Z1P12

ARC 3001 Architecture Portfolio 2019-2020 160732571 Ka Hei Chan

Content Reflective Report

4

Charrette

8

Primer

12

Cultural Bibliography

26

Field Trip

30

Project Staging

38

Project Realisation and Synthesis

52

Reference List

104

ARC 3013

106

ARC 3014

116

ARC 3015

122

ARC 3060

128

Field Trip Case study Report

164

Year 2 Portfolio

182

Reflective Report

renovate it. The building will be forgotten through time and disappear from the city and citizens’ sight if the building is not functional and abandoned by the city.

Preservation is a crucial factor to develop in a historical site or determining future development in the city core area nowadays.

However, Architects become harder and harder to create new architecture in those areas as time goes on. People are addicted in protecting buildings without any consideration of future development and planning.

Preservation is an intervention of modernity.

It comes from the emotion of nostalgia which respects to the past and related to the memories we had.(Galli, 2013) Before this year, I thought preservation was a traditional and unchanging process to save buildings from misleading development in the city.

However, it is not as simple as just protecting.

It related to a larger argument of what should preservation do and how should preservation do in design.

Ads from William Morris

Interior of dissertation cas study

In my reading and researching, William Morris is the first concept I knew and the closest idea I understood as what is preservation. This concept aims to totally separate the function from the architecture the same as an artwork.

(SPAB, 1877) Protecting the whole architecture and refused for all forgery to the building and reveal the integrity of time affecting on the materials and structure. This is the most impressive ideas for me and also the United Kingdom. Every design project I did in the last three academic years, I noticed that listed buildings everywhere. This type of extreme protection is not allowed any development that happened in the building. Although this method can finely protect the buildings, they will lose the intention of architecture.

Outdated hardware causes the inconvenience of using the building. I visit a listed two building in Newcastle for my dissertation and the staff who work in the building are really helpless as everyone loves the historic building, but they cannot do anything to

Fondazione Prada Ideal form of Gothic Cathedral by Viollet

A collage represent the concept of Viollet

Viollet le Duc suggested an exciting concept of preservation. I never noticed that the spiral of Notre Dame is a new design by him. This related to the impression of a historic building.

Viollet le Duc represented an attitude that can be more imaginative to reveal the integrity of the history.( Viollet-le-Duc, 1875) He preserved Notre Dame as an ideal Gothic cathedral and added a spiral on it. Many critiques were arguing about the addiction part he designed after the preservation finished, especially dealing with a historical context, people always prefer stable rather than changes.

However, it does make an impressive design for the cathedral. People after 200 years feel familiar to restore the spiral after it burned except for requesting the “real” original design of the Notre Dame. This overturns my mind that changing is not a fault to preserve a building. It can enhance the character of the building itself.

A contemporary intervention engages in the historical building can improve the building quality as the building getting older and new technique help to use the building efficiently.

The primary consideration is how to design a suitable intervention for the building or context. Rem Koolhaas gave out a great answer that “preservation creates relevance without new forms”.(Koolhas, 2014) Less personality should be engaged, but more important is to observe what we have in the surrounding. We should let people focus on what we have and preserved rather than an extraordinary design. New intervention should keep a low profile and adapt to what we can get and enhance. In the field we were visiting Fondazione Prada by Rem Koolhas. It shows the concept to change the old building into what a preservation should be. The

keep the building as long as they can. Notre Dame changed with Paris and adapted into the nation. It contained the history of the city, but also the memories with every Parisian.

People do not want to lose anything they loved and fear to bring anything new, and any chance will break the building. Therefore, we should be carefully designed with our professional knowledge and bring out the most suitable preservation for the site and architecture we love and keen on it as same as Viollet le Duc.

intervention engaged and pointed out what s the difference between new and old, renew all the area from ruins to a exciting exhibition.

Balancing all the contrast elements into one architecture.

I concluded three elements from those preservation styles as a starting point for my design; Functional, enhanced and adaptive.

The design aims to reveal the beauty of the existing structure in the context and focuses on finding out what is related to the history of the site. City pattern, grids, changes of the surrounding building are all been considered to find out what forms is the most suitable for the site. Base on the information of site analysis, I chose three characteristic show to the visitor separately to let visitors focus on what Haussmann changed and enhanced those changes through redevelopment. At the same time, all the archaeological site are placed in the same location. Archaeological site become meaningless if they cannot stay in connection with its original surrounding.

They also represented the past of the area.

These design will connect all history together and presented as a complete timeline for Notre Dame de Paris, but also Île de la Cité.

Design process

In the final stage of the project, I was thinking about why should architect preserved a building. If preservation is just an emotion of nostalgia and respect to the past, Monument will be a better and efficient solution rather than thinking about how to preserve the building. There is a cathedral (Ruínas de São Paulo) was burnt in Macau, and only the facade was left as a monument. It can still fulfil the needs of recording history. However, I think what makes preservation important is about humanity.

"Age plus adaptivity is what makes a building come to be loved." (Brand, 1994) As people love the building, they will try to

Group photos by Shen

CHARRETTE High street culture represents the centre of a city and town. For now, shops in the high street got different characteristics to sell their brand to the consumer.

In this Charrette we explored the other side of those brand. The truth representation emotion of these luxury brand.

Jealous and fashion brand.

In the discussion, our group agreed that people bought expensive luxury fashion because of jealousy.

We suggested this is staging in our lives. Green was chosen to represent this negative emotion and people will turn to white at the top of the shop as they passed the stage of chasing fashion and dispel a myth from the brand.

Shops and Emotion Alley There are many typical shops we saw on the real high street, presenting another characteristic. It must be admitted that although shopping brings good feelings in our dull lives, it also brings negative emotion if we addicted to it.

PRIMER Spiral and roof of Notre Dame de Paris were collapsed in 2019. People raised the issue of preservation again that what should we do with the heritage. In primer, we concluded the last 700 years history of Notre Dame and analysis what changes has been made through the time.

- 1163

Early Construction

1163-1250

Mid-Construction

1804-1814 Napoleon I

1830-1852

2019

The Bourbon Restoration & Viollet le DucNotre Dame

On th Inducted bishop of Paris in 1160, Maurice de Sully decides to From 1200 to 1250, the second phase of the work took place,A Te Deum was celebrated at Notre-Dame on April 10, 1802In 1830, Louis Phillipe I was crowned the King of the French during replace the old basilica with a building whose majesty and marked by changes in the style of the building. The first portal for the proclamation of a concordat that recognised theduring the period of the Bourbon Restoration. Following the secon splendour must equal, or exceed, the Temple of Solomon or built around 1200 is dedicated to Saint Anne, the mother of Catholic religion as "that of the majority of the French.” Bothdamage from the first revolution there was a national effort to of the the heavenly Jerusalem described by Saint John in Revelation.

Mary. The second portal is that of the Virgin. It is to the left, or Napoleon and Pope Pius VII were in attendance.restore the symbols of the monarchy in France, including scaffo Because this mythical temple remains a central reference for to the north. Dating from the years 1210-1220, it represents restoring and preserving the many dilapidated Gothic and cathed religious architecture. Aware of the symbolic role of the a death of Mary and her ascension to paradise where she is Napoléon Bonaparte chose the cathedral of Notre-Dame deRomanesque Palaces and Cathedrals. The Hunchback of caused cathedral, Abbé Sully foresaw from the beginning of the made queen of Heaven before the eyes of an assembly of angels Paris to be consecrated emperor, which was to take place onNotre Dame by Victor Hugo was released in 1831 and irreve construction site the location of the square, so that the and patriarchs. In this portal, the sculpture is no longer a bodySunday 2nd December 1804 and marked ‘the instantiation ofprompted a national outcry to save the Notre Dame from its roof li spectators and the faithful could immediately feel the with the wall: one passes from the bas-relief to the statue.

The modern empire.’

He thus broke the tradition of the Kings of ruined state.

2019 - 1163 1163-1250 1830-1852 1804-1814 are un greatness of the place, and therefore of God. last portal added to the centre of the façade in the 1220s is that France who went to Reims to be crowned. For the occasion, Early Construction Mid-Construction TheCharles Bourbon Restoration & Viollet le Duc Napoleon I of the Last Judgment.architects Notre Dame burns Percier and François-Léonard FontaineViollet le Duc and Jean-Baptiste Lassus won the competition The first stone was laid in 1163 by Pope Alexander III, but it were tasked with refurbishments. Houses were demolished tofor the restoration of the cathedral. They believed that instead Thous was not until 1345 that the cathedral acquired the form that The original building also has a nave and buttresses in 1230. clear surroundings of the cathedral, streets surrounding thatof restoring the cathedral to the exact state that it would have On the 15th of April 2019 at 6:20pm, a smoke alarm sou Inducted bishop of Paris in 1160, Maurice de Sully decides to From 1200 to 1250, the second phase of the work took place, A Te Deum was celebrated at Notre-Dame on April 10, 1802 In 1830, Louis Phillipe I was crowned the King of the French fi is still hers today.

The buttresses are added to support the walls that were raised, the cortege would pass would be paved. They designed abeen when it was built, they during mass, however there were no signs replace the old basilica with a building whose majesty and marked by changes in the style of the building. The first portal for the proclamation of a concordat that recognised the should “re-establish it ofinfire.the aAt 6.43p during the period of the Bourbon Restoration. Following the second alarm sounds and a fire is declared, located on the splendour must equal, or exceed, the Temple of Solomon or built around 1200 is dedicated to Saint Anne, as the mother of religion as "that of the one majority French.” Both liturgi the first nave was considered Catholic too dark.

Indeed, ofof the the neo-gothic style portico which was placed the forecourt, itfinished damage from theon first revolution there was a national effort to state, which may in factofnever haveIt actually existed at by the cathedral. spreaded from the area covered the heavenly Jerusalem described by Saint John in Revelation.

Mary. The second portal is that of the Virgin. It is to the left, or Napoleon and Pope Pius VII were in attendance. restore the symbols of the monarchy in France, including The construction of Gothic cathedrals is from a phenomenon fundamental principles of Gothic architecture is the was made of wood, card and stucco.

Another wooden galleryany scaffolding (in place for current restoration atmos work on Because this mythical temple remains a central reference for to the north. Dating the years 1210-1220, it represents restoring and preserving the many dilapidated Gothic and given time.”

It was their duty to embody the ideas of the cathedral) out to the whole roof, as well as the spire. Th religious architecture. Aware of the symbolic role of a the death of Mary and her ascension to paradise where she is Napoléon Bonaparte chose the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Romanesque Palaces and Cathedrals.

Thethe Hunchback of closely linked to the development of medieval cities from the concordance between the interior and exterior of the building. was built along the side of the cathedral, as far as the collapse 19th century spire as well as m cathedral, Abbé Sully foresaw from the beginning of the made queen of Heaven before the eyes of an assembly of angels Paris to be consecrated emperor, which was to take place on original masons, combined caused with theof the contemporary Notre Dame by Victor Hugo was released in 1831 and irreversible damage to the wooden roof. The remainder b construction site the location of the square, end so thatof thethe twelfth century. In 1161, and patriarchs.

In thisParis portal, the sculpture is noThe longer number a body Sunday 2nd December 1804 and markedmust ‘the instantiation of in fact, has become and size of the floors visible on the exterior 'archivêché' where an enormousprompted tent was erected to theform atechnological a national outcry to save Notre Dame from its innovations, to realise original ofand stru roof lies onthe the floor of the nave.concept The stone walls spectators and the faithful could immediately feel the with the wall: one passes from the bas-relief to the statue. The modern empire.’ He thus broke the tradition of the Kings of ruined state.

The theof political capital of the Capetian kings since I, correspond perfectly to the architecture of tothe interior of the vestibule.the building to a greater extent than are undamaged by the fire, however major damage was fo ca greatness of the place, and therefore God. last portal added to the centre ofPhilippe the façade in the 1220s is that France who went Reims to be crowned.

For the occasion, it ever could have been. by falling debris to the inside of the cathe of the Last Judgment. architects Charles Percier and François-Léonard Fontaine Viollet le Duc and Jean-Baptiste Lassus won the competition of the and it is also an important economic centre where a real city cathedral.

The first stone was laid in 1163 by Pope Alexander III, but it were tasked with refurbishments. Houses were demolished to for the restoration of the cathedral. They believed that instead Thousands of people gathered around the scene, watchin still o was not until 1345 that the cathedral acquired the that original The buildingconstruction also has a nave and of buttresses clear surroundings of the cathedral, streets surrounding ofform artisans and markets is beingThebuilt. a in 1230.

It wasthat here that the Pope and hisof entourage robed where restoring the cathedral to theand exact state that itThey would have drew influence from existing Gothic around the fire consumedarchitecture the cathedral’s roof.

Some sang Cat is still hers today.

The buttresses are added to support the walls that were raised, the cortege would pass would be paved. They designed a been when it was built, they should “re-establish it in a bell t cathedral responds to this double need toconsidered welcome more Finally, the transept, preserve the Napoleon theirstate,coronation robes.

The liturgies, whilst other sank to their knees and cried as the first nave was too dark.

Indeed, one of thea span is also added to neo-gothic style porticoto which was placed on the forecourt, it and Josephine donnedfinished which may in fact never have actually existed atto carefully study, rebuild and replace the damaged France atmosphere of sorrow overwhelmed Paris as windo they wat The construction of Gothic cathedrals is a phenomenon fundamental principles of Gothic architecture is the was made of wood, card and stucco. Another wooden gallery any given time.”

It was their duty to embody the ideas of the faithful and to radiate the prestige of the capital. cross-shape of the whole. The South Tower was completed in building was whitewashed with lime and the interior was hungparts of the building. They restored the 28 biblical kings their beloved cathedral that closely linked to the development of medieval cities from the concordance between the interior and exterior of the building. was built along the side of the cathedral, as far as the original masons, combined with the contemporary with t end of the twelfth century. In 1161, in fact, Paris has become The number and size of the floors visible on the1240 exterior must 'archivêché' where an enormous tent was erected to form a and the North Tower in 1244.

The latter is carried out with fabrics and silk and velvet drapes decorated thethecoats technological innovations,with to realise original concept of mistakenly destroyed during the Revolution, along had been The following day at 7am, officials confirmed that the “da the political capital of the Capetian kings since Philippe I, correspond perfectly to the architecture of the interior of the vestibule. building to a greater extent than it ever could have been. as disc After nearly 20 years of work, in 1182, a first part of the under the supervision of Jean de Chelles, the first contractor of arms and insignia of the theEmpire.

The east end ofwith Christ above the main door of the fire had been removed” with up to a dozen and it is also an important economic centre where a real city cathedral. and 16 other figures around firefig still on the scene. The main structure hadbeen saved, with of artisans and markets is being built. The construction of a It was here that the Pope and his entourage robed and where They drewainfluence from existing Gothic architecture around cathedral was completed.

It already allows the faithful to whose name is known on this site.

Notre-Dame was augmented with rotunda, elaborately bell towers and no to major to the main thedamaged building. The decoration inside was intact restored itsdamage original cathedral responds to this double need to welcome more Finally, a span is also added to the transept, to preserve the Napoleon and Josephine donned their coronation robes. The France to carefully study, rebuild and replace the windows. However, two-thirds of the roof has been destr faithful and to radiate the prestige ofpractice the capital. their worship because it cross-shape of theawhole.

The South was completed in building was whitewashed with lime and the interior was hung with tapestries. Ironwork includes choir, withTower aisles, decorated the choir parts around of the building.

They restoredand the 28 two biblical kings that state, along with the windows of the galleries.

A new sacristy with the spire among other debris fallen into the nave, as 1240 and the North Tower in 1244. The latter is carried out with fabrics and silk and velvet drapes decorated with the coats had been mistakenly destroyed during the Revolution, along The the d transept.

From was built at the length ofwasaround as discolouring of the North and South facades (above After nearly 20 years of work, in 1182, a firsttribunes, part of the vaults and the beginning underof thethe supervision of Jean de Chelles,1182 the first contractor of arms and insignia of the Empire. The altars east endwas of removed. Raised seating with Christ above the main door and 16 other figures designed in the place of the old one,windows) in a Neo-Gothic caused by the flames and sm cathedral was completed. It already allows the faithful to whose name is known on this site.

Notre-Dame was augmented with a rotunda, elaborately about the building.

The allow decoration inside wasofficial restored to its original to 1190, three bays of the nave are added to the choir, the the nave and in the clerestories to for entirely designed by Le Duc. Finally the central spire practice their worship because it includes a choir, with aisles, decorated with tapestries. Ironwork around the choir and two state, along with the windows of the galleries. Astyle new sacristy The damage caused by the fire has sparked major contro Notre tribunes, vaults and the beginning of the transept.aisles From 1182 altars was removed. Raised seating was built atrepresentatives the length of and the tribunes – also called triforium (open gallery, from France. Napoleon’s was was designedthrone in the place of theplaced old one, inon a was Neo-Gothic redesigned loosely accordingabout to the engravings from the The 14th restoration of the Cathedral. damage to to 1190, three bays of the nave are added to the choir, the the nave and in the clerestories to allow for official style entirely designed by Le Duc. Finally the central spire insens Notre Dame may not just be caused by the fire, but b located a high platform above the nave in front of the West Door. aisles and the tribunes – also called triforium (open gallery, above the aisles). The cathedral thus gains in length representatives from France. Napoleon’s throne was placed on was redesigned loosely according to engravings from the 14th however the new spire was much taller and the century, insensitive and unthoughtful perservation project on located above the aisles). The cathedral thus gains in length a high platform above the nave in front of the West Door. century, however the new spire was much taller and the and height. buil Gothic style was greatly amplified. and height.

Gothic style was greatly amplified.

Politic and Notre Dame de Paris The location of Notre Dame was always used as a religious function since the earliest human activities in Paris. It is the witness of many important issues.

Therefore, Notre Dame represents the history of Paris but also one of the identities of Parisian. The building we see now is not the same appearance as the original stage. It changed every period in every issue in Paris.

Structure changes of Notre Dame de Paris Notre Dame kept expending and changing in the past 700 years. There is no certain forms or shapes can be drawn for it to define what is the origin. The most significant symbol of the cathedral is the spiral (now collapsed) was designed by Viollet le Duc as a never existed structure on Notre Dame.

18th Century and the changes Both Paris and Notre Dame was having a dynamic change after the 18th century. The whole cathedral restores as another language from the medieval design. The design of Notre Dame we see now is not the original design of the gothic cathedral. Still, it contains different architectural characteristic and become a reliable history book recording all the period of Paris.

Viollet le Duc and the restoration of Notre Dame Viollet made the most significant change to Notre Dame to build a spiral in the middle of Notre Dame.

It is an ideal situation of Gothic Cathedral should be. Preservation is not just a simple restore work for Viollet and anyone in this period. Architects aimed to make the building better through preserving in both cultural and aesthetic factors.

The fire and future of Notre Dame The spiral designed by Viollet was collapsed by the great fire. It represents a new era for Paris and Notre Dame to think about the position itself. The main discussion of the preservation is to rebuild the spiral same as before or design a new one. We should consider that can the old spiral represents the 21st century Parisian and the definition of Cathedral. Do we have a better solution to present " lady of Prais' in 2020 or just struggle as a meaningless restoration?

Staircase exhibition Primer exhibition concluded all the information we found about Notre Dame. This exhibition shows a more profound idea of what was Notre Dame and thinks about what Notre Dame will be to supporting the further design thinking surrounding Notre Dame.

What Preservation look like?

Walk through the history pieces

1

What is original form of Notre Dame?

New design surrounding Notre Dame

Cultural Bibliography Expect for the core module of Architecture. I interested in heritage and hidden history in the city.

In the dissertation, I chose Holy Jesus Hospital, one of the oldest buildings in Newcastle Upon Tyne, which forgotten by the citizens.

At the same year, I travel around the world and visit many historical sites and see how they reuse the building with preservation. Many unique sites were also explored in the field trip and let me, as an international student, know about what preservation is in different country.

Visiting Dissertation Case Study In this visiting I found that some heritage in UK were lack of supporting, especially the one without economic value. Council deliberately ignore the buiulding which causing the building more isolated in the society. In the archive I also found that heritage always related to profit but not what value or history they represent.

SMA L L TA L K NOV

20

T H E O L D GA L L E R Y NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY ARCHITECTURE BUILDING

5. 3 0 p m

Heritage, Conservation and Modern Practice

David Chipperfield Architects

Learning through Travelling

Through the portfolio of David Chipperfield Architects, associate Ryan Butterfield will discuss various approaches to conservation, changing attitudes to listed buildings and the challenges of designing contemporary architecture in historically sensitive contexts.

David Chipperfield Architects has extensive experience working with historic buildings such as the Neues Museum on Berlin’s Museum Island and the Royal Academy of Arts in London. Ryan joined the practice in 2009 and has since worked on several conservation and restoration projects.

F R E E FO R N UA S A N D N A S M E M B E R S O P T I O N A L D O N AT I O N FO R N O N - M E M B E R S

F RE E FOOD A ND DR INKS

The left one located in Denmark was formerly a farm. It turned into a tourist attraction after minimum repair. As different from Fondazione Prada. It kept everything the same rather than adding new. It does showing the medieval lives in Denmark with the restoration. Sometimes less is more.

This is Ronda in Spain. One of the oldest town in the country. The city separated the ancient city from the old town and limited any development inside the city wall. This is very effective for the small town like this as one of the preservation is to protect the townscape and city pattern of the historic area.

This is an iconic building in Hong Kong representing the fusion style of western and Asia architecture. Originally the Pawn Shop inside the building was the few Pawn Shop left in Hong Kong. However, the council moved all the local shops from the building, removing all the meaningful value inside the building, and put a restaurant in it. The building loses all the historical value but just a pure old building facade left.

Studying David Chipperfield In the last lecture, David Chipperfield design was impressed me with the design of the thin and tall column. That inspired me many historic architecture forms are always affected by columns (or supporting). In my project site, we can found out that many decorations on the supporting of Notre Dame, but on the other hand, the police station is using columns to decorated its facade. All of them get related to vertical and horizontal supporting.

Firld Trip 2019 Except for visiting the site, Notre Dame, many other preservation projects and new buildings in historical context have been visited. Many projects show the intelligence of preserving old building via different design and method.

After the field trip, I concluded three elements of preservation should be base on Viollet theory. Comparative, adaptive and functional are necessary to affect the new design in old building or context success or not.

PARIS ITALTY Fondazione Prada Rem Koolhas shows an alternative way to preserve a building and reuse it. To balance the costeffectiveness and preservation, we should consider what is necessary to build and restore.

What Preservation should be?

Enhanced

Adaptive

Functional

New forms, materials and design show the periodic aesthetic which represents our culture. Notre Dame added spiral in the 18th century with gothic style but never existed.

Using the techniques we got nowadays to excellent the architecture and context.

Old buildings need to add alternative parts when preserving to use. The new structure should be adapted into the old design but not creating a unique language. This will become a "Deja Vu" of an architecture. It aims to let locals feel familiar with the new structure with materials, shapes, forms or design to fulfil it.

Architecture is functional as compared to other pure artwork. It can let the old buildings develop in a sustainable way to earn itself, preserve itself and promote itself. Also keeping functional can let locals remember the buildings in their city. An unknown building will always be abandoned by the town.

Comparative Materials

Adaptive Forms

Functional Entrance

Transformation of architecture As more and more new technique and materials come out, we should more present our human achievements. Architecture and preservation are finding a balance between development and respect to improve our lives but also memorize how our country grows.

PROJECT STAGING (SITE ANALYSIS) A new centre is decided to construct on Île de la Cité.

It will change the circulation to the surrounding area and enhance the existing elements.

In 2020, Notre Dame was collapsed, and official departments are going to move out from the island. Île de la Cité is close to many tourist attraction and potentially become an exciting historic area. However, the isolation of those original official building encloses the middle island and decline locals and tourists to explore the island.

In the masterplan, Île de la Cité will be connected to all different areas to combine as a "Paris feeling" theme adapted to the historical area and bring people back to this island and exploring it.

1

Density

Site physical condition Natural elements

Public outdoor area

Private building(red), offical building(blue) and cathedral(green)

The crowds concentrate in front of Notre Dame are mostly tourist, and the riverside are locals. It proved that the surrounding area is accessible, but the only tourist will get onto the island for the Notre Dame and Sainte Chapelle. This also causes locals declining to get into it.

Busiest Road and bridge.

Separation of ĂŽle de la CitĂŠ

The island contains three direct routes connecting the Paris from north to south. They are all the most critical path for the car driver and cause a traffic jam on the island.

The island cut through by the car route vertically, and the isolation of official building causes the island separated into several pieces. People come to the island with a destination but not exploring it. This influence the shops on the island but also covered the shine of all historic building on the island.

I seldom go to Notre Dame and its island, there is no reason for visiting it. It seems to be a tourist attraction and not suitable for the local to attend. Notre Dame should not restore to its original forms and the island also.

Too many tourist in this area and no local shop in the middle of the island. All the building is historic and beautiful in the island. Flower market also one of the beautiful place to stay and visit.

Origin of issue

Citizens opinion

To find out the origin of the issue, I compared the city pattern before and after the redevelopment in the 18th century. The middle island was all demolished and recovered with the official buildings. This worked effectively as it creates a new language to enclose the whole area. However, when the power release back to the public, the isolated language become a disadvantage to develop the island.

Modernization development The disconnection also causes by the construction of car park and metro. The Vent of metro and entrance of car park located on two sides of the square which causes a messy usage of the road.

Connecting together The primary strategy is to break down the domination of the car road and provided a pathway from west to south. This aims to bring people using two square on the island as a starting point to the whole island.

Sainte Chapelle

Marché aux Fleurs

Hôtel-Dieu

Pont Saint-Louis

Statue équestre d'Henri IV

Île de la Cité Materplan 2020 - 2030 (from top to bottom)

Place Dauphine

Place Dauphine:

A living area on the island. It plans to keep the same as before for the resident only but provide a short cut in Palais de Justice.

