Zara Rawson Portfolio

Zara Rawson Linked Research ARC8068 Urban Room

N C L U R

A R C 8 0 6 0

Thesis

Intergrated Design Newcastle U.R.

Design Project

May- 2021

Zara Rawson

C o n t e n ts ARC 8068

N C L U R

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Chapter: 01

Thesis Context

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Chapter: 02

Civic Context

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Chapter: 03

Typology

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Chapter: 04

Site Selection Image: 01

Urban Room Collage

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Chapter: 05

Material Study

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Chapter: 06

Declaration

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Chapter: 07

Design Appendix

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Chapter: 08

Research Appendix

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Contents ARC8060

N C L U R

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Contents

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Gateshead Fire 1854 (Chronicle, 2015)

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Thesis Context ARC 8068

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Context Collage

Thesis Context Civic Engagement

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Civic Engagement

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Carlton Tavern Protest (Evans, 2021)

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image: 03

after demolition - active joint (swall, 2011)

Carlton Tavern A topical precedent for the approach of this project is the situation surrounding the Carlton Tavern. Controversy emerged after the structure which was about to achieve listed status, was demolished by developers without council permission.

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Demolished Carlton Tavern (Evans, 2021)

Although the pub had been closed for several years, this action created a strong response from the local community, which in turn resulted in several protests and actions. Alongside this the local authority put measures in place which required the developers to rebuild the 100-year-old pub.

Whilst questions may arise as to the authenticity of this replica, the fact that it was rebuilt serves to demonstrate the potential of community involvement within the planning process. image: 02

city gallery

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Civic Protest (Evans, 2021)

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Rebuilt Carlton Tavern (Evans, 2021)

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Civic Engagement

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The Cooperage The Cooperage is a large 15th century building just off the quayside, it is one of the oldest buildings within the city, reportedly constructed from the timbers of a Dutch Ship wreck, and survived the 1854 great fire of Gateshead.

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The Cooperage (White, 2017)

Cooperage Protest (White, 2017)

Having ceased operation as a bar, the building has sat largely derelict since the early 2000s. Despite its heritage status, concerns have been raised by the current condition of the building.

Various organisations have been formed within the city with the aim of protecting this ancient structure, protests have been held, and even the local MP has stepped in, but despite this, the future of the structure remains uncertain. This situation appears to demonstrate a potential will for civic engagement present within Newcastle.

Cooperage Concerns (Chronicle, 2019)

MP Headline (Chronicle, 2019)

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Civic Context ARC 8068

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Civic Collage

Civic Context Civic Engagement

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Urban Condition - 01

ARC 8060 Newcastle city centre was extensively redeveloped throughout the 1960s and 70s, during this time many grand 19th century buildings, such as the former library, YMCA building, and the Royal Arcade were demolished.

One may also postulate that the presentation of these fragments whether in walls or park corners, provides a window as to the values of perceptions around heritage contemporary this period of civic redevelopment.

Whilst the numerous debates sparked by these actions are beyond the scope of this project, the reuse of architectural salvage (spolia) throughout the city, is of interest to this thesis. These architectural elements attest to the heritage of the city, demonstrating in their surfaces a narrative of this redevelopment.

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Spolia Incorporation (Smith 2019)

Urban Condition - 01

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Image: 01

Library Demolition (Co-curate 1968) Image: 02

Byker Spolia (Smith 2019)

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Urban Condition - 01

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Heaton Park Spolia Royal Arcade Fragment

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Urban Condition - 02

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Urban Condition - 02

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Replica Arcade (Berry, 1999)

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Replication Aside from the use of spolia, there is also a precedent for replication within the urban context of Newcastle.The former Royal Arcade, was a grand early 19th century shopping arcade, which was demolished as part of the 1970s redevelopment of the city.

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Original Arcade (Co-Curate, 1964)

Although demolished, due to the landmarked status of this structure, plans were in place to create a replica of structure using some of the original fabric.

However, for various reasons this reconstruction was never fully completed, with only the internal corridor of this space recreated in fibreglass.

The salvaged stones were then scattered throughout the city, deposited in various places such as Heaton park as shown on the previous page.

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(Chronicle, 2016)

(Co-Curate, 1964)

Demolished Replica

Salvaged Materiality

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Thesis Context

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Thesis Context

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Plymouth Rebuild

(East, 1951)

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(East, 1951)

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Royal Parade

These strategies around conservation, heritage and civic development, were of extreme interest to me, and seemed to demonstrate an interesting characteristic of Newcastle. As a relative newcomer to the city, I felt these approaches provided a really distinctive sense of place, and marked a stark contrast to Plymouth, the city where I did my undergraduate studies.

materiality, as much of the rubble was removed from the city during the redevelopment.

Very little of the original city was retained during this redevelopment, with the names of the new streets providing one of the few links to this past. It was for this reason then, that the palimpsestic approach of Newcastle felt so unique, and worth further exploration during my thesis year.

Plymouth was rebuilt extensively during the late 1940s and early 1950s, during this, the grain of the existing city was altered completely, as narrow winding streets were flattened and replaced by a grid of wide boulevards, large blocks, and internal motorways.

The materiality of the city was also altered, as concrete replaced the Dartmoor Granite which had long dominated the urban landscape. Unlike as with Newcastle, there are very few occasions within Plymouth where one can encounter this lost

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Thesis Context

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“For the Romans, spolium referred to the stripping of armour from a defeated enemy, whilst spoliare referred to the plundering of a town. During the 16th century this notion of stripping from a defeated enemy was reimagined as a rebirth”

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Thesis Context

(Frey, Common Builder in Late Antiquity, 10) Image: 01

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(Smith, 2016)

(Heeling, 2006)

Talking Statues

Statue Talking

Spolia- Talking Statues

This approach to architectural salvage which I witnessed within Newcastle, put me in mind of Rome, in particular the 6 talking statues. These fragments of Roman art, have since the 16th century been used extensively as a tool of civic discourse.

Throughout the centuries, people have attached political slogans and posters to them, and in so doing have engaged the statues as a tool of debate. It is interesting to see these objects isolated from their original context, and only partially recognisable due to weathering, have taken on a new life as a tool within civic discourse.

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city gallery

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(Smith, 2016)

(Daniele, 2011)

Statue Discourse

The Pasquino

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T ypology ARC 8068

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Urban Room Collage

“The purpose of these Urban Rooms is to foster meaningful connections between people and place, using creative methods of engagement to encourage active participation in the future of our buildings, streets and neighbourhoods” Urban Room Network, 2015

Typology Urban Room Study

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Typological Precedents

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Typological Precedents

Given the focus on civic spatial identities developed during the January outline submission, the identification spolia and replication within the urban character, as well as the political will associated with the Cooperage, the thesis has sought to propose an Urban Room.

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Civic Debate

(UR Folkestone, 2016)

As the Urban Room Network states, these organisations are primarily focused around proving a space where people can gather and become involved with the identity of the place where they live. Within this typology, spaces are often flexible, in order to accommodate a variety of activities, such as debate communal dining, and architectural exploration.

The Folkestone Urban Room provides an example of such a space, situated within a former tourist information centre, the organisation seeks to involve people within the development of the town.

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Urban Room

(UR Folkestone, 2016)

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38 Carrington Street

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Image: 01 UR Activities (Heeling, 2018)

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Civic Tour

(Heeling, 2018)

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city gallery

38 Carrington Street Nottingham UR Image: 02

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(38 Carrington Street, 2018)

(38 Carrington Street, 2018)

Urban Room

Shopfront

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Debate, Create

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Bristol Civic Activity (The Architecture Centre, 2014)

Debate , Create Architecture Centre: Aside from providing information regarding redevelopment, Urban Rooms provide a seek to a variety of techniques in order to promote civic engagement. This may include walking tours as (as seen in the previous page), creative workshops, educational events as well as may other techniques.

These activities aim to promote greater architectural understanding, as well as enabling more people to engage with civic debate. These activities are therefore aimed at people of a variety of age and level of architectural engagement.

Aside from this, the typology may include gallery like spaces, to showcase urban development, as well as providing Networking events, such as the Bristol Architecture Centre’s the Ask the Architect.

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Debate, Create

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Civic Discourse (LiveWorks, 2017)

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after demolition - active joint (swall, 2011)

Live Works: Although the Urban Room typology, may commonly occur within disused small-scale shop and retail spaces, the typology itself has the potential to extend beyond these constraints. In a literal sense this may include a physical expansion onto the street surface, as demonstrated with the Bristol Architecture Centre, but also may include the organisation, planning, and management of community projects and events.

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Urban Goal (LiveWorks, 2017)

An example of this may be seen in Sheffield’s Live Works which has worked in collaboration with various parties in order to achieve certain civic goals.

Given the focus of the thesis within the January outline submission, this analysis of the Urban Room Typology seems to direct the project into an interesting direction. In particular this notion of architectural salvage providing a civic specific tool for fostering connections to place gains significant momentum.

