Z9P4

The Irish Liminclave

Testing Liminal Territories in-between Border Thresholds

Chris Johnson - 18041762

Contents

Year - 2019-2020

01 02 03 04 05 06

Catalyst : The Troubles Archive

1 - 15

The Cow’s Eye & The Irish Border

16 - 35

Documenting the Liminal Territories

36 - 59

The Annaghmullin Crossings

60 - 79

The Liminclave of the Borderlands

80 - 107

End: Reflection & Bibliography

108 - 117

Student - Chris Johnson Student Number - 18041762 Studio - Belfast Excavations Tutors - James Craig & Matt Ozga-Lawn

ii

iii

Chapter

GC 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11

GA 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

01

Catalyst: The Troubles Archive

v

GC1 - Ability to create architectural designs that satisfy both aesthetic and technical requirements.

GC2 - Adequate knowledge of the histories and theories of architecture and the related arts, technologies and human sciences.

GC3 - Knowledge of the fine arts as an influence on the quality of architectural design.

GC4 - Adequate knowledge of urban design, planning and the skills involved in the planning process.

GC5 - Understanding of the relationship between people and buildings, and between buildings and their environment, and the need to relate buildings and the spaces between them to human needs and scale.

GC6 - Understanding of the profession of architecture and the role of the architect in society, in particular in preparing briefs that take account of social factors.

GC7 - Understanding of the methods of investigation and preparation of the brief for a design project.

GC8 - Understanding of the structural design, constructional and engineering problems associated with building design.

GC9 - Adequate knowledge of physical problems and technologies and the function of buildings so as to provide them with internal conditions of comfort and protection against the climate.

GA1 - Ability to generate complex design proposals showing understanding of current architectural issues, originality in the application of subject knowledge and, where appropriate, to test new hypotheses and speculations; GA2 - Ability to evaluate and apply a comprehensive range of visual, oral and written media to test, analyse, critically appraise and explain design proposals; GA3 - Ability to evaluate materials, processes and techniques that apply to complex architectural designs and building construction, and to integrate these into practicable design proposals; GA4 - Critical understanding of how knowledge is advanced through research to produce clear, logically argued and original written work relating to architectural culture, theory and design; GA5 - Understanding of the context of the architect and the construction industry, including the architect’s role in the processes of procurement and building production, and under legislation; GA6 - Problem solving skills, professional judgment, and ability to take the initiative and make appropriate decisions in complex and unpredictable circumstances; and GA7 - Ability to identify individual learning needs and understand the personal responsibility required to prepare for qualification as an architect.

Existing Signified

New Signified Introduced

Existing Signified

New Signified

New Signified

Signifier

Signifier

Transformation

Signifier

Signifier

Signifier remains the same Previous Interpretation

New Interpretation

Prelude: Pedagogical Thresholds & its Liminal Spaces

GC11 - Adequate knowledge of the industries, organisations, regulations and procedures involved in translating design concepts into buildings and integrating plans into overall planning.

ARB Criteria The following project will demonstrate compliance to the criteria of the Architects Registration Board (ARB) specified for the completion of the Part II, using the below diagram to indicate where Chapters comply to criteria.

GC 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11

Existing Signified Disproven

0.2 - Representing the ‘Signifier/Signified’ transformation

GC10 - The necessary design skills to meet building users’ requirements within the constraints imposed by cost factors and building regulations.

02

0.1 - Depiction of the Transformative ‘liminal space’

Preceding the explorative design processes of the Thesis year, I speculated on the pedagogical conditions of consuming information and researching in an unfamiliar context. To understand the learning process, I reviewed the upcoming process from the framework established by Ray Land in his essay, ‘Learning in the Liminal Space : A Semiotic Approach to Threshold Concepts’ 1. Of these, most significant was the process of Transformative Learning through a Conceptual Gateway, where one’s conception or pre-conception of a subject is irreversibly transformed. In the process of transformation, the cognitive place, known as the ‘Liminal Space’ is entered, where the subject becomes uncertain of

tacit knowledge of the subject. They are between two thresholds, awaiting a moment of change.

Land further introduces the concept of the ‘Signifier’ and ‘Signified’, crucial to the process of transformation. As knowledge is changed, the preconception of a subject to a viewer may require a fundamental interpretative change, without the actual alteration of the subject or ‘signifier’ itself. The signifier is a commonly agreed term, or describer of a subject, which simultaneously can hold a different meaning to different people. A ‘Signified’ or significance may therefore, in the process of a transformation, require the troublesome process of alteration of a Signified, without altering the Signifier.

