WANG Mengli_Rethinking Void Spaces

RETHINKING VOID SPACES the social and economic potential of having public spaces in slums of Mumbai

RETHINKING VOID SPACES The Social and Economic Potential of Having Public Spaces in Slums of Mumbai

ABSTRACT This design research examines the potential of converting unoccupied void spaces in slums of Mumbai into socially and economically meaningful public spaces, reducing poverty and improving the quality of life in the neighbourhood. The design iteration experiments with resident-led placemaking techniques, modular design methods to generate a novel network of the urban landscape. It draws from various case studies and deals with a range of void spaces in the slum to find cheaper, faster, easier, but highly efficient design techniques and materials. The focused site is the BKC slum in Mumbai, India, where its residents live in deplorable conditions, have no public spaces, earn little income, and suffer from a lack of critical urban infrastructure. The research explores how landscape architects can activate the unoccupied, meaningless void spaces, make them attractive and valuable to the residents, and ultimately become public spaces. Such a new public space network would generate more economic opportunities, bring better living conditions, provide vital infrastructure; more importantly, it can be made and maintained by the local residents.

RESEARCH QUESTION How could void spaces become public spaces bringing residents social and economic benefits through modular design and resident-led placemaking in a cheaper, faster and easier way?

SUBMITED BY Mengli Wang s3730872 RMIT UNIVERSITY College of Design and Social Context School of Architecture and Design Master of Landscape Architecture Design Research Project 2021 COURSE COORDINATOR Jen Lynch Dr Alice Lewis TUTORS Elise Northover Brent Greene Dr Ha Thai

INTRODUCTION With the expansion and development of human habitats worldwide, the living quality is so different for people living in various areas from here to there. For example, nearly one in seven people in the world live in the leedeveloped area, which we call slums(UN-Habitat, Department of Social and Economic Affairs, 2011). Although the proportion of urban dwellers living in the slums is decreasing, their number is increasing since 1990(UN-Habitat, 2014). At the same time, cities are becoming more and more crowded. For most people, the lack of public space is an inessential problem, but for those with minimal private space and worse living conditions, it means the decline of the entire living quality.

The way most authorities are treating the slums and slum residents are not so careful and human-centred. When we talk about the slums, it quickly becomes something we try to ignore or remove from the urban ground. The existing approaches focus on rehousing the slum area, replacing the lowquality houses with high-rise apartments, which may be inefficient and even cause the formation of new slums.

To break this kind of recycling of poverty, public space utility around the slums could be helpful. Aiming at helping the residents have higher income and better living conditions, the knowledge of local community group is necessary, like the work they do, the place they work and the material or immaterial market they need. Moreover, considering the residents' financial ability, the construction method needs to be cheap, fast, and easy, making sure this project is practicable.

This project explores an efficient way of transforming void spaces into public spaces generating economic and social benefits for the local residents.

After all, the resident-led placemaking and modular design come out as a better way to make it low-cost and high-performance. Moreover, the flexible market formed by modular equipment and managed by residents occurs as a suitable type of space, helping them develop their business. Moreover, the time-based shifting functions ensure that the space is muti-functional.

Furthermore, this project sets a prototype, a starting point of further development, which could be easily duplicated to the other space with similar conditions in slums by the residents themselves. Thus, the novel urban landscape network composing these spaces could benefit the residents for a long time when they keep refining and expanding it even without the engagement of designers.

CONTENT

01 Research Background

09

Crowded World Crowded Cities

02 Site

15

What is happening in Mumbai What is happening in BKC area What is happening in the slum

03 Project Position & Strategy

33

Position & Theoratical Framework Project Strategy & Clients and Stakeholders

04 Technique

45

Modular Design Resident-led Placemaking

05 Design Iteration Result

53

Market Square Market Street Community Garden

06 Conclusion & Refelction

79

07 Reference

83

01 RESEARCH BACKGROUND

CROWDED WORLD The Burden of Public Space

160oW

120oW

80oW

40oW

0o

40oE

80oE

120oE

160oE

Crowded World Mapping With the urban expansion, the conflict between the increasing population and the lack of public space is aggravating.

80oN

The concept, the burden of public space, shows how badly people need public space in dense cities.