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city gallery

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(LiveWorks, 2017)

(LiveWorks, 2017)

Civic Engagement

UR projects

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S i t e S e l e ct i o n ARC 8068

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Bigg Market Collage

Site Selection Bigg Market

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Site Selection

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Gateshead Fire 1854 (Chronicle, 2015)

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Site Context

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Site Context Bigg Market has a long history within Newcastle, constituting one of the oldest parts of the city. Whilst buildings have been replaced on a piecemeal basis throughout the centuries, broadly speaking the history of the site can be divided into three distinct phases.

By the 1970s, the civic centre had been built and as such the site was allowed to fall derelict. The Victorian building was eventually replaced with a large office building, which is now largely vacant.

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The first occurred within the middle ages, when the area formed part of a meat and fabric market just outside the cathedral gates.

The second phase, saw the tight streets of the

medieval block, infilled by a large monolithic Victorian building, whilst market functions still continued at lower levels, it was at this stage when the site began to gain civic significance, becoming the location of the town hall.

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Mediaeval Market, Leather Works

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Victorian Town Hall, Market

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Current Office Block, Derelict

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Site Context

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Site Context the massing of a large monolithic building seem to recall the analysis surrounding Prudhoe street seen in the first semester. Given the focus of the thesis surrounding civic identities, this change in scale provides begins to suggest interesting potential spatial relationships.

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Whilst few visual records remain of the medieval market, mapping the layout of this massing has been of extreme interest to this thesis, beginning to suggest a potential approach for how this project may undertake a proposal. Likewise, the ways entire streets and blocks have been incorporated into

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Medieval Massing City Block

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Current Massing Office Block

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Bigg Market

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Town Hall Protest (Bigg Market Project, 1910)

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Bigg Market Civic Connection: Of the three phases of development present on site, the second phase has the strongest thematic connection to the thesis. This is because, during the 19th century when the site became the town hall, Bigg Market was a node for urban engagement, this was not only a consequence of the town council meeting frequently at this site, but also the result of the area becoming a place for protests within the city.

After the demolition of the Victorian town hall, civic engagement on site seemed to cease, as the city council functions were moved to the civic centre.

Whilst the thesis does not seek to completely reverse this change, rather to note that the discarding of site seems reminiscent of the treatment of spolia which occurred within a similar time period.

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Site Context

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Site Context

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Town Hall: Image: 02 In terms of scale, it could be argued that the Victorian townhall seemed to hold a greater presence on site. Its floor to ceiling heights were considerably taller than the surrounding context. This made for a series of grand public spaces such as the debating space (pictured top right).

Debating Chamber (Co-Curate, 1968)

There also seemed to be a relationship between the tower of the town hall and that of the cathedral, which seemed to further imbue the site with civic importance. Likewise, the difference in scale between this structure and the surrounding shops which were built on top of the medieval grid, seem to further highlight the distinction of this structure as a space of civic importance.

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Former Town Hall (Co-Curate, 1900)

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Site Context

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Site Context

Discarded Site: Image: 02

Prudhoe Chare

(Wool, 2007)

Considering the definition spolia, used by this thesis, as a discarded element reborn into a new setting, the most recent stage of development on site seems particularly appropriate. Whilst the Victorian town hall had been falling into disrepair for many years before its demolition. This act of demolition seemed to embody this discard-ation of the site.

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Demolition

(Chronicle, 1970)

The grand public facing spaces of the former town hall were replaced with smaller office spaces which were disconnected from city behind high walls and raised floor plates. It was for this reason then that

the project began to regard the site as an object of spolia in itself.

Further reinforcing this notion, and connecting the site further to the outline submission, it is still possible to encounter parts of the old town hall, as many architectural fragments are still present throughout the city. The face which was once situated above an entrance is now present on the Prudhoe chare spolia wall.

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Site Context

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Cathedral Square

Cloth Market

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Civic Collage: Aside from the infill of the medieval grain, and the replacement of the subsequent replacement of the town hall, the development of the surrounding context has been undertaken on an incidental basis, with many structures being built directly on top of the foundations of the medieval grain.

It may therefore be possible to view Bigg market as a collage of which has built up slowly, marking a stark contrast from other areas of the city such as granger town. Embodying this notion is the variety of styles and scales present on site, which imbue the urban experience with a variety of thresholds. This multiplicity, begins to suggest that an invention present on this site should reflect this multifaceted approach.

Differing Scale

Dome v. Dormer

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Conditions Map

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Bigg Market Mapped Spatial Divide

Conditions Map Bigg Market divide: Examining these thresholds further, it is possible to assign spatial differences between the various conditions present on site, in particular, the area around the south side of the street and facing the cathedral, seems to be dominated by cars and busy intersections. Whereas the Northern aspect of the site tends to have more pedestrian friendly tone.

Atmospherically the northern part of the site contrasts significantly with the southern section.

Walking southwards down Bigg Market the busy bars are gradually replaced by increasing vacant and abandoned retail units. This contrast seems to divide the site in half, with two largely separate urban conditions emerging. From this the thesis shall make the distinction between North and South Bigg Market.

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Spatial Divide

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Spatial Divide

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North Bigg Market

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South Bigg Market

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Site Dereliction

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Site Dereliction While the loss of the civic aspect of the site, seen in the demolition of the town hall, may be a correlation of a causation of this urban condition or wider factors, its clear that an invention situated in this space has the potential to really engage with these site issues.

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Bigg Market 1885

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Current Bigg Market

(Source1885 Insurance Map)

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Whilst the reasons for this divide between the two halves of the site may be beyond the scope of this project, it is nonetheless interesting to examine the location of the site in relation to this predominantly abandoned context. It is also interesting to see how the numbers of abandoned buildings have grown significantly on site since the 1880s.

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M at e r i al S tud y ARC 8068

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Materiality Collage

Material Study Spolia Exploration

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Dresden Lapidarium

ARC 8060 One of the most influential precedents this project has encountered is the Dresden Lapidarium, a former church, it was bombed extensively.

Rather than facing demolition or reconstruction, the shell became a lapidarium, a place where the stones of demolished structures were stored as the city was redeveloped. Aside from a mere store, the building holds tours showcase-ing this urban narrative.

structure and returned to their original location, exchanging places with rubble from the demolished East German era buildings which had replaced them. In this way the structure functions as a potential bank for civic identities.

As historical parts of Dresden are gradually recreated, many fragments are removed from the

Dresden Lapidarium Image: 01

Spolia Tour (Flechtner, 2015) Image: 02

Church Detail (Flechtner, 2015) Image: 03

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Massing (Flechtner, 2015)

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Dresden Lapidarium

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Dresden Lapidarium (Flechtner, 2015)

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Material Exploration

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Material Exploration Image: 01

Material Distance Image: 02

Engulfed Materiality

Intrigued by the Dresden Lapidarium, the project has sought to examine in greater detail the potential divide between old and new fabric and the potential material landscapes which this may generate. These bricks were made from pressing the fragment of a Victorian Plate which I had salvaged from the garden into a brick mould, with new material in the form of clay filling the remainder of this mould.

this process seems to have imbued into the clay a sense of depth. Likewise, relationship between the obscured and the revealed seems to impart a sense of mystery on to the fragment.

It was extremely intriguing to witness the contrast between these two material conditions, with the clay carrying the narrative the pressure points and finger prints associated with its forming on its surface.

Although the resultant brick, is less than a year old

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Material Exploration

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Spolia Brick Studies (Spolia Fabric Divide)

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Material Exploration

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Plaster Material Study Brick Re-casting

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Material Exploration

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Obscured Study

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Sub-Surface

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Prudhoe Chare

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Prudhoe Chare

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Street Elevation (Semester 01 work)

These studies were reminiscent of the Prudhoe Chare section which I put together in the first semester. At this time, I had found the fact that the street had once been a major throughfare before being reduced to little more that a fire escape, as extremely intriguing.

Despite its long history no buildings on this street predate the construction of the shopping centre, and yet the presence of architectural salvage on site seemed to imbue what would otherwise be a relatively ordinary street with a sense of mystery.

This collage-like approach to architectural salvage, seemed to not only separate the fragments from the constraints of their original context, but also present them in a setting which formed a new coherent language alongside the other architectural fragments. Reflecting on the typological requirements of Urban Rooms, of fostering connections between people and place this approach has gained meaningful significance.

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Prudhoe Chare Spolia (Ellwood, 2017)

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South Elevation

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Newcastle Spolia

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Jesmond Picture House (Chronicle, 2009)

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after demolition - active joint (swall, 2011)

Newcastle Spolia Having revisited the Prudhoe Chare Studies, the project began to consider the materiality of such a structure, as if it was to be constructed today. In order to do this, research into the current urban context of Newcastle was undertaken, seeking to both examine the kinds of buildings have been demolished within the last few years, as well as identifying potential spolia artifacts from these structures.