Place Louis Lépine: As a starting point for the tourist and locals come from northern Paris and Metro. Providing cafe and shop at the side of the square.

NCHPF and square:Project site as a starting point for the people comes from southern Paris.

Enhance the topic of historic story telling.

Place Louis Lépine

NCHPF

Pont Saint-Louis: Notre Dame de Paris

Deportation Martyrs Memorial

Connecting the exit for the island and bring people to two shopping street selling locals food and goods.

Exploring Island and History

PROJECT STAGING (MASSING & DESIGN) The project aims to build a national centre in front of Notre Dame. I chose three elements on the site according to the changes in the past 200 years. Each of them enhanced by a separated space to reinforce what people familiar but rarely to notice.

Except for being a museum, it locates at a critical starting point of the island exploration. It is emphasizing the circulation from the design to the surrounding area, connecting the whole island into a whole.

The design also continues the existing grids and materials formed by the surrounding building.

Providing a new architecture language to consequence the diversity style on the island to break the domination of Haussmann architecture and bring back Notre Dame to the island but not a single building.

Courtyard and the facade of Notre Dame The courtyard is a standard design in front of the cathedral. It aims to held public activities. A welldesign square can attract people to come and relax here.

Enhancing the Redevelopment The Haussmann redevelopment in 18th century improved and tidy up space on the island. My design concept aims to reference the method pf Notre Dame preservation by Viollet, which find out the spirits that the Haussmann redevelopment want to enhance and finish it in my ideal forms. I concluded three elements which are the spirits I found.

Circulation and Pathing

Riverside

All the circulation provide a stable grid for the site, and all the path existed before the redevelopment.

The redevelopment cleaned up the riverside and reveal the square to another riverside which provide a broader view for both people on the island and the opposite side.

City Grids and consistency The Haussmann redevelopment built many significant buildings on the island, which makes them dominated the island. (blue grids) Therefore the design needs to connect the grids formed by Notre Dame and other architecture.

Working with models Using models to confirm the size and shapes on the site. It is unique because the surrounding buildings have different decoration and style which cannot be seen in massing site model.

Pathing Grids

Define the square

Masterplan Connection

Enlarge the Entrance

Haussmann Grids

Specialize the Square

From massing to design

Work from Home

Design Concept

Enhanced

Adaptive

functional

Cathedral Square

Grids and city pattern

New build preservation center

Riverside clearance

Materials

Reveal Archaeological museum

Historical path

Figure 55 (left): Elements in the joint of precast concrete column

Figure 56 (middle): Concrete casted to fill the joint of cloumn Figure 57 (right top):Concrete casted to fill the joint of cloumn and beams Figure 58 (right bottom): Concrete casted to fill the joint of slab and walls

Building with precast concrete

Design Concept There are too much valuable elements surrounding the site which should be mentioned. I chose several elements that represent a more important aspect specific for this location to enlarge the historic value of them.

Project Realisation and Synthesis (Exterior) The three elements focus on one of the site speciality in their location, which enhances people to look at their surrounding but not just passes through it. Every spaces wre given a single special character for tourist to explore.

The level change of those three areas can let visitors experiencing the transformation of Notre Dame.

Underground represent the past. Ground level represent now and above ground represent the future. Three distinctive experiences are waiting for the people to explore with the heritage and natural elements on site and having a depth understanding of Notre Dame, and also ĂŽle de la CitĂŠ.

Beauty of Symmetry An extended area proposed in front of the main entrance of the police station. Attracting visitor to stay and explored the ancient symmetry facade of the police station.

Square and Notre Dame Referencing the square design since Notre Dame was built. Maintaining the culture and humanity elements of the French living style (Religion and Christmas Market). Revealing the past (archaeological museum) and now (the ruins of Notre Dame) to connect the history of the location.

French and Romance Standing at the riverside of Seine. Giving the classical impression of Paris related to life and coffee. Feeling the story of Victor Hugo and the last footprint of Javert.

0

10

20 1:500

50

Future

Now

Past

Restoration of roof

Old spiral mounument 0

10

Indoor exhibition

Archaeological museum 20 1:500

50

0

10

20 1:500

50

0

10

20 1:500

50

0

10

20 1:500

50

Colour and Materials

Thinking Through Making

Most of the Paris old buildings were used in Paris stone to construct and decorate. White concrete with Paris stone chips will be used to build the exterior wall of the building. This makes the building reflect a light yellow colour with sunshine on it, but also create a contrast with other architecture.

Adaptive and Deja Vu Deja Vu comes from knowledge and broken memories. Although all of us may not experience it, the new architecture will familiar to the locals as they may saw the history photos before and remain an unclear impression.

Project Realisation and Synthesis (Interior)

National Center of Heritage and Preservation of France NCHPF

Underground archaeological sites are mostly remained to educate people about preservation and heritage. As compare to the previous archaeological museum, I provide several light conditions to exhibited culture. The vulnerable exhibits will move into the first floor of the building to control the temperature, humidity and light in excellent condition.

The building also provides two way to enter from the western hall and eastern hall which come to the top main exhibition hall and become a twoway circulation. Both halls can see Notre Dame at a specific angle to take a different view of this amazing architecture.

1:500 0

10

20

50

1:500 0

10

20

50

1:500 0

10

20

50

1:500 0

10

20

50

Lecture hall

168m2

Cafe

588m2

Exhibition hall 2900m2

Laboratory

588m2

PC cluster

140m2

Library 1026m2

980m2

Office

728m2

Entrance Exhibition hall

Shop

192m2 Circulation and focus Tourist focus: This cycle includes more per-manent exhibition to show the history and tourist interest in the visiting.

Citizens focus:This cycle enhances the experience of enjoying lives.

More regular event and locals need.

Eastern Hall This hall focus on explaining the information of Notre Dame de Paris and giving a first impression of how the cathedral looks like.

Main exhibition hall From Gorund to above The main exhibition hall was supported by three separated foundations and people can enter and exit from them. This aims to let people walk through the whole exhiibiton area and reduce signs to point out the direction.

The exhibition hall provides different light condition chamber to exhibit. Visitor can have diverse experience in it and also see the full view of the square and river.

Western exhibition hall The exhibition hall places great and high exhibits and provides a terrace to see differently. In the basement level will be one of the archaeological sites which provide a dungeon atmosphere with the sunlight from ground level

Archaeological museum This is the main archaeological site which provides the same experience as the old one. Windows open from the middle garden which bring light inside the building.

Reference List: Brand, S. (1994) How Buildings Learn : What Happens after They're Built. New York, NY: Viking, Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc, “Restoration,” from the Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle (1854-1868). English edition On Restoration (London, 1875), pp. 9-17, 20-22, 27-28, 35-50, 62-65, 67-69, 71.

Galli, G. (2013). Nostalgia, Architecture, Ruins, and Their Preservation. Change Over Time 3(1), 1226. doi:10.1353/cot.2013.0001.

Koolhaas, Rem, Jorge Otero-Pailos, (2014) Preservation is overtaking us, ed. by Jordan Carver (2014): olumbia Books on Architecture and the City SPAB, The SPAB Manifesto (2017) <https://www.spab.org.uk/about-us/spab-manifesto> [accessed 15 January 2020]

Image List: Fig. 1: SPAB, The SPAB Manifesto (2017) <https://www.spab.org.uk/about-us/spabmanifesto> [accessed 15 January 2020] Fig. 2: by author, 2020 Fig. 3: Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, cathédrale idéale, « Cathédrale », Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture française du xi e au xvi e siècle, B. Bance, Paris, 1854, t. 2, p. 324.

Fig. 4-7: by author, 2020 Fig. 8: Analysed map base on n.d. (2020) 1754 <https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/2495276355 77581067/?autologin=true>[accessed 6 May 2020] Fig. 9: by author, 2020 Fig. 10: Xuan, Y. Z. (2020) group photos Fig. 11-14: by author, 2020 Fig. 15: Xuan, Y. Z. (2020) Charrette FIg. 16,17: by author and the studio 06, 2020 Fig. 18: Williamson, L. (2020) Notre Dame fire: Fragile old lady of Paris waits for rescue <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-52280511> [accessed 6 May 2020] Fig.19,20: by author and the studio 06, 2020 Fig. 21: Bridgeman Images (1814 - 1879) cartoon of the French architect holding in his hand Notre Dame de Paris costume pie tail beard beard beard Fig. 22: Nadar (1878) Eugene Viollet-Le-Duc (1814-1879) french architect who restored a lots of monuments (Notre Dame of Paris, Pierrefonds castle).

FIg. 23: by author, 2020

Fig. 24-26: Vaičiulaitytė, G., 2019. 17 Artists Suggest Notre Dame Cathedral Reconstruction Designs. [online] Bored Panda. Available at: <https://www.boredpanda. com/notre-dame-cathedral-new-spire-designs/?utm_source=google&utm_ medium=organic&utm_campaign=organic> [Accessed 11 May 2020].

Fig. 27-60: by author and the studio 06, 2020 Fig. 61-63: David Chipperfield Architects Berlin, James-Simon-Galerie Museum Island Berlin, Germany 1999–2018 <https://davidchipperfield.com/project/james_simon_ galerie> [Accessed 18 February 2020] Fig. 64-82: by author, 2020 Fig. 83-85: Analysed map base on Paris 16 (2015) English: Plan of the Louvre and environs, Paris, France. <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Palais_ du_Louvre_and_environs.svg> [accessed 6 May 2020] Fig. 86-130: by author, 2020 Fig. 131: Analysed map base on n.d. (2020) 1754 <https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/249527 635577581067/?autologin=true>[accessed 6 May 2020] Fig. 132: Le Parisien (2020) Patrimoine : sous le parvis de Notre-Dame, l’histoire de Paris <https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/sortir-region-parisienne/patrimoine-sous-leparvis-de-notre-dame-l-histoire-de-paris-28-12-2018-7977594.php> [accessed 6 May 2020] Fig. 133: by author, 2020 Fig. 134: Second World War (1939-1945): liberation of Paris, 25 August 1944. The crowd in joy during the Te Deum on the square of the Cathedrale Notre Dame de Paris after the liberation of the city. The French flag was planted at the top of the monument. Photography. / Photo © Usis-Dite / Bridgeman Images Fig. 135: The Square in Front of Notre-Dame at the Time of the Consulat, 1799-1804 (coloured engraving), Garbizza, Angelo (fl.1800-30) (after) / Musee de la Ville de Paris, Musee Carnavalet, Paris, France / Bridgeman Images FIg. 136: by author, 2020 Fig. 137: n.d.

Fig. 138: by author, 2020 Fig. 139: La rue du Cloitre-Notre-Dame, vue du Parvis vers 1865 (b/w photo), French Photographer, (19th century) (after) / Private Collection / © Look and Learn / Bridgeman Images Fig. 140: Demolition de la rue de la Barillerie et de la place du Palais-de-Justice (engraving), French School, (19th century) / Private Collection / © Look and Learn /

Bridgeman Images Fig. 141: by author, 2020 FIg. 142: Honeyfur (n.d.) Jarvet Suicide <https://lesmiserables.fandom.com/wiki/Javert%27s_ Suicide> [accessed 6 May 2020] Fig. 143: by author, 2020 Fig. 144: Illustration from Les Misérables, 19th Century (b/w engraving), Fowke, Francis (d.1865) & Scott, Henry (19th Century) / Private Collection / Prismatic Pictures / Bridgeman Images Fig. 145- 240: by author, 2020

Site Analysis

Figure 2: Maps show the crowdedness on Île de la Cité

Figure 3: private (orange), public (red) and enclosed (black) buildings.

ARC3013:Architectural Technology 3: Integrated Construction ARC3013 Detailed Technology Study Studio 6 Building Upon Building 16073257

Figure 4: 2040 masterplan proposed by Dominique Perrault Figure 5: Main circulation of Île de la Cité Figure 1: Map shows the surrounding tourist attraction .

ARC 3013 Architectural Technology 3: Integrated Construction Detailed Technology Study

Figure 6: Parti southern facade (red represent the new building on southern side)

Massing development

Location

Figure 7: The exising empty space in front of Notre Dame on the site.

In this location, many iconic and strong stylish architecture built in this historic site.

Preservation is not just about a single building but related to a contextual consequence.

A new building can affect the whole landscape of Ile de la Cité. Therefore, the massing of the new building will be focused on emphaizing the beauty of old architecture and the adaptive shape connecting different area on the island. Fit in to this island but creating new experience in this limitation.

Consistency

Figure 8: Following the circulation grids and the consisitency of landscape line on the island.

Symmetry

Balance Figure 11: Additive and Subtractive diagram on site

Figure 12: Additive and Subtractive diagram

Figure 13: Hierarchy diagram

Figure 14: Parti diagram

Figure 15: Plan to Section Diagram

Figure 9: Following the symmetry grids of the exisiting Figure 10: Balancing the building and redirecct pedesbuilding on the island trian circulation.

Figure 16: Section from South to north

Figure 17: Section from east to west

LZCGT generation

Summer time 4

Cafe

Entrance hall

2

Surface Area: 588m Average height: 3m

2

Surface Area: 980m Average height: 3/8/14m

Exhibition hall

Sunlight

Air conditioner will produce cool air and the RCS will become a barrier to decline heat from exterior.

Solar Panel

INTERIOR

Pipe in Thermal insulation

Interaction with RCS, UFAC and underfloor heating

Fresh Air

2

Surface Area: 2902m Average height: 4m

Alternative Use

Illumination Underfloor heating

CHP River water

Electrolyser

H

Boiler

2

Winter time Laboratory

Lecture Room

Surface Area: 560m2 Average height: 3m

Surface Area: 168m2 Average height: 3m

Office

Library

Surface Area: 728m2 Average height: 3m

Surface Area: 105m2 Average height: 2.5m

Figure 20: 1.

50mm precast concrete panel made with Paris stone, bitumen membrane, 380 mm precast concrete snadwich panel (80mm outer waterproof layer concrete, 100mm rigid foam insulation with river cooling system pipe and 200mm load bearing reinforced concrete), Vapor membrane, 15mm plaster board

Shop

Surface Area: 192m2 Average height: 4m

2.

50mm precast concrete panel made with Paris

Figure 19: Interior building use

Ecosystem, Heat, Cool and Ventilation The center contains large interior space with high ceiling. Normal Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) will use a huge amount of power source.

Therefore Underfloor air conditioner and heating will be use for the public area and aims to not cooling or heating the entire indoor place but only the floor level.

River Cooling System (RCS) River water keeps cooler tmerperature in summer. This system can over thermal envelope to produce a protection reject the extra hot from the summer.

stone supported by steel rectangular grids structure, UFAC system or 100mm screed with Underfloor heating pipe, 50mm rigid foam insulation, structural precast concrete slab

3.

8mm Zinc panel from bottom of precast concrete panel to windows edges, bitumen membrane, 200mm load bearing precast concrete panel, Vapor membrane, 50mm rigid foam insulation

o

35

Figure 21: 4.

100mm concrete block panel, gravel connected to drainge system with tilted bottom, bitumen membrane, rigid foam insulation Vapor membrane, 1000mm depth single t precast concrete slab

Condenser

RCS will pass through the boiler and slightly increase the temperature to be a stable tempertaure as same as summer. UFAC will turn into producing warm air and heater will be operated.

Archaelogical museum: Undergorund will remain cold in summer and winter. Therefore there is a alternative heating system connect to boiler to adsorb the wasting heat.

River cooling system Figure 28: Natural resourse use in building

Figure 29: Plan of building

Figure 27: HVAC system in winter

20 15 10 5 0

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month

River water temperature Air temperature

Figure 23: River and Air temperature in Paris

River water

Underfloor heating The system can stablize the tempertaure indoor on the floor level which reduce the use of traditional heater and boiler.

Figure 31: Light level to different usage of interior space

2

Close Loop

3 4

Heat Exhange

Figure 36a: Section shows sun path in summer

5

Figure 36b: Plan shows sun path in summer

6 Figure 24: Heat exchange system in River cooling system

Figure 32: Light level for future sensitive exhibition

3

Figure 33: Light level of sunlight

Figure 22: 3D diagram shows the UFAC and Underfloor heating System

1

Figure 35: 3D section shows the controlled light level in different area.

Underground Air Condition

Figure 25: Ventilation system from floor to ceiling

Figure 34: Plan shows different usage on ground floor

Light level and Activity

1.Laboratory

3. Indoor public area

5. Archive storage

2. Exhibition hall

4. Library

6. Office

From preserving historic goods to drawing works are all in here.

Controllable artifcial light have better performance.

1

Underground Heat System

Fuel Cells

Fuel Cells And Renewable Hydrogen

Figure 30: heating, cooing and electrcity circulation in the building

the design ensure the middle coutyard getting direct sunlight for people to enjoy and rest here..

25

River cooling system

Storage Tank

Outdoor Sunlgiht

C

30

Underfloor Air Conditioner (UFAC) Fresh and cool air comes from the ground and waste air collect from the ceiling, this enhance the ventilation indoor and reduce air pollution by the ventilation.

2

Figure 18: Plan

Surface Area: 1026m2 Average height: 4/14m

Multi-purpose room

Some of the exhibition may be sensitive. (fig. 32) Different light conditions are settled in different area to maximize the use of sunlight.

This area aims to let people focus on the view of Notre Dame. Therefore the southern will be enclosed but a full screen window on the northern side.

This area will be the book shelf and limited sunlight will be entered. Sunlight will be used in the reading area at the other side. (see figure 34)

Controlled light, temperature and humidity here. No sunlight will be use in this area.

Southern opening for the office area to use more sunlight than artifcial light.

Figure 37a: Section shows sun path in winter

Figure 37b: Plan shows sun path in winter

Sunlight:

Energy will be caught by Solar panel and run the electrolyser for Fuel Cells to generate more power for the daily use of museum.

Wind:

Fresh air will be enter into the HVAC system and later the system will reuse the air to reduce the energy use of cooling or heating outdoor air.

Water:

HVAC System

Figure 26: HVAC system in summer

Large amount of power source will be used in this building. Therefore sustainable energy will be a alternative power source to run the building.

Water will first cool down the river cooling system in summer and then enter the Fuel Cells and Renewable Hydrogen system to generate power.

Primary Structure Precast concrete column, load bearing walls and beams of the center

Secondary Structure Floors, ceiling and verical circulation of the building.

Tertiary Structure Windows ,cladding and finsihing will be added as tertiary structure.

1.5m

Figure 40: Add pile foundation on the ground and prepare for the basement structure

25m

Figure 59: Usage of building

12m 16m

Basement Floor:

Figure 44: Installing windows, interior into the building

Concrete as a main material of the design has a good performance in fire resistance. In the experiement showed precast concrete column can at least support 90 minutes in the fire before losing its strength because of the explosive spalling

Construction Sequencing

Visitors flowrate:

Figure 45: Finishing the landscape and testing all system in the building

Figure 46

Figure 47

Figure 48

Exhibition Area: 323 (1618m2) Studio: 18 (560m2) Office: 121 (728m2) Cafe: 392 (588m2)

Ground Floor:

Library: 74 (524m2) Lecture Room: 200 (168m2) Exhibition Area: 95 (478m2) Shop: 13 (94m2)

To prevent explosive spalling and provide a longer period to escape. CAFCOÂŽ Spray will be used on the structural concrete without finish outside. It can let the structure resist to fire up to 240 minutes rather than 90 minutes .

Mezzanine Floor: Library: 56 (398m2)

First Floor:

Exhibition Area: 326 (1634m2)

Second Floor:

Exhibition Area: 81 (406m )

5m(to outdoor)

Figure 64: Plan of basement floor shows the direct escape distance in the building

17m

25m

Figure 66:

Although basement floor is not count as a basement (windows and not enclosed underground), some of the places are deep and far from exit. An alternative escape route can help people to escape faster from fire.

Figure 67: Maximum escape distance in office, shop and commercial

Number of visitor above ground floor( from fig. 60 data): First Floor: 326 M Floor: 56

15m

Together flowrate in vetical circulation: 463

Four vertical escape route are provided. Therefore the building at least can take 1.5 times of noraml visitors flowrate back to sfaety.

8m

Figure 53a: depth required with single t span

The large ramp provides a nice outdoor places for visitor to rest. It also connect the basement floor and ground floor for the building. This design let disabled enter the building easier without using platform lift or staircase.

Visistor Flow

Second Floor: 81

Figure 49: Section of precast concrete beam

22m

Outdoor Area

Figure 63: Chart shows the fires testing of concrete block.

2

W = ((N/2.5) + (60S))/80 1.6 = ((N/2.5)+60(1.5)/80 N = 95 The fire exit can allow 95 people to escape.

As an alternative exit,combines with anothor two exits, it can take all the people escape from the building.

23m

Figure 43: Build floor and ceiling and prepare for the finsihing

Figure 60

Figure 65: Alternative escape route in office and lab

24m

13m

Figure 62

Most of the construction part will be operated in factory by casting standard concrete as the design contains lots of repetitive elements. Precast concrete can reduce the cost, time and also the standardize the components of the structure which also reduce thee time spend .

28m

9m

43m

Figure 61: CAFCO sprage in visual view

Figure 42: Construct the concrete frame with precast concrete blocks and columns

4.5m 1.5m

22.5m

55

Figure 41: Construct the basment structure and finish the courtyard structure in advance to protect the heritage

5m

Outdoor Area

17m

Figure 39: Remove the ground and measuring the archaelogoical site to prepare for the foundation

1.6m

43m

27m

Figure 38: Build cofferdam to block riverwater to demolish the river wall

4m

13m

Figure 75

Basement Level -3m

Ground Level 0m

5m 5m

27m

41m 36m Figure 71: Diagream shows vertical circulation in building

F i g u re 5 0 : S e c t i o n o f p re c a s t concrete slab

16m

43m

Figure 53b: Maximum span of different shape

4m

7m

30m

12.5m 2m

Precast concrete will casted in the factory and transfer to the site. Workers just need to install the components together and cast concrete to fill in the joint and the pint area.

Figure 54: 3D diagram of all building elements.

Figure 57 (right top):Concrete casted to fill the joint of cloumn and beams Figure 58 (right bottom): Concrete casted to fill the joint of slab and walls

3m

gradient: 1:12 (three landing)

3m

gradient: 1:14 (four landing)

Visistor Flow

21m

1.5m

9m

9m

Figure 79

Figure 77: Plan of ground level shows the path for visitor

Figure 73

Figure 55 (left): Elements in the joint of precast concrete column

Figure 56 (middle): Concrete casted to fill the joint of cloumn

Visistor Flow

Figure 76

Total exit from G floor to outdoor: 5(show as yellow sign) Exit from Lecture room (200 people): 2 Archive room (100 people): 2 Classroom, toilet: 1

1.5m

F i g u re 5 2 : S e c t i o n o f p re c a s t concrete sandwich panel

13m

13.5m

8m

14m

Figure 68: Plan of ground f l o o r s h ows t h e d i re c t e s c a p e distance in the building

F i g u re 5 1 : S e c t i o n o f p re c a s t concrete column

7m

Figure 72

1000mm

300mm 166mm

87

41m Figure 69 (top) Figure 70 (left): Escape route in lecture room

Figure 74

Figure 78: Relationship with the ramps and landings

Figure 80: External stair of the building

904mm

Spirits of Paris Stone

.3m

3.05m

.3m

1.7m

Materiality is one of the most important elements unifying the city.

Paris Stone (or Lutetian Limestone) create the paris yellow palette in

West Wing Reception .5m

vertical circulation

1.5m 1.4m

the past 200 years. It represent the architecutre and development of Paris.

4.2m

.5m .5m

Figure 87: Saple stair location

1.5m 1.4m

East Wing Reception vertical circulation

Figure 113: Massing of surrounding

.25m Lobby

Figure 81: Plans show the glazing factors of the reception

Figure 86: plan of staircase

normal

Figure 82

Lobby and Reception

2.2m 1.1m 2.2m .6m .7m

2.3m Figure 83: Plan of reception

.7m 1.4m

1.4m .7m 2.3m Figure 84: Section of reception

Two receptions were operated to fulfil different visitor in the building. They are both equipped at least one lift to all floors and suitable to use for disabled both visitors and stuff.

Also, the reception avoid any glazing and provide a visual comfort enviroment to the visitor to improve the experience inside the building.

Figure 116: Map shows the average height of the building in Paris

Figure 89 1m

Figure 85: Diagram shows the vertical circulation in the building.

1.2m

Figure 120: Mansard Roof in Paris

3.2m

acess for all

1m

Figure 119: Building made by Paris stone

.5m

Figure 90

Vertical Access Lifts are prepared for all the people to use and let disabled access to high level easier.

Figure 88

1.7m .3m Figure 92: Section of staircase

3.05m

.3m

1.7m

Figure 117a: Western facade of the design and Hotel Dieu

Figure 114: Grids produced by circulation

.25m

.17m

Figure 91: Section of staircase

Figure 115: Consistency of the island buildings

Figure 93

Figure 117b: Eastern facade of police station

Relationship with context

Passing several planning in Paris. Building present as a highly unified and same characteristic in the city. Roads are straight, buildings are present as a regular geometry. Therefore the new design will not break this harmony and extend this parisian language in the new design. It is a sustainable design in the characteristic of buildings.

Figure 118: Color palette and stone pattern in the surrounding buildings

Figure 121: Quarry of Paris stone

Memories on the site People got their hard impression in this area as the last development on this area was hundreds years ago. People feel how the islands look like seems they burn. This project will not destory any daily experience on this island but providing an alternative way to explore it. The shape of the building will present as a "visual sense" of this island. The building capture all the elements happened in this location and combined into something "Déjà vu" but never exist before.

Cofferdam To avoid the collapse of the riverside. A cofferdam need to install before all the construction start. The process of cofferdam representing the stage 1 of Construction Sequencing.

