Yuan Yuan Chen Portfolio

THE ALPACA FARM YUANYUAN CHEN NO:180402405

CONTENTS ILLUSTRATED REFLECTIVE REPORT

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FARMING

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TESTING

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SYNTHESIS

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ILLUSTRATED REFLECTIVE DIARY

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THEMATIC CASE STUDY

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REFERENCE LIST APPENDIX

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STUDIO 06 -Building upon building Our studio theme is grounded on the idea that any architecture work can be placed within a cultural continuum and is the outcome of a complex cultural, social and political struggle. Our main point is that designing upon existing buildings.

The final outcome is a Alpaca farm.

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ILLUSTRATED REFLECTIVE REPORT ILLUSTRATED REFLECTIVE

REPORT

A group of penguins live in the habitat, and there is a ramp made of concrete in the habitat. They kept swimming and diving in the pond...

They live ‘happily’.

But what they don’t know is that this is just a pond in the London Zoo, and their daily happiness is being observed by humans. Some people think they are cute, some people think they are stupid. The penguins didn’t know anything, they just kept repeating it.

Now the penguin pond is no longer in use, and a new alpaca farm is built next to the penguin pond. This time, alpacas were no longer treated inhumanely. Through the design of Alpaca farm, humans are aroused to criticize the mistakes created in that era. Perhaps, in Alpaca farm, humans can feel the mistakes of penguin pond through time and space.

This academic portfolio is divided into parts : Framing, Testing and Synthesis.

Framing studied the history of Regent’s Park and the London Zoo. The long history of Regent’s Park makes the park picturesque. The Park is full of beautiful natural scenery. The research of London Zoo can be divided into four periods: the first 10 years, the Victorian years, a new century, the 21st century. According to different time periods, the purpose of zoo development is different. Penguin pond was built in A new century period. Then I studied the life experience of designer Berthold Lubetkin. Penguin pond analysis is provided next.

In the testing part, I thought about the relationship between humans and penguins. The penguin pond is the stage, the humans are the audience, and the penguins are the actors. I want to change this relationship. Borrow Aalto’s noiseless washbasin to introduce the concept of screen (analogous method). The relationship between humans and penguin is that humans directly intervene in their lives. I think that the new relationship between humans and alpacas is ‘Across the screen’. People do not directly contact alpacas, but communicate with them through a ‘Screen’. In this way, human influence on the natural habits of alpacas is relatively small. Then I did massing proposal, massing test, program arrangement and sight view test to ensure the adaptability of my design.

SCREEN

Next is Synthesis, here I provide 1:2000 and 1:500 plan, and 1:200 section. Some renderings help explain the design. Use images to explain the concepts I mentioned in Testing, so that the audiences can understand my thoughts. Different browsing routes are also provided through renderings, so that the audiences have a full understanding of alpaca farm.

Collage: Penguins’ daily machenism

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REFLECTION

Section drawing of the noiseless washbasin by Aalto

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FARMING REGENT’S PARK - BOURGEOISE RESIDENTIAL ESTATE

ABOUT REGENT’S PARK AND PICTURESQUE

Regent’s park was completed in 1818 and opened for public in 1835.

James Burton and his son Decimus Burton were mainly responsible for the architecture and John Nash take the landscaping and planting.

Since Nash took charge of Regent’s park, he would like to designed it as a landscape. However, Nash envisaged far more than the redevelopment of the old park.

Nash’s plan was submitted in July 1811 and were accompanied by a highly persuasive report. It would be the crowning glory of a vast and ambitious urban development scheme which included the formation of Trafalgar Square, Waterloo Place, Portland Place and Regent Street – the latter a via triumphalis, leading from Charing Cross northward, and culminating in a new summer palace for the Price Regent located in the heart of the park. The new road would have the additional merit of connecting the development of the northern suburbs to the heart of the city.