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Empire Cinema (Roe, 1991)

The variety of potential spolia which this process seemed to generate, began to suggest that it would be possible to imbue the scheme with a comparable richness as to the Prudhoe chare example, as well as suggesting that the project could serve as potential narrative as to urban development, much like as with the Dresden example.

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city gallery

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(Chronicle, 2021)

(Co-Curate, 1991)

Wilders Demolition

Terrace Demolition

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Newcastle Spolia

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Spolia Bank Fragments Ahead of design development, the project began to accumulate a spolia bank, these fragments all came from the city and the surrounding areas and were demolished within the last few years.

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Spolia Detail

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Spolia Detail

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Image: 01

External Condition

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Internal Condition

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Spolia Detail

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Spolia Facade

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Material Condition

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Creative Debate

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Creative Debate Image: 01

Spolia Cast Image: 02

Created Spolia

As the precedent study of the Urban room typology has shown, Urban Rooms may commonly use creative techniques in order to engage people with place. Given characterisation of spolia within Newcastle, there is potential to harness this material as a means of connecting people to place.

Accordingly, as the studies above show, the thesis was keen to explore potential techniques for this interaction which do not necessarily require formal construction skills.

“When you change a something you become part of its creation” Diébédo Francis Kéré

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Participatory Techniques

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Par ticipator y Techniques Image: 01

Technique Image: 02

Maker Space

Following the plaster casting exercise on the previous page, the project developed a cassette system, in which members of the public would be invited to imbed elements of architectural spolia, or discarded civic artefacts into a timber mould which would then be infilled with plaster.

It is intended that these cassettes would be manufactured in a space situated just above the primary Urban Room space.

These cassettes would then slot into grooves within the main flexible urban room space. It is intended that over time these cassettes would build up and form a bank of civic memory similar to the Dresden Lapidarium example.

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Civic Material Bank

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Internal Condition Cassette Spolia

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Civic Material Bank Internal Condition: Consistent with the Urban Room Typology, the primary space of the project is a large open space which has been programmed to be flexible, in order to meet the changing requirements of the place. As the image shows the space can be programmed to become a discussion with the deployment of models and other architectural activities.

Throughout these differing uses the cassettes form a consistent narrative within these civic discussions, it is likely over time, much like with the spolia on Prudhoe Chare these elements would begin to accrue their own history, with various chips and marks attesting to the on ongoing civic discussions.

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D e clarat i o n ARC 8068

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Urban Room Collage

Declaration Newcastle UR

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Reinstatement not Replication

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Reinstatement not Replication Concept Collages: Image: 01

Bigg Market Image: 02

Civic Realm

The site analysis seemed to illuminate a stark contrast from the Northern and Southern aspects of the site, with the location of the town hall marking a stark boundary between the bustling urban environment of the north and the largely abandoned southern aspect. A reinstated civic realm, may therefore serve to bridge the gap between these two conditions.

town hall. However the massing of this façade has been largely driven by the available spolia, and the spatial requirements of the Urban Room rather than the desire to create a replica.

This structure does not seek to be a replica of the former town hall, rather it seeks to recall the former civic prominence of the site, with a tower and window positioning providing a link to the former ARCH 8060

Reinstatement not Replication

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Spolia Tower

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Remade Object

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Civic Reconnection

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Civic Reconnection Image: 01

Reinstatement

During the site analysis, a clear divide emerged between the North and South aspects of Bigg Market. It was from this position, in which a key strategic aim of the urban room, would be to promote the reconnection of the southern aspect of the site into the urban grain.

plate of the existing building, part of the mass has been hollowed out in order to create a public square, which faces onto the currently abandoned former chronicle office.

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Civic Reconnection

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Urban Room Overview New Civic Realm

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Civic Reconnection

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Image 01:

Urban Declaration From Groat Market

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The stepping back of the façade from the road, aims to anchor the scheme into the surrounding context. The projecting frame has been retained in place from the existing structure.

Ahead of design development, the project began to accumulate a spolia bank, these fragments all came from the city and the surrounding areas and were demolished within the last few years.

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Civic Reconnection

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Contextual Lapidarium Demolition Strategy As office buildings are cleared from the site, it is intended that the some of the vacant retail units become a lapidarium, thus starting the process of site reactivation before the structure has even been completed.

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Civic Reconnection

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Image 01

Project Section (Scaled to fit page) 06- Action Space 07- Maker Space 08- Service Core 09- New Public Realm

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01- Spolia Façade 02- Debating Chamber 03- Reinstated Tower 04- Demolished Existing 05- Activity Space

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Civic Reconnection

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Ground Floor NCL UR

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Solid Black hatch denotes, structure retained from the existing.

Ahead of design development, the project began to accumulate a spolia bank, these fragments all came from the city and the surrounding areas and were demolished within the last few years.

01- North Bigg Market 02- High Bridge St 03- Debating Space 04- Civic Façade 05- Fire Escape 06- Activity Space 07- Action Space 08- Storage 09- Civic engagement Space.

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Ahead of design development, the project began to accumulate a spolia bank, these fragments all came from the city and the surrounding areas and were demolished within the last few years.

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Civic Reconnection

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First Floor NCL UR

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Solid Black hatch denotes, structure retained from the existing.

The primary focus of the upper level is the maker space, this the location of administration of the Urban Room.

Façade Void Reinstated Tower Fire Escape Debating Void Action Space Maker Space Public Realm UR administration

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01- 02- 03- 04- 05- 06- 07- 08-

Ahead of design development, the project began to accumulate a spolia bank, these fragments all came from the city and the surrounding areas and were demolished within the last few years.

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Design ARC 8068

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The project developed across several interesting directions, this often-left various dead ends, such as the notions the of master-planning which may not be directly referenced in the final outcome, but were extremely influential in the formation of an approach nonetheless.

As a result of this, the work presented in this following chapter, may lack the narrative structure seen in some of the previous ones.

Design Appendix Project Development

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Programme Massing

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Programme Massing After the January Submission, one of the first tasks which the project embarked on was an exploration of scale. As the massing of the structures present on site have varied greatly over the centuries, this step seemed to ground the project in the scale of the Urban Room Typology itself.

Based of the precedent research, these three urban rooms seem to be fairly typical of the scale of these structures. Accordingly it was from this study which the project began to formulate its proposition from.

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Urban Room Folkestone

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Architecture Centre Bristol

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The Farrell Centre Newcastle

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Massing Exploration

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Massing Exploration Having explored the Urban Room typology, the project then began to look at various relevant precedents pertinent to the overall thesis goal.

These included Prudhoe Chare, which had formed the foundation for the focus of the previous semester.

The 1880s town hall extension, which seemed to embody the condition of the site before the construction of the office building, and the Dresden Lapidarium which would go on to have profound impact on the materiality of the scheme.

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Prudhoe Chare Newcastle

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1880s Town Hall Extension

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Lapidarium Dresden

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Proposal Development

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Proposal Development Having undertaken several of these scale site studies, that ideas around masterplanning began to emerge.

I began to overlay the various massing of these These sketches would be gradually iterated upon different programmes. until a coherent scheme began to emerge.

From this some basic notion of site layout began to emerge, it was also due to the scale difference between these programmes and the existing building

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Lapidarium Layout

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First Overlay Potential UR

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Developed Overlay NCL UR

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Concept Masterplan

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Inverted Plan (Columbia University, 2012) Image: 03

Movement and Motion (Columbia University, 2012)

Concept Masterplan Newcaslte Urban Room: The culmination of these experiments was the following masterplan, loosely speaking the scheme would have followed the massing of the medieval block, with several lost streets being reinstated throughout the site.

with the typological requirement of Urban Rooms.

It was for these reasons then that the project began to re-shift its attention to only one block of site, and exploring methodologies of integrating in into the surrounding context.

Whilst the scheme could have easily continued to develop along this path, its inward focus around reinstated streets seemed to disconnect the structure from the surrounding context, from this, the masterplan proposal began to seem increasingly at odds

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Concept Masterplan

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Image 01:

Image 01:

Potential Layout Masterplan

Potential Layout Masterplan

The layout of this masterplan was largely inward looking, focusing on the reinstated Middle Chare rather than the urban context, whilst this was good for place making, this approach seemed to ignore much of the surrounding context

Image 01:

Potential Layout Masterplan

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Medieval Grain

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Proposed Masterplan ARCH 8060

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Concept Masterplan

Image 02:

Potential Layout 2 Masterplan Although the concept of masterplan, seemed to be largely a dead end, it was from this sketch which that the importance of the ‘tower’ mass emerged as a potential axis to bridge the gap between the two urban conditions.

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Conceptual Exploration

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Conceptual Exploration Image: 01

Gabion System Image: 02

Internal Condition

Within the discarded masterplan, one of the structures which was explored in greatest detail was the café and communal dining space. It was intended that this structure host functions similar to the ways in which the Folkestone Urban Room does.