Figure 124: Dredge the river to prepare for the temporary structure

Figure 107: Site landscape before the reconstruction in 18th century

Figure 108: Site landscape nowadays

Figure 109: Site landscape in the furture

Figure 110: Plan of Île de la Cité in 1754

Figure 111: Plan of Île de la Cité nowadays

Figure 112: Plan of Île de la Cité in proposed

Figure 125: Install temporary guide pile for the sheet pile

Figure 131: Archaeological site in the site

Figure 122: construction detail of single walled cofferdam Figure 126: Install sheet pile and mark the construction area

Figure 127: Pump out the water from the inside of the cofferdam

Figure 128: Install supporting bracing and keep pump out the water

Figure 129: Remove the river wall and construct a new riverside.

Figure 130: Prespective of archaelogical museum area

Meaning of Preservation Preservation does not mean to restore the things to be the same but to be better. Preservation is not just protected the physical element of the building, architect should consider the spirits, the policy and the culture of the city. In this project, a new building built in a historic site, but we are not going to protect everything. This project is trying to make the site and surrounding building more meaningful and respectful to their history and culture.

Figure 94: Original design for the repairment of Notre Dame "To restore a building is not to preserve it, to repair, or rebuild it; it is to reinstate it in a condition of completeness" French Architect, Viollet le duc

Figure 95: Original facade before the repairment Figure 96: Viollet le duc portraits Figure 97: Ideal Gothic cathedral design by Viollet

Figure 98-106: New concept design after Notre Dame was burnt

Figure 123: Sinlge walled cofferdam used in the construction of James Simon Galerie in Germany

Figure 132: Process of a new build design on a heritage site

Figure 133: Internal exhibition design in Gallo-roman Museum Vesuna

Figure 134: destail section of Gallo-roman Museum Vesuna

Illumination underground Illumination helps visitor to concentrate on the exhibition and direct the path for the visitors. Therefore It is important to install suitable light into the underground floor. Spot light will be use to light up the heritage and control the standing position of the visitors to avoid the blocking on the path.

Two Systems in one building Area: Library, exhibition hall, lobby, cafe, shop, lecture room Area characteristic:

• Large space • Require a stable and silent ventilation system • Many windows, serious heat loss

Figure 137: Underground design smaple

UFAC system can provide a good performance in this area to keep the running cost and energy use low.

Figure 135: Visitor flow in archaelogical museum area

Figure 140: building use above ground

Area: Laboratory, office

Area characteristic:

Figure 136: Spot light in archaeological museum area

Figure 141: building use in basement level

Figure 139: Two system run in one building

Figure 138: Example of light level in interior area

Exterior space and surrounding

• smaller space • Require personlized control on temperature (meeting room, pantry • dusts and pollutants may fall on the ground when doing experience.

Critical Reflection In the project, the location provides a various of challenge and interesting condition.

Heritage and archaeological site are underground, and it remains empty until nowadays. People love to come here as Notre Dame is here, but no one notice the other beauty surrounded. This design will be successes to connect the islands together base on the position and the historic significance of the building. This project is a preservation center of heritage. It represents the country, the French architecture, and the Parisian. People will come to here because they need to go to Notre Dame.

Visitors will know more about this island and the architecture through this center and they will explore other buildings on the island. Visitors will no longer just know about Notre Dame, but the beautiful building surrounded, the island and Paris. It is a good opportunity for Paris to spread its culture to the tourist or even the locals. When the design draw attention from the people to the building and preservation, more chance and ideas will make the buildings being preserved. It can be concluded as a education and culture spread of French to tourist, locals and governments.

For the environmental strategy, although many new systems are proposed to use in the building, it cannot reduce the heat loss from the large amount of full screen windows in the design. It is hard to fulfil a green and sustainable planning in a large-scale building, specially the buildings required different usage inside and some of them required a stable temperature, light and humidity. The environmental strategy in real world for this project should be focused on construction energy use and carbon footprint produced by transportation. Paris is a busy city and transporting precast concrete from a factory will produce lots of carbon footprint and even more than in-situ concrete. The plan can be realized in the final design but it cannot reduce many energy use due to all energy use for preservation is necessary and cannot be replaced.

Oerhead air distribution is not a efficient system to work, but it reduce the risk of repairment due to the different usage in laboratory.

Fig. 95: Notre Dame de Paris (Notre-Dame) in 1482: west facade and parvis. Engraving by F. Meaulle, based on a drawing by Viollet le Duc (Viollet-le-Duc) illustrating the eponymous novel by Victor Hugo, edition Ollendorff beginning 20th century. At the bottom left, in a white dress, the Bohemian Esmeralda with her goat is distinguished. Extract from the text: “Three important things are missing today on this facade: first, the level of eleven steps that once raised it above the ground; then, the lower series of statues that occupied the niches of the three portals and the upper series of twenty-eight oldest kings of France which filled the gallery on the first floor...” / Bridgeman Images Fig. 96: Eugene Viollet-Le-Duc (1814-1879) French architect who restored a lots of monuments (Notre Dame of Paris, Pierrefonds castle), photo by Nadar (1820-1910) in 1878 / Bridgeman Images Figure 144: Site plan shows three seperated public reveal the breaty of old and nature

Figure 145: Préfecture de Police

Beauty of symmetry

Figure 143: Private and public division in the building

Fig. 97: . Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, cathédrale idéale, « Cathédrale », Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture française du xi e au xvi e siècle, B. Bance, Paris, 1854, t. 2, p. 324.

Fig. 98-106: Vaičiulaitytė, G., 2019. 17 Artists Suggest Notre Dame Cathedral Reconstruction Designs. [online] Bored Panda. Available a t : < h t t p s : / / w w w. b o r e d p a n d a . c o m / n o t r e - d a m e - c a t h e d ra l - n e wspire-designs/?utm_source=google&utm_medium=organic&utm_ campaign=organic> [Accessed 11 May 2020].

Figure 142: 3D circulation outdoor

The triangular square aims to let the visitors pay attention to the surrounding building on the island.

Figure 146: Notre Dame

Courtyard of Notre Dame The middle public area aims to reveal the ancient feeling of the area and attract the visitors with heritage.

Figure 147: Riverside

Riverside and the story Feeling the poetic Senie and experience the French live in Paris.

Figure 148: Proposal of the connection through the island

Figure 149a-g: Attraction point on the island ( photos reference to figure 148 from left to right)

Fig. 107: Notre-Dame masquee par l'ancien Hotel-Dieu (b/w photo), French Photographer, (19th century) (after) / Private Collection / © Look and Learn / Bridgeman Images Fig 110: Pinterest. 2020. The Île De La Cité In 1754, Before The First Destructions Of The Medieval Street Grid Took Place (Extraordinari… | Paris History, Paris Architecture, City. [online] Available at: <https://www. pinterest.co.uk/pin/249527635577581067/> [Accessed 11 May 2020].

For the masterplan strategy, all the areas on the island will be connected and created a large French experience island.

Also, the plan is going to release the island from tourist and bring local back to thir places.

Figure List:

AET Flexible Space. 2020. CPD 1: Ufac Vs Displacement Ventilation. — AET Flexible Space. [online] Available at: <https://www.flexiblespace.com/ resources/cpd-1-ufac-v-displacement-ventilation> [Accessed 11 May 2020].

Fig. 4: perrault, d., 2016. Mission D'étude Île De La Cité. [online] Mission d'étude île de la Cité. Available at: <http://www.missioniledelacite.paris/> [Accessed 11 May 2020].

DHD International. 2020. Austvision “IGU” Wall System - DHD International. [online] Available at: <https://dhdinternational.com/austvision-igu-wallsystem/> [Accessed 11 May 2020].

Fig. 23: Seatemperature.info. 2020. [online] Available at: <https:// seatemperature.info/paris-water-temperature.html> [Accessed 11 May 2020].

Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc, “Restoration,” from the Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle (1854-1868).

English edition On Restoration (London, 1875), pp. 9-17, 20-22, 27-28, 3550, 62-65, 67-69, 71.

Fig. 31,33: Engineering ToolBox, (2004). Illuminance - Recommended Light Level. [online] Available at: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/ light-level-rooms-d_708.html[Accessed 11 May 2020].

E m a d M u s h t a h a , 2 0 1 5 E VA L U AT I N G D AY L I G H T P E R F O R M A N C E O F S H A R JA H ARCHAEOLOGY MUSEUM (SAM) IN UAE WITH A REFERENCE OF KUWAIT NATIONAL MUSEUM (KNM) IN KUWAIT [online] https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/294245120_EVALUATING_DAYLIGHT_PERFORMANCE_OF_SHARJAH_ ARCHAEOLOGY_MUSEUM_SAM_IN_UAE_WITH_A_REFERENCE_OF_KUWAIT_NATIONAL_ MUSEUM_KNM_IN_KUWAIT[Accessed 3 May 2020].

HM Government (2019) Approved Document B (Fire safety) [online], Available from: hhttps://www.gov.uk/government/publications/fire-safetyapproved-document-b [Accessed 11 May 2020].

HM Government (2016) Approved Document M: access to and use of buildings [online], Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/ publications/access-to-and-use-of-buildings-approved-document-m[Accessed 3 May 2020].

HM Government (2013) Approved Document K - Protection from falling, collision and impact [online], Available from: https://assets.publishing. service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ file/443181/BR_PDF_AD_K_2013.pdf[Accessed 3 May 2020].

Paradigm 2020. [online] Available at: <https://www.researchgate. n e t / p u b l i c a t i o n / 2 5 9 2 9 1 8 4 9 _ P R E C AS T _ S P R E A D _ F O U N D AT I O N _ I N _ INDUSTRIALIZED_BUILDING_SYSTEM> [Accessed 11 May 2020].

Fig. 94: drawing by architect Viollet-Le-Duc for the completion project of Notre Dame cathedral in Paris , c. 1840's (restoration works took place in 1845-1868) / © Tallandier / Bridgeman Images

The project project a vertical experience to the visitors to explore the different of Old Paris and New. People can freely move from a space to another without any sign or notice.

Expereiencing three different outdoor atmosphere in the same location. Revealing the surrounding buildings as they are all goverment buildings and ignored by people in the last hundred of years and wait the new roof and spirl of Notre Dame.

Reference list:

Fig. 116: Ncpc.gov. 2020. [online] Available at: <https://www.ncpc.gov/ heightstudy/docs/Case_Study_Research.pdf> [Accessed 11 May 2020].

Fig. 119, 120: TripSavvy. 2020. Guide To The Champs-Elysées District: What To See And Do. [online] Available at: <https://www.tripsavvy.com/guide-to-the-champselysees-neighborhood-1618684> [Accessed 11 May 2020].

FIg. 121: BLANC, A, HOLMES, L L, and HARBOTTLE, G. LUTETIAN LIMESTONES IN THE PARIS REGION: PETROGRAPHIC AND COMPOSITIONAL EXAMINATION. United States: N. p., 1998. Web. Fig. 122: Linkedin.com. 2020. Types Of Cofferdams And Their Construction Details. [online] Available at: <https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/types-cofferdams-constructiondetails-majdi-ayeb> [Accessed 11 May 2020].

Fig 123: Preussischer-kulturbesitz.de. 2020. Breakthrough On The Museumsinsel Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz. [online] Available at: <http://www.preussischerkulturbesitz.de/news-detail/article/2015/07/31/media-breakthrough-on-the-museumsi nsel/?L=1&cHash=1bcb8125bfc39edc92e4f5d90a7a5c48> [Accessed 11 May 2020].

FIg. 132 Historic England. 2020 Preserving Archaeological Remains [online] https:// historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/preserving-archaeological-remains/ heag100a-preserving-archaeological-remains/ [Accessed 11 May 2020].

Fig.133, 134, 137 : Archidaily, (2020)Gallo-roman Museum Vesuna / Ateliers Jean Nouvel [online] https://www.archdaily.com/911571/gallo-roman-museum-vesuna-jeannouvel [Accessed 11 May 2020].

Fig.138: Emad Mushtaha, 2015 EVALUATING DAYLIGHT PERFORMANCE OF SHARJAH ARCHAEOLOGY MUSEUM (SAM) IN UAE WITH A REFERENCE OF KUWAIT NATIONAL MUSEUM (KNM) IN KUWAIT [online] https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/294245120_EVALUATING_DAYLIGHT_PERFORMANCE_OF_SHARJAH_ ARCHAEOLOGY_MUSEUM_SAM_IN_UAE_WITH_A_REFERENCE_OF_KUWAIT_ NATIONAL_MUSEUM_KNM_IN_KUWAIT[Accessed 3 May 2020].

Fig. 145: User:Thbz, 2006. File:Paris-Prefecture-De-Police.Jpg - Wikimedia Commons. [online] Commons.wikimedia.org. Available at: <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Paris-prefecture-de-police.jpg> [Accessed 3 May 2020].

FIg. 149a: User:Thbz, 2006. File:Paris-Prefecture-De-Police.Jpg - Wikimedia Commons. [online] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Henri_IV_-_Pont_Neuf,_ Paris,_France.JPG [Accessed 3 May 2020].

Fig. 149e: AAD, 2020. Hôtel-Dieu, Les Transformations De Mai | Architectures Anne Démians. [online] Architectures Anne Démians. Available at: <https://www. annedemians.com/en/projets/hotel-dieu/> [Accessed 3 May 2020].

Fig. 32: Al-Sallal, Khaled A, et al. “UAE Heritage Buildings Converted into Museums: Evaluation of Daylighting Effectiveness and Potential Risks on Artifacts and Visual Comfort.” Energy & Buildings, vol. 176, 2018, pp. 333– 359.

Fig.60,62,66,69,72,73,74: HM Government (2019) Approved Document B (Fire safety) [online], Available from: hhttps://www.gov.uk/government/ publications/fire-safety-approved-document-b [Accessed 11 May 2020].

Fig. 61: Promat.co.uk. 2020. CAFCO® Spray Range - Promat UK. [online] Available at: <https://www.promat.co.uk/en/products/cafco-spray> [Accessed 3 May 2020].

Fig. 63: Xu, Haoming, et al. “Experimental Study on Fire Resistance of Precast Concrete Columns with Efficient Reinforcement.” Engineering Structures, vol. 204, 2020, pp. Engineering Structures, 01 February 2020, Vol.204.

Fig. 75,76,79,82: HM Government (2016) Approved Document M: access to and use of buildings [online], Available from: https://www.gov.uk/ government/publications/access-to-and-use-of-buildings-approveddocument-m[Accessed 3 May 2020].

Fig. 88,89,90,93: HM Government (2013) Approved Document K Protection from falling, collision and impact [online], Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/443181/BR_PDF_AD_K_2013.pdf[Accessed 3 May 2020].

Section 1: Project Information A National Center of Heritage and Preservation of France is proposed to rethink about the meaning of architectural preservation by the time Notre Dame de Paris was burnt and collapsed in 2019. The client will be the La Ville de Paris which is the city council of Paris to reform the whole Ile de la Cité transforming to a touristfocused cultural and historical area. The project will be located in front of the iconic building, Notre Dame de Paris, on an archaeological museum and large public square. This project also discusses how contemporary architecture should be inside a historic area with all protected building and classic townscape. Therefore, the new building is not just an isolated building but can seem as a solution to join heritage (Notre Dame de Paris) and unique design into the same skyline in Ile de la Cité. Also, the surrounding area got an obvious issue, but no one talk about is the occupation of tourist and visitors. There is no attraction for locals to get into this area which representing their histories and culture (Wainwright, 2019). There are two issues to explore the meaning of preservation and the spatial problem here.

ARC 3014 Professional Practice and Management Causework Report

ARC 3014 Professional Practice and management Causework Report

Figure 1: Site plan of the project shows three divided public space and symmetry grids of original architecture.

160732571 Word count: 2062

One of the essential factors of preservation is “respect”. It is not just fulfilling the existing context, but also respecting the architectural and historical language in this area with Notre Dame. The location is surrounded by different periods of French architecture. It likes a physical timeline of French architecture. Therefore, the project should design as a contemporary style with present techniques and structure to lead

the timeline previously made. In the other hands, the design is also respecting and

increased the affordability and certainty to the project as the contractor will be early

Section 2.3: Keeping to Budget

revealing the symmetry element every period designed and connected these separated elements in the context.

This project occupied the whole square in front of Notre Dame with 10400m2, and the building is about 3000m2 with the same height of Hospital. Despite coordinating the surrounding landscape, it also fits the future large exhibitions indoor with wrecks, columns or even part of the heritage. Therefore, the average height of the building is 3-4m with a large amount of space. Lab, office and research centre are included as a part of the building to provide a one-stop service to all the visitors about preservation and heritage.

engaged into the design process and provide practical advice to the building and construction which reducing financial and time costs during the second stage.

(Designing building wiki, 2020) The cost will also stable and fixed due to the first contractor engage, which important to a public building with a precise budget with national funds.

In this design, a simple pre-cast concrete structure was chosen to reduce the labour cost and time cost as compare to in-situ concrete. (Asamoah, R.O. et al., 2016) More efficient ventilation and thermal design to reduce the daily running cost in the building.

Involving two-stage tendering into RIBA work plan reduces the cost of constructing and design. As compared to traditional procurement, the early engagement of the contractor can discuss the design and reduce the cost by lowering the misuse of structure and materials. (Heming, n.d.) In the process of the project, the Client team should consider and plan the budget in stage 0 and propose a size requirement of the project base on the rough estimated cost by square meters. Appointing a cost

figure 3: two-stage tendering strategy Section 2.2: Other consultants Archaeological officer: The underground of the site has a lot of wreck and heritage, as that heritage will be

Figure 2: The floor plan of the design

Section 2: Brief Proposal Section 2.1: Procurement Strategy Two-stage tendering is the most suitable strategy for this project, base on complexity and size. (Luscombe, 2019) The site locates on an archaeological site. This required detail and collaborative strategy during measuring and designing. The maximum protection to the heritage should be the priority to decide the materials use, structure option and circulation strategy. Therefore, the first stage provides an opportunity to architect to catch all the information need from contractor, Q.S. and especially the Archaeological officer to solve technical issue early. (Heming, n.d.)

Secondly, the project contains various part of usage, archaeological area, building, outdoor space. A diversity design team and consultant are required to finish this huge architecture project. All the uncertain elements will be solved in the first stage, and a finalized package will be combined all the stuff. Therefore, this strategy also

a part of the exhibition, the protection and exhibition of them are important consideration during the construction and operating. The archaeological officer can estimate the comparable cost, duration and lead-in time with the heritage investigation in a site which also help to stabilize the dump sum of the project and avoid illegal development or damage to existing heritage. (Designing building wiki, 2018; ALGAO, 2018) Therefore, the archaeological officer should join the design process to avoid unnecessary changes due to the regulation and new explored heritage in the process of foundation construction.

Landscape Architect: In this project, there is a large number of outdoor places (7000m2) are proposed; three public areas had been divided and responded to different elements of the city fabric. Those three areas aim to connect all the space in this project and the other city developments in Ile de la Cité. The consistency of outdoor places provides a healthy circulation and gathering places for people which is one of the main attractions to bring locals back to this area. Therefore, the engagement of Landscape architect can fine our project and consult to the architect. (Landscape institute, 2011)

consultant in stage 1 to confirm the feasibility between the demand and budget.

Keep updating the cost base on the process of design in stage 2-3. Finalizing the cost plan becomes a pre-tender cost estimate in stage 4. All the operation of the forecast can confirm the price and ensure the price fulfil the requirement form the client.

Secondly, the employer can negotiate with the second contractor to agree to a guaranteed maximum amount to reduce the risk of the delay or accident during the construction. This can provide a more transparent cost to the client and less risk taken by the client. (Fenton, 2006) Section 2.4: Planning Ile de la Cité is facing many changes to improve the experience after Notre Dame was burnt in 2019. The new metro station, southern river walkway and the changes of Hôtel-Dieu are mainly concerned in the overall masterplan. (Baranyk, 2017) The new metro station will be constructed under the location of the project. It identifies a vital sign in this area, A new entrance for Notre Dame and the island. The project ensures visitor can easily access to different direction on the island and connect them. From the place de Lutece to Notre Dame, the design shows a new circulation for the people to explore the island further. The southern part of the project will be the end of the riverside walkway. The basement level will connect and let people get to the metro and go whether they want. Finally, Hôtel-Dieu will be restored as a visiting attraction and food court except for only a hospital. (AAD, 2019) It provides an alternative circulation from the Place de Lutece to the project site. Therefore, the design will be shown the direction from the southern main entrance of Hôtel-Dieu to the project and provide a diversity option to explore this island no matter the design is the starting or ending point of tourist’s journey.

Figure 4: Masterplan of 2040 Section 2.5 CDM Regulations Designer represent an important character to reduce the health and safety risk before, during and after the construction phase. The designer should inform the client to ensure they fully understand they are also under CDM 2015. The designer has a strong influence on stage 2-4. Therefore, the designer can more consider affected people health and safety issue in the design. (HSE. 2015) Minimize work at height to reduce the danger during the construction. Boundaries and fence will be added to prevent the threat during the using phrase of the building. During the construction, the public will get affected. The whole area, including the surrounding car road and pedestrian walkway, will be closed. The public will be redirected to other entrance to other affected buildings with signs and notice. (HSE, 2009) Also, the design is reducing the risk from the material and construction issue to the workers. Pre-cast concrete is used to reduce the risk of in-situ concrete with potential loading heavy materials by workers and minimize the risk of hurting workers.

Section 2.6: Office procedures Base on the complexity of the project, the consistency of the information is important. Therefore, BIM fit to our target of consistency. In BIM, all the data can be combined into a single 3D model and immediate update any changes from different contractor and consultant. ( LOREK, 2018) This can reduce human mistake from information sharing between designer, engineer and constructor. A more precise information system engages in two-stage tendering strategy resulting in a more efficient work environment. From the first stage finishing model by architect and other consultant and transit a full package to the second contractor to construct the building. Also, every consultant can work in different places without any unnecessary meeting to keep social distance if there is any virus infection or contractor with a long distance. The client can also receive information from the model and using those data to check the progress or manage the building through that information. ( LOREK, 2018) This provides an easier way to manage all the works as compared to

traditional office system, which reduces the human mistake and health and safety

Figure List:

risk in the project.

Figure 1: by Author, 2019 Figure 2: by Author, 2019

Section 3: Discussion:

Figure 3: by Author, 2020

Section 3.1: Client (including users) and wider society

Figure 4: Baranyk, I., 2017. Dominique Perrault Proposes "Island Monument" Plan For The Île De La

This project will make a massive change to the tourists and citizens cooperating to the city redevelopment in 2040. Citizens always complained about the island for tourist, locals only walk at the riverside around the island but not inside this busy island with tourist. There is losing a balance between tourist and locals. Therefore, the project will bring a new attraction to both of them. For the locals, well outdoor planning places and a large research centre are built. It is not just an attraction but

Cité In Paris. [online] ArchDaily. Available at: <https://www.archdaily.com/867108/dominique-

providing a chance for them to reconsider one of the ancient sites in Paris and witness how Notre Dame will be restored to link them back to this “Lady of Paris”. For the tourist, this project provides various options to explore the secret of Notre Dame. The three public squares emphasize the beauty of symmetry in the past 1000 years of French architecture and those original styles of different period of architecture. The polygonal shape of the design shows the contemporary archive of France of preservation in this historic site and experience the sense of Paris in a new way.

Section 3.2: Reputation of architects and wider construction industry A massive reorganization of the historic area is proposed in this project. It will affect the future approach of building a new architecture in a historical context. Paris experienced different concept to deal with the historic area. From Le Corbusier city planning, the construction of the Pompidou Centre to the restoration of Musée du Louvre. Architect keeps finding a better solution to interact with their culture and city.

(David Chipperfield Architect, 2018) This project can seem like a process of architecture in preservation. It shows a new concept to Paris, but also to all the heritage.

However, the design may not be agreed by locals. In the case of the restoration of Notre Dame, people prefer to keep the same but not a new idea. This is a sensitive but potential site to challenge the existing concepts of architecture and what architecture we need. The design can improve overall architect and architecture no matter the comments are positive or not. Also, people may misunderstand and doubt about the expertise of architect if the design is not what they expected, but this is necessary for a human to try and question things to improve our future, no matter any risk to take.

perrault-proposes-island-monument-plan-for-the-ile-de-la-cite-in-paris> [Accessed 1 April 2020].

Bibliography

Algao.org.uk. 2018. About ALGAO | ALGAO. [online] Available at: <https://www.algao.org.uk/about> [Accessed 1 April 2020].

Architectures Anne Démians, 2019. Hôtel-Dieu, Les Transformations De Mai | Architectures Anne Démians. [online] Architectures Anne Démians. Available at: <https://www.annedemians.com/en/projets/hotel-dieu/> [Accessed 1 April 2020].

Asamoah, R.O. et al., 2016. Cost Analysis of Precast and Cast-in-Place Concrete Construction for Selected Public Buildings in Ghana. Journal of Construction Engineering, 2016, p.10.

Baranyk, I., 2017. Dominique Perrault Proposes "Island Monument" Plan For The Île De La Cité In Paris. [online] ArchDaily. Available at: <https://www.archdaily.com/867108/dominique-perrault-proposesisland-monument-plan-for-the-ile-de-la-cite-in-paris> [Accessed 1 April 2020].

David Chipperfield Architects, 2018. David Chipperfield Architects. [online] Davidchipperfield.com.

Available at: <https://davidchipperfield.com/news/2018/sharing-heritage> [Accessed 1 April 2020].

Designingbuildings.co.uk. 2018. Archaeological Officer. [online] Available at: <https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Archaeological_officer> [Accessed 1 April 2020].

