Chenqi Huang DRC

Eco-filter Landscape

Design Research Catalogue Chenqi Huang s3371524 2013

Master of Landscape Architecture ARCH 1367 MLA Design Research Project B Design Research Catalogue Chenqi Huang Semester 02, 2013

Degraded waterfront in Binjiang District, Hangzhou, China

Contects

Research Question Abstract Design Research Project Diagram Development of Research question Site Images Introduction Water Quality & Health Site Location Water pollution Precedent 1 Houtan Park Precedent 2 Wusong Riverfront Precedent 3 Island of water Site 1 West Lake Hydrology & urban fabric Pollution souces Site Analysis Eco-filter+township Water+pattern of a city Disappearing Pattern of water Demands of water Plants selection Emerging possibility Interating with urban fabric Designing by science Activity Analysis Scenario 1_Clean Reconsider the problem Flooding and plant grownth Development of proposal diagram Scenario 2_Design wiith Rainfall Connecting Design scenarios Conclusion Bibliography

04 05 06 08 10 11 12 14 16 18 21 22 23 28 30 32 36 38 40 42 44 48 49 50 53 54 60 63 64 67 78 80 81

Eco-filter Landscape

Designing new waterfront development through water filtration infrastructure

Research Question:

How can the degraded waterfronts be revitalized through the design of ecological water treatment landscapes?

4

Abstract

Over three quarters of China’s rivers and lakes are

Guided by a number of precedents (such as

polluted due to the rapid development of industry.

Houtan Park), this research project explores

It is found in this research that environmental

design propositions for Eco-filter Landscape when

degradation caused by water pollution results

encourages people to reconnect to the water and

in considerable health damage to both humans

which ideally increases integration of recreational

and animals. According to the World Bank, water

and social programs. The design of Eco-filter

pollution directly causes 66,000 deaths annually in

Landscape for the

China from cancer and dysentery. This project aims

exemplifying the improvement and activation of a

to create a waterfront district as a living purification

degraded environment, may serve as an example

machine, providing residents with public amenities

for water treatment landscape in other polluted

and recreational open spaces through the design of

waterfronts.

waterfront in Hangzhou,

water filtration infrastructure.

Collage section reflects current condition of a degraded waterfront in Hangzhou

5

Design Research Project Diagram

Problems Site Elements River pollution Hydrology system Flood

Ecology Chemical Factories

Rural Residential

Farmland

Quality of life

Disconnect to people

Absent of live

6

Design Approaches Ambitions

Clean Water Planting Design Wetland Rehabilitating Environment Flood Retarding Basin Providing Recreation

Recreational facilities

Park Connecting to people

Precedent 1: Houtan Park Precedent 2: Wusong Riverfont Precedent 3: Island of Water

7

Development of Research Question

How to improve the utilization of public green space in dense cities through reconsidering the role of Landscape architecture in pedestrian network?

How to improve the utilization of public open green space in dense cities throught redesigning the pedestrian network?

Public open green space

Why?

Not enough Not open enough Green space NOT public

What are the benefits of public spaces?

• Gathering -Sense of Community • Exercise • Aesthetic • Tourism • Focus/ Attention -Commercial -Residential How to improve the quality of living in a dense city though the design of its Public space network?

How can the economical system of West Lake to be used to inform the spacial condition of the city?

What is Water treatment system?

Why is the design of water treatment system improve the city?

8

+public recreation +biodeversity +spaces where people & natrue could interact

How Eco-belt expansion Filtrerate water

What - Improving utiliztion of public green space in dense area Why - Inefficency, “enclosed”, shared with limited users that social barrier How - Reconsidering the function of landscape architecture in pedestrian network

City

Why is this important?

• Social • Cultural • Health -Environment • Ecology -Water -Sun -Pollution

Eco-filter Landscape Designing new waterfront development through water filtration infrastructure How can the degraded waterfronts be revitalized through the design of ecological water treatment landscape Does urban development change the meaning of water to people?

How does Eco-filter landscape change the spatial quality?