1 Ray Land et al., Threshold Concepts in Practice (Rotterdam: Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2016), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-946300-512-8.

GA 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 03

1.00 - The Cupar Way/Clonard International Peace Wall

1.01 - The Island of Ireland - Northern & Republic of Ireland

Initial Project Brief The ‘Belfast Excavations’ studio’s initial brief encourages an engagement with the Troubles Archive, a web-based resource documenting the Arts that depicted and reflected on the conflict in Northern Ireland known as “the Troubles”.

Through researching the material of the Troubles Archive, the studio participants then utilise an object found in the archive as a catalyst by focusing on particular elements and their technical resolution,

04

or expand the study to encompass multiple sites, investigative modes, representative strategies etc.

These studies will then inform a series of mapping to support the preparation of a narrative and site position.

The brief, whilst eluding to the context of Belfast as a centrepiece of activity, allows for an exploration of any site throughout the country of Northern Ireland.

A Divided Island: The Two Irelands Ireland’s division historically has been a fraught and troubled history with the other inhabitants of the British Isles. Ireland has historically been divided between the four provinces of Ulster, Connacht, Leinster and Munster, but has since the 13th century become a gradual colonisation project of Great Britain. Most significantly, the Protestant Plantation of Ulster, during the 17th century asserted a minority

protestant rule over a widely Catholic majority, creating sectarian tension between the Northern counties and the rest of Ireland2.

With the partition of Ireland in the 1920’s, historic divisions of Ireland were hardened in the creation of two nations, the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

2 Jonathan Bardon, A History of Ulster, Updated edition (Belfast, Northern Ireland: Blackstaff Pr, 2001).

05

1.02 - Londonderry 1971

1.03 - Enniskillen Bombing 1987

1.04 - Irish Border Crossing

The Troubles Conflict The period known as ‘the Troubles’ refer to a conflict between parties on the Unionist side, including the RUC, British Army and other Protestant paramilitaries against Irish Nationalists, most actively with the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) and other Catholic paramilitaries.

In the partitioned Northern Ireland’s Parliament since the 1920 partition, the predominantly Protestant government led policies of discrimination against Catholics remaining in the North, creating a tension building to the 1960’s, where a Civil Rights movement emerged. Brutal responses by the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), most significantly in the 1969 Battle of Bogside in Derry, led to the deployment of the British Army in Operation Banner in 1969. The conflict is most recognised as lasting from the start of Operation Banner, to the Good Friday Agreement of 1998, with several key events throughout the period in Northern Ireland and Great

Britain including the Bloody Sunday massacre, the Maze Prison Hunger Strikes and Brighton Bombing.

One of the unique qualities of the conflict is its protracted nature, with few major direct confrontations between the opposing sides and instead, became a campaign of ‘guerrilla’ insurgency by the PIRA against the Unionists counterinsurgent forces and Protestant paramilitaries. As such, both sides committed atrocities in the conflict which were often secretive and indiscriminate to civilians seeking to stay out of the conflict, such as the ‘Disappeared’ victims of the PIRA and the operations of the Ulster Defense Regiment (UDR)3.

The conflict however, is not simply constituent of a series of events, but the fundamental alterations to the everyday lives of those living in Northern Ireland, who experienced the rapid militarisation of their context, the restriction of freedoms and a permanent change to the normality of ordinary life.

3 Colm Toibin, Bad Blood: A Walk Along the Irish Border, Reprints edition (London: Picador, 2010).

06

1.05 - Alternative documentation of the Troubles

The Troubles Archive Since the end of the Troubles, several reconciliation and documentation projects have emerged to remember the experiences of the conflict from the accounts of those who lived through it.

One of these projects is The Troubles Archive by the Arts Council of Northern Ireland, which describes

itself as a “resource about the ways in which the Arts reflected the Troubles in Northern Ireland”4.

Documenting the artistic responses of the Troubles brings an insight into the emotional state of the artists who lived in the everyday of the conflict, and how they choose to represent these conditions.

4 Arts Council of Northern Ireland, ‘About | Troubles Archive’, Arts Archive, Troubles Archive, 2014, http://www.troublesarchive.com/ about.