Considering the Dresden Lapidarium precedent, the structure would be a relatively simple timber and glass structure, topped by a large canopy, it was intended as structures on site were demolished the rubble and material generated would fill the

gabions and thus work to help generate the structure.

However as the project began to shift away from the concept of a masterplan, this separated approach seemed to become increasingly unsuitable. Likewise as the project began to consider contextual density of derelict buildings, it began to seem more appropriate to situate the lapidarium on one of these as a means of reactivating the southern aspect of the site.

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Civic Realm Planning

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Image: 02

Inverted Plan (Columbia University, 2012) Image: 03

Movement and Motion (Columbia University, 2012)

Civic Realm Planning Newcastle Urban Room: One of the places considered for the civic realm aspect of the proposal was the southern cathedral square end of the site. Given the south facing aspect of the site, and its relation to the cathedral, this site appeared to have many potential opportunities.

However, as I explored the site further, I began to consider the regeneration of the derelict surrounding retail units as being of greater potential impact given the typological requirements of urban rooms to connect people to place. It was for this reason that the scheme turned away from this axis and onto the Bigg Market instead.

One of the places considered for the civic realm aspect of the proposal was the southern cathedral square end of the site. Given the south facing aspect of the site, and its relation to the cathedral, this site appeared to have many potential opportunities.

However, as I explored the site further, I began to consider the regeneration of the derelict surrounding retail units as being of greater potential impact given the typological requirements of urban rooms to connect people to place. It was for this reason that the scheme turned away from this axis and onto the Bigg Market instead.

ARCH 8060

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Civic Realm Planning

Image 01:

Initial Project Direction Strategy Initially the project had sought to orientate itself along historical axis, orientating itself towards the cathedral as a means of recalling the medieval grain of the site.

However this approach did not necessarily correspond to the current orientation of the city, and as such it began to seem unclear whether this was the optimum approach to connect people to place.

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Civic Realm Planning

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Revised Project Direction Strategy

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Inverted Plan (Columbia University, 2012) Image: 03

Movement and Motion (Columbia University, 2012)

Revised Concept Newcaslte Urban Room: Instead of Seeking to develop a masterplan, the project has instead opted to focus on the development of a singular block situated on the boundary between the northern and southern aspects of the site.

This approach is also marked by a desire to condense many of the of the differing programmes seen in the masterplan into one singular block filled with flexible space. This was to ensure a greater degree of resilience for the Urban room, by providing it with adaptable spaces, rather that structures which held exclusively one programme.

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Revised Concept ARC 8068

Project References

Evans, S., 2021. The Carlton Tavern. [image] Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2021/mar/21/rising-from-the-rubble-london-pub-rebuilt-brick-by-brick-after-bulldozing> [Accessed 24 May 2021].

ChronicleLive, 2019. Former Pub. [image] Available at: <https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-eastnews/save-the-cooperage-newcastle-quayside-17050883> [Accessed 24 May 2021].

White, J., 2017. The Cooperage. [image] Available at: <https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/ news/15618637.cooperage-newcastle-yorks-lady-row-added-historic-englands-heritage-risk-register-2017/> [Accessed 24 May 2021].

East, J., 1951. Royal Parade. [image] Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/ nov/16/plymouth-city-centre-designated-conservation-area> [Accessed 24 May 2021].

Urban Room Folkestone, 2016. Folkestone. [image] Available at: <https://urbanroomfolkestone.net/> [Accessed 24 May 2021].

38 Carrington Street, 2018. Urban Room. [image] Available at: <https://www.38carringtonstreet.org.uk/> [Accessed 24 May 2021].

The Architecture Centre, 2014. Bristol Architecture Centre. [image] Available at: <https://www.architecturecentre.org.uk/> [Accessed 24 May 2021].

Chronicle, 2015. Great Fire of Newcastle and Gateshead. [image] Available at: <https://www.chroniclelive. co.uk/news/history/great-fire-newcastle-gateshead-day-10198623> [Accessed 24 May 2021].

Bigg Market Project, 1910. Protest 1910. [image] Available at: <https://ne1biggmarket.co.uk/> [Accessed 24 May 2021].

Co-Curate, 1900. Newcastle Town Hall. [image] Available at: <https://co-curate.ncl.ac.uk/old-town-hallgateshead/> [Accessed 24 May 2021].

Flechtner, D., 2015. Einblicke in das Dresdner Lapidarium. [image] Available at: <https://www.dnn.de/ Mehr/Bilder/Bilderstrecken/2019/9/Einblicke-in-das-Dresdner-Lapidarium> [Accessed 24 May 2021].

Chronicle, 2021. Redevelopment Plan. [image] Available at: <https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/history/newcastle-city-centre-wilders-bar-19886163> [Accessed 24 May 2021].

Roe, K., 1991. Empire Cinema. [image] Available at: <http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/38586> [Accessed 24 May 2021].

Chronicle, 2009. End of an era as Jesmond Picture House is demolished. [image] Available at: <https:// www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/end-era-jesmond-picture-house-1462353> [Accessed 24 May 2021].

Dever, D., 2015. The Urban Rooms Network. [online] Urban Rooms Network. Available at: <https://urbanroomsnetwork.wordpress.com/about/> [Accessed 26 May 2021].

Chronicle, 1970. Newcastle’s Bigg Market. [image] Available at: <https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/ history/newcastles-bigg-market-memories-iconic-8621314> [Accessed 26 May 2021].

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LiveWorks, 2017. Project Office. [image] Available at: <http://live-works.org/> [Accessed 24 May 2021].

R e s e arc h ARC 8068

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Research Appendix Semester 01

0 8 The following pages contain the January Outline Submission, included as an appendix, for the themes mentioned in this document.

created

tabula rasa

thesis

submission

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created

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CREATED TABUL A R ASA ARC8060

chapter 01

zara rawson.

origins.

thesis

chapter 02

submission.

spolia re-situe(ised).

05 12

chapter 03

civic (re)statement.

20

chapter 04.

thesis formulation.

40

chapter 05

typolog(ising).

62

chapter 06

created tabula rasa.

76

after review work

+

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3 - Page

ORIGINS

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submission

“I confront the city with my body: my legs measure the length of the arcade and the width of the square; my gaze unconsciously projects my boy onto the façade of the cathedral, where it roams over the mouldings and contours, sensing the size of recesses and projections” Pallasmaa

eyes of the skin (p.40)

thesis context According to Merriam Webster, Tabula Rasa denotes a blank slate. In the Roman empire these slates held a small layer of wax, which could be inscribed and then passed around the empire, and wiped away when no longer needed (Merriam Webster, 2020).

Of particular interest to this project has been my linked research, shown in the collages on the first two pages, these studies, aim to demonstrate civic identities around place, as well as the imbuing of civic identity to structures throughout the city.

The project views this wiping away as comparable to the meaning which we attach to architectural elements during their reuse.

Whilst the wax may perpetually inscribed and reinscribed, eventually evidence of this use transfers onto the slates themselves, as they pick up chips scratches as they are passed round.

Likewise, at the start of this project I tested positive for covid-19 during my isolation, I created a map to site, which I characterised as a ‘locked down’ perspective, in that it was a mapping of the route from the perspective of my memory.

In the same way whilst architectural fragments can be isolated from their original location, wiping them of their original meaning, and repurposed into a variety of objects, re-scribed as a variety of objects such as a park bench, the architectural fragments themselves begin to accrue a richness, as chips in their surface, testify to previous uses and changes. This project aims to examine this condition, as well as its unique position within the city.

This conceived route includes monumental structures, which have become lodged in my memory, whilst overlooking the minutiae of how these memory moments connect.

The final study of this chapter, affirms the role of temporal-spatial connections, in order to introduce the premise, that when spolia is reused in a new structure, it carries with it conceptions of its previous conception.

This first chapter, aims to showcase works from my other academic projects, which laid the foundation for approach, and prefaced may of the discussions which the project wishes to have.

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spolia collage 4 - Page

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spolia fountain

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LINKED RESEARCH

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city collage 01

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city collage 02

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JOURNEY TO SITE

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locked down perspective

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(un)locked down perspective

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TEMP OR AL-SPATIAL

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exploration

image 01

temporal-spatial object

This study was created for the previous group submission, and sough to map the events Nigel Farage’s milk shake attack spatially. Whilst it does not directly correspond the overall spolia focus of the project this study revealed the potential for movement to reveal historical elements.

The study tried to capture the spatial aspect of the events, and in so doing provides the foundation for further studies, such as the Prudhoe Street analysis.

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thesis

tabula rasa

Due to this spatial link, using this study as a guide it is possible to reveal historic conceptions.

Whilst obscuring the clarity of the individual photos, it is of interest to the project to see how these elements combine.

submission

“I experience myself in the city, and the city exists in my embodied experience.