London spawl

Picturesque

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Picturesque landscape in Regent’s park

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THE PARK

THE OUTER CIRCLE AND REGENT’S STREET

VIEWS

OUTER C IRC LE

The late 19th century Regent street

The presensent Regent street

The late 19th century Regent street

The presensent Regent street

THE PARK

Hanover Terrace

VIEWS

OUTER C IRC LE

Cornwell Terrace

The Outer Circle – Promenade

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ZSL LONDON ZOO

The First 10

The Victorian

A New Century

The 21st Century

Formulation of ZSL, 1826

London spawl

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1829

THE ZOO DEVELOPEMNT PROCESS

Clock Tower/ Lla ma & Ca mel House Gra d e II Dec im us Burto n

1829

Three Isla nd Pond Dec im us Burto n

Ea st Tunnel Gra d e II Dec im us Burto n

Gira ffe House Gra d e II Dec im us Burto n

Ro ya l a nima l c o llec tion fro m the to w er o f Lo nd o n p resented to ZSL

Ra ven’s ca ge Gra d e II Dec im us Burto n

Representation

Representation

The East Tunnel,

The Giraffe House,

Opening 1836-7

1832

1829

1828

The First 10 Years 1828 - 1837

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Victorian period - un-

THE ZOO DEVELOPEMNT PROCESS

Ea stern Avia ry Antho ny Sa lvin Jnr Wo rld ’ s First Rep tile Ho use

Stork & Ostrich House Cha rles Bro w n Tro llop e

Wo rld ’ s First Insec t Ho use

Wo rld ’ s First Aq ua rium

Pub lic a d m itted w ithout a n o rd er fro m a ‘ fellow ’

Bla ckburn Pa vilion (forma lly 2nd Reptile House) Cha rles Bro w n Tro llop e

1890

The Monkey

House for Carni-

1896

1882

1881

1863

1853

1849

1847

The First 10 Years 1828 - 1837

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Victorian period - un-

THE ZOO DEVELOPEMNT PROCESS

Ma ppin pa vilion Gra d e II Jo hn Ja m es Jo a ss

Gorilla (round) house Gra d e I Tec to n – Bertho ld Lub etkin

Whip sna d e o p ens

North ga te kiosk Gra d e II Tec to n WWII b eg ins, b o m b d a m a g e in fo llow ing yea rs Penguin pool (‘pond’) Gra d e I Tec to n – Bertho ld Lub etkin

The Mappin Terraces, 1914 & Aquar-

The Gorilla House,

1939

1936

1934

1932

1931

1927

1924

1920

1914

Ma ppin Terra ces Gra d e II Sir Peter Cha lm ers Mitc hell a nd Jo hn Ja m es Jo a ss

Reptile house Jo a n Bea uc ha m p Pro c ter & Sir Aqua rium Ed w a rd Guy Jo hn Ja m es Da w b er Jo a ss

1890

A New Century 1900 -1940

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1969/70

THE ZOO DEVELOPEMNT PROCESS

Cotton Terra ces Peter Shep hea rd a nd Fra nz Steng elho fen

West footbridge Gra d e II Sir Hug h Ca sso n, Neville Co nd er & Pa rtners

Ca sson Pa vilion (Elepha nt a nd Rhino Pa vilion) Gra d e II Sir Hug h Ca sso n, Neville Co nd er a nd Pa rtners

ZSL meeting rooms a nd Nuffield building Llew elyn-Da vies, Weeks a nd Musg ra ve

ZSL Co unc il c lose Lo nd o n Zo o a s it w a s lo sing m o ney until The Em ir o f Kuw a it d o na ted o ne m illion p o und s

Visito rs no lo ng er a llow ed to feed the a nim a ls

The Snowdon Aviary,

Cha rles Clore Pa vilions JW To o vey

Snowdon a via ry Ga rd e II Lo rd Sno w d o n, Ced ric Pric e a nd Fra nk New b y

1950

The Casson Pavilion,

Focus on relea sing breeding progra mmes 1992

1970

1968

1965

1964

1963

1961

The New Zoo 1940 -1999

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2020

THE ZOO DEVELOPEMNT PROCESS

2020

Tiger territory 2012-13 Wha rm b y Ko zd o n Asso c ia tes

Gorilla kingdom 2006-07 Pro c to r & Ma tthew s Penguin bea ch Wha rm b y Ko zd o n Asso c ia tes