9

Site Images

01

02

03

01: Current condition of the ground 02: Temporary accomondation for workers 03: Chemical factory 04

10

04: Disused wasteland in industry zone

Introduction

Intact Restored Condition

Created Condition Turning Point

Degraded

Eco-filter landscape

is literally explained

and towns to attract and accomodate industries

ecological water filtration infrastructure.

and new inhabitants. But it is just another vast

The research explores the new relationship

urban agglomeration, made up of industrial sites,

between community and hydrological system

residential areas, commercial properties. This sort of

while the feature of water is degrading during

developing “mode� was seen from the development

the rapid development of urbanization. It aims

of waterfront in north part of Qiantang river. In

to design a water system that reconnect people

light of such expension, the need for new balancing

to water, through exploring the oppotunities

idea in urban design and development is urgent to

of bringing life back to a degrading waterfront.

show a path into a successful and livable future.

Located around 7km south-west of downtown,

This project is proposing a way to solve the existing

Binjiang is one of several industrial districts of the

water pollution and a the same time, using the

urban megapolis Hangzhou. It used to be a typical

challenges and opportunities

Chinese watertown, embedded in farmlands,

the process of designing a new water filtration

interlaced with rivers and clusters of lakes.

infrastructure

as

of live

as

that are arose in

a tool to develop the quality

of inhabitants and the environment.

Today, Binjiang is competing with other districts

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Water Quality and Health

01

ite es th rch a or e f ese ad e r m h n of t io cis on De lecti se

Hangzhou

02

12

03

Source: WB (2007a)

Major Health Effects

Populations at risk or affected

Traditional Unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation

Infectious diseases (eg, diarrhoea, hepatitis A, typhoid, schistosomiasis)

>40% of rural residents (>296 million); >6·2% urban residents (46 million)

Modern Industrial water Cancers of the digestive system pollution (eg, stomach, liver, oesophagus, or colorectal cancer)

The bar chart (fig. 01) shows

Affected population unknown; an estimated 11% of total digestive system cancer cases (~954 500 yearly)

04

which is unsafe for any use.

Yangtze River has the lowest water quality amoung China’s Seven

Considering its water resource

River Systems, while industrial

is consuming by high population

pollution counts 75% of these

cities, humans’ and other living

pollutants.

beings’ health is certainly in risk and it also results in disconnection

Below diagram begins to look

between people and water in

at

between

cities above unsafe water. Thus, in

water quality of the seven water

this project, I will take Hangzhou

system and their users in China.

city as study phase.

the

relationship

The highlighted area (Zhejiang Province) is on Yangtze River, and its water quality is above grade V

01: Industrial pollution and domestic waste accounted for 75% of these pollutants.

02: The water quality of major river in Hangzhou is unsafe for any use.

03: Pollution Thread: Mortality rates for diseases associated with water pollution in China. The world average mortality rates are for year 2000 and China mortality rates are for year 2003.

04: Industrial water pollution threatens lives of human beings and the increase of population made the situation even worse.

13

Site Location China

Yangtze River

Qiantang River

Tai Lake

Hangzhou Population= 8,700,000 Area= 728 km² Density= 1,214/km2

West Lake Area= 5.6 km²

Hangzhou Binjiang District Population= 319,000 Area=73km² Density= 4,429/km2

14

Kunshan

Precedent 2_ Wusong Riverfront

Shanghai

Precedent 1_ Houtan Park

Hangzhou Bay

15

Water pollution along the river

Qiantang River

1. West Lake

HANGZHOU

16

2. Binjiang

Scarttered Factories Point Pollution 17

Precedent 1 Houtan Park Before

Land Use Brownfield Park/Open space Project Type Park Wetland creation/restoration Waterfront redevelopment Location Pudong, Shibo Avenue Shanghai China

After

01

Size 34.5 Acres

b1

a1 b2

a2

02

2,400 m3/day of water can be treated from Lower Grade V to Grade III

18

a1

01: Before and After images: Houtan park aimed to introduce treated water to the degrading waterfront and provided spaces for recreation.