Data Source: The Atals of Urban Expansion, http://www.atlasofurbanexpansion.org/data

60oN

40oN

The Burden of Public Space: Population served by 1ha public space For example, in Hong Kong, 142,944.23 people share just 1ha public space when there are only 1,473.4 who enjoy the same large area in Raleigh.

20oN

Legend

HONG KONG MUMBAI KARACHI

50.9%Zhuji 18.6%Sao Paulo Share of Public Space-Urbanized Open Space/Urban Extent(ratio of radius)

DAHKA 0o

BOGOTA 89,168.13ha Zhuji Urban Extent

45,343.54ha Zhuji Urbanized Open Space

0 1.57639e+006 Ceisen Population Density

20oS

Country Boundary 40oS

142,944.23ppl/ha Hong Kong

1,473.4ppl/ha Raleigh

5 Cities With Highest Burden Data Source: The Atals of Urban Expansion, http://www.atlasofurbanexpansion.org/data

21,569.2 ppl/ha

BOGOTA

MUMBAI

KARACHI

DAHKA

HONG KONG 11

CROWDED CITIES Mumbai Facing More Challenge and Chance

The 5 Most Crowded Cities Comparison Although Mumbai does not have the highest burden, it will meet the most prominent conflict in these five cities between its vast urban population and limited urban extent.

When the city occupies more and more area on the map, the public space in Mumbai does not grow simultaneously, which escalates the conflict and highlights the importance of public space in the future.

2014 2013

2010

Data Source: The Atals of Urban Expansion, http://www.atlasofurbanexpansion.org/data

2001 2000

Data Abbreviation BOS Burden of Urbanized Open Space POP Population UOS Urbanized Open Space URE Urban Extent

1999

Legend

BOS 1,126ppl/ha UOS 17,398ha POP 19,601,845ppl URE 70,533ha

1991

1989

Urban Extent Growing Trend Urban Population Growing Trend HONG KONG

KARACHI

DAHKA

MUMBAI

BOGOTA POP 19,601,845ppl

URE 70,533ha POP 14,344,154ppl POP 11,786,684ppl

URE 43,000ha

Mumbai Expansion Trend URE 36,681ha

13

02 SITE

WHAT IS HAPPENING IN MUMBAI Shrinking Public Space

Infill Space The notion of infill space means that all built-up pixels added in the new period occupy urbanized open space within the urban extent of the earlier period.

The Mumbai case shows that the city is expanding outward and inward, which means less and less public space in the city.

Data Source: The Atals of Urban Expansion, http://www.atlasofurbanexpansion.org/data MayMyIndia, https://www.mapmyindia.com

1991

Cities all over the world

Mumbai location in Maharashtra, India

2001 1814

1849

1968

1865

1991

1888

1909

2001

1931

1955

NOW

Mumbai Urban Extent Expansion History Urbanized Open Space

Urban Built-up Area

2014 17

WHAT IS HAPPENING IN MUMBAI High Population Density & Limited Public Space

VASAI-VIRAR

430m

The Most Challenging Space: BKC-Bandra Kurla Complex Area

VASAI

Crowded Mumbai Mapping Although there is numerous public open space in Mumbai, most of them are small-sized and separated, only offering limited access to the general public.

It is easy to find that the place with the most apparent shrinking phenomenon also faces the highest population density, exacerbating the conflict.

In the centre of Mumbai city, there is an area recently developed as an international commercial area, the BKC block. When it develops at high speed, it also contains more and more population in the limited space, causing the formation of the slums around it.

MIRA-BHAYANDER

BHIWANDI

THANE

Data Source: The Atals of Urban Expansion, http://www.atlasofurbanexpansion.org/data MayMyIndia, https://www.mapmyindia.com

KALYAN-DOMBIVLI

Infill space distribution in Mumbai

NAVI MUMBAI PANVEL

Population density in Mumbai

URAN

Public space distribution in Mumbai

NORTH PEN

500m-radius cycle of public space in Mumbai

0km

2.5km

5km

10km

19

WHAT IS HAPPENING IN MUMBAI Large Amount of Slums

The People with The Least Access to The Public Space: Slum Residents

12 millions

Slum Distribution Mapping In Mumbai, due to the unaffordable house price and the increasing number of immigration from other cities and states, slums become a significant part of the urban fabric.

