LuYao_Che_ADR_CONCISE

Landscapers for the metropolis

ADR MASTERS OF LANDSACPE ARCHITECTURE

LUYAO CHE Student no.3259664 Email luyao.s.che@gmail.com School of Architecture and Design RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia 2012

Memories of Shanghai Landscapers for the metropolis

Contents

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

01

the project

06

context

12

extinction?

30

intertions

55

reflections

history of Shanghai understanding the city lifestyle in memories

scale: S _ for historical urban fabric scale: M _ for contemporary high-rise scale: L _ for open public space

long tang missong memories

102 conclusion

104 bibliography

105 references

106 illustration

How can alternate urban landscapes improve the ‘quality of life’ for people and their environment through an understanding and appreciation of traditional shanghainese culture?

1|2 memories of Shanghai - the project

Memories of Shanghai Landscapers for the metropolis

Abstract Shanghai is the fastest growing city in the world. With the rapid growth of urban population and construction in Shanghai, people, particularly local shanghai residents called Shanghainese, still remember the old way of living. The sidewalk serves as kitchen, where dumplings, and pancakes are prepared and sold; the workshops and stores counter are exported into streetscape. Sometimes sidewalks are transformed into a workbench for repairing bikes; or a storefront advert decorative pet fish, songbirds, and cats; and a meeting point for neighbors and taking care of each others children. The current preservation practices intend to turn the city itself into a self-parody in an effort to remain old. The city has lost the qualities of old lifestyle, which neglects local context and traditions. Those memories in the urban fabric drive the design to interrogate the modern development; the difference between contemporary and the past can be sharp or blurred by design intervention.

The first part of the project that aims to reconsider landscapes for preserving and developing particular qualities that combines to create an eminently livable city during its development. Terms like ‘collectivity’, ‘flexibility’, ‘human-scale’, ‘publicness’, ‘informality’ are often cited as characteristics of those memories of living. In the second part of the project, the research intends to introduce a new modern of residential typology in high-density for accommodating local residents living habit, rather than building certain nostalgia living environment to catch the old memories. During this process, the conventional urban plan, architecture formation, and public space design are challenged and informed by those qualities of Shanghainess memories.

Approaching design through the difference scale, and exploring the method of forms that are adaptable and constantly changing through the process of researching to modern environment to accommodate memories. The ambition is to test public space underutilized into a place where people can observe the relationships between the neighbors, trace the character of shanghainese to its source, and better appreciate its rhythm and vitality of life of the whole Shanghai. My intention is utilizing the passive space as an opportunity to reintroduce the memories back into contemporary city and recover the interaction between public and private. By (re)introducing memories back into the city, I am exploring how the memories can be linked to the kaleidoscopic metropolitan Shanghai lifestyle and a range of local folk customs.

Context

5|6 memories of Shanghai - context

1980

selling watermelons in summer

traditional popcorn

1970

convenient street pedlars

exchange food with neighbours

sitting-out in hot summer

self-service market

outdoor cooking in Long Tang

The People's Republic of China was founded

1960 1961

1958

1949

Great Chinese Famine

( 1958 - 1961)

Down to the Countryside Movement

( 1960 - 1970)

1990

outdoor growing veegies

sleeping outside

2012

2010

2000 2001

hang the wash out to dry on bamboo

informal dress on street in summer

walking with caged birds

looking after the child by neighborhoods

practicing Tai Chi

playing Chinese Chess in summer

matchingmaking in park

dough figurine

catching cicada in summer

Shanghai Expo 2010

China joined World Trade Organization (WTO)

street market

informal use of public/private space

indoor planting

History of Shanghai Shanghai, the eighth largest city of the world is also the largest city in China. Around 5,000 years ago during the period of the Songze Culture, nowadays Shanghai started to take its shape of a plain in the Yangtse River Delta.

^ Map of the Old City of Shanghai.

Shanghai did have another name, namely; “Hu”.

The name Hu originated from “Hu Du”. Ancient fishermen in Shanghai invented a bamboo fishing device called “Hu”. (“Du” in Chinese means “creek”). This area was therefore called “Hu Du” before it became know as Shanghai .

History of Shanghai dates back to the 10 th century.

The city of Shanghai was founded in this century. In the 11 th century, it was basically a fishing village.

Gradually it developed to be a small market town with about 12000 families. In the year 1127, Kaifeng was captured. This resulted in the influx of refugees into Shanghai. The population of Shanghai increased to be 250000.

^Shanghai, 1855

Around the 13 th century, Shanghai emerged as one of the major cotton producer and manufacturer in the country. As a result, Shanghai and the neighboring areas became the wealthiest region.

The city of Shanghai grew to be the largest in China around 1800 A.D. the economy of Shanghai touched its heights in the early parts of the 19 th century.

With developments in the foreign trade relations, the French, British and Americans started residing in exclusive territorial zones in Shanghai. Inevitably, the exerted much western influence over the local culture and lifestyle. But after the Communists came to power, the scenario changed a lot.

^ 1933 map of Shanghai

The Sino-Japanese War in 1894-95 enabled Japan to come in power and take control of Shanghai. After Shanghai came out of the Japanese subjugation, the Nationalist Chinese government took over the control of the city.

Through the continual and long-term reform and construction by the successive municipal governments and the people, Shanghai has become an important industrial and commercial base in new China . Today, Shanghai has been developing to be the center of economy, finance, science and technology, information and culture, an international modernized metropolis in China.

^ Suzhou Creek around 1920

7|8 memories of Shanghai - context

3 years Great Chinese Famine (1958-1961) The Three Years of Great Chinese Famine, officially referred to as the Three Years of Natural Disasters or Three Years of Difficult Period by the government, was the period in the People's Republic of China between the years 1958 and 1961 characterized by widespread famine. Drought, poor weather conditions, and the policies of the Communist Party of China contributed to the famine, although the relative weights of the contributions are disputed due to the Great Leap Forward.

^ 3 years Great Chinese Famine, Great leap backward, 2012

According to government statistics, there were 15 million excess deaths in this period.1 Unofficial estimates vary, but scholars have estimated the number of famine victims to be between 20 and 43 million.2 Historian Frank Dikötter, having been granted special access to Chinese archival materials, estimates that there were at least 45 million premature deaths from 1958 to 1962.34The phrase "Three Bitter Years" is often used by Chinese peasants to describe this period.5 (Wikipedia, 2012)

Down to the Countryside Movement (1960-1970) The Down to the Countryside Movement was a policy instituted in the People's Republic of China in the late 1960s and early 1970s.6 As a result of the antibourgeois thinking prevalent during the Cultural Revolution, Mao Zedong declared certain privileged urban youth would be sent to mountainous areas or farming villages in order to learn from the workers and farmers there. (Wikipedia, 2012) People born in 1950’s and 1960’s spent their childhood and teenage years during the above periods. It was the worst periods in terms of food shortage in China’s modern history. People over those periods developed strong desire for food and deep and complicated relationship with the land they were forced to work on.

Even after they returned to the city, they would try to continue the habit they learnt as a peasant. You often see enclosed public spaces in old residential areas to grow vegetables, and exchange food with neighbors. ^ Photo from 1968. 200,000 youth in Shenyang were recruited to the countryside to live and work, 2012

1. Ó Gráda, Famine: A Short History, p.95 2. Peng Xizhe, “Demographic Consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China’s Provinces,” Population and Development Review 13 May 2012, no. 4 (1987), 639-70.

3. Akbar, Arifa (17 September 2010). “Mao’s Great Leap Forward ‘killed 45 million in four years’”. The Independent (London). Retrieved 20 April 2012.

4. a b Dikötter, Frank. Mao’s Great Famine: The History of China’s Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958-62. Walker & Company, 2012. p. 333.

5. “Different Life of Scientist Yuan Longping” (in Chinese).

Guangming Daily. 22 May 2007.

Retrieved 16 March 2012.