The city and my body define each other. I dwell in the city and the city dwells in me”

pallasmaa eyes of the skin (p. 40)

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SPOLIA RE-SITU(ISED)

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submission

Why are you using all those old bits of stone, it’s a bit morbid isn’t it?!

byker resident

(paraphrased)

spolia, an approach to reuse It is said that during the construction of the Byker wall, the architects were asked this question, by the ladies from the chip shop.

Whilst appearing critical about architectural reuse, I feel embodies the sort of discussions around civic identities the project wishes to create.

perceptions and motivations of those who selected it.

Indeed, in sense the reuse of material within the project acted as a vehicle to engage the public within the construction of their spaces. For it to be considered morbid, it is likely that the chip shop workers recognised the fragments from their original setting, but were critical around its inclusion in new public spaces. This suggest that at some level, the fragments worked to mediate civic identities.

Accordingly, the use of spolia elements around Newcastle, reveals potential insights into the perceptions of the city planners, regarding their ‘defeated’ buildings. Following this conception, far from a simple reuse, it suggests there was an attempt to rebirth the defeated elements back to the civic discourse.

“For the Romans, spolium referred to the stripping of armour from a defeated enemy, whilst spoliare referred to the plundering of a town. During the 16th century this notion of stripping from a defeated enemy was reimagined as a rebirth” (Frey, Common Builder in Late Antiquity, 10) As Frey notes, this reclarification, was the result of the renaissance reuse of classical architectural elements, as a means of trying to recapture some of the values of the ‘fallen’ (defeated) civilisation. Likewise, the selection of which spolia elements to include, reveals much about much about the

“In this sense, spolia held the potential to reveal significant insights into late antique and mediaeval individuals’ perceptions of their own classical past” (Frey, 13)

These rebirth typologies include, Heaton park, where classical columns are reduced to little more than park benches, Byker and Prudhoe Chare, where careful attention has been made to include these elements within the walls. Likewise, from the curation of these objects in the later examples, reveals conceptions around the historic civic perceptions.

As a result of this study the project hopes to begin to formulate its own response to architectural reuse.

image: 01

spolia elements

newcastle

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SPOLIA IN-SITUE

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heaton park - spolia During T.Dan Smith’s redevelopment of Newcastle various buildings were demolished throughout the city. Some of these fragments ended up in Heaton Park. In this case columns from the former royal arcade building were repurposed as park benches.

image: 01

heaton park spolia

image: 03

spolia in-situ

Of particular interest to the project, the connection of the column to the wall has been repurposed as the seat of the bench, the visitor engages with the architectural past of each fragment when they sit on the seat.

Within the park the stones attest to their previous use as within the royal arcade, large grooves on the edges show how they would have once connected together, whilst chips in the surface attest to their journey to site, and the subsequent inhabitation.

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city gallery

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seat surface

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image: 04

former connetions

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PRUDHOE STREET

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image: 03

after demolition - active joint (swall, 2011)

spolia approach: During the construction of the Byker Wall in the 1970s, Ralph Erskine incorporated elements of spolia throughout the structure, these elements were often added to gable ends or in public squares with the intention of creating and enriching public spaces.

These elements recall the demolished structures from throughout the city, but they also function as a key aspect within the Byker wall, in a sense they perform a hybridised identity, crossing temporal vectors, they participate with the current operation of the structure, whilst recalling elements of the civic past.

image: 01

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(co-curate 1968)

(smith 2019)

library demolition

spolia incorporation

Of particular interest to this project is the ways that the spolia was incorporated into the walls, the bricks of the Byker Wall were cut in order to accommodate the historical elements.

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city gallery

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(Wool, 2007)

(smith 2019)

prudhoe chare spolia

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byker spolia

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PRUDHOE CHARE

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street elevation

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According to the Newcastle Library, the term ‘chare’ denotes a narrow mediaeval street often near the quayside, situated just off Northumberland street, Prudhoe Chare presents as an outlier, the fact that it dates from the 1970s gives it even greater prominence (Newcastle Library, 2002).

Whilst the street was never a medieval chare, before the 1970s Prudhoe street was a significant route between Percy Street and Northumberland. When the shopping centre was built its path was altered and all buildings which used to flank it were removed. Accordingly of this street is worth further study.

thesis

submission

image: 02

prudhoe chare spolia (ellwood, 2017)

spolia Spolia was intentionally deposited from throughout the city.

The term itself is unique to the north east, and its adoption within Eldon Square suggest a similar kind of civic appropriation as the use of spolia within the wall of the shopping centre.

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south elevation

prudhoe street

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CIVIC (RE)STATEMENT

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“In the same way that we do not perceive things in ourselves but in the place where they are, we grasp the past where it is in itself and not in ourselves in our present.”

Deluze

bergsonism (p.56)

prudhoe street case study As part of this study of architectural reuse, this next chapter the project shall move to a broader civic scale, within this the project shall adopt the redevelopment of Prudhoe place as a case study.

This street which connects Percy Street to Northumberland, appears on maps from the 18th century, however during the construction of Eldon Square, it was split and adopted as service spaces for the new shopping centre.

Incorporating the previous notion rebirth of defeated elements, the redeveloped street has been imbued with various elements of spolia from throughout the city. Likewise, in terms of identity Northumberland half of the street has been ascribed as a ‘Chare’, a term which is unique to Newcastle to denote a narrow mediaeval street. (Newcastle Libraries, 2002).

Following this conception, the project views Prudhoe Chare as incorporating notions of spolia from across three vectors, material- the reused element, in definition – the reused characterisation and, identity – the reused street names.

molished onto the current site, as a means of unlocking this past.

Within these studies it was noteworthy to how through time the density of the site has changed dramatically, before Eldon Square, there were numerous shops, tenement buildings, breweries, and even a police station. Eldon Square reduced the multiplicities on site to a monolithic structure, which operates within the same spatial plane.

Through carrying out this study, this project does not seek to declare a position on Eldon Square, rather it attempts to unpick the endurance of the ‘defeated’ elements within the contemporary city, and in so doing explore the nature of the spatial condition.

Likewise, at this stage, it is not clear whether the project shall choose to focus on this site for later interventions, rather it shall use this exploration as a means of characterising its notion of architectural reuse.

image: 01

city gallery

As the result of this study, the project shall postulate that spolia is not limited to the reuse of architectural fragments, rather it is the process of re-birth of discarded conceptions, back into the civic discourse.

Following Deleuze’s conception, that we grasp the past in the place where it is in itself, and since no elements remain of the original street the project shall, map the deimage: 02

city gallery

image: 01

site history collage

image: 02

city gallery

prudhoe street

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PRUDHOE STREET

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image: 03

prudhoe place (co-curate, 1935)

image: 03

after demolition - active joint (swall, 2011)

conservation technique - 02 Before the construction of Eldon Square, Prudhoe street was a major artery connecting Percy Street to Northumberland street.

This street consisted of residential tenement blocks, a mission hall, and growing department stores. Whilst the street was never a main shopping route like Northumberland street, in terms of civic life it was more than the fire escape and goods yard which it currently functions as. In terms of the project, the reuse of the place names within the shopping centre is of keen interest.

image: 01

image: 04

(co-curate, 1966)

(co-curate, 1935)

prudhoe street

prudhoe place

Even though nothing remains of the old street, an imprint of it endures within the street patterns around this part of the city, the reuse of elements of civic identity is in a way reminiscent of the use of spolia throughout the city, where in historical elements find life in new contexts.

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city gallery

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(co-curate, 1980)

(co-curate, 1987)

same view

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same view

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SITE OVERVIEW

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prudhoe street 1856 24 - Page

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(digimaps 2020) 25 - Page

E XPANDING BLOC K

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19th century 26 - Page

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mid 20th century

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“Representing landscape is a matter of finding place within the framework of a painting and of proffering place on its own surface: it is a matter of the rebirth of place under our very eyes and in those of the painter, whose hand guides us to the renewed scene of place”

Deluze

bergsonism (p.56)

image: 01

site axonometric 1910-2020 overlay

The next series of images, seek to explore the change of mass which occurred during the transformation of the site, of interest was how whilst the general arrangement of streets has remained the scale and density of the site has been radically changed.

Whilst carrying out this study, I was able to compare the scale of the carpark to the historic block, the historic site gives the impression of almost a city within a city, consisting of numerous tenement blocks, various shops and pubs, breweries, as well as amenities such as a police station.

The bus station and car park occupying the same space now, seem to present more of a monological perspective on the site.

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prudhoe city block image: 02

bus station

thesis

submission

Of particular interest to the project, are the retained road names, even though they have been adjusted from their original locations and no original buildings remain, this continuity seems significant.

It is also interesting to see how elements such as the bus station correspond to the mass of the original street, and how the original streetscape interacts with the new bus station. This study was helpful in terms of visualising how the historic site corresponds to the current condition.