07

1.07 - The Bovine Protagonist

1.08 - A Pastoral Context

1.06 - Original Piece - Dermot Seymour

“The Russians will Water their Horses on the Shores of Lough Neagh” Dermot Seymour, 1984 Of the works in the Troubles Archive, I was most drawn to the surrealist depictions of Dermot Seymour, whose work collides a series of unusual figures and depictions of the conflict. Seymour’s works in the Archive portrayed the extraordinary combination of objects and imagery to confound the reality of the situation. Most significantly to me was his piece “The Russians Will Water their Horses on the Shores of Lough Neagh”, depicting a pastoral scene. Seamus Heaney describes the piece as a view “from an

1.09 - A Dividing Line

enchanted distance. It is made strange and new by the yoking together of heterogeneous things like a Russian helicopter and a wild duck, wildflowers that might have come from Botticelli, and a dead fish that seems to have escaped from Hieronymus Bosch”. As Heaney describes, the collection of entities allude to the multi-faceted interpretative qualities of the piece that in its entirety creates “the impression of not having got to the bottom of it remains no matter how long you stay with it”5.

5 Seamus Heaney, ‘Getting the Picture: On Dermot Seymour’s Painting the Russians Will Water Their Horses on the Shores of Lough Neagh’, Éire-Ireland 33, no. 3 (1998): 9–12, https://doi.org/10.1353/eir.1998.0001.

08

The surrealist integration contains three key signifiers which can be representative of wider themes of the Troubles. The presence of Cows, with a provocative Bovine protagonist in the foreground staring towards the viewer and four cows situated in the background, appears to suggest a significance in the hierarchy of the piece.

The setting of the piece unusually depicts a landscape, pastoral scene contrasting with the intensely urban narrative of the Troubles, perhaps

dislocating or drawing the viewer to a different part of the conflict.

Finally, Seymour abruptly splits the piece with a telephone pole, which is splattered and graffitied with orange. The literal division of the piece may signify the clear division in society between the Republican and Unionist parties of the conflict, as well as a dividing line in the landscape itself.

09

“Consider the cattle, grazing as they pass you by; they do not know what is meant by yesterday or today.. [They are] fettered by the moment and its pleasure or displeasure, and thus neither melancholy nor bored” Friedrich Nietzsche (1876) - Extract from Untimely Meditations

1.10 - Depicting a Cow’s visual interpretation

1.11 - Visual Mapping of the parameters of the Cow’s Eye

A New Lens : Re-visiting the Signifier In Seymour’s representation of the Cow, a question emerges to the viewer as their eye is drawn to the Protagonist. If I see the cow, what does the Cow see of the viewer?

Detailed studies exist of the dissection and understanding of how a Cow is able to visualise the world around them, whether or not this is

10

manifested in an understanding of the situation at hand. Through the new ‘lens’ of the Cow’s Eye and its characteristics, an opportunity emerges to test how the visual manifestation of a situation may change in its depiction, and how this may be used to re-apply and re-interpret a cognitive significance on a physical object.

The Cow’s Eye View Through scientific analysis of the Cow’s Eye, the mapping and understanding of the visual extents of a view can be charted to develop a structure of interpretation. In the above study, a plan and sectional analysis of the extents of the Cow’s vision define that despite a limited distance, binocular vision comparative to human vision. There is a significantly wider periphery vision, stretching to

nearly 300 degrees so that the Cow can detect movement and objects to a far wider extent. With a rear ‘blind spot’, the Cow is documented to react with fear to anything approaching in this area6. The study enables the construction a drawing framework that can be applied to a situation to document its physical aspects to then interpret and decipher the possible significance of the view.

6 Jo Jackson, ‘Do Cows Have Poor Eyesight?’, accessed 1 November 2019, https://animals.mom.me/cows-poor-eyesight-4622.html.

11

1.12 - Willie Doherty - ‘At the End of the Day’ & ‘Ghost Story’

https://youtu.be/BlQKFlxIIrw Link to footage of Willie Doherty’s ‘At the End of the Day’

https://youtu.be/xtiF4fTOnls Link to footage of Willie Doherty’s ‘Ghost Story’

1.13 - Visual study of ‘At the End of the Day’

“At the End of the Day” Willie Doherty, 1994 Documenting the Pastoral Conflict The Troubles conflict is documented through many of the iconic images of its most brutal events and structures, with most of these located in the urban context of Belfast and Derry/Londonderry, where a significant proportion of deaths were reported.

However, Seymour eludes to the nature of the pastoral, in turn drawing attention to the different dangers and normalities of rural life.