Designingbuildings.co.uk. 2020. Two-Stage Tender. [online] Available at: <https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Two-stage_tender> [Accessed 1 April 2020]. Fenton, K., 2006. Two-Stage Tendering: An Open Approach. [online] International Law Office. Available at: <https://www.internationallawoffice.com/Newsletters/Construction/United-Kingdom/CliffordChance-LLP/Two-Stage-Tendering-An-Open-Approach?redir=1> [Accessed 1 April 2020].

Great Britain: Health And Safety Executive, 2015. Managing Health And Safety In Construction Construction (Design And Management) Regulations 2015. Guidance on Regulations .

Health and Safety Executive, 2009. Protecting The Public. Sudbury, Suffolk: Health and Safety Executive. Heming, P., n.d. Two Stage Tendering | C-Link. [online] C-link.com. Available at: <https://clink.com/blog/two-stage-tendering/> [Accessed 1 April 2020].

LOREK, S., 2018. What Is BIM (Building Information Modeling). [online] Constructible.trimble.com.

Available at: <https://constructible.trimble.com/construction-industry/what-is-bim-buildinginformation-modeling> [Accessed 1 April 2020].

Luscombe, L., 2017. Two-Stage Tendering For Developers: Panacea Or Project Management Tool?. [online] Burges-salmon.com. Available at: <https://www.burges-salmon.com/news-and-insight/legalupdates/two-stage-tendering-for-developers-panacea-or-project-management-tool/> [Accessed 1 April 2020].

Wainwright, O., 2019. The Notre Dame Fire Prompted An Orgy Of Wallet-Waving. Is The Cathedral Now Rising From The Ashes?. [online] the Guardian. Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/dec/12/the-notre-dame-fire-prompted-an-orgy-ofwallet-waving-is-the-cathedral-now-rising-from-the-ashes> [Accessed 1 April 2020].

Landscapewpstorage01.blob.core.windows.net. 2011. Why Invest In Landscape?. [online] Available at: <https://landscapewpstorage01.blob.core.windows.net/www-landscapeinstituteorg/2016/08/WhyInvestFinalA4pages.pdf> [Accessed 1 April 2020].

ARC 3015 Theory into Practice Essay Preserving Through Constructing

In 2019, Notre Dame de Paris was burnt and caused significant damage to the wooden roof and spiral. The collapsed part was not the original part of Notre Dame. It designed by Viollet-le-Duc in the 19th century as a restoration.

Therefore, a discussion of preservation stands out and debating about how to preserve or rebuild it as before. In dictionnaire raisonne de l’architecture by Viollet-le-Duc,

PRESE RVE C O N S T R U C T Ka 16 Hei C 0 Bu 732 han 5 ild ing 71 Up on B

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Preserving through Constructing

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Ka Hei Chan 160732571 Building Upon Building

“To restore a building is not to preserve it, to repair, or rebuild it; it is to reinstate it in a condition of completeness which could never have existed at any given time.”1 “Rebuild” is not the best solution to preserve a building but preserving the historic elements and integrity, especially in the case of Notre Dame de Paris. Materials constructed the roof have no longer existed.2 It is impossible to rebuild as before.

As Viollet-le-Duc suggested, the elements choose to complete the original ideas should be emphasised and mark a significant icon for the building in the future. To analysis what features important to Notre Dame and the future design of National centre of heritage and preservation, Conzen suggested urban morphology to analyse the development process of a city: town plan, building type and land use.3 Town plan represents the city fabric and shape of the area, which directly affect the impression of a city. Building fabric represents the characteristic of a town. Diversity of architectural styles, grids and symbols can be discovered through people exploring the city. Land use represents the intent of an area. Different purpose of buildings may relate to others and produce a close

relationship surrounding them. These three elements aim to understand the key features happening in the development in the specific area and identify the core idea of the area produced in history.

g

In this essay, Urban Morphology suggested by Conzen will be the criterion to explore what issue produced in the development of Île de la Cité. Through a case study of David Chipperfield architecture in Berlin, to account what is the priority to concern in the design.

Town Plan

“Here is a chance for a proper international debate, not only about the spire but how to replan the surrounding Île de la Cité – to turn it from a no man’s land for tourists into a real part of Paris.”4

Jean-François Cabestan, an architectural historian, pointed out that the fire of Notre Dame de Paris is not a single issue of preservation, it related to the problems surrounding it in Île de la Cité.

Fig. 2, 3: Notre Dame de Paris before and after restoration. It is not the original design as before but improving it base on what Notre Dame needs to be.

Fig. 1: An ideal form of Gothic Cathedral drew by Viollet-de-Duc

Fig. 4: Red areas show the public area on the island. All of them are lack of connection and causing low efficiency.

There was a huge change of town planning on Île de la Cité in Haussmann's renovation of Paris. Different to the natural settlement by citizens, it was planned to tidy up the middle of the island. Conzen categorized redevelopment can be adaptive and Augmentative. In this redevelopment, most of the old plot patterns were destroyed, but some of the major streets were preserved(Fig. 7, 8). Those decisions of preservation proved its importance as a main circulation on the island and form the city fabric of Île de la Cité in nowadays. It connects the whole island physically, but it seems not as efficient as it should.

Building Fabric

Fig. 5: Elements of a town plan by Conzen (street, plot and buildings).

Those layers show the development pattern of an area and provide a sense of a perspective to the area.

Fig. 6: Redevelopment can be divided to two types. Île de la Cité was mostly redeveloped in Augmentative way. However. The middle two public spaces developed in adaptiive way with the exisiting path which rare in the redevelopment plan.

Fig. 7a: Buildings on site before Haussmann's renovation of Paris.

Fig. 8a: Buildings on site after Haussmann's renovation of Paris.

Fig. 7b: Plot pattern and street on site before Haussmann's renovation of Paris.

Fig. 8b: Plot pattern and street on site after Haussmann's renovation of Paris. Two public spaces formed base on the exisiting plot pattern and grids.

The second issue of the context is the exclusion of different period of buildings. Palais de Justice de Paris, Préfecture de Police and Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu were contained a similar architectural characteristic and style and occupied a large proportion of the island(Fig. 10). Also, they represent a completed and symmetry grids on the island but excluding other buildings which existing before they constructed(Fig. 20). These two factors cause an isolated atmosphere to the building within the island.

Fig. 9: A natural transition process of building fabric. New buildings usually contain a grids (floor level) or others character of exisiting building surrounding it to form the common language.

Land Use Fig. 11: Map shows Public access building(red). All the public access buildings are tourist attractions and cause the island focus on the gaze of them. Citizens areas (yellow) are located at the corner of the island.

Land use of the context is the serious factor causes a no man’s island on Île de la Cité. This island changed to be a governmental area. Hospital, police station and law court are all located in the middle of the island. Those buildings are mainly closed to the public and causing a lack of citizens to come to the island(Fig. 11). Notre Dame de Paris is the iconic building on the island but becomes a tourist attraction.

Fig. 12: Map shows the plot of the island. Citizens (orange) and tourist (brown) are separated from the area, which causes most of the areas are not a comfortable place for the locals.

James Simon Galerie

David Chipperfield Architect

“The gaze therefore prepurpose a system of social activities and signs which locate the particular tourist practices, not in terms of some intrinsic characteristic, but through the contrast implied with non-tourist social practices, particularly those base within home and paid work.”5

Fig. Fig. 10: 10:Building Buildingfabric fabric(from (fromleft leftto toright) right)of ofPolice Policestation, station,Hospital Hospitaland and Notre NotreDame.

Dame.Police Policestation stationand andHospital Hospitalproduce producethe thesame samelanguage languageas as they theywere wereconstructed constructedin inthe thesame sameperiod. period.Notre NotreDame Dameremains remainsthe theGothic Gothic style styleand andisolates isolatesfrom fromthe theisland. island.

Through analyzing the three factors of the context, low efficiency of the public area, inharmony of the building characteristic and the inaccessible building construct the perspective of the island nowadays. The atmosphere of Île de la Cité is not welcoming to the local. John and Jonas suggested “Gaze“ made citizens and tourist different. Île de la Cité is lack of “everyday experience”, which represent the daily life of the locals, and focus on the what tourist interested in; Notre Dame, Sainte Chapelle, or Crypte archéologique. No matter the traditional public area, the facade of the island or the function of the building are not either interested or related to the locals. Tourist goes to Île de la Cité to feel the sense of “Paris” with a different language construct by a disneyfied theme. This “Paris Gaze” produces a cognitive difference which consequence of a “no man’s land for tourist”. Therefore, the disconnection of the middle island isolated to the local societies and transformed into a pure tourist area.

A further design concept needs to solve the problem of spatial separation and involve a sense of preservation. The new entrance of Museum Island in Berlin provides a similar idea of preservation buildings with constructing. David Chipperfield Architect involves to this heritage site and reconstructs a historical form with a brand new design. David stands for a broader idea of preservation. Heritage preservation is not only focusing on the building itself but with its context, value and relations with societies. It is also bringing the classic back to our daily life nowadays.6

The main entrance is for Archäologische Promenade located in a different building on the northern side island and unifies to one entrance(Fig. 13). In its design emphasized the continuity of the context and ideas about both the architectural development of Berlin and the historical background of the museum island. A key concept of “cultural acropolis” has been captured to be the central theme of the design.7 A new representation of Greek columns constructs to be an extension reflecting the old buildings. This form also represents how Germany architecture moved from Friedrich August Stüler, Mies van der Rohe to its latest form of transition(Fig. 17).

Endnote

1. Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc, “Restoration,” from the Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle (1854-1868). English edition On Restoration (London, 1875), pp. 9-17, 20-22, 27-28, 35-50, 62-65, 67-69, 71.

2. Oliver Wainwright, "The Notre Dame Fire Prompted An Orgy Of Wallet-Waving. Is The Cathedral Now Rising From The Ashes?", The Guardian, 2020 <https://www.theguardian. com/lifeandstyle/2019/dec/12/the-notre-dame-fire-prompted-an-orgy-of-wallet-waving-isthe-cathedral-now-rising-from-the-ashes> [Accessed 20 February 2020]

3. M. R. G. Conzen, and J. W. R. Whitehand. The Urban Landscape : Historical Development and Management. (London : New York: Academic, 1981. ) 4. Oliver Wainwright, "The Notre Dame Fire Prompted An Orgy Of Wallet-Waving. Is The Cathedral Now Rising From The Ashes?", The Guardian, 2020 <https://www.theguardian. com/lifeandstyle/2019/dec/12/the-notre-dame-fire-prompted-an-orgy-of-wallet-waving-isthe-cathedral-now-rising-from-the-ashes> [Accessed 20 February 2020] 5. John Urry , and Jonas. Larsen. The Tourist Gaze 3.0. 3rd Ed. (Los Angeles: SAGE, 2011)

Fig. 14: View of the new James Simon Galerie. The corridor extended the old part and created a continuity of the old pattern. (red represent the new part and orange represent the old part)

Fig. 16: The massing of the façade is following the lines of the existing building.

6. "David Chipperfield Architects", Davidchipperfield.Com, 2020 <https://davidchipperfield. com/news/2018/sharing-heritage> [Accessed 20 February 2020] 7. Philip Jodidio, David Chipperfield Architects (Madrid, Cortizo, 2012)

Bibliography

Conzen, M. R. G., and J. W. R. Whitehand. The Urban Landscape : Historical Development and Management. (London : New York: Academic, 1981. ) "David Chipperfield Architects", Davidchipperfield.Com, 2020 <https://davidchipperfield. com/news/2018/sharing-heritage> [Accessed 20 February 2020]

Fig. 17: Diagram shows the changing process of Berlin architecture.

Fig. 13: Map shows the new entrance connect to all the buildings on the museum island. Red parts represent the new circulation and entrance after the project. The arrows represent the entrance of each exisitng buildings.

Fig. 15: The different periods of the construction build the same language of Greek column.

In this new National Center of Preservation, it is not only a unique building related to the preservation of Notre Dame but connecting the whole island and maintain the diversity of the island. There are two horizontal circulations inside the island but either connect to the citizen’s activities(Fig. 18). The location should be set between the gap of two circulations and expend it to a broader dimension of both local interest and tourist attraction. The design should be following transition grids between the Haussmann’s renovation building and Notre Dame de Paris to fill in the irregular position of the surrounding structures (Fig. 20). The building façade should be a French Vision of Museum Island to stitch all the parts together to form a harmony situation between different user which did not exist before. It is also important to engage the theme of “local” into the design. Notre Dame de Paris means “our lady of Paris”. A welcoming place should introduce to this island and Notre Dame but not letting Notre Dame become “Our lady of tourism”.

The concept of the centre is trying to improve the issue concluded through conzen’s theory. The old town contains a sense of consistency which make a significant difference as any modern city constructed by starchitect expressing their styles and flavour. It is an improvement for the island with Haussmann’s renovation, but those constructions also isolated the island from the local societies. The “completeness” of preservation should be respecting the remaining historical goods, creating a contemporary moment, and inspiring future development. Layers added into the same location, speaking the same national expression, but recording the time we lived.

This harmony in diversity will be the most suitable concept

For the physical details of the design, all the forms are following the existing building in the surrounding, extending from the old grids to the new buildings, or completing the missing part of the symmetry forms of the island(Fig. 14).

In this case, the design preserved either the original style or materials in the context, but the ideas and spirits of the buildings, which also agreed by violet-le-Duc explanation.

Fig. 20: Grids produced by buildings and plots pattern on the island.

Haussmann's renovation’s buildings dominate the city fabric of the island and not fit Notre Dame.

Fig. 18, 19: Map shows the original attraction (orange) and future propose attraction (red) to connect all separated area and citizens interest.

to citizens and tourists. Therefore, the design concept of consistency will be focusing on connecting the changes and development in the past showing the characteristic of our era but creates a sustainable condition for further redevelopment in the island as the new architecture will become a part of the historic town on this island.

Fig. 21, 22: Massing models were proposed according the characteristic of the island and try to be "continuity and consistency" shape on the site.

Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc, “Restoration,” from the Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle (1854-1868). English edition On Restoration (London, 1875), pp. 9-17, 20-22, 27-28, 35-50, 62-65, 67-69, 71.

Urry, John., and Jonas. Larsen. The Tourist Gaze 3.0. 3rd Ed. (Los Angeles: SAGE, 2011)

Wainwright, Oliver, "The Notre Dame Fire Prompted An Orgy Of Wallet-Waving. Is The Cathedral Now Rising From The Ashes?", The Guardian, 2020 <https://www.theguardian. com/lifeandstyle/2019/dec/12/the-notre-dame-fire-prompted-an-orgy-of-wallet-waving-isthe-cathedral-now-rising-from-the-ashes> [Accessed 20 February 2020] Jodidio, Philip. David Chipperfield Architects (Madrid, Cortizo, 2012)

Figure List

1. Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, cathédrale idéale, « Cathédrale », Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture française du xi e au xvi e siècle, B. Bance, Paris, 1854, t. 2, p. 324.

2 .Church of Notre-Dame, XII century, c.1852 (salt print), Le Secq, Henri Jean-Louis (1818-82) (attr.to) / Private Collection / Photo © Christie's Images / Bridgeman Images 3. Southern flank of the cathedrale Notre Dame de Paris Cathedrale Notre Dame de Paris Paris 4 - XIIIth, XIXth, rehabilitation by Viollet-le-Duc - / Photo © Pascal Lemaitre/Artedia / Bridgeman Images 5. Conzen, M. R. G., and J. W. R. Whitehand. The Urban Landscape : Historical Development and Management. (London : New York: Academic, 1981. ) 6. Conzen, M. R. G., and J. W. R. Whitehand. The Urban Landscape : Historical Development and Management. (London : New York: Academic, 1981. )

9. Jintang, Chen, and Sheng, Yao, and Yinsheng, Tian 'The Theory and Localization About Typo-morphological Approach' The Development Course and Space Quality of New Areas Vol. 32(2), 2017

10. Millner, Rob, Front Elevation Of The Cathedral Of Notre Dame, Paris ARCHI/MAPS : Photo <https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/41236152818658733/?lp=true> [Accessed 19 February 2020] 13. SPK and ART+COM Studios, MUSEUM ISLAND MASTER PLAN, 2001-2015 <https:// artcom.de/en/project/museum-island-master-plan/> [Accessed 18 February 2020]

14. Susan's Tales, The Pergamon Museum - Fabulous Even Without The Altar Of Pergamon, 2015 <http://ssmeder.com/susans-tales/the-pergamon-museum-fabulous-even-withoutthe-altar-of-pergamon> [Accessed 18 February 2020] 15. David Chipperfield Architects Berlin, James-Simon-Galerie Museum Island Berlin, Germany 1999–2018 <https://davidchipperfield.com/project/james_simon_galerie> [Accessed 18 February 2020] 16. David Chipperfield Architects Berlin, James-Simon-Galerie Museum Island Berlin, Germany 1999–2018 <https://davidchipperfield.com/project/james_simon_galerie> [Accessed 18 February 2020]

Preservation in City Development A case study on Marginalized Holy Jesus Hospital

ARC 3060 Dissertation in Architectural Studies Dissertation Preservation in City Development A case study on Marginalized Holy Jesus Hospital

Preservation in

City Development A case study on Marginalized Holy Jesus Hospital

Andrew Ka Hei Chan 160732571

ARC3060:Dissertation in Architectural Studies

Content Introduction

Through extensive research in the case study of Holy Jesus Hospital, this paper aims to reveal how the function of the building could affect the preservation of the building. Furthermore, it will investigate how city development would lead to the marginalization of preserved buildings in history and forthcoming plans.

6 - 11

Preservation approach

Chapter 1 - Present Stage of HJH

12 - 17

What happerning?

Acknowledgement

I would like to acknowledge and thank the following people who have supported and helped me throughout my dissertation.

Firstly, to my mentor, Dr Samuel Austin, for your invaluable inspiration and guidance throughout my dissertation.

Secondly, to the representative of National Trust, Florence Spaven and John Wynn Griffiths, for your precious informations about the Holy Jesus Hospital.

Lastly, to all my friends who have helped with my research and suggestions.

Chapter 2 - Function and HJH The history of Holy Jesus Hosptial

Chapter 3 - Town Plan and HJH

18 - 27 28 - 45

The history of Newcastle City Development

Chapter 4 - Boundary and City

46 - 47

Heritage and historic buildings marked the humankind consequence in human development history and techniques1. Humans have an aesthetic sense of old and 2. Jun-yan, Yang, Min new, allowing us to adapt to wei ,Wu'The Multiple the new modern lifestyle and Development Trends of Urban Historic Cultural Con- preserving the old tradition servation.' Modern Urban as a mental demand on the Research 23.9 (2008): 4247. Web. pride and stability for the local2. It is crucial for us and our next generation to learn our history from the historic buildings. Therefore, architectural preservation itself to the society is protecting the building or 1. Jukka Jokilehto, History of Architectural Conservation.

(Burlington: Taylor & Francis, 2002) P1

City wall and motorway

Chapter 5 - future plan in Newcastle What challange is facing?

Conclusion

Preservation and City development

48 - 57 58 - 61

Whats in the future

61 - 65

Figure List

70 - 72

Approach of Preserving

Bibliography

Introduction

66 - 69

Visiting Report 5

6

structure itself and more importantly, representing the relationship between city history and citizens. However, architectural preservation has been excessively focused on the building forms and disregarded other important factors as a building, which caused the marginalization of the heritage. Nowadays, buildings are preserved as a physically satisfactory status only, a diverse presentation of the historic building should be taken into account to develop as a stronger media to spread the value of the building.

Preservation had been concerned in the past 200 years. The definition and characteristics were influenced by one of the earliest commentator, John Ruskin, debating on the reason of protecting historic buildings and the method of the protection3.

He claimed that preservation is to protect "the truth of historic architecture"4. Any new material involvements will cause severe damage to the original buildings and the craftsmanship. The only way to preserve a building is "integrity" to all the existing materials and structures5.

In 1877, William Morris and Philip Webb wrote the

Manifesto of Society for the Protection of Ancient Building (SPAB)6, assuring the ideas suggested by John Ruskin. This idea influenced legislation and regulation in the United Kingdom, which protected the heritage yet restricted the development of the city. Further discussions of the preservation in England occurred in the mid 19th century, which the First Ancient Monuments Protection Act was published in 18827. In later time, more detailed acts and Trusts were founded to preserve and protect these vulnerable treasures in the country.

Since the Listed Building and Conservation Area Act proposed in 1990, many historic buildings have become a monument isolated from the society they communicated in the past.

Williamson stated that under the act, heritage is rarely to consent any new development and changes to the building8.

Whitehand categorized this approach of preservation is "conservative repair" to the

3. Jukka Jokilehto, History of Architectural Conservation.

(Burlington: Taylor & Francis, 2002) P175 4. Jukka Jokilehto, History of Architectural Conservation.

(Burlington: Taylor & Francis, 2002) P175 5. Holman, Nancy, and Gabriel M Ahlfeldt. 'No Escape? The Coordination Problem in Heritage Preservation.' Environment and Planning A 47.1 (2015): 172-87. Web.

6. SPAB, The SPAB Manifesto (2017) <https://www.spab. org.uk/about-us/spabmanifesto> [accessed 15 January 2020].

7. Historic England, Timeline of Conservation Catalysts and Legislation (2020) <https:// historicengland.org.uk/ whats-new/features/ conservation-listingtimeline/> [accessed 15 January 2020].

7

8. Laura Berger, Development and Design of Heritage Sensitive Sites Strategies for Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas, by Kenneth Williamson.

(London and New York, Routledge, 2010) 9. John Pendlebury, 'The Conservation of Historic Areas in the UK: A Case Study of “Grainger Town”, Newcastle upon Tyne.' Cities 16.6 (1999) 423-33.

10. Laura Berger, Development and Design of Heritage Sensitive Sites Strategies for Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas, by Kenneth Williamson.

(London and New York, Routledge, 2010)

11. Holman, Nancy, and Gabriel M Ahlfeldt. 'No Escape? The Coordination Problem in Heritage Preservation.' Environment and Planning A 47.1 (2015): 172-87.

8

building9. It focused on the craftsmanship and humanity production which abandoned in the industrialization period.

Any alteration or changes would not be approved when it would destroy any special interest of a building10. This concept of "special interest" could be linked to the ideas from the Manifesto of SPAB and Seven Lamps of Architecture by John Ruskin.

The idea refused to change any parts of the building and claimed that it would keep the "truth" that represented the original building, including the structure, materials, techniques and crafting. The main objective of this type of preservation was the rehabilitation and preservation of craftsmanship instead of the building or the historical fabric of the city itself. This attitude was unfavourable to some historic buildings based on serving and interacting with the local communities and has led to a stagnant situation towards architectural preservation on historical buildings.

Such inactivity has caused

degradation of its hardware and lost the adaption from the transformation of the city and those building would experience marginalization or, more seriously, gradually faded away from the local community. Eversley worried it would decline the development in cities, “being a trope for elite ideals” and “disguising the understandings of cultural heritage”, which many have become “public worship” instead of being the evidence to humanity, cultural and local history.11

There was another opinion on preserving historic buildings. In the prevailing of the conservative repair, many historical buildings lost their specific groups of interest in the past preservation strategy.

The impression on some of the historic buildings by local citizens became only a historical façade in a city but enclosed to the society they supposed to be. The reason for this isolation was that the past conservation plan was only for individual building separated

from the city like a sculpture or artwork. In France, Viollet le Duc suggested "to restore a building is not to maintain it, repair it or remake it: It is to re-establish it in a complete state which may never have existed at any given moment"12. The term of the complete state has been considered further on the design approach, given by the original architect. On the idea of the building, it was not necessary to build something using the same craftsmanship or materials, yet it should be using alternative techniques and materials to strengthen the building physically and maintain the spirit of the building.

In Germany, Conzen concluded three main factors which constructing the spirit of preserved buildings from his Conzenian urban morphological approach: Town plan, building form and land use13. The building form was the same as the craftsmanship in Ruskin's theory, which most of

the society and citizens were familiar; town plan reflected the past civilization engagement and land use represented the function and influence to the surrounding societies, which were both crucial elements in a building which was being undermined in the past preservation14.

In recent decades, architects have questioned the old conservation and striving to attain new solutions to better preservation methods of historical buildings.

Rem Koolhaas, in his book "preservation is overtaking us" mentioned the selfcancelling of historical buildings, in which functional buildings were no longer maintained its functionality after it has been defined to be historical and required preservation15. To energize the old buildings, Koolhaas (2016) suggested people should add "new function, beauty and appeal" based on respecting the early culture and literature. “Function and land use”, “beauty and architecture forms”, “appeal and town

12. Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc, "Restoration,” from the Dictionnaire raisonné de l’architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle (18541868). English edition On Restoration (London, 1875), pp. 9-17, 20-22, 27-28, 3550, 62-65, 67-69, 71.

13. M. R. G. Conzen, , J. W. R. Whitehand. The Urban Landscape : Historical Development and Management. (London : New York: Academic, 1981).

P60-63

16. D. Budds, Rem Koolhaas: Architecture Has A Serious P r o b l e m To d a y ( 2 0 1 6 ) <https://www.fastcompany. com/3060135/remkoolhaas-architecture-hasa-serious-problem-today> [accessed 15 January 2020].

planning”, constructed the three main factors in the present day of preservation.16

14. M. R. G. Conzen, J. W. R. Whitehand. The Urban Landscape : Historical Development and Management. (London : New York: Academic, 1981).

P6-60

15. Rem Koolhaas, Jorge Otero-Pailos, Preservation is overtaking us, ed. by Jordan Carver (2014): Columbia Books on Architecture and the City, 2014). P24

9

Fig. 1: A Graph wrote by Pendlebury shows different approach of preservation.

10

11

year held by National Trust19 yet a minimal exposure has been raised. Even until they solely occupied the building after Northumbria University and other businesses have moved out, the National Trust 19. NewcastleGateshead, was not unable to increase Holy Jesus Hospital the exposure of Holy Jesus (n.d.) <https://www.

