to test three different size, and then to redesign one test of them. Firstly, increase 57% per year of YunDing ancient market can accommodate 3 years development. After that, the number of visitors will overtake its maximum condition; while the ancient market will be damaged by countless visitors. Secondly, the market will face an overcrowding situation in 5 years, based on increase speed of 30% per year. However, I fund that there is a fail for rapid increase tourism, so I will redesign the previous design to meet more and more visitors in maximization.

119

Redesign Tea House and Opera

The behaviours of local inhabitants informed me to design a stone beach that can fit in increased participators and can provides same experience of tea house.

120

Intervention of previous design

Intervention of redesign

Redesign Tea House and Opera Stone bench are designed to provide different group of people. While stone beach not only attempts to meet and increased tourism, but also makes sure for every participators can experience tea house well.

121

Vegetable stall

Fruit stall

F

Meat store

Snack stall

122

Souvenir store

Stone bench

Flower bed

F’

Stone bench

Tea house

Eave

Opera house

1

3M Redesign Tea House and Opera plan

123

To compare Tea House between previous and fixed

Maximum participators - 48

124

Increased 37.5%

Maximum participators - 66

Tea House and Opera F-F’ section

Previous Design Fixed Design

Current

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

148

232

364

571

203

318

499

783

Comparison in 57% increased condition of Tea House and Opera

125

Discussion

Because of previous criteria and data from other tourist attractions, all of them are used to discuss the outcome of final project. There are 6 aspects to criticize the outcome, including income, material, and quality of space, experience, environment and number of participators.

Income: The regenerated ancient town may attract a huge number of visitors who will consume money here, which benefits local economy. To be more details, there are 122 potential vegetable and fruit stalls, 54 medium size’s stores and 3 large scales catering areas, which may create some profitable jobs, raising incomes for inhabitants.

Material: The proposed ancient market is regenerated by local materials and former remaining materials.

For instance, local stone are used to provide for infrastructures such as stone bench and the broken walls are maintained to the checkout and display wall. In addition, the broken wooden eaves are applied for canopies and restore them.

Quality of space: The regeneration might improve the exiting quality of space. Broken areas between houses are replaced by local traditional activities such as SiChuan Opera and Tea House, which improved the qualities of these areas, basing on local customs. To be more detailed, using characters create space which become more comfortable, safety and beautiful. For example, the eaves can elongate as canopies which maintain their form; also they can reject rain and strong sun light, which may provide pleasered space for participators.

Experience: The specific experiences are created by regeneration of the ancient market, which attempt to be back to a specific historical period of time. Different areas may have different feels and sense with their characteristics, which generate the options for visitors. For instance, there have lots of outdoor activities; people can taste the local snacks, buy local products, watch traditional Opera, drink the native tea, visit the temple, chat with local people etc. All the actuaries in physical spaces are covered and formed by historical characters, such as stone, eaves.

Environment: Even though, the regeneration did not improve the natural environment, but it was to recycle and reuse local materials and former remaining materials on site to meet new development. This is a way to protect local environment and preserve historical characters, which achieve a productuve develoments.

Number of participators: The previous proposed design can meet 1.340 participators in the same time, as well as they may experience well. But it could not accommodate rapid increasingn tourism in China. If using the fastest increase rate (57% per year) tests the proposed design, it will overtake the maximum number (5.374) in future three years; the ancient market will become super crowded. Therefore, the previous design is improved by the redesign. According to the outcome of redesign, the market can raise 37.5% without well traveling experience. However, because of Chinese contexts with huge number of people, the proposed ancient market will face a heavy pressure in public holidays, especially National Day.

126

Conclusion

In my final project, I am interested in the regeneration of declined historical places, especially ancient towns and villages. This regeneration attempts to achieve protective development balancing the needs of local inhabitants and preserving historical characters. Also historical characters may be used to regenerate a space or place which is distinctive and specific. A particular historical period informs the historical place and what characteristics the historical characters have, which provides specific experience.

With the process of revealing historical characters, I explored the way that some characters have become a culture in local area. For example, in YunDing village, native stone can construct different things, such as bridge, steps, column, streets, paths, memorial arches, walls and sculptures. So it informed me to regenerate a space by using local materials, in order to respect local custom and preserve its historical characters. On the other hand, I have tried to understand what the historical place is and how people occupy space with their habits. To be more detailed, the YunDing Market regeneration that I have proposed retains ancient trading customs, streetscape, strong atmosphere and the life style of inhabitants. These components are preserved by maintaining, enhancing and enlarging historical characters, which contributes to the regeneration. People can feel a sense of the ancient market without modern construction. However, a deeper understanding of historical site is useful for me to develop a design, which informs the respect of local customs and reuse of historical characters.

In term of failures and successes, I consider there is a gap in the time allowed between test and design; I overlooked the test of how people use space in different periods of time in a day and whether my design can balance the needs of inhabitants and increased tourism. With rapid tourism industry in China, the proposed ancient market will be hard to bear a huge number of visitors. However, I am happy for my final project, because it helps me to develop my critical thinking and technical drawing, which allows me understand the ‘how, why, what’ of Landscape Architecture.

I believe that Landscape Architecture is able to balance between development and preservation. A regeneration of declined historical places is beneficial to pass history to the next generation, which contributes the formulation of historical image and identity. In the field of Landscape Architecture, I hope that my theory can help designers to rethink and develop the design of historical and cultural places. For rapid Chinese urbanization, I wonder that my research can be provided for Chinese governments to develop a new ancient town and village with applying and preserving historical characters.

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