Lu Lin DRC

THE OPEN LANDSCAPE

PEOPLE, SPACE, and COMMUNITY

Lu LIN RMIT MLA2013

2

Introduction

Abstract

More public space Building renovation Poor living environment Farmers live on their farm land The social interactions happen on the farm land

Lost farmland

Unproductive Stagnant Economic activities

Main Intervention Farming Social issue of isolation

The social interative circle disconnected The gap is farmland Combine with the village living environment and leisure landscape functions

Research Title: The Open Landscape Sub Title: People, Space and Community Research Question:

How can community landscape be designed to improve the social issue of isolation in Chinese urban village.

Due to the high-speed urbanization appeared in China in the past three decades, the urban growth encroached on the natural villages. These villages have become the awkward islands inside the modern cities or left behind at the fringe of the cities, which have a new name urban village. Urban village is a prominent and important feature of China’s new urbanism.

Abstract

There are three kinds of urban village: the potential urban villages which have already be under the pressure of redevelopment; the transforming urban villages which are now being through the demolishing and rebuilding process; the mature urban villages, which have already finished transforming into new urban fabric and become part of the modern city.

The site I choose is a transforming urban village. The main residents in the village are the indigenous villagers who rely on farming to live a life. Farming is where they gain money and where their main social interactions happen. Since the government and developers took their land, they only can get a unfair amount of compensation to live a life. Because of the huge change of life patter, the young generation left the village seeking for other careers. The old generation of villagers are left behind and eventually, isolated by the surrounding urban context.

As a result, the main design strategy aims at transferring the urban village into an open and lively community through using the design intervention of farming, bringing a package of agriculture interventions to improve the living environment in both spatial and economic way. A series of micro-economic activities and agriculture tourism will happen around the farming intervention. While introduce farming back into the village as a design intervention, the project will be about to protect the indigenous villagers by open the village to the city context.

Key work: Chinese urban village, farming, lively community, Village redevelopment, Urban spraw 3

Contents

1. Research 1.1 Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------7 1.2

Relevance --------------------------------------------------------------------8

1.3

Context -----------------------------------------------------------------------9 1.3.1 Zibo city 1.3.2 Urban growth in Zibo city 1985-2013 1.3.3 Urban village 1.3.4 Urban structure of Zibo 1.3.5 Residence system and land system 1.3.6 The land ownership evolution mode of villages 1.3.7 Between two countries

1.4 Methodology ------------------------------------------------------------------17 1.4.1 Current village transformation modes 1.4.2 The current village redevelopment plan 1.4.3 Problem definition 1.4.4 Opportunity 1.4.5 Tools 1.4.6 Guidelines 1.4.7 Research flow chart 1.4.8 Aim of project 1.4.9 Future scene 2. Analysis -------------------------------------------------------------------------------29 2.1 Village in China ----------------------------------------------------------------29 2.1.1 Regionalism and typology 2.1.2 Climate of Northern China 2.1.3 Typical village in northern China 2.1.4 Living pattern in contemporary Chinese village 2.2 Urban village in Zibo ---------------------------------------------------------33 2.2.1 Basic information 2.2.2 Three types of urban village 2.2.3 Different stages of urban village evolution process 2.2.4 The aging problem in urban village

2.4 The city development strategy ------------------------------------------------40 2.5 Site analysis ---------------------------------------------------------------------41 2.5.1 Development of Zhang village 2.5.2 Site introduction 2.5.3 Site position in broader urban context 2.5.4 Circulation 2.5.5 Land use 2.5.6 Building typologies analysis 2.5.7 Commercial activities

Contents

2.3 Zibo city-Zhangdian district analysis --------------------------------------37 2.4.1 Transport system 2006-2020 2.4.2 Land use 2006-2020 2.4.3 Public facilities plan 2006-2020

4

Contents

2.5.8 Lane space analysis 2.5.9 Life pattern 2.5.10 Questionaire 2.6 Site building typology analysis ----------------------------------------------53 2.6.1 Typical village buildings 2.6.2 Building quality evaluation 2.6.3 Lighting condition 2.6.4 Privacy 2.6.5 Other typical characters 2.7 Public space analysis -----------------------------------------------------------59 2.7.1 Public space in village 2.7.2 Planting in public space 2.8 Interactive interest analysis ---------------------------------------------------61 2.9 SWOT Analysis ----------------------------------------------------------------- 62 2.10 Case study -----------------------------------------------------------------------63 2.11.1 Chinese city renewal 2.11.2 Shanghai XinTianDi(XTD) 2.11.3 Shanghai TianZiFang(XZF) 2.11.4 Top-down Bottom-up revolution 2.11.5 Pocket-neighbourhood and co-housing 2.11.6 Bowden village 2.11.7 Multiple nuclei model 2.11.8 3. Strategy& Design intervention ----------------------------------------------------71 3.1 Strategy diagram 3.2 Interventions 4. Design ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------73 4.1 Phasing timeline ----------------------------------------------------------------73

Contents

4.2 Interests reallocation& Role orientation -----------------------------------76

5

4.3 Phase A -------------------------------------------------------------------------77 4.3.1 Main target of Phase A 4.3.2 Demolishing 4.3.3 Building function rearrangement 4.3.4 Residents relocation 4.3.5 Circulation rearrangement &Parking lots 4.3.6 Building renovation 4.3.7 Green house 4.3.8 Corn field

Contents

4.4 Phase B -------------------------------------------------------------------------99 4.4.1 Main target of Phase B 4.4.2 Vertical wall planting 4.4.3 Raised bed planting 4.4.4 Rainwater harvesting facility 4.4.5 Recreational landscape design 4.4.6 Commercial street 4.4.7 Agriculture produce selling 4.4.8 Multi-functional landscape 4.4.9 Edible garden 4.5 Phase C -------------------------------------------------------------------------119 4.5.1 Main target of Phase C 4.5.2 Programs 4.5.3 Agritourism 4.5.5 Farmland rental policy 4.5.6 Micro-economic system 4.6 Phase D -------------------------------------------------------------------------123 4.7 Master plan --------------------------------------------------------------------124

Contents

5. Appendix ----------------------------------------------------------------------------127 5.1 Reflection and conclusion 5.2 Reference

6

Urban Sprawl

Village Renovation

Social Neighbourhood Cultural Heritage

Urban Village

Aging Population

Community

1. Research

1.1 Introduction

Figure 1.1.1View of Zibo city

The project is called “The Open Landscape---People, Space and Community”. The study case is “Urban Village”, a very specific urban planning definition in China. I will analyse, discuss, research and design how the urban village can be in the future. Focus of the project is Zhang village, which is a typical urban village located in the urban fringe of Zibo city.

Research

First, I explain the background and the problems I want to tackle. Secondly, the research questions are put forward. Further, the evolutionary reconstruction model is presented to understand how the “bottom-up” evolution happens and how to transform the urban village into an open landscape, a healthy living community, to integrate into the city.

The preliminary strategy and key interventions will present in the second and third part. Finally, the design part will show.

7

1.2 Relevance

Figure 1.2.1Chinese modern Cities and the urban villages

In China, the urban villages play an essential role in urban component, which promotes the smooth urban transition of the society. In order to support a better planning practice associated with urban villages, a general analysis of the transformation of urban villages which include at least three aspects.

Firstly, in many cities, the implementation of urban village redevelopment programs faces incredible barriers and many actions result in social consequences, such as conflicts caused by forced demolition, relocation of landlords, and large-scale displacement of migrant tenants followed by a housing crisis(Zhang et al., 2003;Zhang, 2005;Hin and Xin, 2011). Moreover, it also cost a lot of money and social resource. The research project will reconsider the current redevelopment way which related to the urban villages. Further, providing a citywide perspective of urban farming economic market provide by urban village.

Thirdly, public participation refers to, in social economic activities involving public interest, that the public should enjoy more democratic power on the basis of enjoying basic rights(such as Equal Rights, Right to Know, Right to Disposal) protected by laws(Ma, 2006). During the process of urban village revolution, there are too many interests involved. It is not easy to harmonize the interests of all parties. Many cities rely on large-scale redevelopment programs to solve the problems of urban villages, which always ignore the interest of the original residents in the village. A better understand of the relationship between the local residents and revolution can contribute to public participation and improve the social issue of isolation.

Research

Secondly, the design research focuses on how to improve the urban villages living conditions. The fast-increase population leads to intensive use of land in urban villages. However, the chaotic land use leads to the high-density, substandard housing environment, infrastructure deficiencies, and lack of public space. What’s more, it also links with social problems, safety risks, and healthy problems.

8

1.3 Context 1.3.1 Zibo City

China

Shandong Province

Zibo City

SITE

Research

Fig. 1.3.1.1 Location of Zibo

9

Zibo is in the center of Shandong Province, located in the transition zone between mountainous area in central Shandong and the North China Plain. Its southern area is covered with mid-sized mountains, while the center is hilly. The city’s northern territory descends into plains. The ratio among mountains, hill and plain is 42%, 29.9% and 28.1%. With the Yellow River flowing across the northern area, the city has comparatively abundant water resources. The workable reserve of ground water is 1.24 tons/day.

According to statistics, by the end of 2006, there are 4,181,260 people live in Zibo. It had a population density of 704.15 per square kilometer.

Zibo is located in a warm, temperate zone, and bears a semi-humid and semi-dry continental climate.

Manufacturing holds an important place of the city’s economy and Zibo is particularly strong in ceramics manufacturing. Other industries include the petrochemical industry, pharmaceuticals, metallurgy, building materials, machinery and textile. High and new-technology industries, such as new materials, fine chemicals, electronics and information, and biological medicines, are developing rapidly. Zibo was among the top 20 cities in the world who enjoy the fastest economic growth between 2001 and 2005.

1.3 Context 1.3.2 Urban growth in Zibo City 1985-2013

The Research Design SITE

1985

1995

2000

2006

2013

Fig. 1.3.2.1 Urban sprawl 1985-2013

Urban growth in Zibo City 1985-2013-2020 1985-1995 Starting and establishing period Zibo abounds in natural resources. More than 50 kinds of mineral reserves have been found and coal, iron, bauxite, coal clay, chemical limestone, pottery clay, etc. are the main place of origin in Shandong Province because of their big reserves, high grade, and broad distribution. From 1970-1985, the city was initially established as a mining city. During this period of time, on account of high proportion of heavy industry and carelessness about industrial pollution, the city paid a price on both its environment and economics. From 1985, it was undergoing technological upgrading and industrial transformation for further development.

1995-2006 High-speed development period The social economy developed a high speed and resulted in 15.3% in GDP annual rate in increment. In 2006, its GDP was 231.7 billion yuan RMB, ranking just below Qingdao, Yantai, Jinan and Weifang within the province. The ratio among the agriculture, industry and service sectors was 3.5%, 64.8%, 31.7%, which indicate the city still has a lot to do to readjust its industrial structure. Population grows from previous 3,359,550 to 4,181,260.

2006-2013-2020 Adjusting and improving period In this period, the national economy developed at a balanced speed, GDP increased at a rate between 13.2% and 16.4%. Zibo’s economic structure has also undergone significant change. People of this city made their minds to improve the environment. Small coal mines and chemical factories are closed, while all big plants are asked to install sewage disposal to get control of gas and dust.

Research

Industrial

Commercial

1985

1995

2000

2006

2013

10

1.3 Context 1.3.3 Urban village

Fig. 1.3.3.1 The transformation of rural villages to urban villages

General forming reasons of urban village As the urbanity expanded at an incredible speed, the original villages were surrounded by the ever-expanding cities and become the awkward islands inside the modern cities from the spatial perspective, which had a new name-urban, which are a prominent and important feature of China’s new urbanism.

Farmland Urban Land Rural Village Urban Village

Villages 1. Collective land 2. Collective economy (contracted farming and private poultry) 3. Rural traditional culture and social network 4. Villagers’ committee

Main concepts of urban village Though there are different definitions based on the different disciplines, they have an agreement on basic concept of urban villages.

Five conclusions are put forward.

1. The concept of urban village involves both urban and village sides, which show the essential features of urban-rural dualistic structure (Li and Chang, 2002).

2. The physical forms and living way inside the village are obvious non-farming right now. And the spatial forms and inner functions have great contrast with the surrounding areas, which lead to severe environmental problems (Yan et al., 2004).

Research

3. Urban villages retain some characters of rural community in fact, which still use the collective management method.

4. The informal economy is the main source for these inhabitants, which contains two types. a. The management activities of informal economy are legitimate, but they have not gotten through relative procedures from the departments of revenue, business administration and quality control of government. b. Another type of informal economy’s economic activity seriously violates the laws also exists in the “villages” (Ma, 2006).

5. The demographic characteristics are complicated. The proportion of indigenous villagers inside the village is very district due to different situation. In some urban villages, the floating population is the majority, while in some other urban villages, the indigenous villagers is the majority.