6 millions

Data Source: Nivara Hakk, 2012, SLUMS REDEVELOPMENT AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING INTEGRATION

52% of the Mumbai City population live in slums

1353 millions

460 millions

162 millions

World Bank 2018

34% of the India population live in urban area 35.2% of the India urban population live in slums

>1.2 millions

0.8-1.2 millions

0.5-0.8 millions migration to Maharashtra other migration flows >300 thousands 200-300 thousands 100-200 thousands

0.2-0.5 millions

<0.2 millions Urban Population by District

Legend 10-20 millions 5-10 millions 2-5 millions 1-2 millions Urban Population by City

Slum Main Railway Urbanized Open Space Greater Mumbai Boundary

NORTH

0km

2.5km

5km

21

WHAT IS HAPPENING IN BKC AREA Repidly Developing Area Paralleling the Slum

Site Surrounding SItuaiton The BKC Slum show an unequal scene of Mumbai city.

While an international commercial area is rapidly developing, people in the surrounding area live in a low-quality environment.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport

Data & Map Source: google map

Bandra Kurla Complex Site

Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Kurla Station

Bandra Terminus

Mahim Junction Road Building Open Space Grass Construction Site Water 1:3000

Contour-1m NORTH 0m

50m

100m District Boundary 0m

0m

250m

500m

10km

500m

23

WHAT IS HAPPENING IN BKC AREA Enclave in the Urban Fabric

Detailed Site Plan The BKC slum is super different from the surrounding area from physical type to the resident group.

Road

Bridge

River Surface

Building

Slum NORTH

0m

25m

50m

25

WHAT IS HAPPENING IN BKC AREA Enclave in the Urban Fabric

Photos: Nikesh

27

WHAT IS HAPPENING IN THE SLUM Slum Problems & Residents Research

Low-income community There are many problems about living quality in the slum, and most of them are related to the lowerincome than other residents in the city.

Dwelling Unit

Work Inadequate access to safe water

Data Source: Jan Nijman, 2015, Indias Urban Future_Views From the Slum Photos: Nikesh

a family consisting of 5-6 people

80% employed with a full-time job

Religion average house size:17.5m2 Overcrowding 70% Hindus Dalits and members of a wide range of sub-castes or Jatis 20% Muslisms orginally migrated from Tamil Nadu particularly from Tirunelvelli district

28% have refrigerator

70% have piped water with limitation of 2h a day

Inadequate access to sanitation and other infrastructure

3m2 per people

10% Christian come from the southern state of Kerala

WC

Poor structural quality of housing 26% family have toilet disconnected to underground sewage

around 350 people for each toilet

Garbage and Pollution

42% built before1990 Insecure residential status

more than 94% residents identify the pollution as their biggest problem

Origin

30% Maharashtrians 70% Gujarat, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh

More than 90% residents have no plan to move

29

WHAT IS HAPPENING IN THE SLUM Working Information

Leather Worker

Domestic Maid

65 dollars per month

11 dollars per month

Limited Career Choice & Business Size Due to the cultural and physical environment in Mumbai, it is tough for the residents in the slum to find a job with higher income or develop their business into a larger market.

Data Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/world/06/dharavi_slum/html/dharavi_slum_2.stm

Manufacture Handicraft Living

Working

Deposit needed to rent a flat in city 3300 dollars

Live with Work Pottery Owner

Embroidery Worker

260 dollars per month

22 dollars per month

Multifunctional Community Most of the residents work as the cottage industry in their home or nearby.

31

03 PROJECT POSITION & STRATEGY

PROJECT POSITION Theoratical Framework

PROJECT POSITION Break the Poverty Recycle

Limited Career Choice & Business Size Due to the cultral and physical environment in Mumbai, it is very hard for the residents in slum to find a job with higher income or develop their own buisiness into larger market.

Human-centred Design Socially Restorativ Urbanism

Everyday Urbanism

Open-Source Architecture

Street As a Tool of Slum Upgrading Slum Formation Move Back

Resident-led Placemaking

Build New Slum

POVERTY RECYCLE

Modular Design

Rethinking Void Spaces

Low Income

Reduce Poverty High Living Cost

Improve Quality of Life Living Cost Increase

Upgrading Approaches Ignoring

Relocation Eradication

Build a Foundation for further Upgrading

35

PROJECT STRATEGY Three-phases Strategy

A Novel Network of Urban Landscape This strategy is separated into three phases to form a better neighbour with more usable public space and activated streets.