Hospital to the public as the newcastlegateshead. com/things-to-do/holyoffice was for administrative jesus-hospital-p519441> [accessed 15 January 2020]. purpose. The rare accessibility of the building caused it concealed from the city.

1

Present Stage of Holy Jesus Hospital The marginalization of heritage is currently undergoing in the Holy Jesus Hospital, which due to the privatized management of the City Council as a commercial building and the poor condition of the location.

The building has now been occupied by the National Trust as an office, as they were unable to relocate in any of their owned property due to the required size and location, and some sections had been rented to the Northumberland University and other businesses17. Previously, the

12

City Council was trying to lease the building since the John George Joicey museum in the Holy Jesus Hospital was moved out in 199318, which has led to the lease agreement between the council and the National Trust and with Northumbria University in 2004. However, as the building was leased to National Trust and National Trust had no right to make it accessible to the public when there was other companies were occupying the building. They had tried to publicize it on their heritage open day every

The second factor was the location of the building. It located next to the busiest motorway A167(fig. 3) and the Swan House roundabout , which connected A167 and the Tyne Bridge, one of the three bridges that connected Newcastle city and Gateshead city without bypassing the Quayside. It has been concealed by its surroundings and all three access routes were limited and unnoticeable from the ground. Regarding the routes across or beneath the motorways, as A167 located higher than the earth while Holy Jesus Hospital is below

17. John Wynn Griffiths, 'Holy Jesus Hospital', 2019

18. John Wynn Griffiths, 'Holy Jesus Hospital', 2019

13

14

the artificial ground produced by the roundabout(fig.4), they were inconspicuous at normal perspectives. For the particular route towards Manors, a huge multi-storey Car Park built at the back of Holy Jesus Hospital has blocked its connection to the Manors area and nearby stations (fig.7,8). Pedestrians would need to pass through two dark tunnels under the railway viaducts to access the building from Manors railway and metro stations.

Although the A186 allowed access to the entrance of Holy Jesus Hospital by road and potentially on foot from the Quayside, most pedestrian pathways from A186 towards Quayside were incomplete, such that people accessing the Hospital on foot on this route would need to across the unsafe vehicle. Cuthbert house and Swan house were the only two buildings with direct connections to the Holy Jesus Hospital. Cuthbert House was currently vacant as an office building while the Swan House, initially an office building, has been refurbished

into a residential housing called North 55 (fig 6).

Holy Jesus Hospital is now in a serious situation in this stage due to the development of its surroundings. Since the roundabout and motorway were established in the 1960s, for the above reasons on its

access, it has been demanding for the Council to lease out the building to an organisation with effective management to utilise the building.

Fig. 3: A167 the central motorway.

Fig. 4: Holy Jesus Hosptial in the middle of Swan House and Cuthbert House.

Fig. 5: The underpass from Swan House Fig. 6: North 55, was originally Swan to Holy Jesus Hospital.

House.

15

from demolition but being marginalized in recent years.

2

Function and Holy Jesus Hospital

Fig. 7: Underpass to Quayside and Manors Station

16

Fig. 8: Second underpass to Manors Station. Dark and unsafe route to walk along.

Fig. 9: Circulation to Holy Jesus Hosptial. Most of them require to walk at least one underpass.

The transformations of usage and layers of historic alterations have contributed to the rich historical value of buildings and fundamental functions to avoid demolition over succeeding years. Holy Jesus Hospital could be dated back to the 13th century, around the same period as the oldest building in Newcastle, such as the Castle Keep, the Black Gate and the Blackfriars. It represented the history of the conflict between England and Scotland in the Medieval period, the role of the Freemen in Newcastle,

17

18

and more recently, its use as the Soup Kitchen and the Museum of Local History. The Hospital has been refurbished many times to adapt to the needs of society in Newcastle during those periods. As a result, the building has kept its functionality to the city and remained safe from demolition as the other heritages. This chapter would trace the history of Holy Jesus Hospital and its historical transformation from 13th century to 20th century and analyse on how the building has been secure

Augustinian Friary The first building stood in this location was the Augustinian Friary. In the 13th century, Newcastle Upon Tyne reached to four thousand population20.

As friaries and churches were functioned as a venue for education, medication, mental health and social gathering places for the rural area, it was difficult for friaries and churches in the Newcastle area to continue to maintain their service for all the citizens with only four churches and two friaries before Augustinian Friary was built21.

Since then, the Blackfriars built by Dominican in 1239, Whitefriars by Carmelite, Austin Friars by Augustinian, Greyfriars by Franciscans and, in the former site of Whitefriars, by Trinitarians, five friars had been built to fulfil the demand from the town22. In this period, Austin Friars had a close relationship and interactions with locals through its functions as the Friars were in charge

of preaching education and treatment to the people23. It was therefore necessary for the friary to locate nearby the town centre where they provided their services.

Council of the north Augustinian Friary was changed to the King's council following the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century24. The first risk of demolition was in 1539. Due to Henry VIII's split from the Roman Church and the religious reforms followed by, all friaries were dissolved.

Greyfriars was demolished to build a new house; Blackfriars was bought by wealthy merchants, and Augustinian Friary took under royal control as a meeting place and storehouse25. Compared to other friars, Augustinian Friary had a greater advantage for transforming its usage. In this period, Augustinian Friary was an essential stopover station before stepping into the Scotland soil. It was visited by Edward I as a halfway house for the army against Scotland26. Princess

20. Tim Lambert, A BRIEF HISTORY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE (n.d.) <http:// www.localhistories.org/ newcastle.html> [accessed 15 January 2020].

21. Mary Lambert, A History of the Blackfriars, (Newcastle upon Tyne. S.l.: S.n., 1980).

22. Tim Lambert, A BRIEF HISTORY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE (n.d.) <http:// www.localhistories.org/ newcastle.html> [accessed 15 January 2020].

23. F. Sherman, What Are the Duties of a Friar?, 2019 <https://work.chron.com/ duties-friar-24664.html> [accessed 15 January 2020].

24. Co-Curate, Holy Jesus Hospital | Co-Curate, (2020) <https://co-curate.ncl. ac.uk/holy-jesus-hospital/> [Accessed 15 January 2020]

25. Henry Bourne, The History Of Newcastle Upon Tyne (Newcastle upon Tyne: F. Graham, 1980) P. 132-134

26. Henry Bourne, The History Of Newcastle Upon Tyne (Newcastle upon Tyne: F. Graham, 1980) P. 10

19

Margaret, the elder daughter of King Henry VII, had stayed in the Augustinian Friary before entering Scotland, which had shown Augustinian Friaryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s close relationship with the crown and before being a royal building in that period. The building was reserved as a residence for the King and Manors was 27. Henry Bourne, The used as artillery ground27.

History Of Newcastle Upon Later it changed to be a Tyne (Newcastle upon Tyne: F. Graham, 1980) P. 132-134 King's council and not being demolished like Greyfriars as the transformation was successful.

28, 29. Christopher Baglee, William Wake, The Holy Jesus Hospital and John George Jociey Museum (Newcastle Upon Tyne, The Joicey Trust Publication ,1971) 30. Tim Lambert, A BRIEF HISTORY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE (n.d.) <http:// www.localhistories.org/ newcastle.html> [accessed 15 January 2020].

20

Holy Jesus Hospital In 1640, the King's council was no longer be used and replaced by the Kings Manors in York. This area was then purchased by the Corporation, which is a company founded by many wealthy merchants in 1648, and built Holy Jesus Hospital, or named Freemen's Hospital, in 168228. The buildings were reconstructed to a form similar to how Holy Jesus Hospital appears now, although the architectural forms of this period were different and only the

foundations of the Friars remained. The building showed a rare style influenced by the Renaissance in central Europe countries. It comprised of a three-storey red brick structure with a semi-circular arched arcade on the ground floor which rusticated in the Renaissancestyle architecture29. It was an example to show how the Late Renaissance influenced from Italy to Northern Europe in the mid 17th century, which was precious and rare in the modern city of Newcastle.

In this period, Holy Jesus Hospital provided a charity house in the area of Manors and Sandgate. Baglee stated that, although Holy Jesus Hospital was not the first charity in Newcastle, it was a replacement for the ruins of John Ward's Almshouse30. The actual reconstruction of John Ward's almshouse (which later became Davision's Hospital) was finished in 1719.

Mackenzie also suggested that the reason of the charity was essential to a medieval town because this kind of religious

firm and charity organisation supported the mental health of the society and reduced the pains in lives31. Holy Jesus Hospital had filled up the gaps

between the reconstruction of the Almshouse and provided a psychological "sanctuary" for the societies in the period of superstition. This engagement

31. Mackenzie, E. A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Town and County of Newcastle upon Tyne : Including the Borough of Gateshead. (Newcastle upon Tyne: Mackenzie and Dent, 1827).

32. Christopher Baglee, William Wake, The Holy Jesus Hospital and John George Jociey Museum (Newcastle Upon Tyne, The Joicey Trust Publication ,1971)

33,34,35. Philip Carstairs, 'Soup And Reform: Improving The Poor And Reforming Immigrants Through Soup Kitchens 1870â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1910' International Journal Of Historical Archaeology, 21 (2017), 901-936 https://doi. org/10.1007/s10761-0170403-8

36. Co-Curate, Holy Jesus Hospital | Co-Curate, (2020) <https://co-curate.ncl. ac.uk/holy-jesus-hospital/> [Accessed 15 January 2020] 37. Riney-Smith, Sue, 'The Newcastle Upon Tyne Freemen Magazine', 2016 <http:// freemenofnewcastle. org/wp-content/ uploads/2018/06/ FreemenMagazineIssue20. pdf> [Accessed 15 January 2020]

38. Christopher Baglee, William Wake, The Holy Jesus Hospital and John George Jociey Museum (Newcastle Upon Tyne, The Joicey Trust Publication ,1971)

th

Fig. 10: The sketches of Holy Jesus Hospital in 19 century.

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showed how the building changed its purpose to suit the society's needs yet still served a similar function as a friary.

Soup Kitchen and Chemical factory The Soup Kitchen was built behind the Holy Jesus Hospital in 188032. It was a symbolic sign of the marginalisation and declining state of this area. The soup kitchen was built at the marginal corners of the urban area as the target customer was the underclass and precarious blue-collars of the town33. The invisibility of the location was for the consumers to avoid the feeling of shame and hostility from their neighbourhood34. The location chosen by the soup kitchen showed that the Holy Jesus Hospital, located in the Manors area, was excluded from the centre of the town.

This kitchen was a charity for the poor and the lower class, who were unable to work in the winter in the Victorian period35. From the description of Lynn Redhead, the customer services administrator of Holy Jesus Hospital stated the soup kitchen helped many

people in the town through the complete equipment in the building36. Moreover, this kitchen was shown to be inspired by the charity organization "the People Kitchen" in Newcastle, as the operation of the Soup Kitchen was significantly matched with the characteristic of this charity. However, Holy Jesus Hospital was a charity for the freemen, who were the middle class which formerly the army of the town in the medieval period37. They were not satisfied with the introduction of the soup kitchen and protested against the Soup Kitchen. To resolve the conflict, Holy Jesus Hospital suggested the Soup Kitchen constructig their exterior with similar characteristics as the Hospital had to undercover such discontent within the neighbour(Fig. 11)38. Although the soup kitchen was planned as a temporary building nearby Holy Jesus Hospital, it was later one of the reasons that Holy Jesus Hospital had moved out from this site. The change in land use of the Holy Jesus Hospital was activating

the location temporarily again, yet also leading to the further marginalization of Holy Jesus Hospital.

The destructive elements of the Holy Jesus Hospital constantly increased in 1913.

Urwin's & Co. operated the chemical factory in the Soup Kitchen when the Holy Jesus Hospital was still in use.

The poor condition of the chemical factory provoked a noxious environment in this area39. As Holy Jesus Hospital was an almshouse, the malodorous smell from the factory troubled the people living in the Hospital, while the building itself began to be

at disrepair as the Hospital has been used for more than two centuries without any repair40. The council therefore decided to relocate the Hospital to Spital Tongues in 193741, whereas the factory eventually closed in 1961 and abandoned the Holy Jesus Hospital site as Newcastle city failed in the competition on the heavy industries. The city deteriorated to poverty and degradation, which also undermined the importance of the Quayside area in the city.42 The Soup Kitchen was also an alarm of the degeneration of the area surrounding Holy Jesus Hospital as the user group had changed. Besides,

39. Co-Curate, Holy Jesus Hospital | Co-Curate, (2020) <https://co-curate.ncl. ac.uk/holy-jesus-hospital/> [Accessed 15 January 2020] 40. Christopher Baglee, William Wake, The Holy Jesus Hospital and John George Jociey Museum (Newcastle Upon Tyne, The Joicey Trust Publication ,1971)

41. Dragons And Fairy Dust, Hidden Newcastle: Holy Jesus Hospital - Dragons And Fairy Dust (2020) <https://www. dragonsandfairydust.co.uk/ hidden-newcastle-holyjesus-hospital/> [Accessed 15 January 2020] 42. Solmaz Tavsanoglu, and University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Department of Town Country Planning.

Centre for Research in European Environments.

Transforming the City : Capital, State and Redevelopment in Newcastle City Centre (1960-1990).

(Newcastle upon Tyne: U of Newcastle upon Tyne, Dept. of Town and Country Planning, Centre for Research in European Environments, 1998). Print.

Fig. 11: The similar facade of Soup Kitchen and Holy Jesus Hosptial.

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the related social groups were important for the company to run it efficiently and effectively to support the charity. The moving out of the freemen societies, city separation by the Grainger market, economic regression of the city and the degradation of the area have caused the Holy Jesus Hospital being marginalized and vacant from 1937 until the John George Joicey Museum decided to engage in the building.

43, 44. Archive from Tyne and Wear Archive, TU.TWM ACCESSION 4424

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John George Joicey Museum In 1967, Joint Working Group, founded by John George Joicey, and the Director of the Museum planned to use Holy Jesus Hospital as a museum.43 It started the restoration in 1968 with the funding by John George Jociey Bequest. The museum was opened in 1971, and the restoration removes some of the original structure inside Holy Jesus Hospital. In the construction plan (Fig. 13), some steel structures were proposed to the building and destructed the wooden flooring in the building. Firstly, the soup kitchen has been

connected to the Hospital as a large exhibition room for the future use of the museum, while the interior fitting used by the soup kitchen and butchers in the early century was demolished and refurbished. The staircases in the middle of the building were also exposed by a fullheight bay window as a part of the exhibition.

The exhibition was about the history of Newcastle Upon Tyne, including the building itself (Fig. 12). This period of being a museum was the most self-fulfilling period of the Holy Jesus Hospital. It became a part of the historical representation of the City, also revealed to the public again after a long period of abandonment. However, the attractive exhibition could not maintain its popularity compared to other museums in the same period. The minimal restoration of the museum unfortunately was unable to serve and support the function of the museum.

John George Joicey museum stated the practical terms

of the buildings were not suitable to use as a museum.44 The largest exhibition room in the building was in the soup kitchen, which only 12ft x 15ft. Many rooms were disconnected internally and the only accessible route was from the external arcade (Fig. 14), which limited many spaces were left unused.

As the building was being listed by English Heritage in 195345, any change or alteration of the interior was not possible and a notable amount of maintenance fees

is required to preserve on the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s original structure and features46. In 1993, the museum was closed to the public until the National Trust involved in 2000 while the "John Joicey Museum" has been moved to the Discovery Museum till nowadays.

In the history of Holy Jesus Hospital, different local communities in this area formed the initial landscape of this part of the city. The friary and Holy Jesus Hospital were both charities for the local

society. Their responsibilities had created in-depth communication with the surrounding area and people.

Their functions had also drawn a positive impression for serving the people in the city. The additional building of the Soup Kitchen was a symbol of the position change of the building which partially led to the abandonment by the freemen in the early 20th century. Although the place reopened in 1970 as a public accessible museum, the character of the building had not matched with its usual impression, even though the topic of the exhibition corresponded to its historical background and context, it did not attract visitors which later enforced the management to seek for another location for a greater exposure of the exhibition. In the 21st century, Holy Jesus Hospital was renovated into an office building for a university and the National Trust. Although they were available for organising weekly public visits and events regularly at that time, the building was unable

45. Historic England, 'Information about Holy Jesus Hospital', 2019

46. Laura Berger, Development and Design of Heritage Sensitive Sites Strategies for Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas, by Kenneth Williamson.

(London and New York, Routledge, 2010)

Fig. 12: Exhibition about local life in the museum.

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to reconnect to the city as the function was no longer to be serving the local communities, which had caused the site remained isolated from the city. Passing through hundred years of history in Newcastle, the privatization of Holy Jesus Hospital is now facing the loss of its position in the city and continued on depriving a possibility to show its historical value and communicative function since its establishment.

Fig. 13: Section of the construction plan in 1960 shows the restoration part (red line) to the building.

Fig. 14: The internal circulation of the building. Many room can only access outdoor.

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Town Plan and Holy Jesus Hospital The main factor of the marginalization of Holy Jesus Hospital has been the town plan in Newcastle. Newcastle was a historical town, and this building was one of the oldest buildings in the city.

The city was formed in a natural settlement and had been growing within the city walls in the past. All the buildings located in its perfect location base on its function and customer settlement.

However, the concept of "Urban planning" broke the harmony constructed by these original rules. Holy

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Jesus Hospital struggled in the changes of its land use and therefore lost its functionality after the urban planning in the city. In this chapter, mapping and two significant improvement city planning periods in 19th century and 20th century would be discussed and discovered how they affected the position of Holy Jesus Hospital and how the maps and boundaries reflected the building.

Medieval Times Holy Jesus Hospital was a friary and Kingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Council in

the medieval times. As the last chapter stated, the reason for building Augustinian Friary was the shortage of friaries in accordance with the rapid expansion on population in Newcastle Upon Tyne. The location of Augustinian Friary was precise to respond to a part of the city and to allow convenient communication with other friaries in the city.

In the earliest map drawn by Speed (Fig. 15), Four friars (Trinitarians friars built on the site of Whitefriars in 1360) located in four corners of the town. Although Newcastle constructed as a vernacular settlement in the map, four friars were dispersed to serve the locals in the town in different areas(Fig. 16).

Austin Friars located in Manor Chare at the south-east of the town, which was close to the residential area of the citizens from the Sandgate and Pandon Gate. The map clearly showed the four friars were located in different corners of the city, while the centre was the St Nicholas Church, which has been the religious centre of Newcastle since it built in

109147. Although four of the friaries responded to different preaching and healing from different parts of the city, they did fulfil the psychological demand from the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s citizens48.

At a later time, the royal overtook the control of the friaries from the Roman Church after the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The vacancy of the buildings enforced it to become the northern council.

Compared to those confiscated friaries, Augustinian Friary had a position advantage as a King's Manors as the royals invariably used the place as a resting residence before stepping into Scotland while the Pilgrim Street provided a spacious walking path from the riverside to the northern gate of Newcastle.49 The isolation was not holding for a long period. The Holy Jesus Hospital, namely Freemen's Hospital, was built after the Corporation bought the land here. In the previous map there were no details of the location drawn, but the

47. E. Mackenzie, A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Town and County of Newcastle upon Tyne : Including the Borough of Gateshead. (Newcastle upon Tyne: Mackenzie and Dent, 1827). P.256-275 48. F. Sherman, What Are the Duties of a Friar?, 2019 <https://work.chron.com/ duties-friar-24664.html> [accessed 15 January 2020].

map drew by Corbridge(Fig. 17) showed a clear outline of all buildings located in the Manors area with the name 50. Riney-Smith, Sue, 'The Newcastle of the buildings marked. Holy Upon Tyne Freemen Jesus Hospital had a high Magazine', 2016 <http:// freemenofnewcastle. priority on the map to the org/wp-content/ reader which proved that it uploads/2018/06/ FreemenMagazineIssue20. was an important building pdf> [Accessed 15 January for the societies as any other 2020] marked buildings on the map 51. Lyall Wilkes, and Gordon were important buildings Dodds, Tyneside Classical; The Newcastle Of Grainger, such as churches, schools Dobson And Clayton and charities, which were (London: Murray, 1964) P. 6 more significant than the residential area. This showed the building close relationship to the neighbourhood and connection to the city.

Another sign shown by its building location was the decision made by the freemen to construct the hospital

construction. The freemen had not had a hospital nearby their settlement called "Royal Connection", which was the area between Pandon and All Saints Church nowadays50, and decided to build this hospital to take care of the widows in their surrounding societies.50 Moreover, the city centre located in the Quayside area due to the coal business located there and in and Sandhill, which a high proportion of the population settled in this area.51

49. Henry Bourne, The History Of Newcastle Upon Tyne (Newcastle upon Tyne: F. Graham, 1980) P. 81

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Fig. 15: King's Manors was marked in Speed's map.

Fig. 16: The location of churches, Friaries and the city wall.

Fig. 17: A clear outline of Holy Jesus Hospital.

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Grainger and Dobson The process of transitioning city centre in Newcastle began in the late 18th century. The geographic form of Newcastle separated the city into two 52. Lyall Wilkes, and Gordon areas:52 the Upper area where Dodds, Tyneside Classical; the castle keeps and the northThe Newcastle Of Grainger, west of the city and the lower Dobson And Clayton (London: Murray, 1964) P. area which connected the 6-9 bridges to Gateshead, Sandhill and Holy Jesus Hospital.

The wealthy merchants and hostmen gained their wealth in the Sandhill by shipping the coal from Newcastle, while the expansion of the population produced a lousy environment in this community area. The increasing price of food, riot, low hygiene environment enforced the wealthier classes 53. Lyall Wilkes, and Gordon relocated to the upper area of Dodds, Tyneside Classical; the city around the Newgate.53 The Newcastle Of Grainger, Dobson And Clayton Besides, the net worth from (London: Murray, 1964) P. 6 the coal business fostered Newcastle into one of the 54. J. N. Tarn, 'Northern wealthiest cities in the UK. Architect' 1963, Vol 3, P. 42 The development potential in nuns attracted Grainger and 55. E. Mackenzie, A Descriptive and Historical prompting the planning works Account of the Town and centralising in Eldon square.

County of Newcastle upon Tyne : Including the Borough The first plan introduced by of Gateshead. (Newcastle Grainger was breaking the upon Tyne: Mackenzie and Dent, 1827). P. 256-275 medieval circulation between

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the Quayside and the upper part of the city; by adding two paths, it allowed bypasser to access the Quayside directly from other areas other than the formerly only access from crossing the sandhill and pardon gate area. Thomas Oliver drew a completed plan for the future development of the city (Fig. 19). In this period, Grey Street (1830), Grainger Town (1835), high-level bridge (1849) and Central station (1863) consolidated the new city centre of Newcastle. The only connection between the Grainger town and Holy Jesus Hospital was the Royal Arcade (1832) as part of the improvement of Newcastle. However, the Royal Arcade was not a successful shopping centre as the central Newcastle was reallocated and the Royal Arcade was described as "white elephant" in that period.54The Royal Arcade closed in 1960 after the post office moved out while Holy Jesus Hospital was isolated due to lack of connection to the new central part of the city.55 In addition,

Fig. 18: Two paths had been constructed at the northern side of cathedral of St. Nicholas. the architectural forms of Holy Jesus Hospital and the area of Sandhill had significant differences when the Grainger Town was built (Fig. 20). They were mostly built in timber and red bricks which created a sharp contrast with the stone Greek columns buildings on Grey Street. The high density of buildings and the steeply sloping site in Quayside were unable to fulfil the expectation of Grainger's for a vast and spectacular future city.56The

only option remained was to develop the lower density area in the upper city with fewer buildings existed.

In 1929, the Tyne Bridge was built. Holy Jesus Hospital was revealed from the invisible area of the western Newcastle as the entrance of the Tyne Bridge was next to it. The All Saint Area was also redeveloped to a commercial area after the Quayside great fire in 1854 (Fig. 21)57. The

Fig. 19: The orginal townscape before Grainger engaged. building and environment were both promoted through reconstruction. The surrounding roads and areas were also planned to renew, which brought a chance for Holy Jesus Hospital.

However, the building would not be beneficial from the improvement. The chemical factory and the Soup Kitchen were the consequence left by the last city development

by John Dobson and Richard Grainger. The marginalization created by the city planning introduced unwelcomed

56. M. R. G. Conzen, , J. W. R. Whitehand. The Urban Landscape : Historical Development and Management. (London : New York: Academic, 1981).

57. Solmaz Tavsanoglu, University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Department of Town Country Planning.

Centre for Research in European Environments.

Transforming the City : Capital, State and Redevelopment in Newcastle City Centre (1960-1990).

(Newcastle upon Tyne: U of Newcastle upon Tyne, Dept. of Town and Country Planning, Centre for Research in European Environments, 1998).

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properties for this area. Also, the industry function of those properties declined office development from the All Saint area. The vicious cycle of the inconsistency between the city transformation and functionality of the buildings aggravated the marginalization of the buildings but also enforced the initial users of the hospital to move out, which caused the hospital being vacant for the following twenty years.

Fig. 20: A different architectural styles appear in Quayside and Grey Street in the 19th century.

Fig. 21: Great fire in Newcastle in 1854 burnt down the Quayside area.

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Fig. 22: A bird view townscape before Smith and Burns engaged.

58. Wilfred Burns, Newcastle : A Study In Replanning At Newcastle Upon Tyne. (London: L. Hill, 1967)

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Smith and Burns In the 1960s, a high development in Newcastle planned by T. D. Smith and Wilfred Burns. Burns stated that it was necessary to change Newcastle from a "dirty worn-out, industrial city" to a "new, modern, well-organized, unified, harmonious, consumption base city structure".58 It was a similar idea as the last planning, which introduced a new architectural language into the city unconsidered to the existing city form and the buildings. At that moment, the railway viaduct and the Tyne Bridge were already built, and the major city area was

also stabilized to the Grainger market following the new path creating by the Tyne Bridge.