a2

Wetland

03

Terraces

Huangpu River

02: water-cleaning machanism 03: Sections 04: Design of plants: Rethink the possibilities the wetland provide for the design of infrastructures

b1

b2

05: Diagrams: visualizing the spacial quality of the edges of wetland and walking paths 06: Diagramming spaces and allowed activities through the design of plants

04

Semi open

Clean

Reeds

Fu

nc

tio n

al

05

Spacial 19

Design of Plants Allowed activities

Houtan Park project in Shanghai is an important

specific spacial quality and thus forms interesting

precedent for this approach to design. Built on

relationships between water and human. This

a former industrial site, the park was designed a

precedent drives me to consider the possible

regenerative living organizm that treats polluted

activities that revitalized the degraded waterfront

river water, mitigates urban flooding, increase

by testing the spaces. In this case, the features of

habitat and biodiversity, while celebrating the

plants are considered to be key for the structure of

regional culture and beatifying the riverfront

Eco-filter landscape. However, this outcomes need

for public use. It unfolds along the Huangpu

to be reconsidered as the quality of water which is

River through several linear miles of natural and

treated by aquatic plants themselves, influences

constructed wetlands that clean the polluted river

the use of spaces.

water and encourage native fauna to return.

From the design of Houtan park, it is learnt that the design of plant not only aids the treatment of water, but also provides opportunities to create

Sight

Emergent Plants

submerged Plants 06

Floating Plants

20

Precedent 2 : Wusong Riverfront

Wusong project aid to understand how to connect

medium scale, and forms of planting zones in small

the water filtration landscape to urban fabric that

scale. it started to reveal that wetland infrastructure

encourage utilization in proposed site. It also shows

revitalize the waterfront while blurring the

the water flow within the created system forms

boundary of the urban edge and blending the urban

the trend of urban development in a large scale,

context in the design.

changed the pedestrian and transport network in a

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Precedent 3: Island of Water

01

04

02 01: Shrinking water body that in need of restore 02: Introducing wetland infrastructure that brings live back 03: Diagramming the changing process of construction wetland 04: Diagramming the connection between pedestrian network and the wetland park.

03

This project introduce the changing process of emerged landscape. It helps to understand the trend of growth of constructed wetland and give an idea how the water treatment infrustructure encourage biodiversity and human uses. The sketches start to look at the connection between visitors and built infrastructure above water network.

22

Water Pollution Reasons to cleaning water

23

16.7%

2.8%

2.7% 01

3.8%

8.3%

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Site 1: West Lake Located at the centre of Hangzhou, West Lake is a natural lake of most cultural significance in China. It is a lagoon formed about 2,000 years ago. West Lake in Hangzhou is surrounded by hills on three sides and by urban district on the forth, and it is an inseperable part of the city.

As West Lake is the most famous attraction of Hangzhou, its degrading water quality became a serious problem that has been solving in the last 20 years, however, from this research, it is found that the water quality cannot be improved without cleanning the water of the major river that runs through the whole city - Qiantang River.

01: Water Pollutant diagram showing the percentage Mercury Toxics

25

Understanding water filtration network in Hangzhou

Water Conversation Project (1986-present) The West Lake Water Conservation Project has been built in order to improve water quality

01

and help restore the ecosystem. It has torn down nearby structures, stopped discharge, built treatment facilities and introduced new aquatic plants.

Urban river Diversion system Water flow direction Pump Deposition

This system is able to pump 300,000 tons of water per day from Qiantang River to West Lake

Year

02

through water purification machine. Aquatic Water Quality Assessment

Eutrophication

1997 1998 1999

Grade V Grade IV Grade IV

2000 2001 2002 2003

Grade IV Grade IV Grade V+ Grade IV

High

2004 2005 2006 2007

Grade V Grade V+ Grade V+ Grade V+

Low Low Low Low

2008

Grade V+

Low

Key pollution index

plants were introduced to contribute to the water treatment process. A dredging project for

High

Total Nitrogen Total Phosphorus

eliminating the bottom mud of lake has been put into practice for purification of the lake water and it also prevent the lake from shrinking. As

Medium

Total Nitrogen Total Phosphorus Total Nitrogen Total Nitrogen Total Nitrogen Total Phosphorus Total Nitrogen Petroleum

a result, the water quality of West Lake has improved somewhat. However, the expected effect has not occurred, and the dense bloom of blue–green algae continues to appear. West Lake is still in a state of eutrophication now.