La nd of the lions 2015-16 Ra y Ho le Arc hitec ts

BUGS! 1997-99 Wha rm b y Ko zd o n Asso c ia tes

Penguin Beach, 2011

Land of the Lions, 2016

2016

2013

2011

2007

1999

The 21st Century 1999 - present

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1890s

ZOO SITE ANALYSIS

1910s

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1960s

1910s

IMPORTANT STRUCTURES IN THE ZOO

Site Analysis

1960s

2020s

1990s

2020s

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BERTHOLD LUBETKIN

Penguin Pond

Penguin Pond

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‘There must be no antagonism between architecture and its natural setting’, as they included a drawing of a tree growing through a building: ‘The architecture of the house embraces the garden.

– MARS Manifesto

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Why was the enclosure emptied?

What is happening with the enclosure tiday ?

In 2004 penguins were taken out of the penguin pool.

- the concrete had negative effects on their feet - caused arthritis and bumble-foot.

- the pool was too shallow for the penguins to dive and swim - the enclosure enables them to burrow which is a part of their courting ritual.

After the penguins were removed Chinese alligators were kept in the pool but they have now been removed for similar reasons. Plants we kept inside for some time but now the pool stands empty as a water feature and architectural landmark in the zoo.

But with the advancement of our knowledge about the animals it is not surprising that the enclosure is not deemed suitable anymore.

Rumours suggest the building should be renovated and stand as a water feature.

however, the zoo kept South American Humboldt which different need the pool couldn’t satisfy.

PRESENT DAY

3.

Detroit Zoo Penguin Exhibition replicates an Antarctic setting

DESIGN APPROACHES

Instead of recreating the natural habitat of each animal, Lubetkin blend 1) the natural with 2) modern technology and design in order to create the ideal environment for its inhabitants.

The 3) viewers experience was also a part of the design features. Their attention was captured by the spectacular setting inside and framed by the cut in the wall, resembling a cinema screen.

1)

2)

3)

The Pond is an abstract Antartctica: 1. white concrete - representing glaciers 2. ramps - a topographical feature resembling the circulation of the penguins natural habitat 3. azure pool floor - hinting about the ocean

“Pool used structural dynamics of concrete to demonstrate ..: nature not as an environment but as a system of geometric and physical order’

“Perhaps it’s time to blow it to smithereens.”

‘Lubetkin even left an over-hanging ailanthus tree in place to visually emphasise the Pond’s geometric abstraction’

What will the pool future be?

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1.

2.

The enclosure was designed for an Antarctic species of penguins and Lubetkin worked with a sepcialist in order to create the ideal environment,

Lubetkins daughter, Sara said “It was designed as a showcase and playground of captive penguins, and I can’t see that it would be suited to anything else,” she told local reporters. “Perhaps it’s time to blow it to smithereens.” But demolition will be an act of ‘vandalism’ according to restoration architect John Allan.

As a grade 1 listed building for it’s iconic reputation in modernist architecture , it can not be demolished.

So the Pool has been empty for 16 years now and the London Zoo has no current plans what to do with it.

Key ideas behind design

Balancing the Natural and the Artifical

‘demolition will be an act of ‘vandalism’ according to restoration architect John Allan.’

New habitat for the penguins the penguin beach The new enclosure adopts the common approach of recreating of the natural habitat of the animals. It represents a South American beach landscape complete with sandy nooks, private nesting, a diving pool, and a nursery for baby chicks.

The design is more adapted to the penguins needs, providing a larger pool and good clarity water, as well as enabling them to be viewed through underwater viewing panels.

Functions of the tree Solar protection

Human Experience Sprigs for nests

Shadows and reflections blurring lines between artfificial and natural

‘presenting animals “dramatically to the public, in an atmosphere comparable to that of a circus.’