The medieval structure of the city was nearly demolished in this period and remained some of the critical buildings including the Holy Jesus Hospital. There was no limitation to expand the city.

Therefore, Smith planned to construct to the northern and eastern side outside the city wall and decided to build a large motorway system in the middle of Newcastle historic heritage section between Holy Jesus Hospital and the Castle Keep and the Pilgrim street roundabout, to fulfil the circulation to the new

city centre. Smith provided two options to deal with the existing Royal Arcade and Holy Jesus Hospital, which both next to the roundabout( Fig. 24)59. Preserving them as an "uneasy bedmate" or fight for the demolition. Smith chose the second option and convinced the labour group, which was firmly against this proposal.60 From the quote describing heritage and the plan Smith took was questioning on the existent of the heritage. In the time when Smith proposed his suggestion, many opinions thought Holy Jesus Hospital was "doomed". "It is difficult to think of any future use for this building which would justify the heavy expenditure necessary to put it into repair.

In any case, its location below the ground level makes it incongruous and quite out of scale with the environment proposed."61 As a historical monument in the city, the management always aimed at seeking sponsorship to fund the repairment of Holy Jesus Hospital, but from the plans of Smith, it did not capture

enough attention as the new part of the city. Royal Arcade and Holy Jesus Hospital were being abandoned, and Royal Arcade was demolished as soon as the roundabout built, while Holy Jesus Hospital was funded by John George Joicey and repaired for the use as a museum since 1967.

Although Holy Jesus Hospital was repaired and started to use as a museum, it did not find its position in the city.

In the overall city planning, many proposals were carried out and the Central Motorway CDA (comprehensive development area) and the All Saints CDA affected the position seriously. Holy Jesus Hospital was divided into a part of the Central Motorway CDA which included A167M, Pilgrim Street Roundabout and the car park behind Holy Jesus Hospital (Fig. 26). As the south side was built the viaduct of the railway, the Central Motorway blocked remaining direction. This CDA could be seen as a plan to focus on the efficiency of vehicles to connect north and

south without going to the 59. T. Dan Smith, An Autobiography (Newcastleupon-Tyne: Oriel P., 1970)

60. T. Dan Smith, An Autobiography (Newcastleupon-Tyne: Oriel P., 1970)

Fig. 23: All Asint Area in Burns' landscape model. Large office building blocks are going to constructed.

61. Christopher Baglee, William Wake, The Holy Jesus Hospital and John George Jociey Museum (Newcastle Upon Tyne, The Joicey Trust Publication ,1971)

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Fig. 24: Swan House Roundabout model shows the changes in this area. Holy Jesus Hospital was included inside the model.

vehicles to connect north and south without going to bottom of the Quayside. There was a lack of consideration of the preservation of the building, or how to preserve it. In Smith's overall strategy, functionality and efficiency were the critical factors to construct the planning in the city,62 Holy Jesus Hospital was therefore ignored. Yet, as a listed historic building, Holy Jesus Hospital was one of the oldest building in the city and unable to pull down the building easily. They therefore decided to avoid the issue and include it in the traffic system planning. Although an underpass circulation was proposed in the planning of the roundabout, the isolation of the heavy trafficked motorway deteriorated the friendly environment in the surrounding for the museum.

Moreover, Holy Jesus Hospital located at the edges of Central Motorway CDA yet close to the All Saints area CDA where commercial buildings located(Fig. 23,27). There was no benefit as a museum standing next to an office area,

therefore finally, it closed for lacking visitors.

Many proposals and town plan in the city were aimed at transforming the northern part of the city be the city centre in the past 200 years, 62. T. Dan Smith, An and this has been the main Autobiography (Newcastleorientation. The declining upon-Tyne: Oriel P., 1970) power of the city wall released its limitation to the further development of the upper part of the city. The old lower part where Holy Jesus Hospital located became less important in the overall city development as the focus transferred to the Grainger market and northern part of the city. The ignorance since the 1960s aggravated the isolation of the building as currently the central motorway and the carpark divided the city boundary of the east. In the medieval times of the Newcastle, Holy Jesus Hospital was always located inside the city which the city wall included it into the city. The position given by the city wall resulted in a positive and efficient use as a charity for the people living in the city. While nowadays,

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the motorway excluded the building from the new city centre in the northern part, even when was a museum it was surrounded by commercial buildings. The unfit usage of the building with its context separated itself from the city reform.

Although nowadays the building has been transferred

into an office for National Trust, the incomplete proposal of the circulation connecting Quayside and Holy Jesus Hospital level has worsened the isolated "island" surrounded by viaducts, the roundabout and motorways with only one entrance.

Fig. 27: The circulation proposed for the All Saint Area, which passing through Holy Jesus Hospital.

Fig. 25 Holy Jesus Hosptial and the higher level motorway.

Fig. 26: The CDA and the location of Holy Jesus Hospital.

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Fig. 28: The extreme construction proposal in the 1960.

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Fig. 29: Holy Jesus Hospital was divided into the part of commercial area in 1960.

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4 Boundary and City Fringe-belt is a concept regarding the limitation of city growth, which produced a boundary by different morphology [66] and provided a significant effect to the townscape and city structure.

[67] In medieval Newcastle, there was no plans or programmatic development in the city, instead, having a city wall as the boundary to defend enemies. The Augustinian Friary was built based on the remaining space in the city and its consumer societies to choose the location, as in this period, the Newcastle city

44Fig. 30 The circulation proposed in Roundabout

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wall marked the boundary for the friaries and located inside the boundaries declared its inclusion as part of the city.

The city wall was crucial in the history of Newcastle as Newcastle had always been the frontier between Scotland and England. This physical boundaries protected the area and excluded any external factors from the city. The second period of such boundaries was marked by the core area of the city development at Quayside. The thriving business energized the south-west part of the

city and encouraged the Corporation to buy Holy Jesus Hospital as their charity office to help their societies.

The function of the building caused Holy Jesus Hospital to be part of the core area where the Corporation gaining its wealth in the heavy industries and coal mining in the 16th and 17th centuries. The third boundary was the opening of the soup kitchen. The Manors was transformed into a charity area with school and hospital, however, the centralisation did not create harmony to this area. It arose the instability in Manors. The upper part city development and the great fire forced the

middle-class to move out from the Pandon area and the Soup Kitchen brought the lowerclass into the area. The poor condition of the area expelled the Holy Jesus Hospital, which served the hospitality for the middle-class. These two factors marginalized the building from a contextual change. The last boundary was the motorway built in the mid-twentieth century, which created blockage to the access of the building. A hidden tiny stair connected to the subway under the roundabout became the only remaining route to access from the north of the Newcastle city.

Fig. 31: City Development with and without city wall in Newcaslte in different period.

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Future Plan in Newcastle Upon Tyne There was no recognisable future planning to reveal the Holy Jesus Hospital in the future. The town plan was an important factor in changing the situation of an existing building. In the past 200 years, the incomplete and inconsiderate planning thrust this historic building away from the city. For the latest plan of Core Strategy and Urban Core Plan for Gateshead and Newcastle upon Tyne 2010-2030 adopted in 2015, was following the role of Unitary development plan in 1998, which were lack of

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consideration to the single listed building and ignored the situation of the buildings with historical interest. No evidence suggested these two town plans provided any concrete solutions to solve the problem arose in Holy Jesus Hospital and the area it was located. This area was abandoned by the city strategy and tried to overlook it. As a historic valued building about the medieval society and community relationship, it struggled since the first town plan by Grainger, which sacrificed the

area for the prosperity in the city centre. Yet there was no compensation since and in the foreseeable future. By the end of the Inner City Project and its proposed end date of the lease contract in 2028, this temporary office used by National Trust is uncertain, the hospital would be vacant again and seeking for new occupants when the contract is not renewed.63

Unitary development plan (UDP) in 1998 This plan has framed the main structure of the future 20102030 plan and restricted the protection policy to the listed building in Newcastle.

There were two focuses for the core part of the city in the plan strategy, economy and jobs and population and housing.64 It aimed to focus on the issue of unemployment and declining population issue in the city centre.65The actual area started from the east of Gibson street to the west of Quayside including Holy Jesus Hospital. The plan suggested the Tynesideâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main character was the historic city centre

mainly regarding the Grainger Town Area. Also, other Listed Buildings in Newcastle were regulated on the prohibition to most alteration or extension implementation which all the 63. Florence Spaven, 'Holy buildingsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; preference was Jesus Hospital', 2019 to restore or reinstate to its original use.66This policy was therefore limited the further development of the Holy Jesus Hospital for renovating into other usages.

Core Strategy and Urban Core Plan for Gateshead and Newcastle upon Tyne 20102030 This plan extended the strategy introduced in UDP and proposed a practical plan engaged with the city. Three key sites were developed into the commercial space, and three sub-areas was proposed to improve and develop as a community area in Newcastle Upon Tyne and the Grainger Town to be the city centre. This proposal aimed to strengthen its identity as a student city and boost economic growth by supporting new technology.67

64,65,66 . Newcastle upon Tyne . City Council.

Newcastle upon Tyne Unitary Development Plan, Adopted by Newcastle City Council, January 1998.

(Newcastle upon Tyne, England: Newcastle City Council, 1998) 67. Newcastle City Council, Planning for the Future Core Strategy and Urban Core Plan for Gateshead and Newcastle upon Tyne 20102030 ,2015 <https://www. newcastle.gov.uk/sites/ default/files/2019-01/ planning_for_the_future_ core_strategy_and_urban_ core_plan_2010-2030.pdf> [accessed 15 January 2020].

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Fig. 32: Listed building policy. in UDP 1998.

The latest plan aggravated 68. Solmaz Tavsanoglu, the isolation of Holy Jesus University of Newcastle Hospital and forcibly upon Tyne. Department of segregated this building from Town Country Planning.

Centre for Research in central Newcastle. Although European Environments.

Holy Jesus Hospital was still Transforming the City : Capital, State and located inside the core urban Redevelopment in Newcastle area, there was no proposal City Centre (1960-1990).

(Newcastle upon Tyne: on developing the eastern U of Newcastle upon side of the central motorway.

Tyne, Dept. of Town and Country Planning, Centre The plan revealed three for Research in European factors of the ignorance of Environments, 1998). P. 66 this particular area where Holy Jesus Hospital stood: the new development location, 69. Morton, D, Newcastle's Swan House area: Is it a city the disconnection with the landmark or a city eyesore? historic area and the difficulty (2016) <https://www. of development. chroniclelive.co.uk/news/ history/newcastles-swanhouse-area-city-12055997> [accessed 15 January 2020].

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New commercial area was proposed which new

developments were distant from Holy Jesus Hospital. From the experience of the town planning by Grainger and Smith, the new development affected the flow of population and instigated divergent densities of the population in different areas in the city. Also, in the previous plannings by Burns, although it marked the function of the surrounding area of Holy Jesus Hospital was commercial in 1960,68in which the Swan House and Cuthbert house were the two commercial buildings proposed and established. The disconnection between the commercial area overground and the All Saint area

located beneath the Holy Jesus hospital has made the planned commercial areas lost its intended purpose.

The 1960s buildings have always been regarded as low quality, which could be reflected by the current status of the Cuthbert house being abandoned and the Swan house has been converted into apartments in 2002.69This could be further verified by the present city planning on the commercial areas situated at Science Center and Stephenson Quarter, which are both located at the western part of the city, and far away from Holy Jesus Hospital. The nearest planned development area was the East Pilgrim Street (Fig. 34). Expected for a commercial purpose, leisure facilities and accommodation would also be located in this area, providing necessary needs to residents and created a better living environment, for example, high street shops, public space convenient transportation. Although East Pilgrim Street area is close to Holy Jesus Hospital, the central motorway and

the car park have intervened the access and disrupted the connection. As Holy Jesus Hospital has no direct access from the major Manors area and the Manors station (Fig. 9), East Pilgrim Street did not serve a connection purpose to the Hospital, instead, it is considered as a connection between the city centre and the major Manors area only (Fig. 35). The Manors car park situated behind Holy Jesus Hospital will be nugatory to the East Pilgrim Street area as car parks have already situated within the area. Although the Holy Jesus Hospital was converted into an office in 2004 which made it as the only commercial building in the area. As a single office building, Holy Jesus Hospital is lacking support on facilities surrounding when compare to other commercial areas. With its overall competitive disadvantage on the remote location and lack of supporting facilities, Holy Jesus Hospital would have a significant possibility to be vacant and to no purpose as Cuthbert House in the future.

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Fig. 33: Boundary marks by Central motorway.

The second factor is the domination of the central motorways on the impression and functionality of the area surrounding. The central motorway contained a unique and robust characteristic as part of the city which most of the plan will combine the motorway, car park and Holy Jesus Hospital as an area in the plan of the city. In the 2030 plan, the central motorway has alternately become a boundary for the development of city central (Fig. 33). In the Central sub-area, it includes most of the heritage site inside Newcastle city,

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aiming to improve the leisure area around Eldon Square and Monument and strengthen the historic area from the Grainger market to the Castle Keep. Yet, as the boundary is marked the central motorway, it excluded Holy Jesus Hospital from the heritage area (Fig. 36). The location of Holy Jesus Hospital does not fit with the path they proposed inside the area. Holy Jesus Hospital will continue to lose its historical identity, as compared to the Bigg Market and Castle Keep after the regeneration by this town plan. This comparison aggravated the invisibility of the Holy Jesus Hospital as a historic building and people will even neglect this building itself over the time and assimilate it as part of the distributor route which it should not be integrated into. As the roundabout has also provided as a pathway to the Quayside from the East Pilgrim Street area, the atgrade crossing will replace the underpass of the roundabout, which upraise the pedestrians to a higher level over Holy Jesus Hospital. The out-of-

scale will be more visible after the replacement of the pathways. Yet, the underpass to Holy Jesus Hospital could not be replaced by other routes as there will not have any landing at the other side of the Swan House. The entrance of the underpass would be more concealed if all underpasses were being replaced. People would lose

the direction to finding any underpass connected to the eastern part as all the crossing will be the same level as the vehicle road, which will further segregate the building from the city.

Fig. 34: Several office area proposed and only East Pilgrim Street is near Holy Jesus Hospital.

Fig. 35: The main circulation in this area is at the northern side.

Two car parks will be here for the area.

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54

Fig. 36: Holy Jesus Hospital is excluded from The Central SubArea.

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Thirdly, the policy limited the usage of the building and the development in the future. Holy Jesus Hospital has been constantly changing its usage and forms to fit in with different social issue in the past, but it struggled to fit in the past 100 years after it was marked as a Listed Building. The exhibition of the museum period was perfectly fit with the historical value of the building, but the limited interior space enforced the museum to seek for a spacious place. The interiorf the building was no longer suitable for most functional usage nowadays, especially Holy Jesus Hospital was not a monument or an iconic heritage with large interior space or large public area for the people to interact with the building. The staff of National Trust who are working in Holy Jesus Hospital 70. Florence Spaven, 'Holy have also struggled to the Jesus Hospital', 2019 lack of open office space 69. Morton, D, Newcastle's Swan House area: Is it a city within.70 The policy published landmark or a city eyesore? in 1998 in UDP has limited (2016) <https://www. chroniclelive.co.uk/news/ the possibilities of reuse and history/newcastles-swanredevelopment of the building house-area-city-12055997> [accessed 15 January 2020]. in its context and complicated

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the issue for future planning.

The new development is gradually transitioning into the western part of the city while the focus strategy to the central historic spots provokes the marginalization of Holy Jesus Hospital. The city continues to develop outward from the original city centre and, as in the current planning, the western side is targeted as the development focus. The location of Holy Jesus Hospital identifies as an old, eyesore and low quality affected by the surrounding brutalist architecture.71 There is no sign of having any improvement in these areas in the future ten years.

Reusing building spent more time and budget to finalizing an idea to fit with the existing policy. In the direction of improving the city economy, there is no reason to resettle those building. Besides, this planning group up most of the historic building from Grainger Market, Bigg Market, St. Nicholas cathedral to the castle keep. The historic core area has formed by this plan,

and Holy Jesus Hospital will more struggle to find his position in the city as the building cannot fit any usage and gradually disappear from the sight of the local citizen and the city.

for these buildings should be considered for creating added values to attract new target groups and customers and strengthening its position and purpose in the city. as â&#x20AC;&#x153;Age plus adaptivity is what makes a building come to be lovedâ&#x20AC;?70

Conclusion

In this case study, the function of a historical building should be more concerned in preservation. For instance, Royal Arcade was demolished as no economic value was generated as a shopping centre (it had only 130 years of history when it was demolished). While the Swan House and the roundabout were constructed to increase the value of the area, the efficient motorway was more attractive to the council than preserving a historic building, for its social value on providing effective

57

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Values could bring wealth for the restoration and create a close relationship with the citizens. The added value

could allow the council planning for additional budget to afford the maintenance, revitalising its historic value over time, which ultimately increasing a greater possibility for the building to be preserved and reinvigorated.

70. Stewart Brand, How Buildings Learn : What Happens after They're Built.

(New York, NY: Viking, 1994). P.23

transportation to the city.

Although no demolition work of these historic buildings have been undertaken as they are listed and protected, the marginalization of these listed buildings is only a compromise slightly better than demolition. The town plans have always presented a negative approach which undermines the value of the historical buildings as the building fabric require a high budget to repair and restore.

To renovate the historical buildings with a lower budget, seeking alternative functions

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Whats in the future There is another potential issue recognised, that the 1960s buildings could also suffer from marginalisation.

The development trend is ongoing towards the western part of the city, but the eastern part of the city, which developed massively in the 1960s, was disregarded in the latest city plan. Those buildings contain a large value of the architectural interest of Brutalist architecture after WWII in the 1960s. Those â&#x20AC;&#x153;eyesoreâ&#x20AC;? 1960s buildings are not attractive to the citizens and the craftsmanship

60

did not have the value to preserve, which suggested by Ruskin, and this may result in the ignorance of future preservation and, possibly, similar demolition issue that the Royal Arcade had faced.

As a unique system formed by the concrete walkway and skyscraper, vertical gap is produced between the circulation we get used to be. The lack of consideration of renovating old building will become more difficult over time to solve in the next generation, for instance, the buildings around Swan House

roundabout. Yet, the city planning is also improving, as the vacant Cuthbert House was proposed for a renovation as residential housing. Even though the low quality of the building, context and the long period of careless have limited the redevelopment opportunities of the buildings due to cost and budgeting, there is a glimpse of hope as some of the 1960s architecture in some other parts of the city have been restored and built a close

relationship with the citizens.

Valuable buildings should not be limited by its age, instead, it should be treasured by its value on reflecting the history, culture and ideas of the previous society. Further researches are recommended to reveal the eastern part of the city, preserving as a important part of Newcastle history.

Fig. 38: Unfinished circulation to the Swan House Fig. 39,40,41: Eastern side of the city near the central motorway

Fig. 42: Refurbished civic center with a large alteration on ground floor.

Fig. 43: Refurbished Claremont Tower with a large changes on facade.

Fig. 37: The entrance of Cuthbert House.

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Figure List:

Fig. 1:Pendlebury, John. 'The Conservation of Historic Areas in the UK: A Case

Fig. 22:Temple, William, Plan of Newcastle Upon Tyne 1945. (Newcastle, Co-

Fig. 2:Chan, Ka Hei, Holy Jesus Hospital façade. 2019. JEPG file.

Fig. 3:Chan, Ka Hei, A167 motorway 2019. JEPG file.

Fig. 23:Burns, Wilfred, Newcastle : A Study In Replanning At Newcastle Upon Tyne. (London: L. Hill, 1967) P37

Study of “Grainger Town”, Newcastle upon Tyne.' Cities 16.6 (1999) 423-33.

Fig. 4:Chan, Ka Hei, Swan house roundabout. 2019. JEPG file.

Fig. 5:Chan, Ka Hei, Underpass to Holy Jesus Hospital. 2019. JEPG file.

Fig. 6:Chan, Ka Hei, Soup Kitchen brand. 2019. JEPG file.

Fig. 7:Chan, Ka Hei, Way to Manors Station. 2019. JEPG file.

Fig. 8:Chan, Ka Hei, Way to Manors Station 2. 2019. JEPG file.

Fig. 9:Chan, Ka Hei, circulation analysis. 2019. Map

Fig. 10:Baglee, C., Wake, W., 1827,1889. (Newcastle Upon Tyne, The Joicey Trust Publication ,1971) P.5

Fig. 11:Chan, Ka Hei, Soup Kitchen brand. 2019. JEPG file.

Fig. 12:Baglee, C., Wake, W., Period Room – Mid Stuart, one of the serious rooms illustrating the development of English furniture and interior decorations.

(Newcastle Upon Tyne, The Joicey Trust Publication ,1971) P. 23

Fig. 13:Kenton, G. Holy Jesus Hospital City Road Survey of structure. 1967, section, Tyne and Wear Archive

Fig. 14: The National Trust "Quinquennial Survey and Report" 2007. Report Fig. 15:Speed, J., Speed’s plan. 1610, map, Tyne and Wear Archive Fig. 16:Chan, K. H. mportant building location. 2019. Map

Fig. 17:Corbridge, J., Newcastl Upon Tyne in 1723. 1723, map, Tyne and Wear Archive

Fig. 18:Wilkes, Lyall, and Gordon Dodds, Tyneside Classical; The Newcastle Of Grainger, Dobson And Clayton (London: Murray, 1964) P58

Fig. 19:Wilkes, Lyall, and Gordon Dodds, Tyneside Classical; The Newcastle Of Grainger, Dobson And Clayton (London: Murray, 1964) P12

Fig. 20a:Chan, Ka Hei, Bessie Surtees House in 16th century. 2019. JEPG file

Fig. 20b:Co-Curate, Grey Street Newcastle. 2020 <https://co-curate.ncl.ac.uk/ holy-jesus-hospital/> [Accessed 15 January 2020]

Fig. 21:Baglee, C., Wake, W., The Great Fire of Newcastle from “London Illustrated News" (Newcastle Upon Tyne, The Joicey Trust Publication) ,1971 P.14

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Fig. 33:Newcastle City Council, Planning for the Future Core Strategy and Urban Core Plan for Gateshead and Newcastle upon Tyne 2010-2030 ,2015 <https://

operative Printing Society Limited,1945)

www.newcastle.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2019-01/planning_for_the_future_ core_strategy_and_urban_core_plan_2010-2030.pdf> [accessed 15 January 2020]. P46

Fig. 24:Burns, Wilfred, Newcastle : A Study In Replanning At Newcastle Upon

Fig. 34:Newcastle City Council, Planning for the Future Core Strategy and Urban

Tyne. (London: L. Hill, 1967) P44

Core Plan for Gateshead and Newcastle upon Tyne 2010-2030 ,2015 <https://

Fig. 25:Timmonet, Holy Jesus. 2003 <https://www.timmonet.co.uk/html/holy_

www.newcastle.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2019-01/planning_for_the_future_

jesus.htm> [Accessed 15 January 2020]

core_strategy_and_urban_core_plan_2010-2030.pdf> [accessed 15 January

Fig. 26:Tavsanoglu, Solmaz., and University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Department

2020]. P126

of Town Country Planning. Centre for Research in European Environments.

Fig. 35:Newcastle City Council, Planning for the Future Core Strategy and Urban

Transforming the City : Capital, State and Redevelopment in Newcastle City

Core Plan for Gateshead and Newcastle upon Tyne 2010-2030 ,2015 <https://

Centre (1960-1990). (Newcastle upon Tyne: U of Newcastle upon Tyne, Dept.

www.newcastle.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2019-01/planning_for_the_future_

of Town and Country Planning, Centre for Research in European Environments,

core_strategy_and_urban_core_plan_2010-2030.pdf> [accessed 15 January

1998). P44

2020]. P171

Fig. 27:Tavsanoglu, Solmaz., and University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Department

Fig. 36:Newcastle City Council, Planning for the Future Core Strategy and Urban

of Town Country Planning. Centre for Research in European Environments.

Core Plan for Gateshead and Newcastle upon Tyne 2010-2030 ,2015 <https://

Transforming the City : Capital, State and Redevelopment in Newcastle City

www.newcastle.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2019-01/planning_for_the_future_

Centre (1960-1990). (Newcastle upon Tyne: U of Newcastle upon Tyne, Dept.

core_strategy_and_urban_core_plan_2010-2030.pdf> [accessed 15 January

of Town and Country Planning, Centre for Research in European Environments,

2020]. P165

1998). P19

Fig. 37:Chan, Ka Hei, Cuthbert House facade. 2019. JEPG file.

Fig. 28:Temple, William, Plan of Newcastle Upon Tyne 1945. (Newcastle, Co-

Fig. 38:Chan, Ka Hei, Eastern part city 1. 2019. JEPG file.

operative Printing Society Limited,1945

Fig. 39:Chan, Ka Hei, Eastern part city 2. 2019. JEPG file.

Fig. 29:Temple, William, Plan of Newcastle Upon Tyne 1945. (Newcastle, Co-

Fig. 40:Chan, Ka Hei, Eastern part city 3. 2019. JEPG file.

operative Printing Society Limited,1945

Fig. 41:Chan, Ka Hei, Eastern part city 4. 2019. JEPG file.

Fig. 30: Burns, W., Pilgrim Street Roundabout. 1962. Map. Tyne and Wear Archive

Fig. 42:Chan, Ka Hei, civic center. 2019. JEPG file.

Fig. 31a:Corbridge, J., Newcastl Upon Tyne in 1723. 1723, map, Tyne and Wear

Fig. 43:Chan, Ka Hei, Claremont Tower. 2019. JEPG file.