12

Among the villages and fields of Northern Ireland’s agricultural land, the British Army established bases to counter the guerrilla warfare of the PIRA, resulting in conflicts such as the Warrenpoint Ambush and the Sniper campaigns of South Armagh. Within the Troubles Archive, the experiences of the pastoral conflict are documented by other artists to draw further understanding of the Troubles.

One of the most potent artworks documenting the experiential qualities of the rural Troubles are the video recordings of Willie Doherty in ‘At the End of the Day’; which records Doherty’s travel in a haunting and uncertain landscape. Analysis of At the End of the Day’s composition reveal the simplicity of Doherty as he drives towards a roadblock on a

country road, utilising the physical barrier in the road as a metaphor for the social and political obstruction to peace7.

Doherty creates intrigue as to the purpose of the barrier, why does it block the road and force the car to stop. What else does it signify to block progress?

7 Charles Wylie, Willie Doherty: Requisite Distance: Ghost Story and Landscape (Dallas, Tex. : New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009).

13

1.14 - Suzanne Lacy - Across & In-Between, ‘Drawing the Irish Border’

1.15 - Suzanne Lacy - Across & In-Between, ‘Drawing the Irish Border’

1.16 - Northern Ireland, it’s border and its British ferry connections

Division in the Landscape Within the reference to division in Seymour’s piece, there is an explicit signifier of the physical object, slicing through the landscape to sever the piece in two. The splatters of the orange, a reference to the province of Ulster on the telephone pole further suggest Seymour’s signifies the Irish Border. At the time of the piece’s creation, the condition of the Irish border was manifested in limited, controlled

crossings managed by armed troops and customs officials, with checkpoints and watchtowers to limit the movement across its threshold8.

The Irish Border of the Troubles represented a physical and political barrier to those who tried to cross it.

8 Peter Leary, Unapproved Routes: Histories of the Irish Border, 1922-1972 (Oxford University Press, 2016).

14

A Border : A Threshold The Irish Border is a thoroughly rural condition.

The 499-kilometre line is located away from major urban areas and has evolved from an internal jurisdictional border, making the two nations unusually interconnected. The Border’s role has transformed through several iterations, changing from a ‘hardened’ border with more limitation of

travelling through, to its current condition of free movement.

As the border has changed historically, its presence has become more and less apparent; yet with an uncertain future since the UK 2016 decision to leave the European Union, the border is set to fundamentally transform yet again.

15

Chapter

GC 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11

GA 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

02

The Cow’s Eye + The Irish Border

2.01 - The Neutral Viewer - A Cow Transect

Drawing through Cow’s Eye View

Studies of Cattle Psychologies: Temple Grandin

The process of establishing the Bovine Protagonist view provides a non-human documentation tool for the process of re-interpreting man-made contexts.

Creating a methodology to understand how the Cow interprets visual information requires an abstracted, biological and psychological analysis.

One methodology of the Bovine interpretation is the research of American scientist and designer Temple Grandin; who utilised her Autism to observe and

Firstly, we in the human perspective are constrained by our interpretative value to the visual entities that we see, any object holds a signifier to us, even if it is an incorrect signified. Seeing through the Cow’s

18

2.02 - Grandin Cow Sorting & Movement Layouts

Eye, in the fleeting moment of recognition, shows us an object from a perspective applying no such signifier, or at least one that our human thoughts do not understand.

Documenting in the non-human provides the quite literal view of the neutral party, a participant of both sides of a border without bias to either.

interpret the body language and emotion of Cattle, to then develop principles of non-threatening , selfwilled movement1. Devising the principles of the geometries she adapts to in her successful designs, core principles of Cattle subconsciousness and visual fields can be interpreted.

1 Temple Grandin, ‘SAFE HANDLING OF LARGE ANIMALS (CATTLE AND HORSES)’, OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE: State of the Art Reviews, 1999, https://www.grandin.com/references/safe.html.

19

2.05 - Computer Generated collapsed Cattle Run 2.03 - Abstract Sketch Study

2.04 - Orthographic layout of Study Cattle Run

Study: Creating a Cow’s Eye Drawing Frame Utilising Grandin’s principles, I was able to digitally create a hypothetical cattle run of different conditions that a Cow would experience in the sorting process. I then generated a wide-angle camera, incorporating the maximum view of the Cow’s periphery vision, to walk the route of the Cow and take a collapsed view of the Cow’s journey to create a visual memory of the journey through the cattle run. Utilising the plan studies and an identification of the principles

20

utilised by Grandin drawn from the cattle run, the initial collapsed drawing can be advanced to segment and decipher the section into its binocular and peripheral visual fields.