6. World News Inc 2012, Down to the Countryside Movement, Reveiew 12 May 2012

Shanghai Region

Yellow Sea

Nantong 7,700,000 8,001km2

Shanghai Chinese Name ‘Hu‘ and ‘Shen‘ Geographic Location 31014’N, 121029’E

Wuxi 4,320,000 4,650km2

Yangtze River

Administrative Divisions 18 districts and 1 county Area 6,340.5km2

Suzhou 6,062,200 8,488km2

Density 2,796.3/km2

Shanghai 17,730,000 6,340.5km2

GDP CNY 67,492 Population

Tianhu Lake

17.73 million Average Life Expectancy 80.13 years Registered Unemployment 4.4% Average Temperature 18.1 degrees Celsius Average Rainfall 1,200 millimetres

Hangzhou Bay

Elvation 0-103.4 meters Parks and Gardens 28,900 hectares Green Area Coverage 37% of the city’s territory Green Area per Capita 11 square meters in the city

01. Street market02. Fuzhou Road 03. Expo Site, Pudong 04. Match making, People’s Park 05. Street Peddle, 06. ‘Bicyle Station’, 07. Longtang, 08. Playing Card , People’s Park 09. Tian Zi Fang 10. People’s Square 11. Hang-out for dying colthes 12. Xiao Qu, Pudong

City Flower White Magnolia Source: Shanghai Tourist Map 2005. Sinomaps Press.

China Statistical Yearbook 2006. National Bureau of Statistics of China.

(Beijing: China Statistics Press,2006) Table 1.1 Also available online and as a CD-ROM. Shanghai gov.2007.Shanghai Municipal Municipal Government 30 January 2008 http:// www.shanghai.gov.cn (accessed June 15 2007)

19|20 memories of Shanghai - lifestyle in memories

Understanding the city

Since China has been joined WTO, the development of shanghai has gained significant achievements. It has experienced the fastest growth in its history. Shanghai is the second largest of the four directcontrolled municipalities of China.

^ From top to bottom Fig. 01-03

Fig. 04-06

Fig. 07-09

Fig. 10-12

Area

PARIS

TOKYO

NEW YORK

SHANGHAI

MELBOURNE

105 km2

622 km2

785 km2

6,340 km2

8,806 km2

SHANGHAI

MELBOURNE

Population

PARIS 2,125,000

TOKYO 12,970,000

NEW YORK 8,490,000

18,000,000

4,077,000

Administrative Structure 1

1

19

State

Communist Party of China National People's Congress

CPC

Acting Secretary of the CPC Shanghai Committee

NPC

Mayor of Shanghai

County districts 18

county 1

Township towns townships urban subdistricts

2037

CPC NPC

Mutnicipality

districts county

220

Beijing

108 3 103

Village village committee

3437

2037

Neighborhood committee

3437

Source: Shanghai Statistical Yearbook 2006. Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau.

(Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2006) Table 13.2 Also available online and as a CD-Rom.

=20 persons

Building Construction 1978-2005

^ The Atlantic brought two photos of the Bund and Pudong in Shanghai - one shot in 1990, the second shot in 2010. A very clear illustration of large scale change.

China urbanises rapidly therefore a large volume of foreign architects and building design companies started to merge into the Chinese market. However, most foreign architects and building design companies see China as a piece white paper for them to explore their imagination and experiments. Foreign architects are often lack of appreciations of the local traditional ways of living and history.

7 During the ‘Urban Age’ congress in Shanghai in 2005.

Wu Jiang, the former Vice Director of the Urban Planning Administration Bureau Shanghai said during the 2005 ‘Urban Age’ congress said

“

to be able to make a good design you need to understand how people live here. You cannot make your ideal utopia. Work here for the people and not for your own dreams! 7

23|24 memories of Shanghai - extinction?

”

64,196 34,206

Total Floor Area (10,000m2)

17,256

8,653

33,690

34,500 33,000 31,500 30,000 28,500 27,000 12,000 10,500 25,500 24,000 22,500 21,000 19,500 18,000 16,500 15,000 13,500 12,000 10,500 9,000 7,500 6000 4,500 3,000 1,500

11,521

12,000 10,500 9,000 7,500 6000

Floor Area by Building Type (10,000m2)

1978

1990

2000

Source: Shanghai Statistical Yearbook 2006. Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau.

(Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2006) Table 11.6.

4,334

4,500

3,241 2,326 1,830 1,380

3,000 1,500

2005 Staff Dwellings

Stores

Villas

Offices

Warehouse

Plants schools

Lifestyle In Memories

What qualities & characteristics do we find in the memories of shanghainese living?

qualities of urban living

characteristic of urban living

design exploration

scale: S

for historical urban fabric

hang the clothes to dry on bamboo in public

ground interaction bicycle_stop

morning exerices in park

bench

sitting-out

in hot summer in community

catching cicada with friends in nearby grove

table

collectivity | individuality

bamboo

caring for the children

bottle

by neighborhoods in community

walk with caged birds by ageds in park

publicness | privateness

in public

in park

scale: M

for contemporary high-rise

the ‘cube’

play Chinese chess matchmaking

upper interaction

the ‘curve’

informality | formality

scale: L

for open public space

outdoor cooking on the sidewalks in Longtang

box_01

street pedlars

box_02

along the nearby curbside

human-scaled

home-grow veggies

in nearby public space exchange food with others

11|12 memories of Shanghai - lifestyle in memories

scale: S-L for permanent design

Flexibility Landscape was flexible. It accepts the inevitability of changing needs and wished over time. Flexible landscapes are extensible and adaptable, which allows them to be responsive to diverse needs using the resources available on site.

program - rooftop garden - balcony & window planting - homegrown veggies

Collectivity The community was collectivity. It offers the feeling of being part of safe and mutually supportive group, with shared ways of living, ambitions, characters and qualities, tied together be a dense social fabric. Residents are often organized around a semi-public common space, with shared facilities or resources.

“

Space through its organization can have an attracting effect and bring or hold people together like a kind of electromagnetic field, by creating the conditions that best focus their attention on each other and keep it there.

- Herman Hertzberger, ‘Collective Space, Social Use’, in Articulations, 2002

”

program - outdoor cooking - hang clothes out - sitting-out in hot summer - bicycle storage - caring neighborhoods children - share different experiences ^ The courtyard of Longtang Apartment Community in Shanghai is used for various collective purposes.

Human-Scaled The space was human-scaled, offering a proportional, material and spatial intimacy that is appropriate for dwelling and organizing daily life. Human-scaled spaces are spaces of social encounter and engagement. Spaces that are low in height, narrow and modulated can be considered human-scaled.

^ The one-and-tow-story dwellings of historical buildings in Longtang provide a distinctly human-scaled experience ideally suited to walking and living.

Publicness Lifestyle was public. It is free and open, offering space for social activities, collective debate and even dissent. Well-considered public space carries the power to increase the democratic values of an open society.

The distinction between private and public space in old Shanghai’s Longtang is blurry at best. With house and shops spilling out onto the side streets and people creating their own space within this zone, the city is a living and breathing community.

Informality Living was informal, it accepts the unconscious and improvised additions and modifications made by their inhabitants. These modifications are necessarily relaxed and small in scale, reflecting the desires of individuals.

program - informal market - home-grown veggies in public - sitting-out in hot summer - eat communally on sidewalks - hang out the wash The parallel bands of buildings in Shanghai’s Longtang provide an inflexible structure of circulation which can adapt the following informal adjustments made to the space by the occupants.

extinction?

In the 20 years urbanisation, more than 50% of Chinese populations (600 millions) moved into urban areas. An overall population density of more than 2,800 people per square kilometer in Shanghai means each person shares a space of less than 8 square meters.

Massive migration to the city has caused urban sprawl and forced the government to steadily improve the living conditions.

Traditional ways of Shanghainese culture has formed the fabric of cities for centuries. However, invasion of skyscrapers is obliterating them. As result of the demographic and economic forces, these anonymous buildings packed with repetitive housing units and bland faรงades, are taking over the city at relentless speed. The public space surrounding is often left with little traditional living qualities of diversity, intimacy and richness.

how do we really

unfulfilled domestic desires The traditional ways of livings reflect the history of the urban development in cities. Such qualities of livings, carried on spontaneously, have more human sense and interests of life. Sharing responsibility for security in public spaces. But the informality traditional ways of living seems to be banned in the city. So there are more and more informal uses of public spaces. How does this survival-game work? What can we do as landscape architects?