In Dandora, Nairobi, an ongoing collaboration starting from one model street transform the entire neighbourhood into waste-free, attractive, and engaging places Photo Source: Christele Harrouk, 2020, How Can One Public Space Transform an Entire Neighborhood?

UN-Habitat's Model Street Initiative, https://www. archdaily.com/951250/how-can-one-public-spacetransform-an-entire-neighborhood-un-habitatsmodel-street-initiative?ad_source=search&ad_ medium=search_result_all

NORTH

0m

50m

100m

Phase 2 - 5 years later Increase the connectivity and the allocation of infrastructures

NORTH

0m

50m

100m

Phase 1 - Project Design

NORTH

Transform the void space into public space for economic and social benefits 0m

50m

100m

Phase 3 - 10 years later Widen the streets and become a better neighbour with low living cost

37

PROJECT STRATEGY Phase 1

Model Space

Clients & Stakeholders

Three void spaces are selected to be transformed as a start point, aiming at bringing more economic opportunities. In addition, there would be a vendor road and green lane improving the condition of working and living to connect them.

The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority would lead the program and build the essential part of the void space, and left it to the residents and NGO volunteers to finish it as new public spaces.

Market Street

Market Square

Community Garden

Vendor Road

Low-cost landscape

Crevice Green Lane Photo Source: Ruihua Liang, Ying Ye, https://www. archdaily.com/955205/meifeng-community-parkzizu-studio?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_ result_all

Meifeng Community Park / ZIZU STUDIO

smashed convrete as part of new landscape

apply on the green lane

The designer team use smashed old concrete blocks as landscape materials and stacked them to form a new micro-topographic crack garden, which could be applied into the micro lane in the BKC slum.

Previous Street

Safe Zone for Residents to Carry Goods

39

PROJECT STRATEGY Phase 2

Expand the Model Space

Clients & Stakeholders

After the residents refine the model space, this pattern of collaboration would be duplicated onto other void space in the site. Besides, the essential urban infrastructures would cover more space in the slum to meet residents' living requirements.

The void space transformed the previous stage would be maintained by the residents themselves. Therefore, the allocation of urban infrastructures needs to be finished by the government departments.

Community Garden

Green Lane Sewage System Lightening System

Expand the Green Lane Network

Overlay the Lightening and Sewage System

41

PROJECT STRATEGY Phase 3

Widen the Street

Clients & Stakeholders

After the program increase the income, part of the residents could move out and decrease the density of the slum. Also, with less housing requirement, we could have more public space in the community to form a better environment.

The decision of replacing the empty house with public space needs to be negotiated by the government departments and residents. Then, after a conclusion comes out, a novel street network would become valid with resident-led design.

Green Lane Sewage System Lightening System

Crowded Slum Space

Widened Street

43

04 TECHNIQUES

500mm

MODULAR DESIGN Case Study & Method Extracted

Wiki House Designer: London-based design team 00:/ (zero zero)

Modular Design Prepared to Applied on the Site

450mm

The prototypes of the Vendor Shelter, Street Furniture and Planting Box are generated to be a fast and cheap way for the residents to use.

Modular Design Based on Prototype 120

0mm

Iteration Typology

2500mm

Original Typology

Source: SA Rogers, WikiHouse: Open-Source DIY Architecture You Can Build, https://weburbanist.com/2012/09/20/wikihouse-open-source-diy-architecture-you-can-build/

It is an open-source construction system that allows users to download software for free, adapt it, improve it and share their designs. The main idea is to make it easy and adaptable for every user to generate their unique product to meet the different requirements.

Modular Planting Box Design

As the designers say, more and more, design can be something done not just by teams of professionals but by open communities of user-makers, designing and making for themselves. Moreover, it could bring a sense of belonging to the residents who live with it. m

1200m

600mm

Modular Shelter Design

m

0m

300

Modular Street Furniture Design 47

Resident-led Placemaking Case Study & Method Extracted

Quinta Monroy

Resident-led Placemaking Possibly Happen in the Site

Architects: Alejandro Aravena, ELEMENTAL Area: 5000 m² Year: 2003

After the designers and constructors build the prototypes on the site, the residents could generate their way to finishing another half of the placemaking to solid their idea.