According to the research to the water quality in West Lake which is the core of Hangzhou city, there are 67 kinds of organic pollutants have been detected in Qiantang river basin, including benzopyrene, methylene chloride, carbon

tetrachloride,

hexachlorobutadiene

and dichloroethylene etc. It is revealed that Industrial discharge along the river is the main cause of its eutrophication.

Dredging project for eliminating the bottom mud Water Treatment Plants Underground water pipe

03

Water filtration machine 300,000 t/day

West Lake Qiantang River

26

04

Site 2: Binjiang District

05 01: Current diversion and drainage systems 02: Water quality from 1997-2008 03: Section of water purification system 04: Existing Hydrology of Hangzhou City 05: Industrial wastewater discharges from nearby factories

27

Hydrology and urban fabric

01

02

28

01: Residential growth direction 02: Urban and water fabric of the selected site

29

Water Pollution along riverbank

ng a t n Qia r Rive

Landfarm

8 Disused Loading dock

1 2 Polluted water discharged from factories

3 4

5

6 Waterfront Edge of the site

Unplanned Industrial Use

30

3

7

1- Chemical Factory

6- Disused Electrochemical Factory

7- Water Transportation

A

Qiantang River Total Length

459 km

Depth

8-9 m

Total Area

55,6000 Km2

Mean Annual Discharge

442.5 Bm3

Average Discharge

1,400 m3/s

1 Chemical Factory 2 Textile Material Industry 3 Cement Factory 4 Construction Material Factory 5 Electroplating Factory 6 Disused Electrochemical Factory 7 Water Transportation 8 Reservoir

31

Site Analysis

2014

1. Clean 0

100 200

500

1000

2017 2. Recreational Space

0

100 200

500

1000

Industrial Area Disused Industrial Area

32

Disused Electrochemical Factory will be removed by 2017

Residential zone accomondates local farmers

Farmland 770,000m2 Cement Factory zone will be removed by 2014

33

Site Analysis - Zoning Residential Area

Field Land

Public green space

Existing Ponds

34

3. Industrial waste water discharges directly to the river

W ay gh Hi

Riv ers an Ur b

Ex isti ng Fie l

Ex

isti

ng

Ro a

d

tio dir ec ow Riv er fl

2. Steel framework of chemical factory

d

n

1. Fieldland owed by surrounded residents located next to industrial zone.

Binjiang District is a degraded industrial waste land which is also a site potentially for the plugin of Eco-filter landscape. In order to do that, understanding of existing network system has been undertaken. This diagram starts to look at the connection of the existing filed to the water and transport network, exploring the landuse and possibility that water treatment infrastructure may integrate to the site.

35

Eco-filter + township

Concept Diagram: Water to City

36

Eco-filter + township

Ecological Cycle

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

Animalcule

Disintegrator (bacteria/epiphyte) Aquatic Plant

Algae

Egesta/organic debris/cadaver

Zooplankton

Herbivore

Carnivore

I start to question myself how to design an ecological landscape that is capable to archieve my goal: revitalized degraded waterfronts.

As the current water quality of Qiantang river is lower grade V which is not suitable for any recreational activities. The first step is to clean the water in an ecological way, which vital for the

Nature

People

Activity zone

further research. By combining the understanding of water treatment system of West Lake and precedents (Houtan Park, Wusong Riverfront, etc.), and by further exploring the site, a more integrated design strategy help improving water quality and fuel the revitalization process will emerge.