11

Urban villages 1. Collective land (semiprivate) 2. Collective economy (collective rental) and private economy (private rental) 3. Mixed culture and traditional social norms 4. Urban self-organized grassroots unit Urban communities 1. Stated-owned land 2. Stated economy and Market economy 3. Civil culture and urbanism 4. Community committee Sroisutricces: Uorfb uarnb vainlla vgiellsa ugneder China’s rapid urbanization: Unregulated assets and transitional neighbourhoods (Yuting Liu ,*, Shenjing He , Fulong Wu , Chris Webster)

1.3 Context 1.3.4 Urban structure of Zibo city

Zhangdian district

SITE

Zibo city

Zhangdian district

Zibo governs 5 districts (Zhangdian, Zichuan, Boshan, Zhoucun and Linzi) and each of these districts has a distinct downtown area of their own. The city has a total area of 5,938 square kilometers.

Each of the city’s 5 spots on the above map is a district-leveled center. Most urban functional facilities are equipped in these spots, such as schools, hospitals, hotels, parks, shopping malls and theaters. Between these spots, farmlands and villages are scattered, which define the specialty of the formation of the whole city.

Development of different urban land use

Zibo city diagrammatic structure

Village Yellow River

Industrial

Commerical and Residential

SITE

Research

SITE CBD

Urban Sprawl Direction and Type Satellite City

Mountain area Central City

Zhangdian district

12

1.3 Context 1.3.5 Residence system and Land system

Permanent population

Residence system Registered population Agriculture population

Floating population

Urban population Partly transform into Younger generation Seek jobs in urban area. Live by other careers, not farming anymore.

Don’t have farmland

Senior generation Have farmland for live

Land System Inner-city Land Urban Land Suburb Land

Receive compensation payment from government because of the farmland recall.

Residential Land, Industrial Land, Commercial Land, Circulation land, Other Lands;

Expropriation Agricultural Land

Plowland, Forest, Garden, Grassland;

Non-agricultural Land

House Sites, Public Land, Industrial Lands, Other Lands;

Agrarian Land

Differences of Land System

Research

According to The Law of Land Administration of the People’s Republic of China Article 2, “The People’s Republic of China resorts to a socialist public ownership i.e. the ownership of land is owned by the whole people and the ownership by the collective, of land.” This is the so called “dualistic ownership structure of land”.

The ownership of “Villages”

“Land in the rural areas and suburban areas, except otherwise provided for by the state, shall be collectively owned by peasants including land for building houses, land and hills allowed to be retained by peasants.” Most of lands in “Village” are partially owned by the state and partially owned by the collectively (Fig 1.3.7.1).

The status of land uses in “Villages”

Land use refers to the user of land has the right to occupy, utilize, get profit and deal with the land in the scope permitted by the law, that is to gain the authority of using the land according to the law. Collective land use is divided into house site’s use, agricultural use and non-agricultural use. Before the Reform and Opening up, China implemented a noncompensated and unlimited land use system (Ma, 2006). These two different land systems make a new difference between city and village (Fig 1.3.7.2).

13

1.3 Context 1.3.6 The land ownership evolution mode of villages

First Stage Before 1985 Rural Settlement The villages had not been influenced by the urban expansion, which were separated from the cities. The villages still kept the simple peasant landscapes at this stage. The villagers depended on the traditional agricultural production to make a living. In 1985, the city started to undergo technological upgrading and industrial transformation for further development.

Second Stage 1985-1995 Transition stage In 1986, the state had the first land reform movement. Since land used for city expansion or new city construction must be requisitioned from the rural area, the state established a set of policies which related to land requisition including payment of land requisition fee, compensation fee, relocation fee, etc. This system enables the city to gain the land for city expansion in a low price. At this stage, the peasant landscape became to degrade, and integrate with urban landscape. The villagers became to lose their lands.

Fourth Stage Since 2006 Urban village stage As massive collective agriculture lands have been expropriated for urban land use, villagers now have no land for farming. Since these villages were surrounded by the urban land, and the exterior boundaries were closed off, these villages became the isolated islands inside the city.

Research

Third Stage 1995-2006 Transition stage Zibo Government decided to introduce joint-stock system into the cooperatives in the collective economic and the established village companies were identified as joint-stock enterprises and built up community committees. In the meanwhile, the GDP of Zibo got its first leap in the history. The population explosion directly increases the demand of housing, public and municipal facilities. The first group of growing-up younger landloss villagers began to seek jobs from the inner city to make a living.

14

1.3 Context 1.3.7 Between two countries

103m

At the beginning of this graduate project, my research title is The Open Landscape; Sub title is People, Space and Community. The research question is: How can residential landscape be designed to make a lively community?

Site 1

In the research question, I gave “a lively community” a concrete definition to be “good relationship between people” “Lots of social interactions between people in the community and the community with its surroundings.

250m

Site 2

790m

In semester 1, I mainly focused on Australia context. My first starting point was small-scale human behaviour in public space in Australia context, so I chose a small community garden, which, later, I found it to be not suitable for what I want to research and cannot offer me a right direction to solve the research question.

After the research design based on the first site, I realized that I probably cannot improve the social issue of interaction and isolation by just human-scale design interventions, more need to do with the broader context of social issue such as, community economic operation, community accessibility, community public space hierarchy etc.

Research

Then after that, I changed my site to be able to involve different kinds of land use, groups of people. My design interventions started from minimum design developing into maximum design. When I tried to integrate these interventions together and put them back into the site and do the test, I realized my design criteria was too general, or I didn’t quite fully understand the whole social issue and background about urban sprawl and social isolation.

190m Site 3 15

Then at the end of last semester, I choose the third site in China which had the social and urban context that I knew well, within this site, I can apply the previous design interventions adaptively into the new context to see if it fit or not, and the reason why it did not. The big difference between China and Australia is not only about the culture, but also the whole way experience of urban renewal process.

1.3 Context 1.3.7 Between two countries

The Open landscape People, Space and Community

Research titile Context

Australia Context

Site

Suburb

Research question

Social Problem (want to solve)

Chinese Context Urban village

How can residential landscape be designed to make a lively community?

How can community landscape be designed to solve social issue of isolation Social isolation

Social isolation Rapid development Urban Sprawl

Rapid development Modern life pattern

Suburb expansion Mono-designed residential houses The community public space which previously acted as the social bond was diminishing

Social isolation

How the Australia “Social isolation’ formed in Suburb

Remove farmland to release space fro urban new development Farmers lost their land, the natural village became unproductive and kept diminishing.

Poor living environment, big gap between the village and the surrounding modern urban fabric

Research

Few social interaction between residents

Urban Sprawl

Social isolation

How the Chinese “Social isolation” formed in Urban village 16

1.4 Methodology 1.4.1 Current village transformation modes

Research

Accompanying with the rapid urbanization process, the amount of these kind of urban villages increases in Chinese developing and developed cities, especially in which urbanization levels are relatively high, and this phenomenon spread out all over the country. These urban villages are regarded as scar of the city. From the view of the government, they are seen as a sort of time bomb.

These urban villages have become a seemingly unsolvable problem to social issue.

Recently years, as more and more these kind of urban villages have become the place where many social problems happened such as crimes, unsafe food production, the government has increasing determination to eliminate these villages.

The renovation of urban villages is a complicated process in which three main stakeholders---the local government, the developers and indigenous villagers---compete for their own interests.

The current village reconstruction and redevelopment refers to the replanning and designing of the old house sites that have no retainable value after removal, adjusting the land use function or change the size, the type of the houses, reconstructing the houses or other buildings or facilities, completely improving the quality of the living environment and optimizing the land usage (Ma, 2007).

17

1.4 Methodology 1.4.2 The current urban village redevelopment plan

s risk Local Government n e o ce tak an d an uid g m g e bl in China’s urbanization pro d plan d n n u and Urban village he f port a t Redevelopment e p v Sol licy su Po

Real Estate Developer Im pro ve the e

Collective joint-stock company nvi ron me nt

take care of collective property and business and sometimes also social and economic issues concerning daily life in the urban village

Villager(landlord)

s

ct roje p t an end p p A

New City Development Area

Selling the developed area, getting the greatest benefit Fig 1.4.2.1 Current transformation process

2.

Conducted by developer Urban village redevelopment which conducted by developer is the primary mode today.

Developers buy the land from the indigenous villagers, and change the landownership to urban ownership. Because of the high land acquisition costs, the new development will always be shifted to higher-end uses, with a much higher density in order to solve the urban sprawl problem. Normally, the villagers will also be relocated.

3.

Conducted by joint-stock company Some villages which have a better condition can have the ability to conduct the redevelopment projects all by their own. In this mode, the indigenous villagers contribute their home site land as shares to the joint-stock company. The joint-stock company funds the redevelopment project. The ownership of built property will be split among the shareholders, and the future revenue will be allocated to the shareholders according to the amount of the shares. The advantage of this mode is it to the most extent keeps the original community structure, reserves the original feature of the village, and protects the indigenous villagers.

Research

1.

Conducted by government In many urban village redevelopment plans, the urban villages were regarded as threats to the city and need to be completely redeveloped. It neglects the value of the urban villages in providing the experience where people can hardly find in other part of the city. The modern urbanism city cannot fulfil the requirement by itself without urban village. In addition to this, the land acquisition costs for purchasing urban villages owned land and properties and relocating villagers is a huge burden to the government.

18

1.4 Methodology 1.4.3 Problem Definition

Intractable conflicts among the renovation

According to the current redevelopment mode, the main idea involves complex relationship among different stakeholders such as government, developers, village collective, indigenous villagers etc. The redevelopment of urban village can be regarded as an agreement arrangement among stakeholders.

Research

1.

Conflicts between the government and the landlords When the prosperity of the surrounding area, the value of the land grows dramatically, the government cannot afford the money for compensation to the landlords to renovate the environment while the landlords refuse to remove unless being compensated satisfactorily. At the end of this unsolvable situation, the government will always win and the villagers will be forced to remove and relocate. The conflicts between the government and the village landlords cannot be avoided and the latter cannot be well protected.

2.

The conflicts between the government and the developers In many redevelopment cases, since the government are not able to bear the expensive costs, it has to rely on the funds of the developers. The developers want to make more money by developing high-rise apartments and office buildings to balance the high investment, whereas the government has to strictly restrict the developers’ invasion and commercial development to avoid negative social effects and instability.

3.

The conflicts between the developers and the landlords The main task of the developers is not improving the existing environment and developing. They need to acquire at least reasonable profits. In most situations, the indigenous villagers need to move out and be relocated. The same conflict will happen just like the one between the government and the villagers.

19

1.4 Methodology 1.4 .3 Problem Definition

Problems inside Urban village

Village residents

Lost Land

Young generation

Leave the village seeking other careers

Elderly generation

Remain in the village living on the government compensation Totally retired Hard to work on other careers

The urban villages with the older generation who living inside, are isolated by the outside urban world

China has changed dramatically in recent years, including the changing of family structure. In traditional Chinese society, the elderly used to live with one of their children. But nowadays, more and more young adults are moving out, leaving their elderly parents alone. So one of the things the elderly have to face nowadays is how to arrange their late years when their families can’t accompany them. Elderly people are being left behind by the country’s transformation, suffering loneliness and depression.

China’s massive rural-to-urban migration has put additional, extreme pressure on the nation’s social fabric. Whereas about 70 per cent of the rural elderly lived with their adult children in 1990, that figure had fallen to 40 per cent by 2006, according to a 2012 World Bank report.

Research

Farmers

20

1.4 Methodology 1.4.4 Opportunity

High-rise Buildings

Over expansion leads to urban sprawl, cties do not only spatially grow because of the increasing population but also because of an ever increasing land demand per inhabitant: more living space, more working space, more cars, consequently more space for road traffic but also for new urban facilities – like shopping malls, entertainment facilities, airports etc.

During this fast urban and economic development, what we have lost is not only the traditional buildings, villages, living environment, but also our familiar lifestyle.

Research

Recent years, more and more people felt tired about this fast life speed and super modern urban life styles which are all around us. Especially, some senior people, who still got a strong memory about the old and traditional life style when whey were kids. More and more people started to seek this old-villages community for their new home.

21

Urban Villages

1.4 Methodology 1.4 .5 Tools

In general, the overall methodology starts with the study of urban context, following with urban problem recognising and research question that lead to the research. The research will generate the vision and the strategy, which also guide the further analysis. Finally the design will answer the research question and contribute to the theories.

1. Literature review and case studies To find of the concept of urban village in Chinese context, theoretical framework and theory paper explain the background and the values of urban villages in the city. In order to been inspired by the western experience, it is necessary to understand the urban and village renewal practice in the western countries.

2. Data and stratisitc 3. Site visit Site visit reveals the real living quality of the indigenous villagers, the physical condition of houses and the character of the village. To some extent, street life, social behaviours can also be recorded.

5. SWOT analysis SWOT analysis is a good way to find the potential of the village, in order to find the strategy to answer the research question.

Research

4. Questionnaire In order to know the views of the reconstruction from the villagers who live in and around the village, interviewing them is a direct way. It is much easier to find the problem of social-spatial isolation happened in this area. The interviewers will be asked what do they like, dislike, need and lack in the villages.

6. Mapping and drawing Use mapping to illustrate the situation and position of the city and the village. In different scales, mapping the networks, functions, locations of facilities is essential to see the potential and character of the village.