Big rectangles were cut into the concrete surrounding walls reminiscient of cinema screens. The panoramic view and central double helix ramp also provide a stage and viewer impression.

The changes the zoo made Lubetkin’s design was meant for an Antarctic species of penguin which huddle together however the zoo put in South American Humbolts which differ in needs, e.g. they burrow , so the design was not efficient for the certain type of penguins from the start. Concrete paving rather than rubber was put in by the zoo rather than the architects and engineers.

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Pengiun’s pond ABOUT REGENT’S PARK AND PIC-

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Pengiun’s pond ABOUT REGENT’S PARK AND PIC-

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CONSTRUCTION OF PENGUIN’S POND The Penguin Pool complex comprises a long elliptical pool with a deep glass fronted diving tank and nesting boxes around the perimeter. The design was based on ‘behaviourism’; this was a popular philosophy of psychology in the 1930s that claimed that all animal behaviours were a result of external environments. The design sought to both mimic the penguin’s natural habitat and provide a stimulating environment while also creating a theatrical stage on which they would display themselves to visitors.

The defining feature is a pair of impressively thin interlocking spiral ramps that extend from hidden columns and appear to hover over the pool entirely unsupported. In addition to the narrow curving ramps which tested the penguins’ balance, the enclosure included a variety of flooring materials such as exposed concrete, slate steps, and plastic rubber made of cork chippings, rubber and cement.

Compression

Tention

Structural Context 1. Compression 2. Tention 3. Bending Movement

Two Support Condition for Each Ramp at the Ends One end of the ramp has curved fillet with end support for releasing load from structure to larger surface.

Interlocking Grid

Primary Reinforcement

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Three Layers of Reinforcement of Spiral Ramp Primary Reinforcement (parelle to surface): Transfer the load acting on thebstructure Interlocking Grid (thin cross section of concrete) : Avoid huge load/displacement

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CLIMB RAMP

TESTING

MACHEMISM: PENGUIN’S POND

PENGIUN

Human

THE RAMP

SWIM JUMP CLIMB RAMP PENGIUN

Outer construction - stage edge

Human

CURIOSITY

THE RAMP

Inner construction - stage

PENGIUN

EDUCATIONAL

SWIM JUMP Relationship between human and pengiuns

RIDICULOUS

This is a machine that directly separates the physical relationship between humans and animals. Penguin pond functioned as a vision machine. By extracting a certain life habit of penguins--diving, this machine turned penguins into eternal actors, performing endlessly to humans.

This is the neglect of animal instincts by modern architecture. These animals are forced to abandon their wildness, only retain what humans want to correspond with human life. The visitors developed a false impression of penguins as much less intelligent than they should be.

This is just a MACHINE MACHEMISM, it is inhumane.

Visitors watch penguins 36

Collage: Penguins’ daily machenism 37

MACHINE:

DECONSTRUCTION AND CRITICISM

Human

CURIOSITY

EDUCATIONAL

RIDICULOUS

Screen is an interface. The audience can control the on and off of the screen. The audience has their own subjective wishes and their own subjective understanding and choice of images. The image also has a main message conveyed by itself.

PENGIUN

SILLY The project can no longer employ modern machines and modern functional language on the relationship between human and architecture. We must rethink how to create a natural and educational relationship between human and animal. The first thing is having a better study of its habits.

The machine runs in a fixed direction. It never stops and always repeat the same thing. So this is a fixed process, it is rigid and mandatory

COLD HARDNESS

SCREEN:

Human cannot always be in the position of observers. Humans and animals have both their own areas of activity. Humans and animals can be closer only in a specific area where people can feed animals.

This is the interface relationship in the design. Use screen to define interface instead of machine to define interface.

VISIT

Human

OBSERVE

REST

FARM ANIMAL SCREEN

Section drawing of the noiseless washbasin by Aalto

REFLECTION

ALPACA

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BORN 38

STUDY WITH MUM

GROWTH

MAKE FRIENDS

BREED 39

ALPACAS’ HABITS AND WHY CHOOSING ALPACAS Alpacas have an adorable appearance, which is more in line with the modern aesthetics. Alpacas are friendly so they are safer to people during interaction. At the same time, alpacas are close relatives of sheep, a familiar farm animal, which give people a sense of closeness.