37

Water + Pattern of a city

Cultural landscape patterns resulting from the adaptation to the characteristic of the watershed

Settlement patterns resulting from logics of the watershed being evident within the city

The loss of visible water systems within the urban landscape of Cantho, Vietnam (Nemcova/Wust 2008)

38

39

Disappearing Pattern of Water in Hangzhou

1928

1982

2010

1940s

2010s

40

2030s

Design of Planting & Water

41

Demands of water

Local Crops

Annual Output (kg)

Tea

5,000

Total Farm Land

770,000m2

Fruit

Vegetable

150,000

200,000

Rice 350,000

Local Crop Consumption Domestic Consumption

Population = 6160 Total Area: 1.6 km

Treatment Wetland Area: Size of residential population = 1 person:5 m2 Wetland Area = 30800 m2

42

Water Consumption (m3/kg)

Water Consumption (m3/year)

0

2

4

0.2

42,800

0.8

123,300

m3

5.4

27,000

6

875,000 2.5

Amount of water needed for the irrigation of agriculture

1068100 m3/year

Water Demand:

Min. =100 Gallons per person per day Max.=300 Gallons per person per day water treatment plant capacity Average community daily water demand = Average daily water demand Ă— Number of people distribution system capacity Maximum daily water demand = 1.8 Ă— (Average community daily water demand) Maximum hourly water demand = 3 Ă— (Average community daily water demand)

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Plants selection

Purpose 01. Comprehensive purification rhizoma acori graminei Iris pseudacorus Scirpus tabernaemontani

emergent plant

Reed (Phragmites) Wild Rice (Zizania latifolia) Typha angustifolia Lythrum salicaria Typha orientalis

Garden cress Acorus gramineus Pontederia cordata Floating plant

Aquatic Plant species

arundo donax var versicolor

water lily Hydrocharitaceae

Submerged plant

Hydrilla varticillata Potamogeton crispus Elodea nuttallii Myriophyllum spicatum Ceratophyllum demersum Potamogetonaceae

44

02. Bio-purification

03. Heavy Metal Removal

es 04: Pathogen purification

05: Nutrient Removal

06: Water Quality Stablization & Control

45

rhizoma acori graminei Iris pseudacorus Scirpus tabernaemontani

emergent plant

Reed (Phragmites) Wild Rice (Zizania latifolia) Typha angustifolia Lythrum salicaria Typha orientalis arundo donax var versicolor Garden cress Acorus gramineus

Floating plant

Pontederia cordata

water lily Hydrocharitaceae

Submerged plant

Hydrilla varticillata

46

Potamogeton crispus Elodea nuttallii Myriophyllum spicatum Ceratophyllum demersum Potamogetonaceae

Floating Plants

Submerged Plants

Emergent Plants

47

Emerging Possibilities

Clean Water, Class III Clean Water Impoundment

Water filtration Mechanism Water Quality Stablization & Control

Deep Water Aeration

Nutrient Removal Shallow Water Treatment Channel Pathogen Removal

Heavy Metal Removal

Sediment Pond River Water, Lower Class V

48

Integrating with urban complex

1. Building upon a water network.

Showing water flow within filtration wetland. River water being pumped into the Eco-filter, clean by running through water treatment sequence. The length of “clean� cells is totally 1,600 metres, which is capable to purify 2,400 m3 01

water per day from grade V+ to grade III. The wetland stream connects the existing ponds and running the clean water to the urban river.

2.

Connecting important nodes from

contours and wetland infrastructure to create pedestrian network within the park.

3. Diagrams showing the relationship between non-structural infrastructure and structural infrastructure.

02

03

49

Indicator tests

Soil characteristics

Width

50

Settling zone

Sediment storage zone

Basin design capacity=settling zone+ sediment storage zone

Type C Jar Settlement Test: Less than 33% finer Minimum depth = 0.6 m Equivalent to 100% of the settling volume.

Rapid settling of settlement of clay particles in than 0.02 mm Minimum length to width ratio of Using the Revised Universal Soil Loss coarse sediments less than 1 hour.

3:1 without baffles Equation (RUSLE) to estimate sediment runoff volume over the duration ofthe Aggregate disturbance, or for the nominated period Immersion or Field Immersion between clean-outs, typically 2-3 months.