22

1.4 Methodology 1.4.6 Guidelines

Healthy environment

Connectors

AttractorÂ

Green space

The Open Landscape Creators

Design Guidelines

Collaborators

Policy Making Re-generators

Research

Localizers

Healthy environment Clean environment Quiet Living environment

Place making Market place & Square & Street shops Parking Space & Recreational space Community centre

Connectors Pedestrian Safety Accessibility and mobility

Localization Local producing food Local micro-scale economy Local community management

Public Space Recreational Facilities Activity spaces Collaborators Villagers &Government &Developer NGO etc.

Policy making Farmland Rent Policy House ownership Policy Farmland Responsibility System

25

Place Maker

Re-generators & Sustainability Rainwater Harvesting & Green Building supply

Creators Self-operation selling Agriculture Exhibition and educational tour Festival and performance Attractors Job opportunities & Innovative housing Restaurant & Local food&Educational program

1.4 Methodology 1.4.7 Research Flow Chart

Context

Urban sprawl Urban village Urban isolation

Chinese resident system Chinese land system Urban village Chinese aging population

Problem statement

Aim of the research

Research Question

Framework

Analysis Target City: Zibo 1. Urban village in Zibo 2. The urban renoation situation of Zibo 3. The aging problem in Zibo

Target Site: Zhang Village Building typology analysis Public space analysis Interests analysis SWOT analysis

Design Guidelines Strategy (Key Intervention)

Design Vision Mapping Modesling

Research

Motivation

Phenomenon

Refection& Evaluation

26

1.4 Methodology 1.4.8 Aim of the Project

Inequality and unfairness will be further exacerbated in China by the current urbanization trend. As an increasing proportion of the population live in urban area, the pressure on already overloaded infrastructure and service becomes even more severe. The existing urban village renovation system can somehow solve this urban land use crisis, however, the renovation strategy cannot protect the local village residents who result to be the victim of the urban transformation.

When it comes to the short-term objectives, the project seeks to maintain the village local culture and protect the villagers as much as possible by develop the village in a particular way. The long-term objective of the project is to try to become parts of the efforts of rehabilitate and activate the urban villages and related environment, social, and economic issues emerging from recent years. How to utilize all of the forms and characters of urban villages and transform them sustainably is an important exploration to pursue the country’s bright future. Also, it tries to treat the villages as opportunities but not threats to integrate the built environment, with different groups of people, especially future new residents.

Research

The renovation strategy and design intervention should answer the main research question: Improve the social issue of isolation in urban village, keep the local culture of the village after the reconstruction, and protect the local residents by development. main goal, of the final product, strategy and design will transfer the urban village into a liveable and open community in the future.

27

Spatial part: 1. Improving the living quality in the urban village 2. Keep the traditional village structure and improve the quality of the buildings 3. Strengthen the connection between urban village and surrounding area by design interventions.

Social part: 1. Make use of the existing buildings and public space inside the village to activate the village, make it integrate with surrounding area 2. More job opportunities, educational programs.

3. Micro-scale economic activities offer the local residents another way to improve their lives.

4. New living environment attracts future new residents to move in.

1.4 Methodology 1.4.9 Future Scene

Typical village buildings

Traditional character

Different patterns of farming

Farming

Diversity activity

Greenhouse environment Safe pedestrian

Research

Micro-scale economic activity

Social mix

Layered circulation

28

v

Zibo city

Zhangdian district Site

Analysis Hierarchy

Village in China Urban village in Zibo

District analysis urban planning New opportunities Site Analysis Site building typology analysis Building quality evaluation Public space analysis Village Management Interactive interest analysis

2. Analysis

2.1 Villages in China 2.1.1 Regionalism and typology

As rapid urbanization threatens much of China’s rural villages, more and more people will no doubt fall for the characteristic and scarce charm of villages. According to a state-run People’s Daily, in 2005 China had about 5,000 ancient villages but by June 2012 the number has decreased to less than 3,000, swallowed

by China’s rapidly expanding cities or empties as villages leave in search of better prospects. It is not easy to balance a desire for economic development and tradition preservation.

Analysis

SITE geographic position

29

2.1 Villages in China 2.1.2 Climate of the Norhern China

Analysis

Climate in northern China district, as in most of China, operates on a monsoon climate. The weather during the winter (November to February) brings with it a cold, dry climate with occasional snowfall. Temperatures generally range between 2째C and -5째C. Summer (May to September) can sometimes be stifling hot, with temperatures ranging from 25째C-30째C, but this is also the busiest time tourism-wise. The monsoon season (July to September) is best avoided as it can make travelling uncomfortable. It features a humid continental climate characterized by huge disparity between seasons and weather patterns.

http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Zibo-weather-averages/Zibo/CN.aspx

30

2.1 Villages in China 2.1.3 Typical village in northern China

In Northern China, the winter is long and cold, lasting from December through March. Temperatures are often below zero. Summer sees the opposite extreme in temperatures. It can be very hot and quite humid. Summer lasts from May through the end of August but it can still be warm through September.

Architectural Pattern

Local stones and clay

Wood, droughty straw, Roofing tile

Analysis

Life Pattern

31

Farming is the way they live a life Farm land is the place they spend their everyday.

Farm land is the place they achieve food and happiness and also the place where social connections happen

2.1 Villages in China 2.1.4 Living pattern in contemporary Chinese village

Many families lost their farmland, they use the remnant land beside their house to continue their farming

More contemporary and advanced material and infill used in buildings

Two-level buildings are quite The farmers, they cant get any general in contemporary village. extra space to make the corns dry in sun, they use the lanes and roads inside the village, beside their houses.

Some villages, most of the young generation has moved out for work, the village government built up collective nursing homes for the senior generation.

Analysis

Without their farmland, the senior, left-behind generation is totally retired, their daily lives are doing morning exercises, chatting, enjoying a sunbath, playing Chinese chess, looking after their grandsons and granddaughters.

Some richer villages, they rebuilt their collective residential area.

32

2.2 Urban Village in Zibo 2.2.1 Basic Information

5

1 SITE 4 A village that was surrounded by new urban commercial buildings

1

8

New high-rise Dwelling New development

7 Old Residential

2

6

3 Government Public Service

New city, 5 Mixed-use Old city Mixed-use

6

A village that was broken up by urban main road

1

Table 2.2.1.1 Different types of urban villages By then end of 2005, Zibo has 120 “villages� sorted as administrative villages and a population of 250,000. Most of the urban villages were located outside the inner city.

These urban villages are now surrounded or disturbed by new urban developments and are experiencing the transforming or have already been transformed.

3

7

Surrounded by Industrial Sprawl

4

8

Analysis

2

Villages that were gradually being removed and replaced by new high-rise residential dwelling 33

Surrounded by Industrial Sprawl

2.2 Urban Village in Zibo

Land use diversity

2.2.2 Three types of urban village

Urbanization

Unban Finger (Potential)

Transformed (Developing)

Typical (Mature ) Work

Farm

Village

Obtaining service

City

Fig 2.2.2 .1 Evolution process of urban village Villages at different locations experienced the transformation at different paces and times.

Comparing with the urban villages which located inside the inner city, the villages located outside the urban center experienced a similar shift from farming to industrial and property development, but experienced a longer period of self-adaptation, because they faced less pressure from urban sprawl. There are three main types of urban villages in Zibo.This project will focus on the type of “Transformed” urban village which locates around the city boundary Unban Finger (Potential) Location Agruicultural activities Main source of income for villagers

Infrastructure

The quality of the villages’ residents

Some

Few

Villager’ income is low, some people are setting out to look for jobs.

Partly depend on the farming and compensation payment

<40%

40-70%

Mostly poor

Most part is farming population

Typical (Mature ) Colse to the city center and district center None The secondary and tertiary industries, mainly depend on the land rent >70%

The extension part of urban infrastructure is good, but the self infrastructure is poor

Fairly complete, but the quantity is not enough and quality is poor

Farming population takes most part. Urban civilization has big impact on the village

No farming population, the quality of the farmers is high

Analysis

Built-up area

Suburbs of the city

Transforming (Developing) City Boundary integrated with new city development

34

2.2 Urban Village in Zibo

Urbanization

2.2.3 Different stages of urban village evolution process

Urban residential community The residential area is integrated with the industrial area or other urban new development

There are some industrial area and new urban residential development around the urban village, and the village is close to the other villages, and always isolated by new urban fabrics

There is no industrial area around the urban villages, the village is relatively natural, farm work is still the main life pattern inside the village

Traditional villages Rural Tissue

Urban Tissue

Analysis

Urban Finger

35

A potential urban village which located at the fringe of urban, the village will be transformed into new urban development as the land crisis is becoming more severe.

Transformed village

A village which now is being through the transforming, part of it has been demolished , part of it has finished building new urban development.

Typical urban village

Sample of typical urban village which have already transformed into high-rise office building area.

2.2 Urban Village in Zibo 2.2.4 The aging problem in urban village

Indigenouse residents

Farmers

(Agricultural residence registration)

Young generation Move into the inner city for better career Elderly generation

Retirement Live in the remained old village Forced to change their life pattern Cannot adapt to modern urban life pattern

The Chinese Retirement Policy The legal retirement age in China is 60 for men and 55 for most women, many employees of state-owned enterprises have been allowed to retire in their 40s or 50s to make openings for new graduates and others. The average retirement age in China is 51.2, ten years lower than the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s average.

In urban area, according to the State Bureau of Labor, about eight millsion retired worder and staff members collect pensions today. Pensions are based on a percentage of salary which is calculated by length of time on the job, work performance, and service to the country.

The life of the retired elderly in urban China is indeed quite comfortable.

In rural area, eighty percent of the Chinese live in rural areaa and not covered by the retirement system of the urban elderly. The great majority of the rural elderly live with their children, who bear the bulk of the responsibility for their care. The traditinal custom of filial care has been made into law, and the maltreatment of elderly parents is subject to punishment.

Analysis

Another reason for taking the elderly in with the family is child-care assistance. Elderly parents living in the household then lend a much needed hand in caring for younger children. Sharing a room with grandchildren gives the Chinese elderly â&#x20AC;&#x153;a good deal of happinessâ&#x20AC;?

Today, in China, the majority of Chinese still look after their parents because of this great tradition, and it is a reciprocal relationship. The Chinese government now sees filial care provided by family members as the best solution for the future to the problems of aging in China.

36

2.3 Zibo city, Zhangdian district analysis 2.3.1 Transport system 2006-2020

The design research is located at the city fringe, the public transport system is not very concentrated. One city main road pass beside the site.

Site

Analysis

Legend

Highway

Passenger transport hub

Main road

Freight transport hub

Sub-arterial

Public transport hub

By-pass

Public transport multi-station

Railway

Public transport terminal station

Boundary

37

Public transport main interchange station

2.3 Zibo city, Zhangdian district analysis 2.3.2 Land use 2006-2020

According to the city land use plan in 2006-2020, at the end of 2020, the site will be all surrounded by residential land use. A new city centre which includes sports use land, commercial, government will be built up to the west-south side of the site.

Site

Legend Outbound traffic

Government

Public square

Commercial

Public facility

Entertainment

Public green space

Market

Productive land

Sport sites

Special use land

Medical use

River

Educational

Subway

A class

Railway

B class

Circulation

C class industrial land Storage

Boundary

Analysis

Residential

Planning Boundary

38

2.3 Zibo city, Zhangdian district analysis 2.3.3 Public facilities plan 2006-2020

According to the city plan of public facilities, by the end of 2020, there will be 2 city centres. An old one which is located to the east-south direction of the design site, a new one which is located to the west-south side of it. As the urban sprawl keeping on, more urban functions will be transfered and contributed to the west part of the city.

Analysis

Site

39

Legend Government centre

Medical use

|Commercial Centre

Educational

Entertainment Centre

Other urban use

Sports centre

River

Government

Subway

Commercial

Railway

Entertainment

Circulation

Market

Boundary

Sports use

Planned boundary

2.4 The city development strategy

1985

According to the city plan 2006-2020, the site location will be totally included into the urban fabric, new high-rise residential developments and a linear commercial area surrounding the site.

A new urban centre will guide the urban further development.

More population and more social demands will be needed in the western city.

On 2011, Zibo municipality issued the new annual agriculture improving and reform plan.

1995

2000

2006

Site

Analysis

2013

This plan with the form of government document point out, the city will do more effort on helping and supporting farmers and agriculture industry.

China is the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sixth largest economy, home to 1.3 billion people or 21% of the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s total population. But it faces a major challenge in providing its people with food, China has only 10% of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s arable and and only one quarter of the average world water resources per person. Agriculture reform has therefore been a major pillar of the fundamental economic reforms undertaken by China since 1978.

The new plan gives a new aspect of the farming industry, which encourages different kinds of farming patterns and activities.

2020 40

2.5 Site Analysis 2.5.1 Development of Zhang village New urban ro ad

system

SITE

The original village plan in 1985

The village patterns Farmland Residential, Commercial, Community centre

Village Boundary

1985, Zibo city started to build up a more thorough road system. The previous irregular village boundary was arranged by the new road pattern.