Archive

Fig. 31b:Tallis, John, Newcastle Upon Tyne. 1851, map, Tyne and Wear Archive Fig. 32:Newcastle upon Tyne . City Council. Newcastle upon Tyne Unitary

Development Plan, Adopted by Newcastle City Council, January 1998. (Newcastle upon Tyne, England: Newcastle City Council, 1998) P84

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ARC 3001 Architectural Design Case Study Punta Della Dogana

PUNTA DELLA DOGANA

/

SITE

SITE

SITE.

Urban and Access.

SITE. / Historic Factors.

Venice is a historic city with different style of buildings in the city center. Punta Della Dogana located at the southern side of the historic town center, St Marco Square. Although it is close to it, it difficult to arrive through walking.

Waterbus and Servizio Gondola provide a better to the gallery, but it seems hard to be a part of plan by the visitors.

9

Top : Servizio Gondola to the site (1:15000) Mid : Waterbus path to the site (1:15000) Bottom : Walking to site through Ponte dellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Accademia(1:15000)

Photo of Ponte dellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Accademia.

Photo of Servizio Gondola Station.

Photo of Waterbus Station.

Andrew Chan

Andrew Chan

Collage shows the main visit attraction in Venice.

10

Punta Della Dogana is located between the Grand and Giudecca Canals.

It is a custom house called Dogana da Mar before rebuilding as a gallery.

The location achieve itself as a watch tower to protect the important transportation path in Venice. In addition, the St Marco Square was the entrance for the waterway. This location become significantly important to surveillance it.

SITE

MATERIALITY

Chiesa del Santissimo Redentore

Fondazione Giorgio Cini

Chiesa di San Giorgio Maggiore

Chiesa della PietĂ

Chiesa della PietĂ - Santa Maria della

Palazzo Ducale

Basilica di San Marco

Piazza San Marco

Chiesa di Santa Maria della Presentazione

SITE. / View.

MATERIALITY. /

Context.

11

The tip in front of Punta Della Dogana can view a 360-degree view of the estuary of Venice. It provides another option from Gondola to view St Marco Square from the other side. However, there is no sign to direct the tourist to this tip to show the view of Venice. Tourist need to explore the way themselves which limited the potential of this places.

Andrew Chan

Andrew Chan

The hold city cover with the same color tones and similar material for their buildings. In this side of the island, white Istrian stone, plaster and red ceiling seem to be the common language of the city. In the collage of the elevation in this island. Red, grey are often appear on the exterior of the buildings. It shows the same language of the whole area.

34

1:2000 site map with ceiling color

Punta Della Dogana used the white plaster and re ceiling to reflect to the whole context. In addition, a part of the wall was exposed the brick structure of the building in order to communicate the interior materiality, but also shows the original materials of the building before Tadao Ando restored it. The glass door and windows also covered with black metal fence which renewed by Tadao Ando and represent the original form of the building.

Exhibition Space.

MATERIALITY

MATERIALITY

MATERIALITY. /

MATERIALITY. /

Old and New.

1.

2.

35

Every exhibition spaces are all communicate with old and new. Concrete, glass and steel like the intervention of the area. The strong symbolic simplified design marks the boundary of new encouragement. The old parts of the building are bricks and timber frame roof. From the colour and the texture of the timber and brick give out a strong contrast with the smooth and perfect pure concrete.

6.

5.

4.

Andrew Chan

Andrew Chan

3.

36

This is one of the staircases in Punta Della Dogana.

Tadao Ando was carefully place a visual gap between the new concrete block and original bricks walls. This gap marks the difference of old and new, remain that the intervention is an intervention of the building, but also represent the characteristic of the architect with using the iconic concrete texture into this historic building. The other necessary part like the handrail, it keeps the simplest form to reduce the damage of overall bricks feelings.

Tadao Ando opened some threshold to fit the circulation of the new art gallery inside the custom house. For the outer layer of the threshold was built with steel with same color as the concrete floor. It combined with the floor remind visitor the openings were construct by Tadao Ando but not the original structure of the building. It is a symbolic structure that significantly divided the two material languages inside the building.

The middle space was originally a double-height area in the past, but Tadao Ando was only keep the spatial quality and remove the brick walls in this area. Refining with concrete wall. The contrast of the smooth colorless concrete wall emphasizes the two columns in the middle of the space. Timber beams passed through the hole of the concrete walls. This out of place design attracted visitor the order of the construction. From the 17th century structure to the concrete intervention.

3-5 6-8 9-11 12-14 15-17 18-20 21-23 24-27 28-29 30-33 34-36 37-39 40

Architects/Designers Typology Site Programme Concept and Design Development Studio Relevance Spatial Sequence Structural Strategy Environmental Strategy Atmosphere Materiality Threshold Bibliography

Born in 1941, Japanese architect Tadao Ando started his architectural practise in 1969.

Ando hopes his buildings can help people reflect on their inner selves instead of focus on the outward visual which the Japanese Zen philosophy is involved. In the diagrams it can show how he manage the use of space and emphasis on physical experience of architecture.

Pulitzer Arts Foundation St. Louis, US 2001

Hyogo Prefectural Museum of Art Hyogo Prefecture, Japan 2002

TYPOLOGY. ____________ Approach Towards Preservation and Demolition.

TYPOLOGY

In 2008-09 Tadao Ando was commissioned to convert one of Venice’s old customs houses into a modern art museum. The building had been abandoned for decades, with various failed attempts at rejuvenation.

The exterior of the building was preserved, the brick stuccoed facade is the only part of the original structure remaining. The interior was stripped out with new concrete interventions placed inbetween the remaining internal walls of the building.

ARCHITECTS/DESIGNERS. / Tadao Ando.

TYPOLOGY

ARCHITECTS / DESIGNERS

INTRODUCTON

PUNTA DELLA DOGANA

Contrast Between Old and New Materials.

Palazzo Grassi Venice, Italy 2001

Andrew Chan Typology, Site

Harry Goacher Programme, Threshold

Yew Zhi Xuan Atmosphere, Materiality

Wrightwood 659 Chicago, US 2018

The Bourse de Commerce Paris, France 2020

3

ARCHITECTS/DESIGNERS. / Architectural style.

From looking at these precedents, these three are some historical building which ando had later then restored them into galleries spaces. One of his defining characteristics is the use of concrete as these smooth and bare walls allow him to bring focus to the form of the building in order to carry out emtional impact to the architecture.

ARCHITECTS / DESIGNERS

ARCHITECTS / DESIGNERS

2

Punta Della Dogana Venice, Italy 2009

Yew Zhi Xuan

Yanchao Sun Concept & Design, Environmental Strategy

PUNTA DELLA DOGANA

CASTELVECCHIO MUSEUM

MUSEO DELL’ARA PACIS

A key decision was made to demolish the separating floors of the exhibition halls in the Punta della Dogana. This was because the architect wanted to strip the walls of any trace of additions beyond the initial construction of the building. The brick walls lining the halls were then restored, to convert the space into a double-height exhibition hall.

The architect chose to demolish a staircase attached to the communal wall which was once built by Napoleon, and proceeded to excavate the ancient moat underneath the stairs. The staircase is the only part of the building that was demolished, any new additions to the buildings was intended to further enhance the old aspects and details of the building.

The approach to this building is entirely different compared to the two others as it is a site of preservation, and the purpose of the building was to preserve the existing structure on site.

Therefore, the altar was kept untouched, instead the new building was built around it.

6

ARCHITECTS/DESIGNERS. / Timeline of architectural eras.

7

TYPOLOGY

Charlie Wong

Oliver Gabe Structure, Studio Relevance

On the next page, it includes an architectural eras that affected Tadao Ando’s approach to architecture.

Exhibition Spaces.

Upper left : PUNTA DELLA DOGANA The exhibition spaces in the building were designed to be open and versatile. As most exhibitions displayed within the building are temporary. Therefore, the spaces are required to be open and adaptable to a variety of different exhibitions.

Upper right : CASTELVECCHIO MUSEUM The exhibition spaces within the Castelvecchio museum are meticulously designed by the architect, to the point that spaces and circulation strategies are based off the placement of certain exhibition pieces. This can be done as the exhibition within the building is mostly permanent, hence certain spaces can be designed to accommodate these displays better.

Palazzo Grassi Venice, Italy 2001

Punta Della Dogana Venice, Italy 2009

Wrightwood 659 Chicago, US 2018

Yew Zhi Xuan

4

The conventions of interior and exterior spaces in Neuendorf House which introduce the opposition of the raw nature and the formality of architecture seems to be closely related to how Ando managed the contradiction between concrete and brick walls.

TYPOLOGY. ______________________

Charlie Wong

Charlie Wong

Villa Savoye is one of the wellknown examples for the bauhaus architecture. The reinforced concrete piles which created a sense of the ground floor being recessed to be resulted as a definitive form to the structure.

This has reminded me of how Ando introduced his concrete into the buildings so as to emphasize the form of them.

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8

Yew Zhi Xuan

Charlie Wong Architects, Spatial Sequence

Bottom left : MUSEO DELL’ARA PACIS The building is designed mainly to protect the ancient altar of Ara Pacis. Most areas around the centerpiece of the museum is left open for users to walk around the structure and appreciate the altar up close from all directions. However, up to 700 square meters of space is also provided to house temporary exhibits.

The Punta della Dogana was designed in a way to emphasise and bring out elements of the old building through the use of modern interventions. The walls in the building were stripped of any finishings and additions to bring out the age of the material.

The use of concrete blocks in areas of the building creates a contrast between old and new materials in the building.

The Castelvecchio Museum, designed by Carlo Scarpa is good example of adding modern elements to an old building to improve it.

Refined details such as leaving gaps between the new floor and the old wall increases the tension between the old and new. This draws the attention of users to further appreciate certain aspects of the building as intended by the architect.

The Ara Pacis Museum is a building designed to frame and preserved an old structure. Modern materials and construction were used to create an enclosure around an old altar, the use of new materials was intended by the architect to provide an ideal viewing space for the altar.

CONCEPT AND DESIGN DEVELOPMENT. Tadao Ando's design retains the original structure of the Dogana del Mar building, and today Punta della Dogana is a museum converted from a historic customs building.

It is located on a triangular land at the intersection of the Grand Canal in Venice and the Giudecca Canal. It is a long and short 17th-century building with a low tower on top, with decorative green and gold weather vanes representing wealth.

Now, the approach to the very heart of the project was shortened by one bay. This logic of glimpses rather than immediate disclosure meant that the number of openings between spaces was increased, in order to deny visitors full sight what might be in the next room.

And as for the enclosure, one now came upon it more abruptly, and had to walk round it to find the point of access.

Ando's solution combines complete respect for existing buildings with minimalism that he is most familiar with. First, he removed centuries of additions, largely restoring the original structure. At the heart of the building's deep plane, a volume of pure concrete hints at the architect who restored the building and organizes the surrounding space. At the same time, Ando emphasized the triangular shape of the entire building and its structural features.

CONCEPT AND DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Entrance Hall Book Shop

CONCEPT AND DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Exhibition Space Cafe Lockers & Toilets

PROGRAMME

PROGRAMME

PROGRAMME.

Tadao Ando's concept consists in fact to redefine this central space by inserting a new wall of exposed concrete, therewith inserting a contemporary accent at the core of the building and thus revealing the harmony between old and new in a stimulating dialogue.

From the very beginning, the layout was intended to afford visitors glimpses â&#x20AC;&#x201C; rather than full views â&#x20AC;&#x201C; of, first, the empty spaces of the old warehouses, then (only at the very last moment) of the reinforced concrete enclosure; access to each space was filtered by the presence of gratings that functioned as a sort of diaphragm.

PROGRAMME. / Circulation.

The exhibition space is formed by a primary brick structure that has glances of concrete where larger openings occure. Along with the use of glass for both external windows and interal barriers for viewing points.

Yanchao Sun

13

The Punta della Dogana promotes a large surface area of exhibition space along with an entrance hall and ticket office, lockers and toilets,

Following on from the programme areas, the circulation is shown across a two page spread, also highlighting primary images taken at the Punta della Dogana from the fieldtrip.

Photographs have been placed in their respected areas within the plan of each floor.

Yanchao Sun

Harry Goacher

12

PROGRAMME

Harry Goacher

Circulation.

All original structural elements, i.e. the long brick walls and the wooden truss beams of the roof, shall be restored in keeping the repairs and surface treatments minimal; they shall remain exposed to the largest possible extent, in removing the architectural finishes which actually recover them in many areas. The original character of the building will thus be accentuated, therewith giving the visitors a better understanding of its history.

a cafe and a bookshop. Each area has been colour coded and represented appropriately.

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CONCEPT AND DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

PROGRAMME. /

Punta della Dogana has only one entrance from the square in front of the Basilica di Santa Maria della Salute. This creates an essential loop for the public to see and expreience each collated room of art work before the exit through the same doors in which they entered.

On the ground floor the larger windows running from the floor to the ceiling allow for extra light in the exhibition space. As well as the first floor having both rectangular windows running across the floor with semicircular windows positioned above. This also allows for extra sunlight but restricts areas due to the shape of the windows, potentially creating an intense light level for the displayed artworks.

The large central exhibition space is punctuated by establishing a new layer at the sides as circulation path. This adds to the richness of space both vertically and horizontally. In the similar volume of the big warehouse on Lazzarretto Nuovo, the space can be subdivided into different layers, corresponding to different functions.

Tadao Ando has been committed to expressing the most basic natural elements in his works-the perfect blend of light and architectural space, and even to create a dramatic effect. His most prominent design technique is to use pure concrete materials and geometry.

Harry Goacher

Yanchao Sun

Some areas are also opened up to a double-height exhibition space. This emphasised the scale of the building and also allows for larger peices of work to be sufficiently displayed.

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17

Tadao Ando removed the central part of the structural wall and installed two brick columns to emphasize the large square space in the center of the building, which has a great potential for its restoration, both functionally and symbolically.

The combined space creates a large area of light and dark contrast and dynamic changes in light and shadow, especially the use of darkness to contrast the charm of light and the meaning of the place. In this building, it is no exception as well.

“Architecture is saved from obsolescence and appears contemporary as it is framed and reframed by preservation as culturally significant.”

“Preservation’s mode of creativity is not based on the production of new forms but rather on the installation of formless aesthetics to mediate between the viewer and the building.”

These two floors have two massive exhibition spaces mainly connected with two central staircase between the concrete and the brick walls. This ciculation allows people feel free to choose which direction to go on each floor. However, this also comes upon it more abruptly, and has to walk round it to find the point of access.

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Bricks Primary route

22

STUDIO RELEVANCE

New In-Situ Concrete Walls

Now, the logic of glimpses changed rather than immediate disclosure.

This reveals the number of openings between spaces was increased in order to deny visitors full sight what might be in the next room.

ABOVE The concrete box is placed carefully within the building so as to not damage the existing fabric. It is not connected to the roof or wall structure to stand out clearly as a modern intervention.

LEFT Fragments of previous interventions are left on display within the gallery. This way the building is seen as a patchwork of the many changes that have taken place before.

Ground floor plan with circulation Charlie Wong

Oliver Gabe 20

RIGHT The new concrete box acts simultaneously as a centralised gallery space and a vertical circulation core. Visitors must pass around the core for access to the second level, ensuring movement through the building while experiencing both old and new aspects of the gallery.

SPATIAL SEQUENCE. / Gallery circulation.

From the very beginning, the layout was intended to afford visitors glimpses. The empty spaces of old warehouses, then the reinforced concrete enclosure - access to each space was filtered by the presence of gratings that functioned as a sort of diaphragm.

Existing Masonry Interior Walls

ABOVE The new, in-situ concrete walls stand out strongly against the rough existing brick walls.

They are lit independently and clearly separate themselves from the existing structure.

Concrete

Secondary route

21

SPACIAL SEQUENCE

18

Therefore, Ando’s interventions act to reframe the Punta Della Dogana to a contemporary setting, giving it a new use while preserving the original identity of the building as a landmark.

Key circulation plan

This is Ando’s concept to redefine this central space by inserting a new wall of exposed concrete, therewith inserting a contemporary accent at the core of the building and thus revealing the harmony between old and new in a narrow space.

Charlie Wong

Oliver Gabe

“It is not a question of making art, but only of submitting to the art of an era which is no more.”

Gallery Space Central Staircases Cafeteria Lavatory Mechanical Room

Charlie Wong

“The best thing to do is to try to put oneself in the place of the original architect and try to imagine what he would do if he returned to earth and was handed the same kind of programs as have been given to us.”

SPATIAL SEQUENCE. / Staircase.

Moving through the space forces visitors to engage with the two contrasting materials of the building. At this threshold monent, the two eras of construction wrap into and define a single space,intersifying the experience for the guest.

Having passed beyond the ticket office and the cloakroom, visitors would proceed towardsthe tower at the eastern apex, along a route that runs on the inside of the wall overlooking the Grand Canal while to the right would be the series of rooms formed by the old warehouses.

The building was abandoned, neglected and falling down prior to Ando’s intervention, with the rejuvenation acting as preservation to the existing fabric of the building, giving it a new purpose and allowing it to be ‘culturally significant’ once more. The interventions act as ‘formless aesthetics’ which remain secondary to the existing building while allowing the building to maintain a purpose in the 21st century. The concrete additions not only allow the building to be used as a functional gallery space, but also allow access and circulation around the otherwise relatively inaccessible interior spaces.

“To restore an edifice means neither to maintain it, nor to repair it, not to rebuilt it; it means to reestablish it in a finished state, which may in fact have never actually existed at any given time.”

SPATIAL SEQUENCE. / Circulation summary.

SPACIAL SEQUENCE

Tadao Ando took a sensitive approach in his intervention of the Punta Della Dogana to ensure the preservation of the existing building. The building has had many different interventions over its lifetime, leading to a patchwork of damage and additions to the fabric of the building.

Ando, stripped off the plaster from the masonry walls, exposing the rich tapestry of interventions for the public. He wanted the building to appear almost like a ruin, with the new concrete interventions reframing the damage, allowing visitors to understand the history of the building. This way, the history of the Punta Della Dogana becomes as relevant to the building as the artwork displayed inside. The building is seen as a whole, with the new interventions seen as just one of the many modifications made to the building over the course of its lifetime.

“Preservation could only supplement architecture by slowly installing an “unnatural interface” between the visitor and the building.”

Oliver Gabe

Relevance to Experimental Preservation.

SPACIAL SEQUENCE

STUDIO RELEVANCE

STUDIO RELEVANCE

STUDIO RELEVANCE.

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First floor plan with circulation

Threshold

New In-Situ Concrete Interior Walls Existing Masonry Walls

Oliver Gabe STRUCTURE

ROOF CLADDING TERTIARY STRUCTURE

Ground Floor Plan.

First Floor Plan.

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Timber Roof Structure.

ROOF TIMBER STRUCTURE SECONDARY STRUCTURE

Oliver Gabe

Oliver Gabe

INTERIOR MASONRY WALLS PRIMARY STRUCTURE

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In order to transform this seriously damaged building into a museum that can display contemporary art, in addition to the image processing, Tadao Ando has given this historic building a variety of modern facilities. He added a waterproof layer in the ground floor. To prevent seawater from invading the building.

of Tadao Ando, a large number of windows are used, which virtually enhances the indoor air circulation, making the building more energyefficient and more efficient in controlling the internal environmental humidity and air.

Due to the existence of groundwater, some parts of the wall-based brick structure inevitably become humid and emit moisture into the room. Therefore, a humidity control and air conditioning system was added to the design.

At the same time, due to the design concept

The roof structure was kept the same, but the timber was replaced due to damage of the existing structure compromising its load-bearing quality. The roof is clad in brick and ceramic tiles to match with the immediate context of Venice.

CONCRETE FLOORING TERTIARY STRUCTURE

EXTERIOR MASONRY WALLS PRIMARY STRUCTURE

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY

STRUCTURE

Existing Venice Foundations

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The concrete lintels above the doorways are removable and can be lifted out of the way to allow for large or heavy artworks to be moved easily around the gallery by allowing forklifts and machinery to fit through the openings.

Tadao Ando is a master of light and concrete use. Through the windows on the roof and walls, sunlight can easily enter the interior through the glass, creating a very interesting light and shadow effect. At the same time, this provides ample light for the interior of the building. At the same time, it can be seen from the figure that the spotlights on the roof on both sides of the wall are well hidden behind the wooden bearing beams, so they are not easy to find. At the same time, the artificial light sources provided by these spotlights It alleviates the problem of insufficient indoor lighting and creates a light and shadow effect different from pure natural light. The design of the entire building fully reflects Tadao Ando's design ideas, he perfectly integrated the building with nature.

New Concrete Flooring

Andoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s major intervention was the addition of a large concrete core spanning two bays in the middle of the building, plus the concrete first floor which extends over half the building. All of the concrete was cast in-situ, with the support holes of the concrete being re-used to provide a grid for hanging the artwork inside the gallery.

Ando wanted a clear differentiation between the added and existing elements, therefore the concrete walls are not structural and are clearly set back from the masonry structure so as not to intervene in the fabric of the building.

In the 19th century, the walls of the first bay were removed and brick columns were added to support the failing structure.

Ando, retained these columns, but rebuilt the walls from in-situ concrete to match with the interventions in the interior of the tower and the concrete core.

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New Concrete Walls

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY.

27

MASONRY COLUMN

CERAMIC ROOF TILES

NEW TIMBER BEAMS

STEEL WOOD TIES

EXISTING MASONRY WALL

Contains layers of wood between some bricks to allow for the expansion and contraction of the column with the fluctuating water levels in Venice

Similar to those used around Venice, they therefore match with the existing buildings to maintain the historical impression

The timber used was new, however careful attention was payed to ensure that it was close to the original timber to reduce the intrusiveness of a brand new replacement

Ando designed a nonintrusive system tying the beams together to minimise the structural damage of other forms of joinery

The previous damage to the walls was left exposed where possible, the timber beams were able to be attached to the walls with little risk of damage to the existing structure

NATURAL LIGHT ARTIFICIALAL LIGHT

Yanchao Sun

Existing Interior Masonry Walls

Interior Masonry Walls SECONDARY

Yanchao Sun

New Concrete Flooring

Existing Masonry Walls PRIMARY

Oliver Gabe

New Wooden Roof Structure

The existing stuccoed-brick exterior walls of the Punta Della Dogana are the primary structure of the building. During the renovations the building was entirely gutted, leaving only the horizontal brick interior walls spanning between the exterior walls and the added columns in the first two bays. These load-bearing walls were largely left untouched, with the interventions over the last 200 years being left exposed.

STRUCTURE

STRUCTURE

STRUCTURE. / Exploded Axonometric.

29

COOL AIR HOT AIR

The two other sides of the building are surrounded by water, as it is located at the intersection between the Grand Canal and the Giudecca Canal of Venice. A walkway approximately four to five metres wide allows users to go around the exterior of the building next to the river banks.

THRESHOLD.

Internal windows and viewpoints promote the connection between glass, concrete walls and aluminium finishes.

The following photographs show the different ways of experiencing a threshold in the Punta della Dogana. Thresholds such as the doors, windows and the staircases are all ways of moving and connecting different areas of the building together by one form or another.

The modern materials used in the staircase and the flooring on the space creates a contrast between the old worn-down walls of the building and the smooth finish of the concrete floor.

A variety of materials coherently connect at these intervals and there was no attempt by Ando to disguise the polished concrete cube structre that sits in the center of the triangular floor plan extruding through the first floor to the roof of the building. The concrete floors throughout the building seamlessly connect the cube to both the ground floor and the first floor.

Harry Goacher

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37

38

ATMOSPHERE

THRESHOLD

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ATMOSPHERE. _____________ Key Spaces in the Museum.

Harry Goacher

Yew Zhi Xuan

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ATMOSPHERE

Yew Zhi Xuan

The stair cases linking both floors and materials together connect the internal barebrick facade, concrete walls and floors, glass panneling and wooden structural crossbeams.

STAIRS.

Galvanised steel grids cover the large double height windows around the entire ground floor which is surrounded by a combination of brick and bigger concrete blocks neighboring these windows.

The remaining areas in the museum are sectioned into multiple smaller exhibition spaces. Each of these have very different atmospheric qualities, the more notable ones being the room in the tower and the room with the restored columns.

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Scarpa, C. (n.d.) Restoration of Castelvecchio Museum. Available at: http:// www.atlantearchitetture.beniculturali.it/en/restauro-e-allestimento-delmuseo-di-castelvecchio/ (Accessed 12 December 2019).

Arcspace. (2012) Punta Della Dogana. Available at: https://arcspace.com/ feature/punta-della-dogana/ (Accessed 15 November 2019).

Theodorakakis, T. (2017) MUSEO di CASTELVECCHIO. Available at: https:// issuu.com/tasostheodorakakis/docs/scarpa_comp (Accessed 12 December 2019).

Koolhaas, R., Otero-Pailos, J. and Carver, J. (2016) ‘Preservation Is Overtaking Us’, Architecture and the City. New York: Columbia Books.

LaBlog. (2018) Atlas Of Interiors. Available at: http://www.atlasofinteriors. polimi.it/2018/11/22/tadao-ando-punta-della-dogana-venice-italy-2009/ (Accessed 12 December 2019).

Le-Duc, V. and Berdoll, B. (1996) ‘The Foundaions of Architecture’, Dictionnaire Raisonne. New York: George Braziller Inc.

Surrounding materials conflict the dense polished concrete walls and floor to the brital glass barrier and flush aluminium fittings.

Murphy, R. & Scarpa, C. (2017) Carlo Scarpa and Castelvecchio revisited.

Available at: http://www.breakfastmissionpublishing.com/ (Accessed 12 December 2019).

Museo dell’Ara Pacis. (2017) The Meier project. Available at: http://www. arapacis.it/en/sede/il_progetto_meier (Accessed 12 December 2019).

PALAZZO GRASSI S.P.A (n.d.) PUNTA DELLA DOGANA. Available at: https://www.palazzograssi.it/en/about/sites/punta-della-dogana/ (Accessed 12 December 2019).