It is not uncommon in a country’s modernisation that memories of lifestyles are threatened by rapid urban development. The case in Shanghai seems to be extreme. How many traditional streets and buildings are left? Where are future demolitions planned? And when will the last part of memory become history? Is there a better way to develop these areas? Could we design them without sacrificing the informality of the traditional ways of living? Could we even apply the principles of informality to generate new neighborhoods? What is we could design the city bass on the memories of living qualities?

“

what is the city but the people

�

- Shakespeare, Coriolanus, 1623

25|26 memories of Shanghai - extinction?

want to live?

^ Informal use of public spcae

Interventions

Historical Walking Tail Contemporary Walking Tail Public Space Walking Tail

29|30 memories of Shanghai - texting ground, Fuzhou Rd

Testing Ground FuZhou Road, Shanghai, China The chosen site is Fuzhou Road, which is one of the oldest streets in Shanghai. Fuzhou Road is considered as one of China’s top cultural spots. It starts from People’s Square and end up with Huangpu River. The road is a compact intersection of complex fabric, such as historical, contemporary, and large open space.

‘ street of bookstone’ ‘ first Chinese culture street’ horse racing course, 1949 traditonal+contemporary

Hitorical Buildinng

Existing Green Space

Commerical Area Educational Area Government Area

31|32 memories of Shanghai - texting ground, Fuzhou Rd

Main Road Secondry Road

Subway Bus Line

Opportunities on site Although the historical buildings are very likely to be demolished in the near future due to the age of buildings and facilities, there is a rich mixture of diverse living environment through the renewal process. They have varied density, layout and figure.

Among the contemporary high risers, there are vast green spaces as community center, how ever the public space lost their own vibrancy in there. In the existing open public space, there is a welldesigned plaza on one side and a picturesque park on the other side, but both sides are not designed

on a human-friendly scale and are lack of designs that can fulfill their users’ requirements. All those elements make the research to consider how can landscapes bring the memories back into those underused public space?

scale: S _ for historical urban fabric

historical urban fabric

scale: S

for historical urban fabric

hang the clothes to dry on bamboo in public

ground interaction bicycle_stop

morning exerices in park

bench

sitting-out

in hot summer in community

catching cicada with friends in nearby grove

table

collectivity | individuality

bamboo

caring for the children

bottle

by neighborhoods in community

walk with caged birds by ageds in park

publicness | privateness

in public

in park

scale: M

for contemporary high-rise

the ‘cube’

play Chinese chess matchmaking

upper interaction

the ‘curve’

informality | formality

scale: L

for open public space

outdoor cooking on the sidewalks in Longtang

box_01

street pedlars

box_02

along the nearby curbside

home-grow veggies

in nearby public space exchange food with others

human-scaled scale: S-L for permanent design

My first testing site is in historical area - Longtang. Longtang represents a very different aspect of residential life in those parts of Shanghai’s Old Town. Traditionally, the street was always an extension of one’s living room or workshop, because houses or apartments were so diminutive in size. People would eat communally, women dry their laundry, children play, elderly chat; sometimes hawkers also sell their goods here. The kitchen is often at the ground floor of a row house and has to be shared by several families. The rich and colorful life appears to be shifting towards

semi-public inside Longtang, away from annoying outside traffic. Even there is on space for growing plants, residents still utmost utilise space for growing possibility.

Main Road Public Transport Route Pedestrian Pathway Commerical Building Residential Building

35|36 memories of Shanghai - scale: S _ for historical urban fabric

Longtang culture c

A D a

Diagrams showing the movement of the space in between building in three different scales indicating how many spaces can be utilized.

The design project is not only started with taking inspiration from living styles found in traditional folk culture, but also tried to used the existing site conditions and opportunities to bring the qualities of living back into the site. The ‘cloth hangs on bamboo stick’ is one of traditional folk element conversions exploring alternative spaces to existing urban environments.

F

E

C

b

1600

1500

Plan A

1600mm <Long Tang<2600mm 2600

1500

2600

Plan B

2600mm<Longtang 7000 2000 600 1900 1500

1900

Plan C

a

B

Longtang<1600mm

600

c

b

Parkmobiles in San Francisco

This project aims to improve the district’s streets, alleys, and public spaces over the next ten years by implementing over thirty new public space projects. It turned the road into pedestrian space, but instead of reclaiming parking spaces to create seating areas, the parking spaces will be “borrowed” temporarily. It also attempted to use the existing site conditions and opportunities in its design. Project creators envisioned Parkmobiles as a challenge to the idea that the densely built-up downtown area has no room for gardens.

^ Peckenham, E, Portable Parks Pop Up All over Downtown San Francisco, 2012

37|38 memories of Shanghai - scale: S _ for historical urban fabric

Ground Interaction

^ longtang (old Lane) culture, China Fact Tours, 2012

The sidewalk serves as kitchen, bedroom, living room, as a place of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;privateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. In the traditional ways of living, the sidewalk does not only provide functions to private dwelling, but is also the workshops and stores counter are exported into streetscape. Sometimes sidewalks are transformed into a workbench for repairing bikes; or a storefront decorated with pet fish, songbirds, and Fortune Cats. Dumplings (jiaozi) and pancakes are prepared and sold in the sidewalks. They are also a meeting point for neighbours and community daycare for the

children. Many hawkers and farmers also transformed the sidewalks into veritable informal bazaars with an almost endless product range, starting from early in the morning sometimes end late at night.

bicycle_stop

^ Tan, D, Bikes in Shanghai, 2012

Bicycle is the one most common and popular transportations in China. Longtang always full of bicycles without organized.

This design is using the used bamboo from clothesline for bicycle parking station.

Madagascar Jasmine _ More watering _ Sun to Partial Shade _ small plant

Existing Section bb

39|40 memories of Shanghai - scale: S _ for historical urban fabric

Proposed Section bb

Seed

Nurture Watering

Share

Sale

^ Diagrams showing programmatic functions intended for completed bicycle_stop design between 1600mm and 2600mm width longtang.

Existing ELevation E

Proposed ELevation E

bench

^ sitting-out in hot summer, 2012

I try to integrate the paving space in the public realm and get involved with bamboo and meeting point.

But this mobile bench lost the ability to transform. Can I encourage people occupy space dynamically?

How the qualities of memories are utilized and transformed in the site conditions?

Bamboo _ Sun to Partial Shade _ Commonly used Existing Section cc

41|42 memories of Shanghai - scale: S _ for historical urban fabric

Proposed Section cc

Seed

Nurture Share

Using

Recycle

^ Diagrams showing programmatic functions intended for completed bench design more than 2600mm and width longtang.

Existing ELevation F

Proposed ELevation F

the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;tableâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

self-service Market

Pulls out the side drawers for...

playing Chinese Chess

walking with caged birds

Lifts sticks on sides to create space for...

street poster

street market

43|44 memories of Shanghai - scale: S _ for historical urban fabric

The research tries to utilise spaces more efficiently to adopt residents’ daily needs, thus, what facilities are required. The ‘Box’ was therefore roughly designed as a concept to exam how the small temporary individualised space could attain local residents’ requirements during their daily routine.

The design indicates that the different transformation of the ‘Box’ fits its dynamic surroundings. The public space is personalised when different groups of people occupy the ‘Box’. This is achieved by encouraging multi-use of the space to catalytic human interaction and relationship. During constant space transition, the boundary of public and private domain blurs. According to the memories of living, the temporary public spaces are intrigued by utilised space activities in different time schedule.