1985

The image left shows how the village and the site look like at present. As showing, the part of the old residential areas has been demolished, as well as the farmland.

Analysis

2003

According to the â&#x20AC;&#x153;2006-2020 City Planâ&#x20AC;?, by the year of 2020, the whole village will become new high-rise residential areas including my site.

2020 41

2.5 Site Analysis 2.5.2 Site Introduction

The site includes around 132 households, 190 in width and 275 meters in length, covering an area of 5.2 hectares.

23

19

17

11

16

7

17 12

Analysis

5m 10m 20m

42

2.5 Site Analysis 2.5.3 Site position in broader Urban context

Currently, the urban is focusing in moving from east part to west part. So the most essential issue of the western area is how to active the commercial potential and inject the new vitality in the next decades. According to Zibo municipal urban renewal plan, the quality of public facilities including culture, education, sports, in the western area, will be improved. Moreover, a new shopping centre is in the plan.

Analysis

SITE

43

Transport

Land Use

Public Facilities

2.5 Site Analysis

Legend Residential New city government centre Commercial Culture and Entertainme Public green space Education, Schools Secondary roads Main roads City linear green City river Public transport station

New city park

Analysis

New Government centre

SITE

Sports centre

44

2.5 Site Analysis 2.5.4 Circulation

City main roads Site boundary roads Site interior vehicle roads Pedestrians

Primary school 1400m

Site

2000m 980m SuperMarket Commercial centre

Analysis

Hospital

Resiential

45

2.5 Site Analysis 2.5.5 Land use of the context

Light industry

Commerical

Offices 1500m Offices

1400m High-rise office buildings mix with commercial

SuperMarket

Analysis

2500m

Commercial

200m

400m

High school 46

2.5 Site Analysis 2.5.6 Building typologies analysis

Abandoned Buildings and Structures

Analysis

5m 10m 20m

Two-level Main Buildings One-level Main Buildings Additional Buildings Temporary Structures

47

5m 10m 20m

2.5 Site Analysis 2.5.7 Commercial activities

Main Consumers Who stimulate these commercial activities?

Construction Workers The construction workers who work to the north and east side of the site are the main consumers of the exiting commercial activities, including medical centre, retail stores, restaurants. And this group of consumers will disappear when the constructions are finished.

Residential Construction in process

City main road

SITE

Seafood Restaurant

Retail Store

Medical Store

Groceries

Car-Washing

Retail Store

Analysis

BBQ

Retail Store

48

2.5 Site Analysis

Analysis

2.5.8 Lane Space Analysis

49

2.5 Site Analysis

--Vehicle access --House Entrance --Soil beside two sides of the road

1m

3m

2m

--Vehicle access --House Entrance --Soil beside two sides of the road

0.5m 2m 1m

--Pedestrian only --House Entrance --Soil beside one side of the road 3m

--Pedestrian only --No House Entrance --Soil beside two sides of the road 2.5m

--Vehicle access --No House Entrance --Soil beside one side of the road 2m

5m

2m

--Vehicle access --House Entrance --Soil beside two sides of the road 2m 1m

4m

2m

Analysis

--Pedestrian only --No House Entrance --Soil beside two sides of the road 1.5m 2.5m 1m

--Pedestrian only --No House Entrance --Soil beside two sides of the road 3m

50

2.5 Site Analysis 2.5.9 Life pattern in the village

Get together playing cards

Baby-sitting their grandsons

Get together doing homework

Chatting beside the lane

Stall selling

Bring his own furniture, enjoy the afternoon in the lane

Bring his own furniture, enjoy the afternoon in front of the door

Sitting beside the lane in front of the door

Analysis

Stall selling self-producing food

51

Kids playing football on the village street which barely have cars

Sitting in front of the door

Getting together and chatting in front of the door

2.5 Site Analysis 2.5.10 Questionaire

Do you satisfied with the relationship with your neighborhood?

Percentage

Satisfied

Normal

Not Satisfied

50%

30%

20%

If the old village is reconstruct, how do you choose your house?

Still live in here

Find apartment nearby

Others

79%

12%

9%

Percentage

Why do you prefer farming for leisure activities?

Living habit

Percentage

Save money

Others

36%

5%

59%

How about the light an ventilation in your house?

All rooms have light and ventilation

Percentage

No rooms have light and ventilation

23%

Part rooms have light and ventilation

41%

36%

How about spend your leisure time?

Percentage

10%

Sports

10%

Play chess or play cards

50%

Meeting with friends

Playing with children

40%

20%

Do small scale farming

60%

Operate a small retail business

10%

Conclusion: ---The education level of the inhabitants is low.

---The inhabitants have strong desire to still stay in the village.

---The relationship between the neighbourhoods in the old village is good.

---The leisure activities are not varied and their demand cannot be satisfied.

---The population have intense desire to communicate with outside world and be active.

---The socio-spatial segregation still exists.

Analysis

Reading books and newspapers

52

2.6 Building Typology Analysis

Analysis

2.6.1 Typical village buildings

N 53

2.6 Building Typology Analysis

Building Pattern

Sections

Living area

Public space

Living area

Public space

Fig 2.6.1.1 Section of buildings

1-levels brick structure buildings

Living area Living area

Living area Public space

Living area Public space

2-levels brick structure buildings

Fig 2.6.1.2 Section of buildings

Living area Living area

Living area Living area

1-level and 2-level building combine in different directions, enclosing a central courtyard.

Living area

Living area

Analysis

Fig 2.6.1.3 Section of buildings

Living area Living area

2-levels brick structure buildings with attached 1-level buildings

Living area Living area or storage

Living area

Variety store

Fig 2.6.1.4 Section of buildings

54

2.6 Building Typology Analysis 2.6.2 Building quality evaluation

Residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Feedback

Nature environment

Perfect Grade 1. Structure; 2. Foundation; 3. Service life; period; 4. Appearance(sub sidence, crack)

1. Lighting; 2. Natural ventilation; 3. Seismic resistance

Quality Evaluation

Infrastructure 1. Heating device; 2. Water supply; 3. Drainage; 4. Electric lighting; 5. House type

Safety 1. Crime rate; 2. Fire safety; 3. Privacy

Historical/cultural value 1. Neighbourhood structure; 2. Building typology; 3. History/culture behind

Analysis

According to the building quality and historic value, buildings in Zhang village can be divided into different categories, and each type can be treated in different ways. The building quality evaluation defines the buildings to be kept and demolished, it was made by Zibo government divided the existing building into Good (historical buildings and the buildings can still last for 20 years) and Bad (low quality and fire hazard buildings), according to the current situations of existing buildings. At the same time, the different treatments are also based on the field survey. So after field investigation, we found 80% of the original villagers were still living in the old village now.

55

They want to preserve the ancestral temple. On the other hand, the current residents belong to the low income groups in the city.

2.6 Building Typology Analysis 2.6.3 Lighting condition

Sunrise

Sunset

Because of the low-rise buildings pattern, the sunlight can go into the house most time of the day. However, in some area of the village, where the main buildings have additional buildings beside, the sun-light cannot get into the first level. It is damp year around inside the house.

06:00

08:00

10:00

14:00

Analysis

12:00

16:00

18:00 56

2.6 Building Typology Analysis 2.6.4 Privacy

Generally, two or three families live in one house; they share part of the rooms such as toilet and kitchen. They can see what the others doing while others can see what they are doing as well, sometimes, just like they are looking each other face to facto. From the understanding of the western world, this living pattern must be a big disturb for individual life. However, in China, people used to it and love it. A strong relationship build up under this close living pattern.

Sit in front of door

Analysis

Sitting and chatting together, in front of a interior street

57

Sitting and chatting beside the main roadSitting and chatting

2.6 Building typology analysis 2.6.5 Other Typical Characters Building Material The Zhang village has a tradition of built form dominated by masonry surfaces (red brick, rubble, and bluestone) contrasting rendered or brick detail to architecture/corners and simple parapets or pitched roofs in tile. While heritage facsimiles are not sought, references to local materials and colours will help to create a coherent visual language for new development.

Typical character of Chinese village Red Roofing Tiles

Cinder Blocks

A usually hollow building block made with concrete and local cinders. In Zhang village, the cinder blocks are used for temporary constructions which are going to be removed in Phase A. These material can be recycled for potential landscape use.

Quite common in village, the rubble blocks are always used in the bottom of the house for moisture-proof.

Rubble Blocks

Typical character of Chinese village

Red Bricks

Traditional Red-Wood door Intimate Space_the lanes

Vertical wall planting

Analysis

Specific features

58

2.7 Public Space Analysis 2.7.1 Public space in village

How the old residents make use of the remnant space around their house.

Existing Voluntary Leisure Landscape and Planting Put own furniture outside their houses, create a leisure space.

Analysis

The existing exercise space is rarely used by the villagers

While, on the other hand, they spend more time creating small pieces of farmland around their house.

They did farming as leisure activities.

59

2.7 Public Space Analysis 2.7.2 Planting in public space

Planting Patterns

1m

Planting at the end of a deadend land, with basic recreational landscape facilities

1m

1m

Vertical planting and tree planting on two sides of the roads.

1m

Chinese scholartree

Analysis

Common species

Pomegranate tree

Chinese Creeper

60

2.8 Interactive Interest Analysis Urban villages is a real estate development and property management company that focuses on longterm value generation through place-oriented design and detail-oriented operation.

In the process of physical and socio-economic transformation of urban villages to normal urban area, the functional structures of the villages evolve, should cater for the demands of the local population and the requirements of urban institutions.

The old generation of agriculture residents is a special group worthy of close attention. They have made a great deal of contribution to the city. They should be well protected and fairly treated.

But the current transformation plan to some extent harm these local residents. Because of the good locations of these urban villages, the new further land use is focused on the middle even higher class, while at the same time, make the indigenous residents relocated in other areas far away from inner city.

61

Developers

Analysis

Indigenous residents

Government

Economic

Social

· The government will pay compensation as little as possible to get the potential state-owned land as much as possible · Collect the income of land · Realize maximum integrated benefits of the land · Raise lots of money and land for the city construction

· Need a harmonious society · Improve the city ‘s image and promote city’s state

To the local villager who lost their farmland, government compensation is their only income. So they want to get the compensation as much as possible.

The villagers want to integrate into the city.

As more residents now are old generation, they don’t want to be relocated. Besides the compensation is not satisfactory.

The developer pursues the favourable conditions though the negotiation with the government, in order to maximum the profit and draw back the original funds as soon as possible.

They cannot adapt to the huge change of life pattern.

Environment

Cultural

Need a clear and sustainable city environment

Local Historical culture Local agriculture tradition

Natural environment grabbing, infrastructure system limited, lacking of public interactive space.

Have a intimate relationship between neighbourhoods

Healthy living environment is important

Used to use the farming as their main bond and local culture which is not grabbed.

2.9 SWOT Analysis

Negative

Strengths 1. Located in the city new development, the land value is high; 2. Good transport system 4. Traditional character 5. Inhabitants have good relationship and good neighbourhood atmosphere 6. Close to new city centre 7. Local character (agriculture produce)â&#x20AC;&#x201D;economical potential

Weakness 1. Unclean living environment 2. Low liveability/ lack of public space and facilities 3. Road condition is poor, not suitable for vehicle access 4. Current socio-spatial segregation; 5. The education level of residents is low; 6. The villagers are lack of confidence in the future life, such as employment, social security after transformation; 7. The aging population

Opportunities 1. The new agriculture reform policy in Zibo 2. Recent new, the demand for educational program about agriculture tradition has becomes more and more urgent.

3. There is growing awareness of the value of tradition preservation 4. The old generation of agriculture residents has an abundant experience on farming and agriculture.

Threats 1. Lack of bottom-up voices in the decision-making process; 2. The usual transformation way for the urban village in the city is to clears up all in the villages including its cultural diversity, social resources and traditional identity.

4. High land value & financial and land crisis pressure

Analysis

Extra Factor

Interior Factor

Positive

62

2.10 Case study 2.11.1 Chinese City Renewal

Between 1980 and late 1990s, while most cites in China doubled their population there had been limited provisions of additional housing. The existing housing stock, primarily built prior to the 1980s had to provide accommodation to this additional population.

Analysis

As such, in addition to pursuing economic development, one of the primary objectives of the redevelopment of this kind of urban villages in or near inner city areas was to provide better living conditions for the average citizens and offering more space was the first priority.

63

Having an apartment with private bathroom and kitchen was many peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dream in 1990s. The realization of this dream would not become possible until the reintroduction of the real estate market and the discovery of land value differentials between the core area and the suburbs. The idea the government came up with was to invite private developers to invest in redevelopment projects orchestrated by the government in the core areas by building offices, commercial spaces, and high-end apartments that could afford a higher land price, while using part of the money generate from leasing higher value lands within the core area to build new residential neighbourhoods in the surrounding suburbs. It was a business transaction to achieve a number of objectives indicated above: providing housing, upgrading infrastructures such as roads, parks and transit, fostering economic growth, and also addressing some of the environmental issues.