Alpacas are social mammals and they usually live in high-altitude mountainous areas. They are resistant to cold and drought and like sand baths. Alpacas also have a good ability to adjust to the temperature of the humid, it won’t get sick because of humid.

They mainly eat pasture grass, hay, or silage. When an alpaca eats grass, it always retains the roots and stems of the grass and only eats the leaves on it.

Cute alpaca

Alpacas are gentle, smart and timid.

Alpaca’s wool has economic value. It is longer than wool, bright and elastic. It can be made into high-quality wool fabrics.

Alpaca has gradually become a pet in recent years. Becoming pets brings a higher acceptance for alpacas among humans.

People raise alpacas as pets for the purpose of satisfying spiritual needs and a certain degree of entertainment. As alpacas are raised in farms, they can preserve more of their natural habits. The history of alpaca domestication is relatively short, and it has higher learning value than other pets. Children can learn the natural habits of alpacas through interaction and observation in this farm.

Alpacas’ habits Pet alpaca

Moreover, alpacas’ hair can be cut to make clothes, which bring economic benefits to the farm. The money can be used as research fund and maintenance cost.

When cutting hair, alpacas need to blindfolded to reduce interference and prevent the alpaca from being afraid.

Alpaca images

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1910’s regent’s park

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MASSING PROPOSAL

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ADDITION

Entrance

Addition

The original design only had an entrance on the south side, which meant that visitors had to pass through the penguin’s pond to enter the farm.

I added another entrance on the side to facilitate the entry of visitors from different directions. The side entrance is hidden among the trees so the visitors cannot see the other entrance from the entrance they are at..

Entering from the two entrances provides two kinds of experiences, but the common point is the visual experience which is the transition from the natural landscape to the alpaca farm. The penguin’s pond can only be seen after visiting the alpaca farm.

Alpaca farm image

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PROGRAM ARRANGEMENT

ROUTE AND SIGHT VIEW TESTING

Outdoor route Inddoor route Program arrangement in different floors 46

Sight view 47

SYNTHESIS

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1:2000 SITE PLAN

1:500 SITE PLAN

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GROUND FLOOR 1：500 PLAN

Ground floor mainly provides space for tourists to visit. The Ground floor has three entrances, one with a gentle slope towards the southeast, and two side entrances, facing northeast and northwest respectively. This is for visitors from different directions to enter the Farm.

The three entrances of the building are separated by trees, and the penguin pond cannot be seen from the three entrances. Entering from any entrance gives a sense of peace. People can only see the penguin pond from the exit of the ramp. Visitors can easily see the relationship between the penguin pond and the volume of the Alpaca farm.

Image, when tourists walk out of the farm, they come to a ground of sand. They don’t know whether they are walking in the desert or on the beach. Without exception, they can only feel that they are just tourists. When tourists see the penguin pond, they will have a sense of trauma, which will inspire their compassion for penguins. The penguin pond is cruel and an object shaped by human. Tourists will criticize the mistakes created in that era with their compassion at the very moment.

Physically, the sand echoes the sand bathing area in the farm. At the same time it reduces the line of sight, making it easier to see the contrast between pond and farm.

1. Visit area 2. Toilets 3. Experiment space 4. Reception

Viewing the farm from ground floor

5. Cafe

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FIRST FLOOR 1：500 PLAN

The footbridge divides the farm into three areas: eating area, sand bathing area, and emergency area. The eating area is dominated by grassland, this is where alpaca usually stay. The sand bathing area consists of sand pits, and there is a small pond next to the sand pits. According to research, alpacas like sand bathing, so the sand bathing area is a place for them to play. The emergency zone is dominated by bushes. When Alpaca feels dangerous and nervous, they can hide in the emergency zone. This is their shelter.