Sitting-out in Hot Summer

Sleeping space unfolds, while users can lift mats as required.

exchange food with neighbours

the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;boxâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; can be jointed with others for extending

45|46 memories of Shanghai - scale: S _ for historical urban fabric

^ the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;boxâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is proposed to local in long tang

^ different perspectives of the space

Upper Interaction a. Bamboo Planter The design project does not only borrow inspiration from traditional life styles, but also uses the existing site conditions and opportunities to bring the qualities of ‘old’ life back into the site. The ‘clotheshanging bamboo stick’ is one of traditional folk elements exploring alternative spaces to existing urban environments.

^ clothesline and laundry in Longtang

b. bottle Planter

Thousands of plastics water bottles are disposed on Fuzhou Road every month. Therefore, the first design involves the use of recycled bottles as plant containers. The challenge is to find a suitable balance of nutrients for the plants when use the recycled containers. ^ waste bottles in city

47|48 memories of Shanghai - scale: S _ for historical urban fabric

Recycle Prepare Seed

Nurtrue Share

^ Diagrams showing programmatic functions intended for completed upper interaction design in less than 1600mm width longtang.

Existing Section aa

Proposed Section aa

Silver Queen _less watering _like dark & humind place _purify air _small plant

Existing ELevation D

Proposed ELevation D

Plan A

existing

change_01 ^ Design for hanging the wash out to dry on bamboo

change_02

problem with urban framing There are challenges with growing plants in urban areas. However, when it is occurring near where the majority of us live, there seems to be better chance for people to see, learn, or at least be somewhat curious about the plants.

This research looks at how to solve the problems of homegrown vegetables in city, such as phytoremediation to improve soil quality, using living water and rainwater for irrigation.

8 Koc, M, MacRae, R, J.A.Mougeot, L & Welsh, J (01 January 1999). â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Problems with urban agricultureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, Retrived 04 June 2012.

^ pollution in Shanghai, photo courtesy of AFP

* Polluted or contaminated soils * Toxic chemicals * Use of water * Theft of produce and breaking laws to plant on some vacant lots 8

49|50 memories of Shanghai - scale: S _ for historical urban fabric

“

Getting closer to our food- becoming eaters who are deeply, intimately, connected with what we eat- necessarily involves learning more of the details of its production. Even if we’re not the ones actually growing the beets or nurturing the chickens, the more we know of the work involved, al the how’s, where’s, why’s, what’s and when’s that collide to create sustenance, the better able we’ll be to make informed decisions about how we sustain ourselves.

- Johnson 2010

Material circulation

1st Use

2nd Use

Water circulation

Watering

”

Contaminated soil

Composting

Extraction

Incineration

Recover and use

process of phytoremediation 9 L.Chaney, R June 2000. ‘Phytoremediation: Using Plants To Clean Up Soils’, Retrived 04 June 2012.

Section aa

Harvested biomass of the selected fiber and energy crops is processed for metal recovery

The approach of ‘green technology’ for the clean up toxic metals, metalloids and radionuclides in the environment.9

2012

2013

51|52 memories of Shanghai - scale: S _ for historical urban fabric

2014

soybean

sunflower

bamboo

Appropriate agrotechnology is being developed via â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;-omicsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and biogeotechnology for sustainable development soybean

sunflower

bamboo

2015

2018

scale: M _ for contemporary high-rise

contemporary high-rise

scale: S

for historical urban fabric

hang the clothes to dry on bamboo in public

ground interaction bicycle_stop

morning exerices in park

bench

sitting-out

in hot summer in community

catching cicada with friends in nearby grove

table

collectivity | individuality

bamboo

caring for the children

bottle

by neighborhoods in community

walk with caged birds by ageds in park

publicness | privateness

in public

in park

scale: M

for contemporary high-rise

the ‘cube’

play Chinese chess matchmaking

upper interaction

the ‘curve’

informality | formality

scale: L

for open public space

outdoor cooking

on the sidewalks in Longtang

box_01

street pedlars

box_02

along the nearby curbside

home-grow veggies

in nearby public space exchange food with others

human-scaled scale: S-L for permanent design

Cities nowadays are modern, high-density and the population is often mixed with old residents and newcomers. People of different professions, background and reasons to move live in the same community.

High population density and busy lifestyle result in lack of communication between neighbours.

Another evident problem in highdensity living and an evidence of the clash between ‘old’ and ‘modern’ is the lack of private green space.

Some older residents destroy existing green space or car park block to covert into private gardens. Those enclosed ‘private’ gardens are often beautifully designed with a variety of plants and water feature.

efficiently. It is not likely that the city can be rebuilt in a short term.

How can we reuse those ‘beautiful’ but functionless spaces to reflect traditional ways of living? Can those public spaces be utilised by local residents? This research considers about the potential interaction between people, the existing green spaces, and the dynamic public space transition for all type of groups.

Delightful life needs beauty. With a significant volume of underused green space the city planners need to consider how to utilise these spaces more effectively and

A B

C

Main Road Pedestrian Pathway Public Transport Route Commerical Building Residential Building

55|56 memories of Shanghai - scale: M _ for contemporary high-rise

the Little Veggie Patch Two Melbournians with passion for fresh food run a company known as Little Veggie Patch Co. Fabian Capomolla and Mat Pember are both of Italian heritages and grew up around vegetable gardens. They hope to pass on the knowledge they have acquired from the older generation of green thumbs. This successful business installs edible gardens in polystyrene boxes on balconies, in portable crates or no-dig, raised garden beds.

1

2

DIY â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Crate Only Option

Ready to Plant Crate Option (Fully prepared NoDig Garden)

3

Planted Crate Option (Fully prepared No-Dig Garden, planted with seasonal vegetables)

sunglight/ shadow

07 am

08 am

09 am

10 am

11 am

12 am

01 pm

02 pm

03 pm

04 pm

05 pm

06 pm

^ investigating how sunlights could be used in design, it is understandable that balcony is the commonplace using for planting inside high-rise.

57|58 memories of Shanghai - scale: M _ for contemporary high-rise

the ‘cube’

The first design attempt involves a moveable landscape, looking into the relationship between connecting and transforming. Based on the sunlight study, it is established that there is not enough sunlight inside a building for plant growth. Balconies and rooftops are the most common places for planting.

^ on balcony...

The ‘Cube’ design can be joined together and separated into parts, making the limited space more useable and neat. The design aimed to change the landscapes from horizontal to vertical on the balcony.

This concept tended only to deal with the private space and lacks a convincing engagement with the public. This leads to the next iteration where the design responds to both the private and the public, as well as the vertical.

^ from the ‘chaotic’ horizontal to ‘orderly’ vertical

the ‘curve‘ 2400MM

0MM

150

Water Flowing

2400mm 800mm 300mm

1200mm

1500mm

800mm 300mm

The second ‘Curve’ design inspired by Columbia University’s Amphorae interlocking outdoor plant growing and water system, uses this modular as contains It starts with trying to design with the elements that affect the plants and its environments. Also, designing with an investigation into other elements that influence the space and its habitants.

For example: light, mood and creating movement with the space, by interacting with each other. This focuses more on decreasing the engagement of the user and the space, rather than leaving it to inanimate elements to affect the space’s design. The concept of this idea lead to get the local residents involved in the public space, along with moveable landscapes to create the second iteration.

In the morning, people bring and leave the ‘curve‘ in public space on the way to work. Retired people then look after them during their morning exercise session. They also can be reorganised and moved to get adequate exposure to sunlight. In the afternoon, parents can play with children in between spaces. Students can recombine ‘the curves’ to create a semi-enclosed space for meeting point.

Max area for growing

Max Sunshine

Mini Force for Carrying

Mini area for soil

^ the elments that affects the plants and its environments

59|60 memories of Shanghai - scale: M _ for contemporary high-rise

synchronic system

8 am - 9 am Park 5 pm - 7 pm Park 8 pm - 9 pm Park workers

5 am - 7 pm Park

10 am - 1 pm Park 6 am - 9 pm Park The aged people

2 pm - 6 pm Park 8 pm - 9 pm Park mums/dads/children

5 am - 7 pm Park 8 am - 9 pm Park students

Around 6:00 pm, people can exchange their own fresh homegrow vegetables with neighbours before they take the ‘Curve’ back inside to their apartments. They also can share planting experiences with each other.