2.10 Case study 2.11.2 Shanghai XinTianDi(XTD)

Economic Transformation in China: Before 1978, China implemented planned economy.

Low social productivity and indigent material resources drove china into an urgent development situation.

In 1978, Deng Xiaoping put forward the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Reform and Opening Upâ&#x20AC;? slogan, which marked the decisive breaking from the past and the start of the reform era.

Types of Urban Residential Renewal in China 1. Demolishing old housing and rebuild housing on the original sites.

2. Rehabilitating the old housing rather than completely demolishing it.

3. Demolishing the old housing but construct new commercial buildings (retails, offices, hotels, etc.) instead of residential.

4. Rehabilitating the old housing for commercial development, which change the function of historic housing.

We called this preservation-based redevelopment.

Displacement is not uncommon in development Chinese cities, and furthermore, relocated housing is often better than the current living condition. They primary concern expressed by residents was being relocated far away from family and jobs, but they universally agreed the environment needed to change and were trusting that decisions made by the government were in the best interest of the people of China.

This leads me to think developing culturally sensitive communities, not just homes, will become an important part of future Chinese development. The wants and needs of place are drastically different than the Australian perspective of a cafĂŠ on every corner.

Analysis

The local residents lose their old life environment, the old life pattern. The community atmosphere and sense demolished with the buildings.

XTD is unique to typical new development in China of large multi-story housing with space between. XTD features appropriately scaled and historically relevant housing, with a active street life typical of the Chinese City. It is an excellent model for future growth in low and middle income communities in China as well.

64

2.10 Case study 2.11.2 Shanghai XinTianDi(XTD)

Xintiandi (XTD)was once a quiet residential neighbourhood located in a rapidly developing inner city district in Shanghai, China. Between 1999 and 2001, however, the area underwent a massive redevelopment project.

The Xintiandi development project, designed by Hong Kong based company Shui On Land and Shanghai architect Ben Wood, sought to transform the traditional shikumen style housing into a dense, commercialized district while preserving the feel of “Old Shanghai.”

Big economical success:

Xintiandi district in 1996

This former residential area is home to a vibrant nightlife, a successful business district, luxury shopping, and high-end restaurants. Architects and urban planners around China have been inspired “to Xintiandi” areas fit for renewal in an attempt to replicate the neighbourhood’s success.

Xintiandi’ssuccess has helped to raise the property value in the area significantly and turned the surrounding area into the most expensive real estate in the city.

On the opposite side__Unanswered social impacts

Xintiandi district at present

While the buildings’ exteriors have been elaborately preserved, their insides have been completely retrofitted and the original residents have been displaced by construction or by the rising costs of living in the area. Many have been relocated to peri-urban neighbourhoods where infrastructure and facilities are largely underdeveloped. As the Chinese state strives to redevelop central city areas, the priorities of the lower-income residents are systematically neglected in the city’s attempts to modernize.

Top-down renovation

Analysis

Traditional characters

65

Shikumen is a traditional Shanghainese style of architecture that combines both Chinese and Western features and are two or three story brick buildings somewhat resembling terrace or town homes that were originally built by French developers who came to Shanghai in the early 20th century

2.10 Case study 2.11.3 Shanghai TianZiFang(XZF)

Comparing with XTD, the redevelopment method is quite different if another area, which is called Tianzifang. Tianzifang took a different approach to renewal. The old buildings are of the same type as XTD and have been largely preserved, except that the bottom level is now small commercial spaces with an edge towards unique artists, small shops and cafes. The traditional residential buildings are converted into stores and restaurants while local residents still keep their everyday life there. Without having a typical gentrification process by a large-scale redevelopment project, this old neighborhood located in the center of the city is transforming itself.

Many of the original residents still live there, which for hem is both a blessing and a curse: They escaped being compelled to relocate or totally lose their traditional living environment. However, they must now share their living space with a bustle of shoppers and tourists who often treat them as part of the attraction.

However, on the other hand, While TianziFang has become functionally mixed, and the life in the community is socially, economically and culturally intensified through the transformation. The local resident life standard is improved. Real estate value is increased in the area.

Some residents have apartments around using the rent income. However, the half of the residents is still original inhabitants. Most of the original inhabitants are old now and prefer to live in the familiar place where they grew up so that they can maintain their own community network. There are cases that some of original residents on first floor who can gain higher rent lend out their houses and relocate to cheaper upper levels within the community.

On the whole, Tianzifang creates a lively place with a genuine feel.

Then narrow lanes, which are common to all of these types of old housing blocks, create an irregular, twisting network that is interesting to explore.

Bottom-up renovation

Analysis

The Negative Points

The inner newer lanes of TianZiFang are chockablock with cafes, restaurants and trinket stores and increasingly hard to navigate for the local residents.

Close Proximity. To the right is the entrance to one of the households at TianZiFang. To the left is one that has been converted into a small art store.

There is also another reason why people come here to travel, love to come here, it is real life. The people here also dry clothes there, but it is fun. So, now you can really relax, chat with people and friends and see and feel this kind of place (Stephen Sun).

66

2.10 Case study 2.11.4 Top-Down and Bottom-Up

XinTianDi: the Top-down Transforamtion

TianZiFang: the Bottom-up Transformation

XTD is an example of a “top-down” urban rejuvenation development project.

The forces behind this urban redevelopment are decentralization, land reforms and increased property market demand.

Emphasis on economic growth and decentralization has made cash deficient local governments rely on private developers for urban renewal.

In the initial phase of the renovation, the government and the developers was not involved in its operation. There are no master planners or architects behind this regeneration of TianziFang.

For the expansion phase of this residential area, old residents themselves lent out their houses directly to artists and entrepreneurs. Residents set up a self-organized management committee for coordination, even jointly self-financed for refurbishment of pavement and the maintenance of public facilities. Thus, the transformation of the TianziFang was largely depended on the bottom-up process by the artists, residents, and those resided there

Analysis

Conclusion: Tianzifang, in common with XTD, exhibits the features of “townscapes”. Being composed of intricate narrow lanes, it is off-limits for traffic and a pedestrian area. These particular characteristics are derived from the small scale of the traditional buildings and the intimacy of the lanes. The localization aspects in terms of “reconnecting the local” might not be as recreated in TianziFang as in XTD, as the architecture in TianziFang is more culturally sustainable as it derives from genius local, authenticity of place and inherent architecture.

Nowadays young people feel so many modern inner city around where they live, therefore, more and more people need some older culture to balance their mind. The traditional characters and old living environment that exist in the urban landscape make redevelopment and preservation a viable option.

Adaptive reuse as implemented in China has contributed to a more sustainable architecture. The two case studies point towards an adaptability in its formations (Top-down and bottom-up) and its ability to re-create itself in neighbourhood as diverse as TianziFang. Further, it is when one recognizes how enclaves are preserving some remnant of historic heritage in the face of overwhelming destruction that adaptive reuse steps beyond the boundaries of urban renewal project and into the field of sustainable landscape.

67

2.10 Case study

2.11.5 Pocket neighbourhood and Co-housing Pocket neighbourhood

The people who live in these most sought-after communities know they share something extraordinarily valuable: a model of community that provides a missing link.

They have their cherished privacy, but with something more: they get to know each other in a meaningful way, and are able to offer one another the kind of support system that family members across town, across state or across country cannot.

Pocket neighborhoods might take the form of a garden courtyard, a pedestrian street, a series of joined backyards, or a reclaimed alley. Passersby on a public street might offer glancing nods to one another, nearly neighbors are likely to expand a chance meeting into a chat.

They are more invested because they share the passage of time in the same place. And it is the design of the shared space that makes it easier to happen.

Co-housing

The philosophy behind co-housing lies in a rosy-hued vision of what life in town and village communities used to be like, when supposedly everyone knew their neighbour and helped one another out(Elaine Moore). Cohousing residents are consciously committed to living as a community. The physical design encourages both social contact and individual space.

Shared green space is another characteristic, whether for gardening, play, or places to gather. When more land is available than is needed for the physical structures, the structures are usually clustered closely together, leaving as much of the land as possible â&#x20AC;&#x153;openâ&#x20AC;? for shared use.

I did these two case study research when focusing on the Australia context, and got some design interventions. When I changed my site into Chinese context, try to adapt these interventions into an urban village environment, the result seems to be not proper or not suitable. This inspire me to consider more about he actual particular context of urban village and the villagers who were previous farms. What made the existing social interaction disconnected? What do the indigenous villagers really need from the public space? What kind of community landscape can actually activate the village?

Analysis

Conclusion:

68

2.10 Case study 2.11.6 Bowden Village

The vision for Bowden is a stimulating, sophisticated place for people to live in a local urban community.

Analysis

• have a strong sense of local identity and place, linking Adelaide generally and Bowden specifically; • contain a significant response to the Adelaide microclimate including sun, shade, breeze utilisation, building mass and weather protection; • have a street based, cohesive urban character with well-defined streets and building edges; • utilise appropriate materials, forms and colours related to Adelaide and Bowden traditions including unfinished and commercial materials with a natural colour palette; • capitalise on CBD/parkland views, especially from Park Terrace buildings without creating a “wall” effect; • demonstrate innovation to provide a new inner city urban living experience where apartments and terraces have generosity of space and light, connected indoor-outdoor relationships and a high quality of design and finishes; and • incorporate principles of environmentally sustainable design for energy utilisation and water management.

69

2.10 Case study 2.11.7 Multiple Nuclei Model

The Theory

1. Central business district 2.Wholesale, light manufacturing 3. Low-class residential 4. Medium-class residential 5. High-class residential 6. Heavy manufacturing 7. Outlying business district 8. Residential suburb 9. Industrial suburb

Apply this multiple nuclei model theory into Zibo city context

The model describes the layout of a city. Even though a city may begin with a central business district, other smaller city centres develop on the outskirts of the city near the more valuable housing areas to allow shorter commutes from the outskirts of the city. This creates nodes in other parts of the city besides the old city centre. This mode represents a phenomenon of urban fabric moving away from concentrated central area. As a result, the city doesn’t grow on one nucleus but several nuclei. Each nucleus acts like a growth point.

Zibo city

New residential land use sprawl

Tianzifang, in common with XTD, exhibits the features of “townscapes”. Being composed of intricate narrow lanes, it is off-limits for traffic and a pedestrian area.

These particular characteristics are derived from the small scale of the traditional buildings and the intimacy of the lanes. The localization aspects in terms of “reconnecting the local” might not be as recreated in TianziFang as in XTD, as the architecture in TianziFang is more culturally sustainable as it derives from genius local, authenticity of place and inherent architecture.

Site

New city centre Old city centre

Analysis

Conclusion:

70

3. Strategy&Intervention

3.1 Strategy As a result, the main strategy aims at transfer the urban village into a open and lively community through using the main design intervention of farming, brining a package of agriculture interventions to improve the living environment in both spatial and economic way. Since the main strategy is focus on on-site renovated process, the intervention will not only improve the physical conditions, but will impact the entire community operative mechanism and the indigenous residents which is the old generation of agriculture residents. The strategy proposed in this project involves both the policy renew and spatial improvement in the designing and planning process.

More public space Building renovation Poor living environment Farmers live on their farm land The social interactions happen on the farm land

Unproductive Stagnant Economic activities

Lost farmland

Main Intervention Farming Social issue of isolation

The social interative circle disconnected The gap is farmland

Strategy & Intervention

Combine with the village living environment and leisure landscape functions

Productive Landscape

Financially unsupported retirement life

Programs(Educational, micro economic, tourism, etc.)

Poor living environment

Village layout and The social inhousing renovation teraction circle disconnected

Fig. 3.1.1 Problems and solving interventions

71

3.2 Intervention

3.2.1 Problems & Demand & Interventions

Introduce farming back into the village as a design intervention, protect the indigenous villagers by open the village to the city context.

Problems

Demands

Intervention

More public space

Poor living environment

Financially unsupported retirement life

Productive landscape (Farming)

Have attractive points for the outside world people

Housing renovation

Social Mix

Public space integration

Being productive

Micro-scale economic activities

Activate commercial The social interactive circle disconnected

Social interactive space keep the village accessible Sustainability

New programs Interest redistribution system

Strategy & Intervention

Funding support

The interactive interests are the main problem of current transformation mode, how to redistribution becomes the hardest part of the new mode.

72

4. Design

4.1 Phasing Timeline 4.1.1 Timeline Design

Based on the analysis above, the proposed transformation model will take a period of time. Combing with strategy, I design the implementation timeline for the transformation mode, which can be divided into three phases.

Firstly, these implementations will contain several four aspect, layout rearrange, building renovation, productive landscape and programs. In phase A, it will focus on the living environment layout rearrangement and improvement. At the same time, some building renovation steps will overlay with the rearrangement, such as demolishing and greenhouse building up. In phase B, the building renovation will further move on. Some productive landscape will start blooming up based on building renovation activities. In phase C, the main target is adding programs into this site to activate the agritourism and open the village to the outside public, attract more people to enter into the village and particulate with the village activities.

In phase D, according to the site village particular demographic issue, the previous old generation will generally pass away, while at the same time, new residents will move into the village, they make the agreement to get involve into the village programs and be responsible for the farmland under their ownership.