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M A P OV E R L AY

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1856-2020

map overlay

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C IVIC PALIMPSEST

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image: 02

image: 03

image: 04

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the county inn (ph)

city gallery

the green tree (ph)

the smiths arms (ph)

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city gallery image: 02

city gallery image: 01

exploded axonometric

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the stag brewery + pub

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COMPARISON

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prudhoe street mission

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percy street carpark

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STREETSCAPE image 01

prudhoe street 1910

image 02

prudhoe place/street 2020 38 - Page

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street

prudhoe chare

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THESIS FORMUL ATION

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“Equally the task of art and architecture in general is to reconstruct the experience of an undifferentiated interior world, in which we are not mere spectators but to which we inseparably belong”

pallasmaa eyes of the skin

(p. 24-25)

contextualising spolia, reuse This chapter seeks to explore the definition of spolia, which the project may deploy, in order to achieve this, it shall carry out a series of sketch models, which incorporate elements of domestic spolia.

In an allegory of the architects of Eldon Square, I made decisions regarding where I would position the Victorian tiles, in so doing I gained an understanding of the unique qualities of each fragment, and through the examination of the break lines, was able to infer the process which resulted in these objects. By making these decisions, I defined the context through which the fragments would be understood.

During this study the join between elements has begun to take on a position of prime importance, given that it defines the boundaries of a fragments rebirth back into the discourse. As this study has also shown the potential for the joint to evolve.

Although this study was useful, in characterising spolia as a process, it was not able to capture the temporal element of resitu(ised) spolia, given that over time and in its new setting, the joints between architectural fragments shall fade, as the surface begins to accrue pollution, memories of the ‘defeated’ structure shall also fade.

Accordingly, in time the spolia element begins to accrue and identity of their own, independent of the component elements, a new hybridised object has been created.

In order to grasp this notion further project shall examine differing conservation techniques which handle the rebirth of architectural fragments back into the civic discourse.

Of note for this project several of these methodologies have precedent within Newcastle itself.

Like spolia, Facadism, is present in several locations around the city, and was employed during the construction of Eldon Square on Nelson Street. Likewise, replication was also partially implemented with the former Royal Arcade.

Whilst at this stage, the project does not have a defined site, by exploring these different techniques, the project seeks to identify multiple methodologies, as a means of establishing a potential architectural language.

A process which may be characterised by Pallasmaa, as a reconstructing the experience of an undifferentiated interior world.

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spolia landscape 40 - Page

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SPOLIA EXPLOR ATION concept exploration: image: 01

the join image: 02

spolia model

As part of this exploration, these models incorporating ‘domestic spolia’ were made, throughout these studies I was interested in how new matter could be added to the old fabrics, and the conceptions of the objects created.

It was interesting to see the differing ways the plaster filled the gaps between the fragments, as the images above show, this join has almost a landscape characteristic all of its own. Some models were made with

a deliberately drier mix, in order to explore how the joins between spolia form over time.

Likewise, the plaster as a vague translucence to it, in places it is possible to make out shapes in the plaster below the surface.

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cracks (un)forming

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SPOLIA HYBRIDISATION

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HYBRIDISATION

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created object 46 - Page

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forming object

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re-purposed fragment heaton park

INHIBITED REPLICATION conservation technique - 01 image: 01

royal arcade

The Royal Arcade was a large early 19th century building, on the site of the current 55 degrees north roundabout, as part of the modernisation of Newcastle, the central motorway was planned to go through the site.

reached a considerable degree of resolution, however these would never be implemented, rather leaving the stones to become the examples of spolia found in Heaton Park.

This called for the demolition of the structure, however it was deemed to have great historical significance to the city, so plans we put together to dismantle the structure, with the aim of reassembling it at a later date.

As the images above show, these plans

image: 02

city gallery

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royal arcade

(burn, 2016/1967)

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REPLICATION

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conservation technique - 01 Whilst the external rebuilding never occurred, the actual arcade was reconstructed under the swan house, this replica was made using plaster and fibreglass and aimed to recreate the image of the former shopping arcade.

image: 01

image: 03

(co-curate, 1964)

(berry, 1999)

original arcade

replica arcade

For many years this replica arcade continued to function similar to the original, however by the early 2000s in had fallen into dereliction, and demolition work was carried out, removing the front section of the Arcade.

Of interest to the project, the remains of the replica arcade have now been converted into a bar. Whilst the replica may lack the ‘authenticity’ of the original, its continued endurance on the site despite multiple renovation, means it has attained a history of its own.

image: 02

city gallery

image: 02

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(chronicle, 2016)

(co-curate, 1964)

demolished replica

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salvaged materiality

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image: 02

blackett street

(newcastle libraries, 1990)

FAC ADISM conservation technique - 02 image: 01

Facades

(Newcastle Historian, n.d.)

Similar to replication, facadism is a conservation technique which has precent at various locations around Newcastle. During the building of Eldon Square (see above image), the buildings on the northern side of Nelson street mostly demolished, with only the facades being retained.

These facades including that of the former music hall were then incorporated into the Eldon Square, without regard for their original layout or scale. Facadism also occurs on

both Blackett and Clayton streets.

Whereas spolia could be seen as celebrating the joins between the architectural elements, facadism, aims to conceal the changes occurring on site, this approach may seem applicable in terms of preserving historical character of areas but also raises questions regarding authenticity.

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city gallery

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clayton street (co-curate, n.d.)

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EXHIBIT

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conservation technique - 03 In contrast to facadism, it is possible use modern interventions, in order to present a particular historical narrative of a structure, whilst this also may raise questions regarding authenticity, it also suggests that it is possible to showcase the impact of certain events through architectural detailing.

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image: 03

(ghintiou, 2017)

(dezeen, 2017)

kolumba museum

beirut centrale

Peter Zumthor’s Kolumba Museum in Cologne seeks to use modern interventions in order to showcase the damage which occurred to the historic church during the blitz, the building’s envelope also expresses later changes to the site, by incorporating the small post war church.

The Centrale Beirut, was a small 1920s building which received significant damage during the civil war, the restoration sought to showcase this damage, whilst also enabling the structure to continue to decay, mesh screens have been affixed to the surface, which work to only capture fragments as they fall away from the structure, rather than prevent their loosening.

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city gallery

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image: 04

(studio inesistente, 2014)

(dezeen, 2017)

re-purposed ruin

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demolished replica

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TALKING STATUES

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image: 01

image: 03

(smith, 2016)

(Heeling, 2006)

talking statues

statue talking

conservation technique - 04 The 6 talking statues of Rome, are a series of ancient statues scattered throughout the city, that since the 16th century have been engaged in public discourse and debate.

Although often badly broken, and isolated from their original context, these statues have taken on a new life in themselves through this method of debate.

Through this usage these statues have been imbued with additional significance, aside from their value as historic or artistic works.

These statues show how it is possible for fragments to be viewed as objects within their own right, whilst also recalling their own past.

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city gallery

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image: 04

(smith, 2016)

(Daniele, 2011)

statue discourse

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the pasquino

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image: 02

fixing detail (pelech, 2016)

C O N T E M P O R AY S P O L I A conservation technique - 05 image: 01

Gallery of Furniture

The project so far has focused on spolia in terms of the 1960s redevelopment of the city, however given that the demolition of historic buildings seems to be increasingly out of favour, it is therefore necessary to explore contemporary examples.

Gallery of Furniture by CHYBIK + KRISTOF, reuses plastic chairs in order to create a façade element, of interest to the project, the chairs are connected to the structure using the same bolts that the legs would have

originally been affixed.

Given the current climate emergency this example aims to show how the use of spolia, can be used proactively as a means of protecting our environment, and viewed as an exploration of a particular method of recycling.

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city gallery

image: 03

chair facade (pelech, 2016)

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unused skywalk supports (nairn, 2016)

UNBUILT SPOLIA conservation technique - 06 image: 01

skywalk fixing

(nairn, 2016)

During the redevelopment of Newcastle, various sky walks were planned throughout the city, these structures would have raised the pedestrian off the ground level, and been affixed using the supports shown.

Whilst some of these sky walks were built (see next chapter), a large majority were never completed, accordingly their unused supports, can be seen where they would have attached to buildings throughout the city.

These unbuilt elements function within the spolia typology, however instead of representing a ‘defeated past’, they represent a defeated conception of the future.

These structures can primarily be found in the service yards for shops on Northumberland street, and around the John Dobson car park.

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city gallery

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back of mcdonalds (nairn, 2016)

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T YPOLOG(ISING)

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tabula rasa

interfaces

thesis

submission

“The carnival acts as a negation of the social and symbolic order, as a hybrid, a mediation of the higher and lower forms of culture rather than the official culture” Farrell

bahktin and cultural theory (p.92)

civic interface exploration Whereas previous chapter raised some interesting notions around the role of historical matter within modern conceptions of the structures, this chapter seeks to examine the interfaces between this historical matter and the city.