6 pm - 7 pm

shadow The ‘curve’ can be reorganised according to the time of the day and the function of the space.

Unconsciously, these were then inserted into the site and daily routine.

The moveable landscape changes according to the time of the day and the function of the space, and also attempts to catalyst relationship between neighbours.

Mr Zhang: My potato needs less sunshine.

Mrs Wang: Hold on, Can I put my carrots on top of yours, coz they need more sunshine.

Gradma: It is Leaf Lettuce.

We had last night, remember?

Bin Bin: Grandma, what is that plants?

Full Sun/ Part Shade Full Sun

Shade

Miss Wang: OMG, the cherry tomatos are growing sooo well. Can you teach some planting skills?

Mrs Fen: of course you can sweetie. We can ask Aunt Huang.

Mr Qiao: Sure, No problem.

I would love to share my experiences.

61|62 memories of Shanghai - scale: M _ for contemporary high-rise

Ming Ming: Mom, Can I get some strawberries?

colored curve Coloured planters can be recycled after use

White_ Plant requires Full Sun

Gray_ Plant requires Full Sun/ Part Shade

Black_ Plant requires Shade

Yun Yun: Where is my little sister?

Did you find her

Miss Yan: I dont wanna those gingers. Can I trad with something else?

Qi Qi: Ha ha ha...

Mrs Cao: Woow, I can make sald with those fresh cucumbers. Thx

Miss Guo: Your welcome, I need those aloe as well.

Mr Huang: I have to work extra shifts today...

Mr Yang: No worry, I can take care of ur vegs till you come back.

Plan_A

7:00am-10:00am

Plan_B

11:00am-2:00pm

Plan_C

3:00pm-6:00pm

63|64 memories of Shanghai - scale: M _ for contemporary high-rise

harvert seasons L Long Harvest Season

Jan

Feb March

Cabbage

L S E

Cherry Tomato Carrot Aloe Strawberry

S L

Coriander bean sprouts

S E L L

Spring Onion Red Chili Leaf lettuce

S E E

Ginger balsam Pear

April

May

June

July

S Less Space

Aug

Sept

E Easy Growing

Oct

Nov

Dec

scale: L _ for open public space

open public space

scale: S

for historical urban fabric

hang the clothes to dry on bamboo in public

ground interaction bicycle_stop

morning exerices in park

bench

sitting-out

in hot summer in community

catching cicada with friends in nearby grove

table

collectivity | individuality

bamboo

caring for the children

bottle

by neighborhoods in community

walk with caged birds by ageds in park

publicness | privateness

in public

in park

scale: M

for contemporary high-rise

the ‘cube’

play Chinese chess matchmaking

upper interaction

the ‘curve’

informality | formality

scale: L

for open public space

outdoor cooking

on the sidewalks in Longtang

box_01

street pedlars

box_02

along the nearby curbside

home-grow veggies

in nearby public space exchange food with others

human-scaled scale: S-L for permanent design

Main Road Public Transport Route Pedestrian Pathway Commerical Building Residential Building Green Space

67|68 memories of Shanghai - scale: L _ for open public space

In China, we mostly find two kinds of places, the ‘noble’ or ‘illustrious’ and the ‘commercial’ place. Both are the products of transformation of open space by sense making and appropriated in terms of symbols of power or economy. These appropriations turn empty, meaningless or merely functionally determined space into a space of social activity.

The People’s Square and People’s Park are prime examples of the ‘noble’ places. They were not designed on a human-friendly scale. On the large plaza, it is hard to find a nice place to enjoy tree shade in hot summer.

People are also restricted from sitting or playing on green lawns, as the park authorities in China do not permit foot traffic on lawns. The People’s Park is actually used as a matchmaking point. The place is full of people but short for sitting facilities. It is also a ‘commercial’ urban place to attract attention in order to draw customers into restaurants, cafes, bars, and galleries.

Existing

Change

Matchmaking is the most significant and meaningful event in the People’s Park. Parents and grandparents try to find a match for their children or grandchildren by posting the their resume. However, the place is not designed for those events therefore it is lack of sitting and posting facilities.

How can we design the space for those informal functions?

Perceptual change

^ open or enclosed

^ paving ground surface

^ soft ground surface

^ proximity

Designing with perception as a means of change-over-time, requires knowledge of many of varying elements that can change.

A catalogue of how a space can be altered way compiled to discover these elements. The diagrams depict the change occurring, as well as effect that it may have on the user.

All of the elements aim to transform

the behavior of the person who is engaging with it, with the intention that this may provide stimulation for the routine user.

69|70 memories of Shanghai - scale: L _ for open public space

portable park_ andrew maynard architects

This project is to challenge the existing paradigm of inner city / high density living and help reduce Melbourneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Urban Sprawl by encouraging more people to live in the CBD or other high density locations through better utilisation of land. A Portable Park would be established for a temporary period, on underutilised private land and relocated around Melbourne, based on the demand and availability of open space. The most fascinating thing for me is not only about how many different ways to use each one, but also each transition activates certain communities and adjacent precinct by fun outdoor activities.

What do people need ?

Scale

Hardscape

Softscape

Tree

Sitting

box_01

Site size key small sites

medium sites

The Box

unpack

play

standard 2.4 x 2.4 grid to ensure no cutting of material and minimal material waster.

all box components are designed to easily loaded and unpacked and ready to be used.

component is ready play.

for

Meeting Point

Diabolo

See-Saw

Tops

Naughts & Crosses

Chinese Chess

71|72 memories of Shanghai - scale: L _ for open public space

Badminton

Walk with caged Bird

large sites

This design is inspired by Andrew Maynardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work and uses portable boxes to enable the temporary utilisation of space within high-density locations as a multi-dimensional space, which encourages interaction, productivity and community in the existing urban area. The first design exploration focuses on helping to address or challenge the current perceptions by surrounding high-density living environments through better utilising the existing site.

peddlers and growing plants. It therefore fails to bring the qualities of traditional living back into the site. How to create the semi-public feeling when the places have been fully exposed in Public eyes? How they may change conventional urban design practice in Shanghai that is eradicating these qualities?

The design tends only to deal between public and public, less consideration is given to the private.

It also lacks the design for street

System Deliver to Site by trucks Forklift unloads the trucks

Park components stored and ready to be picked up, loaded and dropped on dormant site.

Maintain by local residents who was paid by local government

Ball Pit Skate Park

Taiji Swing

Monky Bar

Shuttlecock Kicking

Quincuncial Piles Roll Out for Instant Syntheric Grass

box_02

user pulls handle from side which unpacks the box

The Box

unpack

play

Public

Public

Private

Public

playground

Public

Semi-public

Public

passage

Public

street peddler

73|74 memories of Shanghai - scale: L _ for open public space

Private

Public

channel

Public

practicing Tai Chi

selling watermelons in summer

growning veggies

pancake

spinning top

small steamed bun

meeting point

traditional popcorn

Private

Public

picnic

Public

Private

Public

matchmaking

The second design therefore focuses more on decreasing the engagement of the user and the space, and lead to get the people involved in the public space. The Box No. 2 can be unpacked in three different ways, according to different user and their requirements. The public space will be personalised when different groups of people occupy the box. By encouraging individual to claim space in public, the space functions under semi-public use. During constant space transition, the boundary of public and private domain blurs.

for traditional handicraft

facility - sitting - table - shelter - essay access

Researching old Shanghainese culture led me to consider basic needs required from the traditional handicraft pedlars and a local residentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perspective in public space. It should be convenient for people to buy and learn traditional handcraft. The pink area shows the best locations for traditional handcraft point. When people come to shop they will interact with the peddlers and each other, and also activate the underuse existing space.

on Plan a

Existing in sunny day ...

Public

Change in rainy day ...

Semi-public

Public

Public

75|76 memories of Shanghai - scale: L _ for open public space

Private

Public

for children outdoor game

facility - shelter - hardscape

The location of playground box is designed without the shelter on top of it, so they can drop and unpack in the shade area. The box will engender the different configuration and reflect different social events by the various occupying people. It helps to test how the space could be transited to accommodate those events, and generate new spatial purpose. on Plan a

Existing

Change

fully unpacked ...

game wall ...