Harry Goacher

A concrete casted cube was placed within the core of the buildings. This was the main and largest aspect of the intervention done by Ando as several walls were required to be demolished for this addition to be made.

Yew Zhi Xuan

Yew Zhi Xuan 32

The entrance to the buildings – consisting of the reception area, the cloakroom and the lavatories, show almost no sign the older parts of the building. Ando did not hesitate to use plaster finishings to create a modern atmosphere.

ArchDaily. (2011) Ara Pacis Museum / Richard Meier & Partners. Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/104187/ara-pacis-museum-richard-meierpartners (Accessed 12 December 2019).

Jodidio, P. (2014). Tadao Ando. Complete Works 1975 - 2014. Koln: TASHEN. pp, 543 - 549.

Due to the depth of the building, most spaces within the building do not change much under different lighting conditions. The atmospheres tend to remain the same, which helps as some exhibitions require very specific types of lighting conditions.

However, areas such as the two main exhibition halls and the concrete cube in the core of the building tend to have more change in lighting conditions due to the presence of windows and lightwells. Areas nearer to the ground usually have lighting that remains even despite night or day. However, the details of the timber rafters of the roof are usually too dark to be observed during night time.

(Accessed 12 December 2019).

Ando, T. and Dal Co, F. (1995). Tadao Ando. London: Phaidon. pp, 283 291.

The huge concrete cube in the center presents four view-points from the first floor to look down on the collated exhibition space below.

As shown in adjacent photographs, all four of the ‘windows’ to the cube can have their lintels removed so that larger pieces of art can be lifted in and out of the area if need be for different exhibitions.

Day / Night Lighting Conditions.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Arcspace. (2012) Punta Della Dogana. Available at: https://www. palazzograssi.it/en/about/sites/punta-della-dogana/ (Accessed 12 December 2019).

THRESHOLD. ATMOSPHERE. ______________________

DOORS.

Main Exhibition Halls.

The atmosphere of the spaces within the Punta della Dogana is mainly established through a dialogue of old and new between the old building and elements of new intervention designed by Tadao Ando. The two main spaces the user experience after passing through the entrance are large double-storey height exhibition halls. Ando made a choice to demolish the pre-existing floors that were used to separate the hall into two floors, this decision was made in order to emphasise the initial purpose of the space – which was being used as a warehouse.

The Punta della Dogana is located on the eastern tip of the island in Dorsoduro.

Initially built as a warehouse to store merchandise, the area was also primarily used as an area for docking ships and customs. The main entrance to the museum faces north west, which is the only side of the triangular building that is directed towards land.

THRESHOLD.

WINDOWS.

ATMOSPHERE. ___________________

THRESHOLD

Approaching the Building.

THRESHOLD

ATMOSPHERE

ATMOSPHERE

ATMOSPHERE. ______________________

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Richard Meier & Partners Architects LLP. (2006). Ara Pacis Museum.

Available at: https://www.richardmeier.com/?projects=ara-pacis-museum-2

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ARC 2001 Architectural Design Design Portfolio

ARC2001 Architecture Portfolio 160732571 2018-2019

3

Content Ka Hei Chan

160732571

C+/B-

BB+ 36 50 58

AP1 Content and Declaration AP2 Semester 1 Design Submission P2.3 At Home In The City P2.3.1 P2.3.2 P2.3.3 P2.3.4

Study Type Leith 2030 Dwelling Plus Inhabit

AP3 Semester 2 Design Submission

2 4 6 12 22 42

P2.4 Engineering Experience P2.5 Exploring EXperience

49 63

2009 Architectural Technology 2010 Envirometnal Design 2024 About Architecture 2020 Dissertation Studies And Research Methods

92 101 113 120

AP4 Non-Design Module Coursework

3

P2.3

P2.3

At Home In The City Architecture is a place interact with people. It is important to know how people feel and think when they are inside of it. This project got a chance to explore our home to know how we change the house into a personal home which comfortable to ourselves.

4

At Home In The City

5

P2.3.1

P2.3.1

Study Type

6

Study Type

7

P2.3.1

P2.3.1 Study Type

8

Study Type

9

P2.3.1

P2.3.1 Study Type

0

Study Type

11

P2.3.2

P2.3.2

Leith 2030 A Neighbourhood Plan We are going to make some great changes to improve this area to attract people to join our planning. In addition, we will reconstruct three areas here; the graveyard with the farming garden, turn Plumbase to a symbolic open space and the replanning of the courtyard inside the shore. A new international market about herbs growing and communication base on the so many different national residents who are living here.

Also, the extension of the riverside walk path is necessary to Leith to introduce a new attractive point to the visitor to create a friendly and welcoming riverside to the visitor to experience the latest project in this historic area.

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Leith 2030 - Site Analysis

13

CAFE

BUILDING TYPOLOGY

GREENERY

1960â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

PARKING

APARTMENT

CAFE CAFE

PRIVATE PARKING

MUSEUM

GREENERY

P2.3.2

P2.3.2

GREENERY PRIVATE PARKING

STREET PARKING

STREET PARKING

APARTMENT

APARTMENT

OFFICE

PUBLIC PARKING

PRIVATE BIKE STORAGE

PUBLIC PARKING

MUSEUM

MUSEUM

CHURCH

PRIVATE BIKE STORAGE

OFFICE

OFFICE 0

20

40

60

100m

HOTEL

CHURCH

CHURCH

MATERIALITY 0

0

20

40

60

100m

20

40

60

100m

HOTEL

HOTEL

CAFE

TODAY GREENERY

APARTMENT

MUSEUM

OFFICE

CHURCH

0

20

40

60

100m

HOTEL

Shipping/shipbuilding Warehousing/ industry

Medieval layout- Old town

Commercial/financial/civic

Georgian

Mixed uses

Victorian

20th century

Docks- Mainly modern Historic uses of area

Office/financial institutions Residentials

Industry

Mixed uses

COntemporary uses of area

Leith 2030 - Site History

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Leith 2030 - site humanities and cultures

15

P2.3.2

P2.3.2

Roof Garden

Central market

Inviting the resident in this area grow their own herbs and share in the regular market.

Let the people join the plan of Leith 2030.

Remove the temporary shop. Build an elegant timber structure market and being a open space for the people rest and stay here.

Courtyard Playground

Leith word map

Herb Growing Graveyard

Through the interview by our colleague, we can actually see what this city needs and remove. This area should be the most historic area of the whole Leith but there are serval problems here make this area concealed. The main idea of Leith 2030 will be revealing this area and reintroduce to the local. We conclude the strategy of our Leith 2030 will be about communication with the society and resident.

Leith 2030 - Local Intereviews

A New garden build inside the graveyard create a cafe garden to provide a quiet place for the resident.

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Leith 2030 - Masterplan Site Plan

Extended riverside walkpath

Remove the wall and build a playground inside the courtyard to let it more easy to access.

The walk path will be extended and increase the amount of the lamp to make the walk path more welcoming and safe.

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P2.3.2

P2.3.2 Leith 2030 - Herb Growing Graveyard

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Leith 2030 - Central market

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P2.3.2

P2.3.2 Leith 2030 - Central market

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Leith 2030 - riverside walkpath and event

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P2.3.3

P2.3.3

Dwelling Plus This project is going to build a house for 5 couples/ people who are city farmers which managing the herb growing works. The house also becomes the base for the city farmers to work and holding events. I chose the house will be built in front of the courtyard and near the riverside. This site gave an open space public space in front of the facade but also having a private area at the back of the site. This special situation can attract people from the riverside but also give the city farmers having their private life after the work in their apartments. In addition, the courtyard has more potential to improve to be a place for families to joining events as the location of the site. This make me design this special area.

Trees and Green area

The middle entrance of the courtyard was blocked by a series of trees, those will be moved to be edges of the courtyard to boundary this area. Also, the grass floor will be increased.

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Dwelling Plus - Site Analysis

Sun path and wind direction

The site will block the sunlight in the afternoon at 2-4pm but the sun will be revealed in the evening. The orientation of the building will be following where the sunlight appears.

Walk path and car road

Despite the riverside walk path. There is an entrance at the corner of the courtyard for the carpark and the people, the wall will be replaced by the trees to keep the privacy but entrance friendly.

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P2.3.3

P2.3.3

Rethinking the failure In this project, I restart twice for the design. I enjoy the idea of city farmers and the stacking farm of the design, but in the first and second design, it lack of consideration to the surrounding and the society, especially the high residential building next to the site, I should more care about the site and make more analysis to the site, and find out the impact to the future design and the existed building.

Why city farmers?

Dwelling Plus - Cosumer and Society

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25

P2.3.3

Two case studies were chosen as an inspiration for my farmer house design.

These two design focus on the function of the building which inspires me the facilities inside my design like the greenhouse and the inner courtyard in the middle of the building, but they also limited my first creation to have a more flexible design.

It is very interesting to have an idea of stacking field inside the city, especially in this high-density city. Limited by the site and the design, the design cannot really reach the expectation of sunlight and contextual design. Therefore, I improved it.

Dwelling Plus - Rethinking First Design

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27

P2.3.3

Floor Purpose and Uses Public farming area

Residental area

Market area

Wheat field area

Storage area Residental area

Gound Floor

Third Floor Potato field area

Green house area

Residental area

Herbs field area

Mushroom area

Residental area Strawberry area

1:200 Plan

Second Floor

Forth Floor

0

2

4

8

12m

The Second design hollows the building and let more sunlight to get into the house and let the apartments be more flexible and different. There are some problems here as the site is a silent and contextual atmosphere.

The issue of this design is it presents a very different language to the surrounding, the facilities, circulation and residential area of the building is well-organized, but I need more consideration with the surrounding building and how it presents to the public.

Dwelling Plus - Rethinking Second Design

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29

P2.3.3

P2.3.3

After the dicussion in mid-term review, we found that the concept of this project is attractive and nice, but the shape and the forms of the building is not fit with the context and it is meaningless.

Therefore, I kept the concept for my project, and start rethinking how is a farm house look like in Scotland.

Dwelling Plus - Feedback and Reflect

After reconsider the site and the propose of the housing. I tried to broke the rectangle of my design and using the grid of sunlight and circulation to create a new design here.

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Dwelling Plus - Destruct and Reburn

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P2.3.3 P2.3.3

P2.3.3 Beamish museum

This is a great example of representing the old British farmhouse look. The idea of the dwelling is about stacking up the farm and the housing in order to fit in the small site in Leith I got.

The farmer's house

AR Design Studio

A new design of farmer house represent the new and old style.

The traditional shape of the house is the main character of the farm house, and new materials and spatial design bring the comtemporary design to this architceture.

1:500 0

Dweeling Plus - Case Studies

32

10

20

Dwelling Plus - Site plan

40m

The trees replaced the edges between the courtyard and car park to make a natural barrier, walk path are added to invite people to get into it. Some farm fields placed in front of the house letting the city farmer holding events to let the local experience working on the farm, but also give the family an alternative choice except for just going to the playground.

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P2.3.3

P2.3.3

Zinc panel and timber cladding were used in the design. They are presenting the massy of the stacking farm fields and the texture of the farmhouse. Those timbers have a similar colour with the surrounding sandstone buildings and the zinc panel can slightly reflect the colour of the site.

Dwelling Plus - Collage

1:100 0

34

2

4

Dwelling Plus - Section

6m

35

P2.3.3 P2.3.3

P2.3.3

1:100 0

2

4

1:500

6m 0

Dwelling Plus - Section

36

10

20

Dwelling Plus - Floor Plan

40m

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P2.3.3

P2.3.3

1:200 0

4

8

Dwelling Plus - Elevation

16m

38

Dwelling Plus - Concept Model

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P2.3.3 P2.3.3

P2.3.3 Dwelling Plus - Site Model

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Dwelling Plus - Design Model

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P2.3.4

P2.3.4

Inhabit Inside the building, I hope every resident can get the best experience with the house, they can get a very different view from every place they stay. This example, I show a section of the staircase to all the apartments which all the resident will go throw here when they go back homes. They will get a wonderful view from the window about their products in the green roof field.

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Inhabit - Home of the farmers

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P2.3.4

P2.3.4

At the top of the house, there are three apartments with double height living room. They can enjoy the view from the ceiling to floor windows. I the case of these apartments, it is an apartment for single with no wall between the living room and bedroom, the owner can enjoy the view when he/ she is free. When they need a dark or block the sunlight, they can close the curtain outside the bedroom area to block the sunlight and boundary a private place for themselves.

Inhabit - Home of the harmers

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Inhabit - Home of the farmers

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P2.3.4

P2.3.4 Inhabit - Threshold

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Inhabit - Threshold

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P2.4

P2.3.4

Engineering Experience In this filming experience, we found that the way to make a moving virtual world by different software. As we are exploring the spatial quality of the real world and the digital world. It is known that the imagination of the virtual world is full of potential and exclude the limitation from the real world. It makes us to more think about how to make the virtual real. In Tron, it is an imagination form the previous generation.

Talk with computers, racing inside the digital world. Nowadays, technology makes us experience those innovative imaginations. In architecture, we can also try to build that geometric architecture. We should think what the future of architecture is and how will it be practice.

Feedback

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P2.4

P2.4

Tron(1982) is the movie we reference for this project. It contained a lot of characteristic by imagining the digital world in the past.

We have explored two scenes of this movie.

Upper scene: We are interested in the different representation in the same space. It messes up the orientation of the characters who are talking in this scene.

We decided to focus on the transition of the real world and digital world to present the spatial quality. The story is talking about three characters forced to get into the digital world and find a way to get out from it. Apart from the spatial quality, we want to present a sense of addicting to the electronics. People should try to get rid of it and avoid trap inside the digital world.

Lower scene: The digital lighting lines and the floating is the strongest difference with the real world. In this scene, it actually based on a real landscape feeling but adding fiction symbols to change the performance of this space.

Engineering Experience - The Tron

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Engineering Experience - Story Process

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P2.4

P2.4

We are thinking about taking the people inside the digital world by digital software.

By using Premiere, we can export the people outline. Editing the special effect that only the digital world will see and touch. People feel they are trapping in a space, but through the projection on the cube, we know that they are trapped in a 2D space without volume.

Engineering Experience - Storyboard

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Engineering Experience - CG

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P2.4

P2.4

When we are filming, we were wearing the black mask with yellow tapes and all the people are wearing black to make sure the white background can separate from the people and editing the people. The yellow tapes are going to make the special light beam effect referencing Tron.

Engineering Experience - Props

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Engineering Experience - Behind the Scene

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2 .we seperated the people from the white background.

3 .Editing video to black and white to conceal black part.

Engineering Experience -Editing

P2.4

P2.4

1.In premiere,we are going edited from real world to digital world.

4 .Using track mask to turn the white to lighting beam.

5.Adding virtual background with the same colour with the people.

Different from the video, we have both three people in the same cube on different planes. We want to talk about although those people feel differently, they are actually trapped inside the same virtual world. 5 mask place on the wall represent the different electronics to get into the digital world. They are actually the same but with different materials and colours.

6 .Combined with sound and other parts of it and export.

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Engineering Experience - Installation Art

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P2.4

P2.4

1 .He got a phone call and stop here to check who is calling him.

4 .They trapped inside the space and try to find the way out.

2 .He found it is a strange number and accept it .

5 .The camera change to another prespective and we know they were trapped inside digital world.

3 .The sence kept same but he disappeared.

Engineering Experience - Scene

The middle character entered the virtual at first,she had no idea where she is and try to find the way out. She knows she was trapped inside this virtual world and she know she got controlled by the mask, which means the electronics. She took away the mask and find her way to back to the real world.

6 .They noticed they need to get rid of the eletronics(masks) and get out the digital world.

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Engineering Experience - Character 1

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P2.4

P2.4

This character did not notice where she was, she kept walking until she met herself as a mirror. She noticed that and try to found the way out. At last, she took off the mask and walk back to the real world.

This Character also did not notice where he was, when he was going to notice, the background will suddenly turn to normal. In the same place, there is always another him watching him, no matter he ran or standing.

At last, he found out he was watching by us and found that he was trapped in the virtual world, he removed the mask and get out from our sight

This character get lose in the virtual world, as compared to the first one, she did not know what she was doing, as same as the people lose their dream and get lost in the virtual world.

Engineering Experience - Character 2

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Engineering Experience - Character 3

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P2.5

P2.4

Exploring Experience Durham was an exciting town full of historic treasures and green nature riverside view in a small area. It combines different periods and styles of building. This project I explore immersive art and historic event as Durham holds a famous light festival. This design hopefully let Durham beyond the light and try to get more contemporary elements into this city.

Feedback

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63

P2.5

Massing plan

Green space

River

Wind direction

0

Circulation

1:3000 Durham map School building Commercial building Churh, Catherdral Residental building 0

60

120

240m

Exploring Experience - Site Analysis

64

Landscape

10

20

40

60m

Durham was a historic city, not just the medieval time, but also different periods of architecture, especially the Student Union opposite to Site 1. For the culture part, it has a light festival twice a year and various event in this small and lovely town.

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P2.5

P2.5

As we got the topic of physcial neighbourhood of Durham. We decided to use the camera to capture the footage from the railway station to the site, this is the most direct way to get to the site. We pass through city town, cathedral, riverside and concluding the language of the city through the architecture in Durham

Exploring Experience - Storyboard

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Exploring Experience - Scene

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Plan of Durham

Photos and spotview

It shows the attraction in this area and give a full view for that loaction

Exploring Experience - Scene

P2.5

P2.5

It shows the location of our standing place, people can track the view through the map

Durham light festival calls Lumiere Durham. It runs for three days in Durham every year. It is an important event for Durham which brings all the people to Durham to join this wonderful and exciting event. It seems it bring Durham from an ancient city to a modern city through light and art.

Information and Details

It shows the data and important informations in this area which should be considered

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Exploring Experience - Light Festival

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Durham is one of the most historic city in UK. Different stories and privately history were recorded through this 200 years of history. This center is going to be a place displaying those history apart from the acadamic books and record. As compared to the royal history, we are going to more focus on the daily life of the people in Durham, coal mining, horror stories and other secret legacy. As compared to the traditional ghost walk, this project are going to performance them on projection mapping.

P2.5

P2.5

Historic Documentary and stories exhibition path

Immersive art and History

Relating to the rich history of the Durham and light festival, this exhibition center will introdue a new art perofrmance to the city . It created a different experience compare to other art performance which combine light, sceen and history together and impress the visitor. Being the main part of the festival, this center can performance with a much more impressive way to tell story.

Relating to the rich history of the Durham and light festival, this exhibition center will introduce a new art performance to the city. It created a different experience compared to other art performance which combines light, screen and history together and impress the visitor. Being the main part of the festival, this center can performance with a much more impressive way to tell the story.

Exploring Experience - Beyond the Light

The Festival route starts from the main market square, passing through the main street to the concealed area - the riverside.

After passing through the riverside path, the route will bring people back to the busy and crowded market square.

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Exploring Experience - Festival Route

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1

Market Square (Crossgate)

P2.5

A temporary market will be placed here as a starting point and ending point of our festival route here. Goods and foods are selling here for the people celebrating this wonderful festival. A stage placed in front of the market hall. This will perform the projection and drama of the historical stories.

4

Cathedral Facade

Artwork can place in this area as a part of the festival to show the history of the coal mining of Durham and interacting with the projection on the facade.

Exploring Experience - Route Attractions

2

Old Town Main street

This part of the festival is creating a screen make with fabric covering the whole sky on the street. Through the projection mapping, people can see the people in the past walking around the street like a mirror here.

Combining the sound and image, creating a historic Durham on the sky.

5

Exhibition center

The main part of the festival path, using the latest technology and design to performance difference feelings of Durham history to the visitors.

3

Castle and Cathedral Square

Projection on the wall creating the main theme of the festival, different stories can be projected on this largest building in Durham, cooperating with the image, light effects can be added in this area.Different historic topic film will be displayed on the screen made by translucent screen, people can interact with the image on it and experience in a different way.

6

Riverside walk path

Installation art can be placed here to improve the darkness of this area and strengthen the difference of the olde town and green area here.

P2.5

After using the massing model, I found the most suitable shape fit in this lovely riverside area. As we do not want to destroy the view of the riverside, the building needs to push into the earth and extend from the landscape. This is the concept of my design.

In addition, the building needs to harmonize the Durham University Student Union.

Materiality and atmosphere of the building also are the important factors of the design.

Exploring Experience - Massing and ideas

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75

P2.5

a

b

In the floor plan, we can found out the building separate to two parts which represent private and public as this design include exhibition halls and the studio and the residential areas for the tutors and artist.

The privacy of the residential area is the main consideration of its location.

b a 1:200 0

2.5

5

10

Exploring Experience - Roof Plan

1:500 0

15m

76

10

20

40m

Exploring Experience - Floor plan

The public part is overall south facing, in order to have different light condition inside the building to provide different experience for the visitors and the artwork 77

P2.5

P2.5 aa 0

1:200 2.5

5

10

These collage shows the condition of the semi -outdoor exhibition hall. The facade is made by the fabric which is transparent when there is daylight come from the south. At night, there is not any light as it locates in the riverside area. The projection will project to the inner part of the fabric and start an immersive art performance inside.

15m

Exploring Experience - Section

78

Exploring Experience - Hall Collage

79

P2.5

P2.5 Exploring Experience - Facade Collage

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Exploring Experience - Stairs Collage

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P2.5

P2.5

Pri

va

t

Bride ge

Pu

bli

Exploring Experience - Design Strategy

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Exploring Experience - Design Strategy

c

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Bridge

P2.5

P2.5

Upper level of riverside

Durham University SU

Resident

Sta

Cafe

irs Working studio & resident

Cinema

Restroom

2/F Exhibition hall

Working studio

1/F Exhibition hall

G/F Exhibition hall

Exploring Experience - Circulation

Riverside path

This diagram shows the circulation of the building and surrounding, the dot represents staircase and the straight line mean same level and vertical circulation by lift. The public part of the building is disbility friendly and let all the people access to the building

bb 0

84

1:200 1

2

Exploring Experience - Inhabit

4m

85

P2.5

P2.5

To prevent destructing the whole landscape of the riverside, I decided to push the building inside the earth with a very simple concrete foundation.

The structure of the building will be support by the massing wall every floor to interact with the Student Union opposite us. Massy and strong look reference the stone wall of the cathedral to promote our historic art performance.

Exploring Experience - Structure

86

Exploring Experience - Site Model

87

P2.5

P2.5 Exploring Experience - Design Model

88

Exploring Experience - Circulation Model

89

P2.5

AP4 Non-Design Module Coursework 2009 Architectural Technology 2010 Enviromental Design 2024 About Architecture 2020 Dissertation Studies And Research Methods

Exploring Experience - Feedback

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ARC2009

ARC2009 Architectural Technology

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Architectural Technology

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ARC2009

ARC2009 Architectural Technology

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Architectural Technology

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ARC2009

ARC2009 Architectural Technology

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Architectural Technology

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ARC2009

ARC2009 Architectural Technology

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Architectural Technology

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ARC2010

ARC2009 Architectural Technology

100

Environmental Design

101

ARC2010

ARC2010 Environmental Design

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Environmental Design

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ARC2010

ARC2010 Environmental Design

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Environmental Design

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ARC2010

ARC2010 Environmental Design

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Environmental Design

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ARC2010

ARC2010 Environmental Design

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Environmental Design

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ARC2010

ARC2010 Environmental Design

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Environmental Design

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ARC2024

ARC2010 Environmental Design

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About Architecture

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ARC2024

ARC2024 About Architecture

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About Architecture

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ARC2024

ARC2024 About Architecture

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About Architecture

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ARC2024

ARC2024 About Architecture

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About Architecture

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ARC2020

ARC2020

Dissertation Studies And Research Methods

Dissertation Studies And Research Methods

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ARC2024

ARC2020

According to the UNESCO1, “Heritage is our legacy from the past… Our cultural and natural heritage are both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration.” The heritage is represented the history of our past generation and culture of the country. It is necessary to maintain and reveal it. In Newcastle, it is unavoidable that marginal spaces were being produced when a new city development encourage into this historic city. In the limitation of the history frame and regulation, the city planning needs to be reserved a buffer area to preserve those heritage inside the city.

Unfortunately, although preservation is being considered in the past decades, it seems that parts of the heritage are being abandoned or oblivion by the city planning as they are not at the central part of the city development. Preservation become a meaningless additional condition of city development but not a place of revealing historic value in a rapid development city. The new city development unexpectedly marks the boundary of the city and those heritages were sitting outside of the boundary. They were marginalized by the latest building which recreate a new central of the town or city. Different buildings in Newcastle are facing marginalization. It is no doubt that those heritages remain a great value and represent the culture of Newcastle. The Holy Jesus Hospital, skywalk under Bewick Court are all representing a period of Newcastle history. From the John Dobson period to T. Dan Smith period was within a hundred of years and change the landscape of Newcastle, and apart from modernism period to now is already 80 years ago. In this decade, the preservation by Burns and Smith was valuable to reference to estimate what consequence comes out when we are preserving those modernism building now and what will be happening in the future. This dissertation will be researching about the transition of the city. Through tracking the transitioning of the core part of the city, to understand how the older parts of the city are being marginalized and abandoned when the new city development changes the inhabitation of the local and citizens.

It will be submitted in 5200 words dissertation project in this dissertation. The idea and the concept of the past city planner in Newcastle will be consider and analysis how they were going to plan the city and deal with the older part of the city. It will be focused on two main city plannings in the past 200 years of the changes of Newcastle landscape. The first one is in charge by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, who plan the neoclassical style city landscape of Newcastle being the population increase during the industrial revolution and the period after the Great fire in Quayside in

UNESCO, “World Heritage” UNESCO [online] Updated N.A. [cited 12 May 2019]. Available from: <https://whc.unesco.org/en/about/>

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Dissertation Studies And Research Methods

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Dissertation Studies And Research Methods

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