2.06 - Generative Plan-Perspective Drawing Frame

In creating the drawing frame, it is now possible to directly translate images into a perspective focused Cow’s Eye depiction.

21

The Province of Ulster; Nine counties forming the Northern province of Ireland.

W.F Bailey of the Estates Commissioner Office; most abrasive, focused on clear, geographic lines through existing boundaries.

Sir Henry Robinson, Vice President of the Local Government Board for Ireland; Most lenient to Ireland, expressed translations of catholic majority counties and cities (including Newry) to Ireland.

Sir James B Dougherty, under-secretary to the Chief Secretary for Ireland, Augustine Birrell; Divided on traditional county lines with key Catholic counties and towns retained in Northern Ireland.

2.07 - The 9 Counties - the Province of Ulster

2.08 - The W.F Bailey Proposal

2.09 - The Sir Henry Robinson Proposal

2.10 - The Sir James B Dougherty Proposal

Origins of Division : The Province of Ulster

Specifying a Threshold

Ulster is one of the four traditional provinces of Ireland, of which six counties have now formed become Northern Ireland, thus its close association to the province. Since early invasions in the Norman period by inhabitants of Great Britain, Ulster became the site of tension between the ‘local’ populace and the invaders from the rest of the British Isles. After the rebellion of the O’Neills and O’Donnells from 1593 to 1603, the period known as ‘Gaelic Ireland’ was ended, and divisions were exacerbated.

To draw an international Border line through these geographically integrated but very distinct communities becomes particularly problematic, as identified in the variations of the original proposal for a border between the United Kingdom and the then Irish Free State in the 1910’s and 1920’s.

The province was the focus of the colonisation by primarily Protestant Scottish and English settlers, known as the ‘Plantation of Ulster’2. The plantation was an exercise to bring control over the province, through the colonisation of Protestantism and Unionism amongst the northern province. Ulster then essentially became the mainstay of a religiously and culturally aligned population to Great Britain and the United Kingdom.

2 Jonathan Bardon, A History of Ulster, Updated edition (Belfast, Northern Ireland: Blackstaff Pr, 2001).

22

In 1914, the Chief Secretary for Ireland commissioned three options for the Border, each utilising different criteria to organise the threshold. Upon confirmation of the Dougherty scheme in 19203 and despite objection from the Irish regarding the status of Fermanagh and Tyrone4 the imperfect Border has remained exactly the same since.

3 HM Government, ‘Government of Ireland Act 1920’, Pub. L. No. 1920 CHAPTER 67, § 1, 89 (1920), https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ ukpga/Geo5/10-11/67/contents/enacted.

4 Conor Mulvagh, ‘How Was the Irish Border Drawn in the First Place?’, The Irish Times, 11 February 2019, https://www.irishtimes. com/culture/heritage/how-was-the-irish-border-drawn-in-the-first-place-1.3789571.

23

2.11 - ‘Cratered’ and ‘Spike’ Unapproved Crossing

2.12 - British Military Helicopter at Border protest

2.13 - Border Customs and Security Checkpoint

Checkpoints to Concealed Border: A Short History Since the implementation of the Border, the function of the cartographic threshold has mostly been to act as a barrier to travel. Its manifestation therefore has been that of a ‘Hard’ Border, with physical infrastructure established around it to control passage across the threshold. Initial moves to improve passage across the border occurred with the creation of the Common Travel Area in 1952, however this was abruptly disrupted by the Troubles.

In line with the military objectives of Operation Banner commencing in 1969, the Irish Border was placed under British Army control, with the implementation of military checkpoints and surveillance equipment to restrict the movement of IRA members. This

24

involved the destruction of hundreds of crossings to force civilians to be inspected at set points, and became a core problem with finding peace in the conflict. The softening of the border, to its current nature, began with the creation of the Customs Union in 1992, removing customs checks. Then, with the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, the creation of several joint cross- border agencies further reduce the significance of a border at all.

Finally, with the declaration of power-sharing and the end of the conflict, military checkpoints were removed and cross-border efforts reopened all of the closed roads. The Border’s physical manifestation now barely exists, sometimes only identifiable by the change of road markings and speed limits.