2013

2015

2016

2017

Phase A

Phase B

Temporary structures Demolishing

Corn field

On field Harvesting

Site functional Zoning

On field selling standing

Rearrange Circulation Hierarchy

Parking Lot

Rainwater harvesting facility

Integrated edible garden

Buildings redevelopment (housing maintenance, facility improvement) Building function rearrangement

Vertical wall planting

Demolish more buildings for further commercial development

Green house building up

Daily and Sunday Market

Recreational landscape facilities installation Indoor community activities and events

Zoning

Design

Demolishing

Site Layout Rearrangement

Site Functional Zoning

73

Circulation Hierarchy

Building functional rearrangement

Productive Landscape Site Layout Rearrangement Building Revolution

Circulation Hierarchy

Public Open Space Hierarchy

Vigorous Area

Pedestrians Only

Leisure Landscape

Quiet Residential Area

Vehicle with Sidewalk

Productive Landscape

Integrated Farming Field

Parking Lots

Commercal Space

Building Revolution Residential Buildings

Current Residential Buildings New Renovated Residential Buildings Resident hotel

Community Centre

Commercial Buildings

Educational Buildings

Retail Store

Exhibition Houses

Restaurant

Activity centre

4.1 Phasing Timeline

Phase A

Phase B

Phase B 2018

2020

In Phase D, the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Endingâ&#x20AC;? can be different, but not immortalized

Phase D

Phase C Crop planting and harvesting experience

Future senario1 --Programs keep working to maintain the village

On field selling standing

--According to the changes of village or outside social context, new programs will be introduced into the village to replace the previous --New residents keep moving in, the farming village still alive Future senario2 --Because of the broader urban context, the village cannot get over the generation replacement process, farming issue gradually diminishing and the village result to be a high-living quility urban community.

Long-term and short-term farm land rental programs Educational programs

Activity centre

Community centre

Rainwater Harvesting

Productive Landscape Integrated Edible Garden

Corn Field

Programs overlay with physical landscape design Programmes Planning

Open Outdoor Market

Scattered Productive Blocks Vertical Wall Planting

Vertical Bed Planting Green House Rainwater Harvesting

Design

Integrated productive landscape

Indoor Market Selling Standing

On-field Harvesting Regular exhibition events Farmland Rent Policy

On-field selling On-field agriculture class

Farmland Liability Agreement

Leisure Landscape Facilities

74

75

Design

4.2 Interests reallocation & Role orientation The redevelopment of urban village can be explained as an agreed interest arrangement among the city government, developers and indigenous residents, and the target is to create values for all stakeholders and the whole society. The effectiveness of redevelopment is determined by whether or not it can meet the multiple needs of various groups in dynamic environment, and by whether or not it can recreate new values for the stakeholders and the society.

So the first step is to define the different stakeholders, dividing them into two groups: the core stakeholders and secondary stakeholder.

Then we need to reallocate the interests of different stakeholders.

Secondary stakeholder Media Academic organization Financial institution

Others

Core Stakeholder Local government Developer Indigenous villagers

Ordinary citizen

Professional

Fig. 4.2.1 Core stakeholder and Secondary stakeholder

City government

Developer

The indigenous residents

• Collect the appreciation income of land • Realize maximum integrated benefits of the land • Raise lots of money and land for the city construction • Need a harmonious society • Improve the city’s image and promote city’s state • City needs to preserve the tradition and the history.

• Realize the appropriate profit in order to get the funds back • Develop in close partnership with the government

• Collect the appreciation income of land • Need the long-term social security system • Need to integrate into the city • Need to improve the living environment and living quality • Preserve the culture and tradition in the villages

Role orientation • Combine the food system and urban village redevelopment • Play a role as a bridge to organize the coordination work among different stakeholders • Explore the new redevelopment mode actively

• Complete there redevelopment and reconstruction for the villagers • Help build up programs inside the village based on the former physical intervention designs

Design

Interest demands

• Based on the reasonable redevelopment mode, to cooperate with the implementation • Take an active part in the building up and completing the farming and food system inside the village • Operating and managing the micro-economic activity system.

Table 4.2.2 Role orientation and interest relocation

76

4.3 Phase A 4.3.1 Main Target of Phase A

Parking Lot

Residents Relocation

Green house

Building Renovation Demolishing

Circulation Rearrangement

Corn Field

N

Design

Fig 4.3.1.1 schematic diagram of phase A

There are two main targets of Phase A: 1. Rearrange the layout of the village, including circulation hierarchy , functional zoning and public space hierarchy.

2.

77

Legend Vigorous area Quiet residential area Crop field Commercial street

4.3 Phase A 4.3.1 Main Target of Phase A

Site Layout Rearrangement Site Functional Zoning

Circulation Hierarchy

Public Open Space Hierarchy

Edible Garden

Pedestrians Only

Leisure Landscape

Quiet Residential Area

Vehicle with Sidewalk

Productive Landscape

Crop Field

Parking Lots

Commercial Street Community Centre Main Entry

Edible Garden

Parking Lot

N Community centre

Vehicle with sidewalk Pedestrian only

Building Revolution Residential Buildings Current Residential Buildings New Renovated Residential Buildings Resident hotel

Commercial Buildings

Other Use Buildings

Agriculture product retail Store

Educational Buildings

Restaurant Resident hotel Warehouse

Design

Crop Field

Exhibition Houses Activity centre Greenhouse 78

4.3 Phase A 4.3.2 Demolishing 1

Temporary Constructions As the young generation gradually moving out, part of the village buildings left vacant. Most elderly generation still live here, however, the living environment becomes more and more chaotic.

Some temporary constructions which built for previous storage are out of use and abandoned.

Some irregular and randomly built porches attached to main buildings make the circulation blocked.

Design

N

79

Fig. 4.3.2.1 Temporary constructions

Some temporary construction are use for present illegal operations.

4.3 Phase A 4.3.2 Demolishing 2

Release more Space for Future Potential Development According to a the general functional zoning about the village, demolish a few more ​particular ​​​​​​​​​ buildings to contribute to a better spatial layout.

Main1-lv Building

Main 1-lv Building

Future Potential use Crop planting field

Parking Lot Integrated farming field

Design

Additional 1-lv Building

N

80

4.3 Phase A 4.3.3 Building Functional Rearrangement

Integrated Crop Field Mix use of Living and Activities Commercial street Quiet living space Mix use of Living and Activities

Functional Zoning

Residential buildings

Other use buildings

Design

Commercial Warehouse(Storage, Producing) Community activity centre .......

Legend Residential Commercial Agriculture Warehouse Green house Activity centre

81

N

Building Plan

4.3 Phase A 4.3.4 Residents Relocation inside the village

The existing building functional use Residential Commercial

The planning new function arrangement Residential

Present: Residential Planning: Other use

Design

People who live in the orange buildings, will be relocated in the yellow buildings

Present: Other use or empty Planning: Residential

82

4.3 Phase A 4.3.5 Circulation rearrangement and Parking Lot

The current existing circulation inside the village is quite blocked and chaos.

1. Too much vehicle roads and not in use much, kids used to play balls in the middle of the roads because there were not much cars passing by, however, it is quite unsafe.

2. Rarely no streets specific for pedestrian.

3. No parking lot in the village, instead, people park their cars everywhere randomly which made the roads blocked.

Current circulation

City Main Road

Entry

Commercial Street

Target

Circulation Plan

20m

N

Legend Outside Vehicle Inside Vehicle Inside Pedestrian Paving Area

In Phase A, B and C, the main residents living in this village is the indigenous old generation. In these stages, the local residents do not have a very high parking space requirement. The parking space is more for the potential agritourism visitors and children of the old generationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s.

Design 83

1. Decrease vehicles 2. Increase passenger-friendly Pedestrians 3. Parking lots are arranged at the fringe of the village to offer the inside a more quiet and safe environment.

Moving Track (People from outside the village)

According to the proposal village future development, From around 2020, new residents from outside the village are moving into the village. At that time, more parking space will be needed. The previous planning crop field can release land for more necessary parking spaces.

Planning Parking Space in Phase A: 70 cars

4.3 Phase A 4.3.6 Building Renovation 4.3.6.1 Building renovation guides The Preservation of Traditional Characters

The character of building renovation will develop from an understanding of recurring and identifiable local themes, including the use of materials, colours and roof forms, porches/protected spaces, sun shading/ passive design principles, and the integrated of Ziboâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s village building themes, while avoiding obvious reproductions. Demonstrating renovation to provide a new village living environment where residential and commercial houses have generosity of space and light, connected indoor and outdoor relationships.

Design

1. Have a strong sense of local identity and place, linking Zibo generally and Zhang village specifically.

2. Contain a significant response to the Zhang micro-climate including sun, shade, breeze utilization, building mass and weather protection.

3. Have a street based, cohesive village character with well-defined streets and building edges.

4. Utilise appropriate materials, forms and colours related to Zibo and Zhang village traditions with a natural colour palette.

5. Incorporate principles of environmentally sustainable design for energy utilization and water management

84

4.3 Phase A 4.3.6 Building Renovation 4.3.6.2 Building character Zibo city new district character

Zibo city old district character 1. Many residents put potted plants in front of the residents buildings. Volunteer landscape is quite common in the old district.

2/3/4 Buildings in old city district are mainly light colour tone, such as grey, light yellow, caesious.

5. Walls are often used to be the isolated boundary between different realm, especially between public and private realm.

6. Wooden-Raised bed planting are quite common in public space, especially along the roads.

123 456

Zibo traditional village character

Design

1. The farming activities are highly permeated into the village residential area. There are small pieces of farm 2. In the harvesting season, farmers spread out the crops along the roads to dry them in the sun. While the seasonal agriculture activities, the villages present to be seasonal different along the whole year round.

3/4. Traditional Chinese symbol like “Spring Festival Couplets” and the character “Fu” which means happiness, are quite popular in village environment. The building pattern remains to be brick house with Chinese traditional rooftop.

12 34

85

4.3 Phase A 4.3.6 Building Renovation 4.3.6.2 Building character Materials and colours character The Zhang village has a tradition of built form dominated by masonry surfaces (red brick, rubble, and bluestone) contrasting rendered or brick detail to architecture/corners and simple parapets or pitched roofs in tile. While heritage facsimiles are not sought, references to local materials and colours will help to create a coherent visual language for new development. Material like cinder blocks which are not suitable with the local weather can be recycled for new landscape use Typical character of Chinese village

Red Roofing Tiles

Cinder Blocks

A usually hollow building block made with concrete and local cinders. In Zhang village, the cinder blocks are used for temporary constructions which are going to be removed in Phase A. These material can be recycled for potential landscape use.

Quite common in village, the rubble blocks are always used in the bottom of the house for moisture-proof.

Rubble Blocks

Typical character of Chinese village Red Bricks

Pitching Rooftop Rain and Snow

Design

The primary purpose of pitching a roof is to redirect water and snow. Thus, pitch is typically greater in areas of high rain or snowfall. Most Chinese domestic architecture, except in very dry regions, has roofs that are sloped, or pitched.

In general, the pitch of the roof is proportional to the amount of precipitation. Houses in areas of low rainfall frequently have roofs of low pitch while those in areas of high rainfall and snow, have steep roofs.

Although modern construction elements such as drainpipes may remove the need for pitch, roofs are pitched for reasons of tradition and aesthetics. So the pitch is partly dependent upon stylistic factors, and partially to do with practicalities.

The roof â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pitch is its vertical rise divided by its horizontal span

86

4.3 Phase A 4.3.6 Building Renovation

4.3.6.3 Building Facade

Façade design is to respond to Ziboâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s micro-climate and typical village character with varied treatments, clearly expressed sustainable design elements, generous protected indoor/outdoor spaces.

The orientation of the street grid approximately 90 degree west to north presents opportunities for innovative façade design.

North-side

West-side

Frontage commercial building

Side facade of residential building with entry

Frontage commercial building South-side

Frontage residential building with entry West-side

East-side

Side facade of 2-lv residential building without entry

Design

East-side

Side facade of residential building without entry

North side

87

North side

4.3 Phase A 4.3.6 Building Renovation

4.3.6.3 Building Facade

The façade design will be defined by built form that generally established a â&#x20AC;&#x153;backgroundâ&#x20AC;? of street and public open space defining village architecture, and a limited number of vibrant site and buildings that are more expressive.

In general, built form is to establish the base (boundary, setback, lower levels) the middle (main facade) and the top (roof) as elements that articulate the building plane.

Building Combined Pattern

Main Building 1 Level Additional Building 1 Level

Design

Attached Porch

Building Combined Pattern

Main Building Attached Porch

88

4.3 Phase A 4.3.6 Building Renovation 4.3.6.4 Attached porch

The drawing left showing the possible intensity of human behaviour. From Red to Yellow represents Vibrant to Quiet. According to the analysis, residential buildings which locate in the vibrant areas will need some landscape or construction treatment to segregate and protect the private residential from public activity atmosphere.

Porch which attached to buildings will be used as a structural treatment to weaken the visual and noisy influence for local residents.