In order to achieve this the project shall adopt two case studies, the site of the former Bank House, completed in 1971, and demolished in the early 2000s, and the former Music Hall on Nelson street. Since their construction, both examples have been largely demolished, however the treatment of the remaining fabric distinguishes between both examples.

With Bank House, the joint between the remaining fragments and the city context, is striking, a walkway that used to connect to the structure has been left awkwardly stranded several metres away from the remaining deck. The visitor is given a clear and immediate sense of what is missing from the structure, and the breadth of the gap with which the joint embodies.

The project shall classify this typology of joint or interface as an active joint, as through its conception, the visitor receives recollections of the event which lead up the structures current condition.

On the other hand, the project shall classify the Music Hall joint as a passive joint, in that upon viewing it is not immediately obvious what (if any) changes have occurred on site since its construction. This distinction is significant as whilst the Music Hall has undergone a similar if not greater demolition than to Bank House.

Although questions may be raised as the historicity of the music hall, of particular interest to this project is how the interface between an original façade, and the later intervention operates. Is the structure a mostly demolished 19th century building?

Or is it a 1970s building made from a fragment of a 19th century one?

Bakhtin’s notion of the carnival (mentioned above) provides a valuable insight in understanding of this interface, in a sense the joint represents the place of hybridisation, in which the there is a mediation between the 1970s and 1830s conceptions.

Accordingly, rather than seeking to answer the identity question raised above, this chapter shall seek to explore the typology of the joints themselves.

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music hall

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CIVIC TYPOLOGIES

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active v. passive joints The studies around Prudhoe Chare and notions of spolia introduced the notion of ‘joints’ to the project, these joints are significant, as they represent a mediation between historical elements and later additions.

created

thesis

tabula rasa

submission

image: 01

image: 03

(swall, 2011)

(swall, 2011)

bank house - walkway

after demolition - active joint

The project has identified two primary typologies for these joints within Newcastle, whilst both incorporate fragments and material, the so-called hidden joints seek to preserve historic conceptions of the site, whereas the active joints are able to demonstrate sites of change within the city.

The former bank of England Building (behind 55 north), is provided as an example of an active joint within this chapter, whilst the Former Music hall on Nelson street, is given as an example of a hidden joint.

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city gallery

image: 02

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(co-curate, 1987)

(co-curate, 1987)

original music hall

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after demolition - passive joint

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ACTIVE JOINT bank house

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tabula rasa

submission

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image: 02

disconnected city

image: 02

city gallery image: 02

city gallery image: 01

central motorway bridge

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image: 03

vertical gap

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PASSIVE JOINT

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tabula rasa

former music hall

thesis

submission

“The present and the absent, the near and the distant, the sensed and the imagined fused together. Architecture is not a mere physical entity: it is enriched by both memory and dream, past and future”

pallasmaa eyes of the skin

(p. 24-25)

image: 01

music hall fragement

+

Unlike the former Bank House, the joints within the music hall are hidden. The positioning of the original fragment- the façade presents a historical perspective, completely obscuring the later history of the site.

Whilst at this stage the project does not seek to declare a position of on this façade-ist joint, it is interested in exploring its characteristics.

The joint from between the fragment, and Eldon square, represents not only a temporal boundary, but also a change in scale in programme.

Interestingly the windows at the upper levels no longer correspond to the internal layout, rather have only been maintained to present an image of historicity.

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PASSIVE JOINT

former music hall

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According to Historic England, the Music Hall on Nelson street was constructed in 1838, from 1911 until 1949 it was converted into a cinema, known as the Gaiety. During its operation as a music hall, it hosted various important historical figures, including Fredrick Douglas, and Charles Dickens (Historic England 2021).

After serving as a cinema, the building was re-developed into Eldon Square, wherein the original interior was removed, and only the original façade was retained.

Given this, the façade may seem to serve as a false perspective of the site, appearing to suggest that the original Victorian character has been preserved, whilst obscuring the presence of a 1970s shopping centre.

However, this perspective does not consider, the façade as a fragment itself, in was intentionally preserved, and that the boundary between it and Eldon is worth exploration.

The planners made decisions around what to retain and what to replace, and arguably this process is visible in the replaced windows.

Crucially address of the Bar which operates within the structure is now 5 Grey’s Quarter, Eldon Square, suggesting that the structure in terms of orientation has turned away from Nelson Street.

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music hall

detail studies

image: 02

city gallery image: 02

city gallery image: 01

false perspective?

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image: 02

facadism edge

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01

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facade

image: 02

detail study

Inside the former Music Hall, a concrete frame supports both the levels and the original façade, meaning that the structure is no longer dependent on the façade.

Likewise the levels of the former music hall have been subdivided into service spaces for the restaurants.

Inside, the structure still bears the marks of the original levels, within the framework of this project, this inner elevation, may be more significant, as it expresses the

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historicity, as well as participating as an active joint.

On the upper levels, a small blockwork corridor, just behind the original windows, is the only external hint of the dramatic internal changes, also serving as a visual representation of the structure’s reorientation into Eldon Square.

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PASSIVE JOINT

former music hall

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tabula rasa

submission

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facade to frame axo

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image: 02

disjointed levels

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CREATED TABUL A R ASA

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submission

“The author of a novel for instance can manipulate the other (within the bounds of the text) not only as an other but as a self… through the creative process the artist is given a vantage point of transience” Holquist

dialogism

(p.33-34)

indicative programme The previous chapter has sought to affirm the significance of the interface, through these studies the interface has been raised to a prime position within this project, given this significance, in the next semester I hope to develop a greater material understanding of these interfaces.

As part of this I hope to develop the project at 1:1 scale using elements of ‘spolia’ that I have collected, through these studies, I hope to cultivate design details which are able to mediate between differing conceptions, as well as informing larger scale design decisions.

I have already begun the early stages of this approach, seen in the upcoming precedent studies and sketch models, in doing this hope to have multiple approaches in so that the project can be responsive to a variety of spatial conditions, ensuring the project is not constrained by the architectonics of a particular method of construction.

At this early stage, the project programme leans towards some form of architectural reclamation yard typology, which would be intended to arrive at a building just before its demolition, in order to accrue architectural elements.

serve to ignite public discussions about the redevelopment of the city, as well as gradually gathering elements of spolia.

Since according to Holquist creating brings about a transient perspective, the visitor is encouraged to take elements of spolia and reuse them throughout the city. By reusing these elements new hybridised objects are created around the city, a process which the project characterises as Creating Tabula Rasa.

In terms of a brief for the next semester, I hope to create a structure that has the ability to move round the city, temporarily occupying sites of demolition, considering the architectonics of how the structure would be assembled, and how it would incorporate elements of spolia.

I also plan to follow developments throughout the city in order to gain an awareness of the kinds of spolia elements the structure would receive if it was operating, and developing design responses accordingly.

The presence of this structure, would act akin to Bakhtin’s carnival appearing site

image: 01

scheduled demolition

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DETAIL INTENTION

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image: 01

image: 03

(archdaily, 2015)

(dezeen, 2010)

folk art museum - Kengo Kuma

ning bo museum - Wang Shu

A key aspect of the next semester shall be reflecting on the use of spolia, whilst the previously mentioned Prudhoe chare and talking statues suggest how this was historically implemented, I also like the idea of exploring contemporary examples of this.

This is exploration is also significant, as the precedent examples on the left show, spolia architecture, is able to create a variety of spatial conditions.

This is significant as it may equip the project to reflect the types of spolia it receives throughout its lifespan spatially.

Additionally, it may be possible to explore how these assembled, opening up questions how the project would emerge within the civic context.

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city gallery

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salvaged materiality

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image: 04

sketch detail

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M AT E R I A L I T Y S T U DY 01 concept exploration: image: 01

spolia

As part of this project, I have begun to collect various examples of ‘spolia’, these elements all have character and have been imbued with notions of historicity. In the next semester I hope to find ways to manipulate these elements in order to generate architectural details, the images above seek to illustrate how this exploration may take place.

although I would also like to incorporate notions of movement and creation previously outlined.

I would hope that these details reach a degree of technical resolution, both in terms of visual representation as well as the made elements, as I feel it will enable me to ground the project within the city.

+

In terms of this exploration, I feel it may reflect on both the Kuma and Shu precedents, image: 02

experimental spolia screen

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M ATE RIALIT Y STUDY 02

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“An architectural work is not experienced as a collection of isolated visual pictures, but in its fully embodied material and spiritual presence. A work of architecture incorporates and infuses both physical and mental structures”

pallasmaa eyes of the skin (p. 44)

By pressing metal into the brick cracks, I gained a detailed awareness of the spatial characteristics of the stone, the metal was able to recreate the different bumps and cracks which formed the landscape of this surface.

Whilst this may not reveal historical conceptions of the brick, in terms of dates, it gave me an acute awareness of the object, in its current condition, from notions of the identity of the brick could be inferred.

Programmatically the project may adopt this same approach in terms of dealing with spolia, as it would encourage the visitor/ project user to engage with the history of a particular architectural element at a very personal scale.