1. Labs 2. Toilets 3. Offices 4. Residentals

Viewing the farm from footbridge

5. Footbridge 52

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BASEMENT FLOOR 1：500 PLAN

Basement is mainly the experimental area. As the laboratory needs to strictly control the humidity and temperature, the basement mainly depends on the ventilation system to exchange air. There are labs, operating room, storage and specimen room on this floor. The basement also has a place to store grass. The ground floor area is limited.

When the grass in the farm is not enough to eat, it is a backup food storage for alpacas.

The grass storage room is connected to the shaving room. When the end of spring comes, the alpaca can enter directly from the farm (via a gentle slope), and the staff will shear them. In daily life, it can be used as a channel to deliver food to alpacas.

1. Labs 2. Toilets 3. Changing room(Female)

Ventilization system

Lab

4. Changing room(Male) 5. Storage 6. Specimenroom office 7. Operating room 8. Grass storage 9. Shaving room

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1:200 SECTION BB

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1:200 SECTION BB

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SITE VIEW

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SITE ENTRANCE

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RAMP ENTRANCE VISIT ROUTE

Enter through the ramp

SITE ENTRANCE VISIT ROUTE

Standing on the ramp

Emergency area

Sand bath area

Standing on the footbridge

Eating area

Walk to the side entrance

Watch part of the penguin pond

Enter the side entrance

Continue walking

Watch the alpacas directly

Leave from the side entrance

Go up stairs to the ramp Continue walking

Go down the ramp

Finally see the penguin pond and think the relationship between these two buildling

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Continue walking 61

CONSTRUCTION

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY

Re-use of demolished concrete: After some buildings are demolished, the waste concrete can be crushed in a gyratory crusher and the broken pieces can be sorted by size. Some are used as sub-base or landfill which is called downcycling. Metals such as steel can be recycled through the adsorption of large magnets in this process.

Aggregate can be divided into different sizes. Light recycled aggregate (density<2.1g/cm) can be used as a basic material for paving. The air jig can remove low density aggregate and keep the rest aggregate pure (density>2.1g/cm). These aggregates can replace the gravel in the new concrete. The concrete can be used as alpaca farm’s main structures (walls and floor). (Régis Sebben et al., 2016) Finally, some downcycling aggregate can be covered on the grass to reduce the evaporation of soil moisture. This also makes the farm lively and interesting.

Ventilization

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ILLUSTRATED REFLECTIVE DIARY

Koolhass mentioned in a lecture at Columbia University in 2004. This comment revealed his positive attitude towards preservation. He predicted that preservation is the general trend of the future development of architecture.

The massing proposal on the right is my original design. A massing is placed upon the penguin pond. After I made the SU model, I found the problem. My design is for alpacas and the penguin pond is designed for penguins. The scales of the two animals are different. This proposal was rejected.

‘The beautiful thing about preservation is you begin with something that already exists and therefore is already local . By definition, a preservation project is an homage to earlier cultures and mentalities to which you can add a new dimension, a new function, a new beauty or appeal.’

The following 4 pages are works done in my original design.

At the 2016 American Institute of Architects (AIA) convention, Koolhass was interviewed with Mohsen Mostafavi. In the conversation, he expressed his concern about the issue of “preservation” again.

Preservation is overtaking cover page

Initial massing proposal

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When working on ARC3015, I read Experimental Preservation (Otero-Pailos, 2016), and I have a better understanding of experimental preservation. I looked for more essays, one of which is Gorillas in the House of Light (Ashford, 2011). This essay discusses the inhumanity of gorillas house, which inspired me. From Ashford’s perspective, I think about the feelings that penguin pond brings to human and feelings brings to penguins.

Another reading is Habitat (Josep, 2020) from tutor Josep Maria Garcia-Fuentes. From this reading, I realized the importance of landscape to habitat.

In my design, I use different landscape types to create different living environments for alpacas. Different areas help alpacas find a comfortable living environment in different moods (such as fear) or states (such as pregnancy).