Aggregate Test: soil does not disperse, but may slake

Basin Type

Designing by science Particle Sizes

Clay particle

Inflow

0.016mm-0.032mm > 0.032mm

Sediment storage zone

Spillway 500 mm

Downstream elevation

% of river sediment 90% 10%

1300

1200 1100

1000

900

800 700

600

500

400

300

200

100

Sediment Concentration (g/L) Profiles of concentration at each corresponding time

Sediment storage zone Centre spillway

Inflow Length

Length:width= 3:1 min Outlet Protection

Secure geotextile to gabions with 20mm to 30mm aggregate Gabion embankment

Needle punched geotextile

Sediment settling zone

500 mm

Crest of spillway

600 mm min

Outlet protection

Needle punched geotectile

ARTIFICIAL WETLANDS FOR SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE 1. Sewage flows into the constructed wetland, which is an excavated cell filled with sand that serves to filter out odors.

2. The filter consists of a large vegetative planting, in this case rushes, whose roots in the sand are fed by the wastewater.

3. The nutrients in the water are absorbed by rushes (Juncus), which sequester them in their tissues as they grow.

4. The nutrients absorbed are eliminated with vegatative dieback of the rushes, whose remnants form an insulating layer.

5. The purified water filters from the wetland into the lagoon.

6. Proportioning a wastewater treatment wetland: The area required is proportional to the size of the residential population and is calculated as follows: 1 person = around 5 m2.

51

Educational Institute Entertainment Retail & Restaurant Main street

52

Activities Analysis

Most Actived zone

Least Actived zone

More questions were arised after designing Eco-filter Mechanism. Design possibilities lead by the precedents study was tested in process of Scenario. However, each site has its own “personality�, contours, users, surrounding environment. Apart from industrial landuse, educational institutes account for a large proportion of Binjiang District. This mapping start to show the universities located in centralized area, while retail and restaurants spread out from them, form seperated group yet somehow connected with each other.

If the retail and restaurant spots tell the story about how people use this district, it also clearly indicated that the industrial zone along waterfont is not integrated with the flow of visitors. People do not activate highly polluted waterfront and that is the human nature. Houtan park illustrates as a sucessful example of how visitors reactivate a recover waterfront as the water filtration landscape bring lives back.

53

Master Plan

2013 0

100

200

500

3

Water quality stablization and fish pond

2014 0

100

200

500

2017 0

54

100

200

500

0

100

200

500m

0

100

200

500

0

Bio Purification

b

b

Sediment pont

2

1

a

The

Water Bank Renovation

a

55

Existing River bank

0

1

5m

Wetland Purification

Sedimentation

0

1

5m Inlet

56

The design scenario is developed from the research of precedent study of Houtan Park in shanghai, however, the scale of the site in Binjiang is a lot larger than Houtan park.

Considering that Houtan park is using pumping machine to pump up water from the river to constructed wetland, thus this design scenario may be not successful due to the scale, water consumption and contour feature of the site.

This section shows the inlet process of water filtration, the water flow will not only flow to one direction, but also run through from opposite direction during wet seasons.

In the next scenario, I will research the risk of flooding in the residential zone of the site to explore the opportunity that Eco-filter landscape may developed during flood seasons.

57

1

Sediment Pond 0

10

50m

0

10

50m

0

20

0

20

2

3

58

100m

59

Reconsider the problem

60

61

Water filtration infrasttuture + [Flood retarding basin]

Widespread flooding in Japan

62

Flooding [and PLANT GROWTH) When floodwater deepens sufficiently to inundate the the shoots as well as the roots, stress on the plants is much magnified. The extra stress arises because influx of aerial carbon dioxide for photosynthesis is largely prevented. Only a relatively small group of well-adpted aquatic or amphibious species can survive total submergence of the shoot system for long at growing tempertures.

The principle strategy for survival is to shorten the period of total submergence by means of a strong increase in the shoot elongation rate the reunites the shoot with air. In most cases this growth requires oxygen, is regulated by a build� up of the plant hormone ethylene and is mediated via expression of expansin genes (Voesenek et al., 2003; Vriezen et al., 2003). In contrast, a small number of species (e.g. Potamogeton pectinatus) are also able to escape by means of accelerated vertical extension growth even in the complete absence of oxygen and independently of ethylene. Taken together,

these acclimations help individual plants to survive through improved access to oxygen achieved by accelerated upward shoot growth.