Public

Public

Private

Public

b

a

proposed plan a

pedestrian change

Existing

Change

77|78 memories of Shanghai - scale: L _ for open public space

The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Boxâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; can work as division between public and private and bring some of the qualities into the city. The interaction between people is tested during different social gatherings.

The design seems to work well in small scale but creates problems when move into large scale. Where to locate those boxes? How can all of those memories and activities happen on the site but without the box? How can those qualities and my design exploration influence the future development in city?

proposedn plan b

Existing

Change

next?

boo

bam

the

r

nte

pla

ycl

e b ot

e

th

tle

Temporal Design

cur

ve

rec

e ub

c

Test_02_site

Test_01 _site

02 le box_

portab

Test_03_site

ch o ben

bambo

utilise space

le

tab

por

the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;boxâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

utilise timing

_01

box

utilise place

Permanent Design

scale: S

for historical urban fabric

hang the clothes to dry on bamboo in public

ground interaction bicycle_stop

morning exerices in park

bench

sitting-out

in hot summer in community

catching cicada with friends in nearby grove

table

collectivity | individuality

bamboo

caring for the children

bottle

by neighborhoods in community

walk with caged birds by ageds in park

publicness | privateness

in public

in park

scale: M

for contemporary high-rise

the ‘cube’

play Chinese chess matchmaking

upper interaction

the ‘curve’

informality | formality

scale: L

for open public space

outdoor cooking on the sidewalks in Longtang

box_01

street pedlars

box_02

along the nearby curbside

home-grow veggies

in nearby public space exchange food with others

human-scaled scale: S-L for permanent design

So far, a mature urban culture of how to use public spaces has not yet developed. All the design iterations seem to be at portable stage through different scales, people and timing.

They are trying to find a new way for catching the qualities of memories of livings into the contemporary urban context.

Researching the interactions of the old China with the new China in terms of dwelling gives us the opportunity to utilise space, food production and catalytic peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s relationship.

useful to design development and more comprehensive collection may reveal useful opportunities for design.

In parallel and as a way of testing my interventions I intend to investigate in depth how the qualities of living can be change the existing site conditions.

Moving to project B, the research will focus on operations from temporary to permanent. The research will continue to apply and develop my understanding of the quality of memories of Shanghai. To assist this project the research will expand the characteristics of memories in more details. The qualities of livings have been identified so far are

a. 360 Floor This design was to investigate how all those elements could be introduced into the site as permanent. The plazaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ground floor can be turned in 360 degree for different requirements.

The configuration needs to be specific to the routines of the users, creating particular types of change in particular points with the site.

playground

street market

floor

rotate

use

matchmaking poster wall

81|82 memories of Shanghai - next?

b. Fold Floor In this design exploration, the ground floor can be folded up as a shelter or closed as a poster wall. The underneath ground also designs in two types: hardscape and softscape.

Hardscape can be used for street peddlers, matchmaking, and activities. Softscape can be used for growing shorter term veggies in summer. It also can become an access to the underground shopping center.

floor

fold

use

multifunctional

Plants Cart The plants can be relocated into different areas as required. In hot summer day, they are organised to provide shade. They are located on the edge of the plaza for getting max sunlight during cold wintertime.

on the side

^ Push&Pull to relocate the Plants Cart

archway design

on the move

The traditional Chinese archways will be used to design the pattern of the floor. When people enter the space, they will emphasise the isolation.

Meanwhile, it creates interesting experience on visual impact, and the boundaries are flexible and assembled by each participator. according to traditional chinese archway design

site?

Wujiao Court

Lujiazui

Pepoleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s square

Expo site

Xinzhuang Station

The research is also going to look at what fixed elements are required to support all those portable designs, such as irrigation system, draining structures, etc. It is not difficult to see that some people are already trying to do the similar things in the existing site, so what are the gaps in them which limited the existing designs? How can the designs be more realistic? Instead of designing the landscape to adopt existing conditions, the research is also interested in exploring how those

83|84 memories of Shanghai - next?

qualities of living can happen on the site as permanent? How can the design strategy inform the future development in Chinese cities and also in other countries?

“

We believe that to the degree that an environment can be controlled, the appropriate reactions of people within that environment can be predicted…

– Disney Spokesperson, 2000

”

Projection

World Expo Shanghai 2010 Election December 3, 2002 at the 132nd general assembly of the Bureau of International Expositions (BIE) in Monte Carlo.

Theme ‘Better City, Better Life’ Duration May 1-October 31st 2010 Area 5.28km2 is on the waterfront area on both sides of the Huangpu River, mostly between Nanpu Bridge and Lupu Bridge. The eastern part of the site covers 3.93km2 and the western part 1.35km2.

Expected participants 200 nations and organisations.

international

Expected attendance 70 million visitors from home and abroad.

Cost 25 billion yuan (about 3.01 billion USD), according to Jiang Yingshi, director of the Shanghai Municipal Development and Reform Commission.

Construction workers and organizers in Shanghai, China are busily completing tasks ahead of the planned opening of the 2010 World Expo on May 1st planned to be the largest World Expo in history. The theme of the Expo is “Better City, Better Life”, and is scheduled to run until October 31, 2010. In recent months, large construction and renovation projects have dominated much of Shanghai, in preparation for becoming the World’s stage on May 1st.

Source: Bureau of the Shanghai World Expo Coordonation. www.expo2010china.com People’s Daily Online. http:// english.people.com.cn/200311/01/ eng20031101_127371.shtml

Legend protect historical building protect building protect new building protect grovernment space green space protect space planned range my site

50

100

200

Expo proposed planning: 5 districts & 1 corridor

Best Urban Practices District

Cultural exhibition District International Community

er Riv Pu

g Huan

Ecological Riverside Landscape Corridor

Exhibition and Business District

Houtan and Expanding District

Road system planning map

50

32

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oad on gR

50

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d oa ye R

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70

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24 Road n sha ng Ho

20

nR ha oz Gu

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Legend

d

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40

24

50

r Road

Xueyee

32

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36

24

20

20 24

24

16

32

24

B

24

16

24

d

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32

Shibo Avenue

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South Longhua Road

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32 ghua Road Lon South

80

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freeway major road secondary road

ya

minor road 20

road width waterway planned range

Land-use planning map

d

er Riv

Road

Huafe ng R o

Bailiang River

Jumen

Xuey eR

Road Jumen

oad

Roa South Longhua

Pu

ad

g Huan Bailia ngjin g Ga

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d uan Roa

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ch en gR

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d

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d du Roa Zhoujia

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Ro qing hang

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Bo

b Shi

Ro

Road

e Xu

R ye

d

oa

Legend

oad ang R Guozh

cutural space

r Road

Xueyee

business office space commercial space green space plaza space government public space waterway

Public transit system planning map

Mi ao jia ng R

ba

ad

Wa ngd a

Ro

st We

ad

Pu oA Bo ve nu ch e en gR oa d

oad on gR Pu d So uth ad

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oa

d

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oa

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So ut h

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d

d du Roa Zhoujia

qing hang hC Nort

d

oa

d

Hu afe ng

Legend

d

Ro a

ad

oad

yeer Xue

r Road

Xueyee

nR ha oz Gu

Ro

nR sha ng Ho

B

d uan Roa

d

Shibog

Road

St

Shibo Avenue

W est

oa

d

Sh ib

Yu nt ai

Ba ilia ng R

Bailiang River

er Riv

g Huan

Ro idge libr

ad Xuey e

Road

san

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ad

d Ro a

n Ro

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Jumen

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South Longhua Road

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ad

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oad

d

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gR izan

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subway tram way transport hub waterway planned range

Total residents

149 units in total

x

6

=

building storages

1 unit/per floor

x

7

2 units/per floor

x

13 =

26

3 units/per floor

x

16 =

48

4 units/per floor

x

17 =

68

894

x

=

7

3 = 2,682 residents resident/unit

Government Proposed Plan The research is also going to look at what fixed elements are required to support all those portable designs, such as irrigation system, draining structures, etc. It is not difficult to see that some people are already trying to do the similar things in the existing site, so what are the gaps in them which limited the existing designs? How can the designs