Resident-led Result

Open-source Architecture

Prototype

Architecture construction

Resident construction

Grid Pavement Resident-led shelter combination

Resident-led Result The base framework including the ground and the top floor

The self-built part on the initial building

Source: Rory Stott, 2013, ELEMENTAL's "Half-Finished" Housing Typology: A Success in All Circumstances

To reduce the cost of building new houses, Alejandro Aravena sets a new type of architecture, a half-finished typology. The architects work for the part which resident could not finish on their own, and then the residents could finish the left part with their particular idea.

Prototype

Grid Pavement Resident-led planting box combination 49

Resident-led Placemaking Case Study & Method Extracted

Time-based Function of the Site

Temporary Structure Location: the city of Kolkata Time: the Ganpathi festival

To make the space more efficient, its function needs to be flexible enough to meet requirements. To be more detailed, the central space of the market street would be a roadway for trucks in the morning and night for delivery and market space for residents to sell goods.

Time-based Landscape

Street on normal days

Street on Festival

Source:

Due to the density of the Indian cities, there is a wise way people use their space. A time-based shift of functions in one space highly increase the efficiency of using it.

There would be a temporary community hall for housing the Ganesh idole and celebrations during the ten days of the Ganpathi festival.

51

05 Design Iteration Result

Design Iteration Result Market Square

Flexible Market Square This market is in between the permanent space and pop-up space. The user of every single space would shift by the time because of their different types of work.

CollageNew University

Taxi Rank

Flexible Market

Children Playground

Rest Space with Street Furnitures

Miro-typology Contour Line-450mm High-rise Apartment

BKC Slum

NORTH

0m

6.25m

12.5m

55

Design Iteration Result Market Square

Modular Shelter

Grid Pavement

57

Design Iteration Result Market Square

Flexible Market with Rest Space

Entrance for Vendors to easily come into the site

Children Playground & Taxi Rank

59

Design Iteration Result Market Square

61

Design Iteration Result Market Street

Interface Market Street This street works as an interface between the slum and developed residential area. With modular seats and moveable tents, it could shift between a busy market street and a loading dock at a different time of the day.

Time-Based Market Tent Modular Street Furnitures

Truck Loading Dock

Truck Loading Dock

Community Activity Space

NORTH

0m

25m

50m

63

Design Iteration Result Market Street

Modular Shelters

Modular Seats

Grid Pavement on Roadway

65

Design Iteration Result Market Street

Community Acitivity Space

Rest and Social SPace

Entrance for Vendors

Time-based Market Space

67

Design Iteration Result Market Street

69

Design Iteration Result Community Garden

Community Garden This Garden not only works as outdoor classrooms but also plant incubators. Therefore, this space would be sensed as a part of residents' property while building the plant beds and making them more willing to maintain them.

Outdoor Classroom

Footpath

Community Planting Box

Miro-typology Contour Line-450mm

NORTH

0m

6.25m

12.5m

71

Design Iteration Result Community Garden

Planted by Residents

Possible Combination of Planting Box

73

Design Iteration Result Community Garden

Rest Space

Planting Box & Children Playground

Outdoor Classroom

75

Design Iteration Result Community Garden

77

06 Conclusion & Reflection

Conclusion & Reflection Project Overview & Future

At the endpoint of this project, a prototype of public space in slums comes out cheap, fast, and easy to build by the residents. Its flexibility and adaptability ensure the high efficiency of the limited space. The most important achievement is that this kind of urban landscape network could be built, managed and maintained by the local community without the engagement of professional designers. It would bring a sense of belonging, a sense of 'mine' and 'ours' to the residents when they are the builders and managers of their living environment.

In future, there would be various versions of these spaces occurring all over the city, generated by residents from other slums or neighbourhoods based on their different requirements and living conditions. This research is about making a tool and giving it to local communities, a kit-of-parts landscape, a manual of placemaking, but not for landscape architects. There is plenty of void space left unused even in the densest city, and there is always a way to make it better to use and enjoy.

Everyone has the ability and motivation to improve their living environment, no matter it is a bedroom, backyard or street space. People are already doing this kind of transformation, and what we need is to find a better way with our practical experience and popularize it.

The urban landscape is never made by urban planners or landscape architects, but people are walking, eating, talking, sitting in the city. People would take action when they are not satisfied, and we designers could offer some help to make it easy and sufficient.

81

07 Reference

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