When connected to interfaces of change within the city, such as structures scheduled for demolition this may encourage the projects participant to engage in conversations regarding civic identity.

Visually this study has also been valuable in terms of exploring how an objects particular unique conception could be transferred onto the surface of a new material.

+

potential

surface treatment

image: 02

city gallery image: 02

city gallery image: 01

re-created surface

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image: 02

metal joint

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M ATE RIALIT Y STUDY 02 concept exploration: image: 01

interface

Within this material exploration, it was also interesting to see the interface between the original material and the added wire mesh, whilst both elements occupy the same spatial plane, this study aims to show that the interface between the spolia and the modern fabric, has the potential for prime significance, as the mediator between both identities.

journey to its inclusion in the hybridised object.

As this study aims to show the joins between the original fabric and the intervention have the potential to gain a significance and a landscape all of their own, in the next semester, I hope to develop the project, through the joints between these materials.

+

Accordingly, whilst the original spolia may remain unchanged, the joint represents the image: 02

surface exploration

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SPOLIA CUR ATION precedent analysis: image: 01

dreseden

During the reconstruction of Dresden’s Frauenkirche the original stones were laid out and arranged within the Neumarkt, this arrangement categorised the various stones and fragments, before the building was re-assembled.

Although temporary the architecture of this arrangement, is of extreme interest to this project, as it marked the boundary between when the building was a ruin and the reconstructed form. Reflecting on Bakhtin, the

people working on the reconstruction would have been acutely aware of the identity of each individual stone.

Through the act of reconstruction, the people working on it would have been given an acute awareness of its identity, not only in terms of how the stones came together but also the story behind each stone.

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dresden reconstruction (qpark, 2017)

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created

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image: 02

spolia curation

SPOLIA CUR ATION concept exploration: image: 01

spolia

Similar to the Dresden example the project will have to curate the items of spolia it comes it to contact with, the project shall also have to design how it shall categories these elements which it comes across, will it arrange spolia according to size? Colours?

Original location? Age? The significance of these questions, is that the answers shall define how the programmes shall operate, for example, will it try to preserve historical accuracy, by group-

ing elements according to their previous positioning? Or shall it seek imbue its own meaning on the spolia, by arranging them according to form?

Extrapolating this designing this arrangement shall define how the users of the site shall interact with this history as well as, setting the conversations around civic identity which it may generate.

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city gallery

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domestic spolia

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INTIAL PROGRAMME

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civic reclamation: The programmatically the project may become a reclamation yard, similar to the Dresden example, it may include a series of frames and shelving which would appear on the site of a building which was scheduled for demolition, and adopt key architectural elements into its fabric.

This would serve two functions, engaging civic discussions about the building being demolished, as well as enabling the visitor to take items of spolia for use in other projects.

This manipulation of spolia would give the visitor a transient position in which they gain an acute awareness of civic conceptions.

image: 02

salvaged materiality

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image: 01

bank house

The project aims to be extremely grounded in the current building projects around Newcastle.

during demolition, the image shown on the left seeks to explore how this operation may occur, on the former Bank of England Site.

In the next semester, I hope to research the current and proposed projects throughout the city, in order to gain a sense of what sort of spolia objects the project would mediate during its operation.

As the image on the right shows the boundaries between spolia, and the replaced have the potential to have a palimpsestic layering, with fragments from around the city gathered on top of other fragments.

It is also intended that the project moves round the city, appearing on various sites image: 02

spolia programme (bank house)

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PROJECT REFERENCES

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Archdaily, 2015. Folk Art Museum. [image] Available at: <https://www.archdaily.com/tag/ kengo-kuma> [Accessed 7 January 2021].

Heeling, P., 2006. Pasquino Rome. [image] Available at: <https://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Pasquino_rome.jpg> [Accessed 9 January 2021].

Archdaily, 2016. Gallery Of Furniture. [image] Available at: <https://www.archdaily. com/869729/gallery-of-furniture-chybik-plus-kristof> [Accessed 8 January 2021].

Hirschkop, K. and Shepherd, D., 1989. Bakhtin And The Cultural Theory. Manchester: Manchester University Press, p.96.

Auburn, C., 2016. CONDITION REPORT 1967 (2016). [image] Available at: <http://catauburn.com/portfolio/condition-report-1967> [Accessed 7 January 2021].

Historicengland.org.uk. n.d. 10 AND 12, NELSON STREET, Newcastle Upon Tyne - 1096849 | Historic England. [online] Available at: <https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/ list-entry/1096849> [Accessed 7 January 2021].

Bakhtin, M., 2000. The Dialogic Imagination. Austin: University of Texas Press, p.84.

Holquist, M., 2004. Dialogism. London: Routledge, pp.33-34.

Berry, s., 1999. Royal Arcade Newcastle. [image] Available at: <https://co-curate.ncl. ac.uk/> [Accessed 8 January 2021].

Chronical Live, 2016. Recalling Newcastle’s Great ‘Lost’ Shopping Centre: Where Was It Situated And What Was It Called?. [image] Available at: <https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/ news/history/recalling-newcastles-great-lost-shopping-12103429> [Accessed 7 January 2021].

Co-curate, 1968. Library Demolition. [image] Available at: <https://co-curate.ncl.ac.uk/resources/add/search/?q=newcastle+library> [Accessed 7 January 2021].

Newcastle Historian, n.d. Eldon Square Construction. [image] Available at: <https://co-curate.ncl.ac.uk/> [Accessed 8 January 2021].

Newcastle Libraries, 1963. Prior To Demolition. [image] Available at: <https://co-curate.ncl. ac.uk/resources/add/search/?q=ROYAL+ARCADE> [Accessed 7 January 2021].

Newcastle Libraries, 1990. Blackett Street. [image] Available at: <https://www.flickr.com/ photos/newcastlelibraries/albums/72157622836176118> [Accessed 9 January 2021].

Pallasmaa, J., 2019. The Eyes Of The Skin. Chichester: Wiley, p.40.

Co-Curate, 1987. Former Music Hall And Lecture Room, Nelson Street. [image] Available at: <https://co-curate.ncl.ac.uk/resources/add/search/?q=MUSIC+HALL&specific_region=> [Accessed 7 January 2021].

Daniele, L., 2011. Pasquino, The ‘Talking Statue’ Of Rome. [image] Available at: <https:// lindadaniele.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/pasquino-the-talking-statue-of-rome/> [Accessed 9 January 2021].

Deleuze, G., Habberjam, B. and Tomlinson, H., 2011. Bergsonism. New York: Zone Books, p.47-48.

Purple Peacock, n.d. Purple Peacock Newcastle. [image] Available at: <https://www.ilovepurplepeacock.com/newcastle/> [Accessed 7 January 2021].

Qpark, 2017. Dresden Reconstruction. [image] Available at: <https://www.q-park.com/ showcases/newsitem/12120/frauenkirche-dresden> [Accessed 7 January 2021].

Studio Inesistente, 2014. Museo Kolumba En Colonia. [image] Available at: <https://nnmprv.tumblr.com/post/52837402922/3-by-nikita-on-flickr> [Accessed 9 January 2021].

Dezeen, 2010. Wang Shu Archive. [image] Available at: <https://www.dezeen.com/tag/ wang-shu/> [Accessed 7 January 2021].

Swall, H., 2011. Bank House. [image] Available at: <https://www.skyscrapercity.com/ threads/eps-east-pilgrim-street-newcastle-various-u-c.530131/page-26> [Accessed 7 January 2021].

Dezeen, 2017. Beirut Centrale. [image] Available at: <https://www.dezeen.com/tag/corrugated-metal/> [Accessed 7 January 2021].

Wikimedia, 2005. Pasquino, Statua Parlante A Roma. [image] Available at: <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pasquino_1.JPG> [Accessed 7 January 2021].

Digimap.edina.ac.uk. n.d. Newcastle 1856 Map. [online] Available at: <https://digimap. edina.ac.uk/roam/map/historic> [Accessed 7 January 2021].

Wikimedia, 2016. Pasquino 01. [image] Available at: <https://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Pasquino_01.jpg> [Accessed 7 January 2021].

Ellwood, S., 2017. Prudhoe Chare. [image] Available at: <https://co-curate.ncl.ac.uk/> [Accessed 9 January 2021].

Wool, T., 2007. In Prudhoe Chare. [image] Available at: <https://www.ephotozine.com/ photo/in-prudhoe-chare-6441771> [Accessed 7 January 2021].

Farrell, T., 1995. Bakhtin And Medieval Voices. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, p.56.

Frey, J., 2016. Spolia In Fortifications And The Common Builder In Late Antiquity. Leiden: Brill, pp.10-13.

Ghintiou, C., 2017. KÖLN Museum. [image] Available at: <https://www.archdaily. com/72192/kolumba-musuem-peter-zumthor> [Accessed 7 January 2021].

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