Sunnglight | Shadow

07:00 am

09:00 am

11:00 am

01:00 pm

03:00 pm

05:00 pm

decrease buildings

Extending Public Space _ Decrease number of Building

2,124

1,098

1,422

1,350

2,322

1,566

1,512

1,674

1,566

2,070

4,392

1,512

2,736

1,620

2,376

2,160

The streetscapes adjacent to the fence are dull and desolated. It is more interesing to have some retails along the road. It is also more conviestent for local residents to but stuffs. The inside public spaces are suming to be bigger due to accommodate more people, but the sense of neighborhood and community get lost. So, simply space enlargement wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t tackle with the peoblem. The physical blockers transportain lines, and even big scale parks chop neighborhoods up, because of scale. All the qualities of memories of old lifestyles are still missing. I attempt to figure it out layer by layer.

movement

Another phoneme I have found which is all the contemporary high density residential building blocks are all the same. All the retails and groceries are separated from the apartments. So residents have to take detour to buy stuffs. The contemporary site has lost interesting than Longtang. Most of the buildings are rotated to face the same direction (southern side).

I am looking at how peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s movement can be affected by building orientation. And I also tried to create more interesting space in between building. Perhaps, all those testings are not effect on my site, because they did not achieve the qualities of Shanghai memories. So I realise that the simply building orientation does not help.

building patterns

point building

strip building

building block

patio building

^ the densities of four basic types of building patterns are compared

FSi The Floor Space Index (FSi) is a ratio that indicates what the realized quantity of floor space (GFA) is in relation to the ground space/site. Mathematically it is equal to the building percentage x the stacking factor.

The densities of four base types of building patterns, regular patterns of points building, strip building, building blocks and patio building are compared. The strip building is the most common type has been used for Longtang. Base on low density in the past, the space has become a semi-private space by local residents in between the low buildings. Points building type is used in the contemporary residential site.

In determining the quality of natural light in a building or district we make a distinction between directly entering sunligh and the degree to which diffuse natural light penetrates a space.

view and obstruction

^ light, lower shadow and upper shadow

12.000 3.000

^ angle of obstruction 450\ 1 story\ 100% light peneration

^ with equal angles of obstruction, very different view and field of vision

12.000

^ angle of obstruction 450\ 2 stories\ 41% light peneration

^ angle of obstruction 450\ 7 stories\ 26% light peneration

20.000

^ building height: distance between buildings = 1:1.2

^ compilation of view on different storeys with an 800 vertical field of vision

^ light penetration from the open field: equal ceiling height produces a constant distance of natural light penetration

^ light penetration withan an angle of obstruction: equal ceiling height produces a variable distance of natural light penetration

^ light penetration from the open field: variable ceiling height increases the distance of natural light penetration

^ light penetration withan an angle of obstruction: variable ceiling height produces a constant distance of natural light penetration

‘empty space‘ The point building, as in the other three patterns, making buildings deeper always produces a higher density. Making buildings higher, however, does not always result in higher density with point building. For every depth, there is certain number of storeys that produces a maximum FSi. The maximum is caused by ‘empty spaces’ in the point building pattern.

The distances between the towers must be increased as the towers get higher, and, with a constant angle of obstruction. In order to optimize the point building pattern, I looked at how these ‘empty space’ might be filled by increasing the density of the pattern at the intersections.

This was done in two different ways, the so-called checkerboard and chessboard patterns. Both showed that an FSi equivalent to that strip building can be achieved by increasing density at the ‘intersections’.

> for point building, the impact of filling in empty space on FSI is explained. This filling in is done in two different ways; we call the first the checkerboard pattern (maximum filling in of the empty space with point building of the same dimensions as the nase pattern) and the second is the chessboard pattern (masimum filling in of the empty space with point building of variable dimensions)

^ view and obstruction: the ratio of air/facing building on different storeys

^ ‘empty space’

^ building base pattern. the empty space spaces are filled in different ways in the following pattern

^ the checkerboard pattern fills the empty spaces with the same building bricks as those of the base pattern

^ the chessboard pattern fills the empty spaces by filling in the spaces between the buildings completely. the form and height of these new buildings is then determined by the distance between the buildings, which is equal to the depth of the point from the base pattern. this produces different pieces or building bricks. both modifications are therefore a superimposition of buildings

space between buildings

Extending Public Space _ Decrease number of Building

max. compact volume through programme

‘double’ use of surface

maxium volume, extrovert

maximaal volume, introvert

maxium depth

stracking

ceiling height

optimizatization through intekkugent positioning of ‘dark’ programme

additional quality of life through use of the roof

maximum construction of the edges of the envelope

additional volume on inner side: core

increase in outer depth

increase in number of storeys

air and space in the right place by a strategic manipulation of ceiling height

^ 7 options for increasing capacity within the urban-design envelope

The study represents a search for maximum capacity for the site. How many dwellings can be realized on this site, without negatively affecting the quality of the individual dwellings?

| Before Architectures

opporitunities on site to form the building envelop

30%

25m distance

sun orbit

green space

attraction point

tourist point

residential point

30%

long Tang entrance

pathway

patio main Lane central room

sub Lane apartment the street frontage house

Spatial character

traditonal Southern China folk house

traditonal Northern China folk house

traditonal Beijing folk house

Separation the residential space a- Public space (pathway) b- Semi-public space (main Lane) c- Semi-private space (sub Lane) d- Private space (apartment) Space Organization: relatively closed to the outside, it has created a strong sense of community and neighbourhood. Main Lane is the mainly public space and meeting spot for residents. Sub Lane is mainly used be closed neighourhoods.

The street frontage houses enclosed Long Tang. They like a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;thick wallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; to separate inside from outside in space, but it is still a very open space in visual. Small retails are located on the ground floor. They link the Private Dwelling with the Urban Public Life.

The entrance of Long Tang is the key portal to connect the urban Public space with the inside space of Long Tang. The arcade is commonly used at the entrance. It is not only because enlarge the size of the entrance, but also creating more useable space.

The properties of space have changed after we enter the Longtang. Less public, but more private.

traditonal Shanghai folk house

Today

Past

^ Grocers on the street frontage of LongTang.

^ The entrance of Long Tang

> Bird-view of Long Lang

^ The busy Long Lang

Qualities of Long Tang spatial character spatial contrast

tourist|resident

mainly using for resident

mainly using for tourist

underground carpark enter

visual connection

Neighbouring

Peddlers

station

nearby activies space

Missing Shanghai memories All the Shanghai memories were missing due to the fast urban growth. But all those Shanghai memories were catalysing peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s relationship, encouraging people to use public space as their small private space, making the outdoor place is safety and full of community. I carefully chosen 5 memories that I want to design with. I am looking at why it is petered out, why we should bring/ keep them, how we can bring/keep them, what facilities do they need, etc.

clothes hanging-out what was it?

Traditional Shanghainess used to hanging out their laundry on bamboos outside the windows, not only because there is not enough space inside the apartment, but also sunlight is the natural clothes dryer. why it is missing?

- not beautiful - no space for it what does it need?

- hidden place for hanging-out - sun/windy

Food production what was it?

People enclosed public space for growing their own plants/veggies in public space.

They always swap their home-growing veggies with neighbourhoods, and also share the planting experience with each other. what does it need?

- a place for growing plants/veggies - watching by neighbourhoods - sun/shade

outdoor Cinema what was it?

- a puppet show - shadow figures what do they need?

- Theatre?

- place for people sitting outside after dinner

sitting out in summer what was it?

People were used to sitting-out till cool down in the summer. It was not only because it was hot inside the apartment (they didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have air-condition yet), but also because people can chat with each other, gossip about neighbourhoods. In my memories, I always fell to sleep on the mats and my parents carried me back home. But some people were stayed overnight. why was it missing?

- unsafe - illegal what does it need?