Even species that are susceptible to poorly aerated conditions possess metabolic and molecular responses that lengthen survival time from a few hours to several days. In better-adapted species with large respirable reserves, anaerobic proteins that synthesized by all plants can sustain survival under water for many months, and are the means by which aquatic perennials cope with seasonal winter flooding.

Rice (Oryza sativa) is usually thought of as being highly tolerant of flooded conditions, that can can quickly return leaves or stems into contact with the air.

Potamogeton pecitinatus

63

Development of Project proposal diagram

64

65

Existing Water Control Increasing urbanization in not only Hangzhou but other developing city has led to significant changes in the natural systems. As an area is developed, the natural ability of the catchment to withstand natural hydrologic variability is removed. Infiltration capacity is decreased due to the increase in impervious surface and disrupted native soil and vegetation.

Proposed water control

Using manipulating of land to control water

66

Design with Rainfall

mm 220 200 180

째C Wet Season Dry Season

Dry Season

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

0

67

Flooding zone

1 in 5 years 1 in 50 years Area = 26,200m2 Volume: = 31,700m3

68

Existing hydrology

Flooding zone diagram shows the floodplain area in the residential zone that happens every five years and 50 years, which risks lives and cause blocking of accessibility.

This problem often occurs in developing cities and it is also an limitation for the design of Eco-filter landscape, it may become an opportunity to reconsider the design of wetland that adapt the context of urban riverfront.

69

70

Terrain topography Model

Normal Water Level

1 in 5 years

1 in 50 years

Terrain topography Model 71

ed erg

e

Zon

m

Sub

ed erg

e

Zon

m

Sub

Moment of Exiting Condition

72

Emergent plants: slow down the speed of rainfall

Sub

me

rge dZ one

Sub

me

rge d

Zo

Manipulating of land

Moment of proposed Condition

73

[Transport Infrasturture]

74

75

76

Proposed spacial arrangement

77

Connecting Scenarios

78

79

Conclusion In developing city of China, it is explored that continuous and rapid development has caused degradation or even disappearance of water fabric, a part of which is due to water pollution and reclaim of land. The ambition of this project was to create an water filtration infrastructure that combines the technical function: improve the quality of water and introduce inhabitants to reconnect to the water. In my design research project, I designed a recreational wetland that combines the water purification mechanism and flood retarding zone. It is driven by site condition and feature (such as terrain topography, building topography, river water pollution and rainfall condition), and guided by precedents that deal with the same quality of water and similar problems. Undoubtedly, in the process of designing a wetland park, I need to consider aspects from different field especially in a complicated site. I tried to turn the challenges that are arisen into opportunities in the design outcomes: relationship between water and township, river and topography and Eco-filter landscape itself and the surrounding buildings. After one-year research process, I reveal that these challenges limit but operates throughout my process and emerges as an outcome.

The design provides a new idea for degraded waterfronts in China to rethink the relationship between water and waterfront spaces and amazing solution that wetland can possibly offer.

80

Bibliography Saunders, W., 2012, Designed Ecologies: The Landscape Architecture of Kongjian Yu, Ria Stein, Berlin Martin J. 2008, Toxic threads green speace: fashion pollution, viewed from <http://www.guardian.co.uk/ environment/gallery/2012/dec/06/toxic-threads-greenpeace-fashion-pollution-in-pictures#/?picture=4004 78887&index=7> Romanowski, N., 1998, Planting Westlands+Dams, University of New South Wale Press Ltd Wong, M., 2004, Wetlands Ecosystems in Asia: Function and management, Hongkong Baptist University Wohl, E., 2004, Disconnected Rivers: Linking rivers to landscape, Yale University National Academy, 1992, Restoration of aquatic ecosystems: science, technology and public policy, National Academy Press, Washington DC. VoesenekLACJ, Benschop JJ, Bou J, Cox MCH, Groeneveld HW, Millenaar FF, Vreeburg RAM, Peeters AJM.2003. Interactions between plant hormones regulate submergence‐induced shoot elongation in the flooding‐tolerant dicot Rumex palustris. Annals of Botany91: 205–211

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