Village Vitality Diagram Quiet

Vibrant

The Porch is both private and public, belonging to the household while being open to passersby.

Make it more than a tiny cover for fumbling for keys; make it room-sized — a veritable outdoor living room.

Design

Porches at entries: The complete gradation from community to privacy will begin with traditional spaces--- “soft edges” ---between dwelling front entries and community walkways. Construct porches at the entries of each dwelling with a clear visual connection to the “street”.

Six layers of personal space between the sidewalk and the front door:

6 89

5

4

3

2

1

1-The commons 2-A border of shrubs and flowers at the edge of the sidewalk 3-A low fence 4-Private yard 5-A covered porch with a low railing and flowerboxes 6-The front door

4.3 Phase A 4.3.6 Building Renovation 4.3.6.4 Attached porch

Main building Additional Porch

2m

Section

Plan N

1m

5m

Section

Plan of Additional Porch

Plan 1m

5m

Design

N

Section

Section

Plan

Plan N

1m

5m

N

1m

5m

90

4.3 Phase A 4.3.7 Green house

Greenhouse 3

Greenhouse 2

Main Function: Plant Cultivating Seed Breeding Agriculture exhibition 6m

6m

Main Function: Plant Cultivating Seed Breeding

8m

12m

Greenhouse 1

20m

Main Function Agriculture exhibition Community activity centre Educational visit Indoor Market

25m

Design

5m 10m

91

20m

4.3 Phase A 4.3.7 Green house

Greenhouse 1

1-A

Commercial street & Residential mix area

Quite Residential area

Quite residential area

1-B

Pedestrian

1-Bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Crop Field

Sunday Open Market

Main Entry 1m

5m

10m

1-Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

1m

5m

10m

Section 1-A

Design

Vehicle

1m

5m

10m

Section 1-B

92

4.3 Phase A 4.3.7 Green house

Collage 4.3.7.1 Collage 4.3.7.2

1m

5m

10m

Visit Tour

Community Gathering

Design

Leisure Function

Standing Selling

93

4.3 Phase A 4.3.7 Green house

Greenhouse 1

The indoor community centre

Collage 4.3.7.1

Vertical planting

Design

Harvest experience

94

4.3 Phase A 4.3.7 Green house

Greenhouse 2

Edible Garden/activity area

2-A Residential

2-B

2-Bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

2-Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 1m

1m

5m

5m

10m

10m

Design

Section 2-A

1m

5m

10m

Section 2-B

95

Commercial street& Residential area

4.3 Phase A 4.3.7 Green house

Greenhouse 3

3-A

Quite Residential area

3-B’

3-B

3-A’

5m

10m

1m

5m

1m

5m

10m

Section 3-A

Design

1m

10m

Section 3-B

96

4.3 Phase A 4.3.7 Green house

Collage 4.3.7.2

Greenhouse 2 Collage 4.3.7.2

Collage 4.3.7.3

Design

Greenhouse 3

97

Collage 4.3.7.3

4.3 Phase A 4.3.8 Crop Field

Soy bean

Cassava

Peanuts

Millet

Barley

Sorghum

5m 10m

20m

Wheat

Corn

Design

Selling Harvesting Retail store&Restaurant Warehouse (Storage and reproduce)

98

4.4 Phase B 4.4.1 Main target of Phase B

Commercial street corner gardens

Rainwater Harvesting Recreational landscape facilities On-field selling Stall Raised bed planting

Raised bed planting Vertical planting

Design

Open Sunday market

99

4.4 Phase B

Productive Landscape Elements 4.4.2

Vertical Planting

4.4.3

Raised Bed Planting

4.4.4

Rainwater Harvesting Facility

4.4.5

Recreational Landscape Design

Community activity Educational activity Visiting tourism Market 4.4.6

Activity centre 4.4.8

Design

Edible Garden

Community Centre Commercial Street

Edible Tree Planting Aesthetic Planting Recreational Tables and Seats Voluntary Landscape Facilities

4.4.7

100

4.4 Phase B 4.4.2 Vertical wall planting

2-lv Buildings Building Elements Combination Main Building Additional Building Porch

Main building

Porch

Individual/ Other groups

Design

Additional Building

101

4.4 Phase B 4.4.2 Vertical wall planting

Vertical agriculture planting based on ground soil Vertical agriculture water planting using beds Aesthetic landscape planting

2-lv Buildings vertical planting

Need ground soil along the wall foot

South Facade

B

C

1

D

E

F

G

H

I

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Design

A

East & West Facade

102

4.4 Phase B 4.4.2 Vertical wall planting 1-lv Buildings

Vertical planting design plan 9-0-4 3-A-2

12-C-11

9-0-0

10-M-11

3-C-2

7-0-7 10-L-10

8-H-6

10-L-10

8-H-6

1-A-0 8-A-2

8-A-6

2-C-0

0-0-2

0-L-2

10-C-11

12-L-11

0-0-9

0-0-4

1-C-0

4-0-7

1-C-0

4-0-4

7-0-7 1-D-2

12-L-11

5-0- 0

1-C-0

4-F-4 9-0-4

4-0-3

4-0-7 4-0-0

0-0-9

1-C-3

9-F-4 4-F-4

Collage 4.4.2.1

4-0-6

Design

2-0-2

12-L-11 5-0-6

0-L-11

10-0-11

0-D-2

0-L-11

8-A-6

4-0-6

0-0-11

0-H-6

4-F-0

0-B-2

Sample

4-G-7

1-C-2

1-C-2 1-B-6

4-F-6

8-0-7

4-C-7

1-B-6

1-C-2

4-G-7

0-0-2

8-C-2

West Facade

South Facade

1

C

East Facade

9-0-0 1-G-2

1-G-2

1-C-2

0-10-12

3-D-2

103

1-F-2

1-F-2

4-H-6

5m 10m

20m

2

4.4 Phase B 4.4.2 Vertical wall planting

J

K 10

L

11

12

M

Building Facade Renovation

Irrigation System

Irrigation facility

Existing

Planting Site

Perspective View

Design

Collage 4.4.2.1

104

4.4 Phase B 4.4.3 Raised Bed planting

Planting Layout

Collage 4.3.3.1 Collage 4.3.3.2

Plan 4.4.3.2

Design

Plan 4.4.3.1

5m 10m

105

20m

4.4 Phase B 4.4.3 Raised Bed planting

Raised Bed Planting_ Pattern 1

1-A

1-B

1-Bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

1-Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

1m

1m

1m

5m

5m

5m

Section 1-A

10m

Design

Plan 4.4.3.1

Section 1-B

106

4.4 Phase B 4.4.3 Raised Bed planting Raised Bed Planting_ Pattern 2

2-A

2-Bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

2-B

Design

Plan 4.4.3.2

2-Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

1m

5m

1m

1m

107

10m

5m

5m

Section 2-A

Section 2-B

4.4 Phase B 4.4.3 Raised Bed planting Plant Species Selection

Lettuce

Tomato

Potato

Spinach

Chilli

Celery

Carrot

Leeks

Garlic

Cucumber

White Radish

Aubergine

Green/Red Pepper

White Cabbage

Collage 4.3.3.1

Chinese Cabbage

Collage 4.3.3.2

Design

Green onion

108

4.4 Phase B 4.4.4 Rainwater harvesting facility

Facility Layout Plan

Plan 4.4.4.1

De sign

3-A

Collage 4.4.4.2

3-B

3-Bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Collage 4.4.4.1

3-Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

109

Plan 4.4.4.1

1m

5m

10m

4.4 Phase B 4.4.4 Rainwater harvesting facility

Detail Design Collection ÎŚ=2.5m

Rainwater Harvesting Facility

Standpipe Pump

Recreational Seats

Water storage

Fig. 4.4.4.1Section: Structure

1m

Collage 4.4.4.2

1m

5m

10m

Section 3-A

1m

5m

10m

Section 3-B

Design

Collage 4.4.4.1

5m

110

111

Design

4.4 Phase B 4.4.5 Recreational Landscape Design

Aesthetic Planting_Vertical wall planting Most building faรงades are used for edible planting, however, some facade which are under relatively bad environment condition will be covered with high-resistance aesthetic plants. Faรงades which are directly faced with west orientation will apply some particular exposure-resistant species, while on the other hands, faรงades which having a bad light condition will apply sciophilous plants.

Chinese ivy

Chinese wistaria

Cucurbit

Bromeliads

Nandina Domestica

Cerastium

Golden Diosmas

Mandevilla

Chinese Star Jasmine

Antigonon leptopus

Aesthetic Planting_Trees

10m

Design

5m

Fruit tree Apple tree Pear tree The Chinese hawthorn Pomegranate tree

Evergreen tree Chinese pine Platycladus orientalis lacebark pine Ligustrun lucidum

Deciduous tree Chinese scholartree Albizzia julibrissin Acer monoes Koelreuteria paniculata 112

4.4 Phase B 4.4.6 Commercial Street

Main entry of commercial street Parking

Resident Hotel

Street Corner Garden Detail in 4.4.8

Restaurant

Community Centre

Design

Agriculture produce Store

113

Street Corner Garden

5m

10m

20m

N

4.4 Phase B 4.4.7 Agriculture products Selling

1

2

Commercial Street

3

4

5

Retail store Regular market Operation Pattern

1

3

20m

Time Daily-open retail stores which selling agriculture products, they are uniformly managed by the village community

Daily

Single Stall which collect agriculture products from farmers and managed by a particular stall-keeper.

Monday-Saturday

4

Regular market which is hold every Sunday morning by the village community, farmers sell their own-planting products all by themselves.

5

Both the former two patterns happen in the community centre greenhouse regularly, especially in winter.

Design

2

5m 10m

Sunday

Selling Events Daily in Winter 114

4.4 Phase B 4.4.8 Multi-functional Landscape

Commercial Street

Collage 4.4.9.1

Commercial Street Corner Garden

Vertical edible planting

Fruit Trees Fruit trees Educational visit Edicational Visit

Design

Doing farm work Harvesting

Volunteer landscape facility Voluntary Landscape Facility

115

4.4 Phase B

Collage 4.4.9.1

Edible Planting

Harveting

Stall Selling

Design

People gathering, Community activity

Recreational landscape facility

116

4.4 Phase B 4.4.9 Edible Garden

A Agriculture Products Store with Restaurant

Educational Space Holding Exhibition Community Activities

Warehouse Commercial

Commercial

9

2

Collage 4.4.8.1 Activity centre Activity centre

6

Activity centre

Warehouse

Activity centre

Activity centre

Design

5

4 3

Warehouse

3

8 1

7

5m

117

Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

10m

20m

4.4 Phase B 4.4.9 Edible Garden

1

Porch

2

Vertical farming Green Wall

3

Phase A

Section A-Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Green House

4

Phase B

Aesthetic Tree Fruit Tree 5m 5m

5

Activity density of Visitors

Raised Bed Planting Crop Planting 3m 5m

6

Raised Bed Planting Farming Belt Landscape Leisure facilities

7 8 9

ÎŚ=2.5m

Water collection with seats Car Parking

Activity density of village residents

Collage 4.4.8.1

Design 118

4.5 Phase C 4.5.1 Main target of Phase C

In the former Phase A and Phase B, all the physical design will be finished building up and come into service. Several kinds programs will follow up with the basic physical design and overlap together.

Programs mean a lot to this research project and only with the proper programs combining together can the design ambition be realized.

In the village renovation project, there are four kinds of programs:

Economical activity program

Design

On-field educational program

Comunity activity program

Residential houses sale policy Farmland responsibility agreement 119

4.5 Phase C 4.5.2 Programs

2013

2015

2016

2017

Phase A

2020

Phase B

Temporary structures Demolishing

Corn field On field selling standing Parking Lot

Green house building up

Integrated edible garden Integrated edible garden

Integrated edible garden

Buildings redevelopment (housing maintenance, facility improvement) Building function rearrangement

Phase C On field Harvesting

Site functional Zoning Rearrange Circulation Hierarchy

2018

Demolish more buildings for further commercial development Daily and Sunday Market

Educational tours

Vertical wall planting

Exhibition events

Recreational landscape facilities installation Rainwater harvesting facility

• Bed and breakfast • Catering services • Farm stays • On-farm retail • Regular and Random Market or stall selling • Greenhouse food exhibition

• Dairy shares • Event hosting (birthday parties, family reunions, corporate retreats) • Festivals (seasonal, harvest, food, holiday) • Photography and painting • Picnic area • Agriculture-related exhibition • Agriculture-related festivals and fairs v • Agriculture-related exhibition

Design

• Children’s camps • Classes, clinics or demonstrations • Display gardens (flowers, greenery, herbs) • Educational or technical tours • Farm work experience • Guided crop tours • History museum and displays • School tours and activities • On-farm vacations

• Farm land Rent or Tree Rent • House ownership assignment or rent agreement • Farm land responsibility agreement for every villagers

120

4.5 Phase C 4.5.3 Agritousim Agritourism is basically where agriculture and tourism intersect, as farms and ranches invite the public onto their property to experience the out of doors, the leisure pace, and the healthy and nutritious produce that is only possible when it is fresh picked at the peak of perfection.