- place where people feel safe - upper ground

children outdoor games what was it?

- skipped rubber bands - hopscotch - hide and seek Why are they missing?

- designers did not think much about it - unsafe what do they need?

- a empty space - watching by neighbourhoods

Street market what was it?

There were many peddlers around the entree of Longtang, or many small retails on the ground level of longtang building.

It was very convenient for local residents to buy groceries on the way back home.

People can always find hidden/secret stuffs in here. why was it missing?

- peddlers/retails are informal using of pedestrian way What do they need?

- shade, sitting - easy transportaion - huge amount of people - storage place

qualities of the Shanghai memories Publicness

Public Space

At Present...

Semi-Private Space Private

Long Tang...

Semi-Private Space

Semi-Private Space

Semi-Public Space

Public Space

Flexibility day|night Two kinds of activities & Two kinds of requiements

children games

outdoor cinema

Day planting peddlers

retails

clothes hanging_out

sitting-out playing cards

markets

food swap

Night

Superivse mutually the watcher and the watched

Creating Shared Value

principal and subordinate

| under building

Using the space between buildings to create different hierarchy and density

clothes hanging-out what was it?

Traditional Shanghainess used to hanging out their laundry on bamboos outside the windows, not only because there is not enough space inside the apartment, but also sunlight is the natural clothes dryer. why it is missing?

- not beautiful - no space for it what does it need?

- hidden place for hanging-out - sun/windy

Natural Green

Burnt

Dyed Manhogany

Different color in use

Carbonized

9-floor-apartment

t

longtang passway

8-floor-apartment

outdoor Cinema what was it?

- a puppet show - shadow figures what do they need?

- Theatre?

- place for people sitting outside after dinner

Not in used

outdoor movie theater

bridge pass

shops

playing shadow figures

bridge pass

shops

outdoor cinema

outdoor cinema

indoor cinema & game room

indoor cinema & game room

bridge pass

bridge pass

Viewing Platform

Gaming Space

Gym Seating Area

Hair/Nail Salon

Meeting Point Shopping Center

Underground Drive-way|Carpark

Outdoor Cinema

Indoor Cinema

Meeting Point Children Care

Gym

Viewing Platform

Seating Area Shopping Center Enter Point

Meeting Point

Market

Outdoor Cinema

Enter Point

Enter Point

Tea| Coffee Shop

Indoor Cinema Roof-top Garden

Book Shop| Exhibtion Space

Tea| Cafe Seating

Book Shop| Exhibtion Space

Tea| Coffee Shop

Tea| Cafe Seating

Roof-top Garden

Reading Room

Market

Pick_up Piont

Meeting Point

|Linked Connection

permanent linked upper landscape

The 220,000 square meter pedestrian-oriented Linked Hybrid complex, sited adjacent to the site of old city wall of Beijing, aims to counter the current privatized urban developments in China by creating a new twenty-first century porous urban space, inviting and open to the public from every side. Filmic urban public space; around, over and through multifaceted spatial layers, as well as the many passages through the project, make the Linked Hybrid an “open city within a city”. The project promotes interactive relations and encourages encounters in the public spaces that vary from commercial, residential, and educational to recreational.

The entire complex is a three-dimensional urban space in which buildings on the ground, under the ground and over the ground are fused together.

The ground level offers a number of open passages for all people (residents and visitors) to walk through. These passages ensure a micro-urbanisms of small scale. Shops activate the urban space surrounding the large reflecting pond. On the intermediate level of the lower buildings, public roofs gardens offer tranquil green spaces, and at the top of the eight residential towers private roof gardens are connected to the penthouses. All public functions on the ground level, - including a restaurant, hotel, Montessori school, kindergarten, and cinema - have connections with the green spaces surrounding and penetrating the project.

The elevator displaces like a “jump cut” to another series of passages on a higher levels. From the 12th to the 18th floor a multi-functional series of skybridges with a swimming pool, a fitness room, a café, a gallery, auditorium and a mini salon connects the eight residential towers and the hotel tower, and offers spectacular views over the unfolding city. Programmatically this loop aspires to be semi-latticelike rather than simplistically linear. We hope the public skyloop and the base-loop will constantly generate random relationships. They will function as social condensers resulting in a special experience of city life to both residents and visitors.

Geo-thermal wells (655 at 100 meters deep) provide Linked Hybrid with cooling in summer and heating in winter, and make it one of the largest green residential projects in the world.

Linked Hybrid, Beijing, China Steven Holl

| between building

Using the space between buildings to create different hierarchy and density

Day

Street market

what was it?

There were many peddlers around the entree of Longtang, or many small retails on the ground level of longtang building.

It was very convenient for local residents to buy groceries on the way back home.

People can always find hidden/secret stuffs in here.

6-floor-apartment

Night

why was it missing?

- peddlers/retails are informal using of pedestrian way What do they need?

- shade, sitting - easy transportaion - huge amount of people - storage place

6-floor-apartment

storag

retails

ge

path way

path way

retails

6 -floor-apartment

storage

6-floor-apartment

Food production

what was it?

People enclosed public space for growing their own plants/veggies in public space. They always swap their home-growing veggies with neighbourhoods, and also share the planting experience with each other. what does it need?

- a place for growing plants/veggies - watching by neighbourhoods - sun/shade

sitting out in summer

different level of landscape mounds what was it?

People were used to sitting-out till cool down in the summer. It was not only because it was hot inside the apartment (they didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have air-condition yet), but also because people can chat with each other, gossip about neighbourhoods. In my memories, I always fell to sleep on the mats and my parents carried me back home. But some people were stayed overnight. why was it missing?

- unsafe - illegal

children outdoor games

what does it need?

- place where people feel safe - upper ground what was it?

- skipped rubber bands - hopscotch - hide and seek Why are they missing?

- designers did not think much about it - unsafe what do they need?

- a empty space - watching by neighbourhoods

pathway

different level of landscape mounds

pathway

different level of landscape mounds

pathway

5600mm

200mm

400mm

For Sitting out in Summer

200mm

12000mm

12000mm

For Planting

For Children Playing

For Street market

underground carpark

path way

markets

Playground

underground

e

green corridor

sitting out space

b

board path

Game Space

underground carpark

board path

Plants Station

path way

underground carpark

stair-pathway / tourist & peddlers not permit to enter residental area from this point

conclusion

Bibliography Hassenpflug, DI 2010, The urban code of China, Birkhuser GmbH, Switzerland Maas, W, Rijs, J, Jeroen Zuidgeest, N, Liao, H, Ortega, A, Hyde, R, Hackauf, U, & Kalmeyer, B 2012, The vertical village: individual, informal, intense, NAi, Netherlands Gorgolewski, M, Komisar, J, & Nasr, J 2011, Carrot city: creating places for urban agriculture, The Monacelli Press, New York White, M & Przybylski, M 2010, bracket_on farming_ almanac 1, Actar, New York Farrelly, L 2011, Drawing for urban design, Laurence King, London Hartog, H 2010, Shanghai New Towns: Searching for community and identity in a sprawling metropolis, 010, Rotterdam Johnson, L 2010, City famer: adventures in urban food growing, D&M, Canada Downton, P 2003, Design research, RMIT University, Melbourne Urban, F 2012, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC; High-Rise Shanghaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, in Tower and Slab: Histories of global mass housing, Routledge, New York Cockrall-king, J 2012, Food and the City: Urban Agriculture and the New Food Revolution, Prometheus Books, New York Firley, E & Stahl, C 2009, The Urban Housing Handbook, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, England Disney Space, In Chung, C. J., Inaba, J., Koolhaas, R. & Leong, S.T. (Eds.) 2002, Harvard Design School: Guide to Shopping, Cologne: Taschen Lu, D 2008, Remaking Chinese Urban Form: Modernity, Scarcity and Space, 1949-2005, Routledge, New York Sieverts, T 2003, Cities Without Cities: Between Place and World, Space and Time, Town and Country, Routledge Chapman & Hall, Abingdon

85|86 memories of Shanghai

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Illustration

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87 memories of Shanghai