Finally, I image the penguin pond as a machine, and penguins are parts of the machine that keeps running.

Image from Experimental Perservation

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Screenshot from Habitat

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The image on the right is a corner of Suzhou Museum, which was designed by architect I.M Pei. I.M.Pei is also the subject of my dessertation.

Looking out, this corner is a bamboo forest. The bamboo forest separates the two buildings, and at the same time makes this corner full of peace and quiet atmosphere.

I also learned this method in the design. There is a piece of glass facing the penguin pond on the first floor, but the Alpaca farm and pond are separated by trees, and visitors can vaguely see pond from the gaps in the trees.

Window in Suzhou Museum A view in Suzhou Museum

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Fondaco dei Tedeschi Venice

“Change is the only constant in life” 74

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Question No III: How does the case study relate to it’s environmental/ climate crisis context?

Yuanyuan Chen

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BIBILOGRAPHY Ashford, D. (2011). Gorillas in the House of Light. The Cambridge Quarterly, 40(3), pp.201–223.

Cook, Peter. Experimental Architecture. New York, Universe Books, 1970.

Jacob, Sam. “Faster, But Slower.” Log, no. 29, 2013, pp. 145–152. JSTOR. Josep Maria Garcia-Fuentes. “Habitat.” Vesper, vol. , no. 3, 2020.

Liang, Mei. Aesthetic Analysis and Criticism of Contemporary Urban Environmental Design. China Construction Industry Press, 2008.

Melvin, J. (2016). 2016 AIA Convention in Philadelphia. [online] Architectural Review. Available at: http://www.architectural-review.com/essays/2016-aia-convention-in-philadelphia. [Accessed 3 April. 2021].

Otero-Pailos, J., Langdalen, E. and Thordis Arrhenius (2016). Experimental preservation. Zürich, Switzerland: Lars Müller Publishers, pp.11–15.

Rem Koolhaas, Wigley, M., Carver, J., Otero-Pailos, J. and Columbia University. Graduate School Of Architecture, Planning, And Preservation (2014). Preservation is overtaking us. New York: Gsapp Books.

Zhou, Haoming. Sustainable Indoor Environment Design Theory. , China Construction Industry Press, 2011.

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IMAGES

Cover Figure: Author’s own

Page 70: Jacob, Sam. “Faster, But Slower.” Log, no. 29, 2013, pp. 145–152.

Page 3: The pengiun’s pond in London zoo, Available at:https://archeyes.com/penguin-pool-london-berthold-lubetkin/

JSTOR.

Page 5: Collage, Author’s own Section drawing of the noiseless washbasin by Aalto,Available at: https://www.inexhibit.com/case-studies/aaltos-paimio-sanatorium-and-the-birth-of-the-modern-hospital/

Page 71: Josep Maria Garcia-Fuentes. “Habitat.” Vesper, vol. , no. 3, 2020.

Page 6-35: From group work.

Page 36-37: Author’s own Page 38: Section drawing of the noiseless washbasin by Aalto,Available at: https://www.inexhibit.com/case-studies/aaltos-paimio-sanatorium-and-the-birth-of-the-modern-hospital/ Page 39: Author’s own Page 40: Mind map, Author’s own Alpaca images, Available at: https://www.viator.com/en-SG/tours/Santiago/Private-FullDay-Andes-Adventure-Petroglyphs-Alpacas-and-Wine/d713-101394P251VHHHIJ1 Page 41: Alpaca images, Available at: -https://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/alpaca-antibodies-coronavirus-humans-immunity-nanobodies-study-a9705666.html http://travel.sina.com.cn/china/2014-10-31/1516282895_4.shtml https://www.education.act.gov.au/about-us/all-news-and-news-alerts/news-items/june2019/backing-the-alpacas Page 42-61: Author’s own Page 62-63: Yuanyuan chen ARC3013 report.

Page 64: Rem Koolhaas works on preservation work, Available at: https://www.fastcompany.com/3060135/rem-koolhaas-architecture-has-a-serious-problem-today Page 65-69: Author’s own

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