Agritourism, one of the fastest growing segments of the travel industry, includes visits to working farms, ranches, wineries and agricultural industries. Agri-destinations offer a huge variety of entertainment, education, relaxation, outdoor adventures, shopping and dining experiences.

For some, agritourism has become another pathway to success in an increasingly urban world where many people crave farm experiences and a connection to their rural heritage. Agritourism can be any experience or business enterprise that brings visitors to the farm, stimulating economic activity on farms and in rural communities.

ECONOMIC: SUBSISTENCE: SOCIAL: CULTURAL: ENVIRONMENTAL:

Reason for an Agritourism trip: • Enjoy rural scenery • Learning where food comes from • Visit family or friends • Watch or participate in farm activities • Purchase agricultural products • Pick fruits or produce • To hunt and fish • Spend a night

Agritourism should create jobs and income for local residents Agritourism should not conflict with residents’ use of subsistence resources.

Agritourism should be controlled to minimize impact on the present way of life.

Agritourism should emphasize respect for and knowledge of Native culture.

Agritourism should maintain the existing level of environmental quality.

Design

Agritourism Rising up in China

121

Education

Dinner Party

Home-made Food

Experience the Living Environmeny

Experience the Farm work

4.5 Phase C 4.5.4 Agriculture educational program

It is important than ever to educate and engage kids in the food system. All over the world, the farming population is diminishing, and this is the crucial moment for youth to realize the importance of farming and become involved in all aspects of the food systemâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;especially in producing.

Design

1. Co-operate with surrounding primary and high school.

Kids are excited to get involved in buildings things, like building a micro garden.

Projects can bring together students, teachers, parents and village community members to grow crops and vegetables.

2. The Edible garden This particular kind of public space can be designed as a prototype of education space providing food and agriculture experience and a safe outdoor playground to children and also adults to enjoy leisure time.

3. Youth farm Every year, the village farm can hire some high school students from ages 15-18 to work from mid-June to mid-September on a â&#x20AC;&#x153;Youth farmâ&#x20AC;?, managing crops, selling produce at markets and learn to cook with the produce they have grown.

122

4.5 Phase C 4.5.5 Farmland rental policy

ownership

Villagers

Village Community

Rent(short-term/Long-term)

Schools

Family

Individual/ Other groups

Educate/Participate

Students

Parents

Children

As the crop field begins to be planting and building up in phase A, the education program will be firstly come into use. The educational series of programs keep increasing and improving as more and more productive landscape facilities finishing building up.

This series of programs working on helping people to develop the skills that needed for a sustainable future. This will involve the creation of a new culture of food, eating and sharing.

Schools can be at the heart of this culture shift, providing training to the whole community, and putting agriculture, food and land at the heart of the curriculum. The learning plate is focused on developing adults and childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s skills in growing, maintaining and cooking local produce.

Design

Schools cooperate with the village community or directly with individual villager who own land and would love to rent out. Schools dedicate the farm land for students to grow food, which supplies the school canteen. The garden are used in various aspects of teaching, including science lessons.

123

Financial income

Farm Land

4.5 Phase C 4.5.6 Micro-economic system By-Product Retail Store

Educational function Enjoy the farming work

Daily supplies

Picking up Process Food Planting Process

Cooking

Dinner Party

Restaurant

Short Accommodation

Bed and Breakfast (B&B)

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Marketing is the process of determining what customers want, and of using that information to produce and sell a good or service to satisfy that wantâ&#x20AC;?. Marketing includes identification of the customer base; a clear description of the goods, services, and experiences offered; and advertising and promotion of the agritourism business.

Customers can harvest products by themselves directly on the filed

Manage regular and integrated market place and market event to connect customers and producers

Besides the formal market place, many scattered, self-operated selling can be allowed and supported to happen spreading all over the village Farmers who sell directly to the public - through fruit stands and farm country stores - and also add special activities for visitors, find they can continue farming and make a profit. Agritourism is actually saving these kind of small farms from extinction.

Design

Farming

Enjoy the food

The economical activities are mico scale, however, plenty kinds of products can be arranged inside the village to make the selling various and attractive.

124

4.6 Phase D In the former three phases, the main resident group is relatively stable which is the previous indigenous residents.

From around the end of phase C to the future phase D, more and more new residents will move into the village.

This residents transformation will influence a lot in the villageâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s farming and economical system maintenance There is no particular time limit for Phase D, it represent a successional process .

Programs in Phase D

The programs that formed in the former three phases will keep working in phase D, whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s more, because of the probably different urban environment or social background 20 years later, some young programs would be add into the programs operation system.

The programs help to maintain the farming village and the lively community. Providing the village a stable environment to go through the residents transformation and huge land crisis pressure from the outside urban environment.

--Programs keep working to maintain the village --According to the changes of village or outside social context, new programs will be introduced into the village to replace the previous --New residents keep moving in, the farming village still alive

Two scenarios

Design

--Because of the broader urban context, the village cannot get over the generation replacement process, farming issue gradually diminishing and the village result to be a high-living quality urban community.

Conclusoin: When thinking about how can the farming village and this lively community can be maintained, the issue of land price always cannot be avoided and cannot be solved either. Though the design process, the isolated village will be transformed into a lively community with open-friendly landscape and a integrated system of economical operation. So the future high land price can be predicted. However, from another point of view, the high price means high valueable and high quality too. Back to my design intend, is to protec the indigenous residents and realize a on-site renovation of the urban village. Even the land price will become higher, the indigenous residents still have the land ownership. When the old generation dies. they pass the land ownership to their children. The young generation has the choice whether to move back into the village or sell the house and land to new residents who eager to live in such environment and would love to make an agreement with the village committee about the farmland responsibilty or agreement of fully involve into the village environment.

I believe the first scenario can happen and become popular in the future, as more and more people would love to have some relationship with tradition, agriculture and food producing. Even to say the least, as the scenario 2 says, because of the different land policy or social context, the farming village cannot be be maintained, another lovely and high-quality community would be another scene. In this situation, the social isolation problem would been solved and the indigenous residents would been respected and protected as well

125

Design

4.7 Master Plan

5m 10m

20m

126

5. Appendix

5.1 Refection and Conclusion

My research object is urban village in China. Through the design research, I tried to find a new solution to improve the current transformation mode, and I achieved a comprehensive understanding of urban village spatial pattern and life pattern of villagers.

My strategy proposed in the project is reflected in one specific case---Zhang village, but I tried to find out the general disciplines among this case to implement in the other typical urban villages. In my process of analysis, the selection of the site aims at finding a model for a representative and typical urban village transformation in Zibo city fringe. The aim of the model is not merely to solve the physically spatial problems of the location, but also to propose a strategy to transfer the lifeless urban village into a lively community. The strategy works by re-introducing farming into the village, adapting with existing village elements. It results to be protecting the indigenous villagers by opening the village to the city environment.

Even though the existing social issue in Zhang village may be an exception case, I still can learn some reference and experience from this case. There are several reasons behind. Firstly the aging generation problem more or less is the same problems of typical urban villages. And the dynamic informal buildings and disordered circulation is the same elements that exist in nearly every transforming urban village. So the solutions and interventions way still work in different context. Secondly, the model will care more about the indigenous villager, who contributed a lot for the city, they need to be treated well and protected with particular development.

Appendix

This strategy will contribute to the long-term social benefit of the society. Thirdly, the model combines the urban village with national food system, which is quite essential for every resident. The combination of physical design intervention of farming and further programs (micro-economic, educational, agritourism, land rental policy) to keep the urban village and integrate it into the city environment. In the end, the idea of top-down and bottom-up will help to maintain and operate the urban village, which is shared by the indigenous and also outside city residents.

127

The objective of the project is to draw some possible prospective for the new future urban village redevelopment and solve the social issue of isolation in the village. The work done in semester didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t present much in this DRC, but the research I have done and the research design strategy I have tried to generate inspire me a lot, which help me find the right direction.

5.2 Reference

BLUMENTHAL, D. L. & MARTIN, E. J. 2007. Urban Sustainable Development, Lower Income Communities, and Transorganizational Public Administration. International Journal of Public Administration, 30, 95-107.

CHEN, J. L. 2003. Research of the Reconstruction Mode of Villages Inside the City in the Special Economic Zone of Shenzhen (In Chinese).

Urban Planning Forum, 03, 57-60.

CHUNG, H. 2010. Building an image of villages-in-the-city: A clarification of China’s distinct Urban spaces. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 34, 421-437.

DU, H., LI, S., URBAN, H. K. B. U. C. F. C. & STUDIES, R. 2010. Migrants, Urban Villages, and Community Sentiments: A Case of Guangzhou, China, Centre for China Urban and Regional Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University.

FANG, A. 2011. From Nowhere to Now Here - Breaking down the ghetto of floating population in Shanghai and going towards a desired solution for socio-spatial integration. Master, Delft University of Technology.

FRIEDMANN, J. 2005. China’s urban transition, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.

GUO, F. & ZHANG, Z. Transforming urban villages : social stratification in migrant communities in China. Proceedings of the ACESA 2006 international conference, 2006 2006 Melbourne. Victoria University.

HAO, P. 2012. Spatial evolution of urban villages in Shenzhen. Phd, Utrecht University.

HAO, P., SLIUZAS, R. & GEERTMAN, S. 2011. The development and redevelopment of urban villages in Shenzhen. Habitat International, 35, 214-224.

HASSENPFLUG, D. 2010. The Urban Code of China, Germany, Birkhauser Architecture.

HUANG, Y. 2006. The social stratification and social isolation in China (In Chinese), Shang hai, Tongji Univerity Press.

JACOBS, J. 1961. The death and life of great American cities, Vintage Books.

JING, D. 1999. A research report of urban villages - the strategy for the developing urban villages (In Chinese). City Planning Review, 09.

LI, F. 2004. Renovation of Urban Villages (In Chinese), Beijing, Science Press.

LI, Q. & CHANG, Q. 2002. Experiment for the renovation of “ city village” – Jida village in Zhuhai city as the example (In Chinese). City Planning Review, 11, 23-27.

LIN, Y., DE MEULDER, B. & WANG, S. 2011. Understanding the ‘village in the city’ in guangzhou: Economic integration and development issue and their implications for the urban migrant. Urban Studies, 48, 3583-3598.

Appendix

LI, L. 2005. The social economic characteristic of urban villages - Guangzhou City as an example( In Chinese). Beijing City Planning & Construction Review, 03, 34-37.

LIU, Y., HE, S., WU, F. & WEBSTER, C. 2010. Urban villages under China’s rapid urbanization: Unregulated assets and transitional neighbourhoods. Habitat International, 34, 135-144.

128

5.2 Reference

MA, H. 2006. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Villagesâ&#x20AC;? in Shenzhen Persistence and Transformation of an Old Social System in an Emerging Mega City.

MOBRAND, E. 2008. Struggles over unlicensed housing in Seoul, 1960-80. Urban Studies, 45, 367389.

SAUNDERS, D. 2011. Arrival City: How the Largest Migration in History Is Reshaping Our World, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.

TIAN, L. 2008. The chengzhongcun land market in China: Boon or bane? - A perspective on property rights. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 32, 282-304.

TUNAS, D. 2008. The spatial economy in the urban informal settlement. Phd, Delft University of Technology.

WANG, Y. P. & MURIE, A. 2000. Social and spatial implications of housing reform in China. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24, 397-417 Chris ScottHanson, Kelly ScottHanson(2004), The Cohousing Handbook: Building a Place for Community Kathryn McCamant, Charles Durrett(2011), Creating Cohousing: Building Sustainable Communities Kathryn M. Mccamant, Charles Durrett, Ellen Hertzman (1994), Cohousing: A Contemporary Approach to Housing Ourselves

Appendix Design

Michael David Martin, Designing the Next Radburn: A Green-hearted American Neighbourhood for the 21st Century,

129

http://homesofpalosverdes.blogspot.com.au/ http://www.newurbanism.org/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohousing http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_China zhttp://architectureau.com/articles/the-common/ http://sixdegrees.com.au/ http://shawfactor.com/gazetteer/victoria/brunswick/ http://news.sohu.com/20080812/n258775863.shtml http://www.moreland.vic.gov.au http://www.michaelhmarsh.com/2011/07/2011-china-lab-adaptive-reuse-of-hubei.html http://www.rongshuxia.com/books/reading/1029883_1016.html http://bbs.tianya.cn/post-47-1221988-1.shtml http://bbs.tianya.cn/post-47-1223752-1.shtml http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_7275adaa0100oelk.html http://thehospitalclub.com/cir/houseofjonn/2010/05/28/wonderesidency/ https://urbaninformality.expressions.syr.edu/ http://www.locallocalhistory.co.uk/municipal-housing/slum-cleance/index.htm http://sznews.oeeee.com/a/20070825/491881.html http://news.dichan.sina.com.cn/2011/01/27/270450_all.html http://www.gdfdc.com/show-10355.html

THE OPEN LANDSCAPE

PEOPLE, SPACE, and COMMUNITY

Lu LIN RMIT MLA2013