2.14 - Assemblage of Nationalism; A Brexit Story

Uncertain Futures of ‘Brexit’ However, the Hard Border may yet return. In 2016, the UK (but not, by majority, Northern Ireland) voted to leave the European Union, throwing nearly two decades of certainty into question.

shared interest of remaining in the EU. How does the concept of the border, now separated from its former life as a barrier, work in a world less normalised to the concept of restriction in the island of Ireland.

The referendum result has re-opened fundamental questions surrounding the condition of the Border, or whether Ireland should be united under the

Does this risk the potential of re-commencing a sectarian conflict?

25

2.15 - The ‘Borderlands’

2.16 - Northern 10-mile Customs Zone

2.17 - Equal 5-mile Customs Zone

2.18 - Equal 10-mile Customs Zone

2.19 - The ‘All-Ireland’ Customs Transition Zone

Re-thinking Thresholds : Border Options In Brexit negotiations, a key dispute is the status , condition, and rules of the Border, all with the intention of preventing a return to conflict. In response, several unusual proposals have emerged, all of which intend to ensure a “friction-free movement of goods”5. The issue itself led to the controversy of the ‘back-stop’, essentially retaining the entire UK in the EU rather than resolving the Border dispute. Of all the above proposals, one thing is retained, rather

than tolerating one threshold, it is politically easier to create ‘zones’ of multiple thresholds, all to avoid a return to the associated border of the Troubles.

Despite testimonies of ‘technological solutions’ from politicians, the reality of the Border requires the designation of at least one threshold that must be crossed.

5 ‘EU Must “evolve” Irish Plans, Insists May’, BBC News, 19 September 2018, sec. UK Politics, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-45566205.

26

2.20 - The ‘Border In the Irish Sea’ - An In-Between Nation

A Uncertain Future After three years of negotiations, the Withdrawal Agreement was agreed and signed on the 24th January 2020, which dropped the ‘backstop’ and the UK conceded to the implementation of a ‘Border down the Irish Sea’ if no trade deal was in place by the end of 2020.

This is particularly problematic. Northern Ireland in its entirety will now be an in-between. To cross between Northern Ireland and the rest of the UK, there will be customs and passport checks; Northern

Ireland will be half UK-half EU. A Transitional Nation.

The Irish sea Border raises the prospect and case for Irish re-unification if Northern Ireland is set to essentially remain in the EU whilst the UK pulls away from it. The Irish Border may disappear in a unified Ireland, or it may once again become a frontier barrier. What is clear is that the Irish Border question is far from equitably resolved, especially given that the current Border, established for nearly 100 years, is still uncertain in its own form.

27

2.21 - Lough Foyle Oyster Farms

2.22 - Submerged Oyster Pens

2.23 - Farming in the Lough

2.24 - Lough Foyle Tidal Mapping - Identification of the In-Between territories

Territorial Disputes: The Lough Foyle Question The 499 kilometre Irish land border runs into the sea at two large inlets, Lough Foyle and Carlingford Lough. At this point, the physical condition of the Border shifts from its land based signifiers.

On land, it occupies parts of the landscape as an extraordinary signifier, yet over large bodies of water and the sea, it has none. This transition is handled problematically in its northern end at Lough Foyle

28

where the UK claims ownership up to the Irish hightide shoreline, whilst the Republic of Ireland claims the line runs through the middle of the Lough. Neither country has backed down in the dispute, and whilst this may be a ‘Border dispute’, it is quiet and slow.

A core issue is the lack of physical demarcation that can be agreed upon, applying and agreeing the same signifier for the threshold signified.

In this void, shoreline Oyster farms have emerged on the low tide shores of the Lough, operating without regulation as both nation are stalemated.

These farms are not permitted, yet they are de-facto ‘out of jurisdiction’ of the UK and Ireland as both sides are cautious to affirm their position through action to remove the farms. In this void, a question of sovereignty and national identity emerges; if the

threshold of one nation is different to their border neighbour and if it overlaps, it creates a territory in between of uncertainty. In the case of Lough Foyle, this territory has been identified in the tidal waters of the frayed ends of the land border and has now been occupied by individual Oyster Farmers.

A question emerges whether this form of in-between jurisdictional territory exist in other forms?

29

2.25 - DAAR - The Lawless Line

2.26 - DAAR - The Lawless Line

2.28 - Flooded Areas of the Irish Borderlands

2.27 - DAAR - The Lawless Line

In-Between Geo-Political Thresholds

Physical Liminal Spaces along the Border

Uncertainty, in the cartographic and physical demarcation of Borders, creates political and jurisdictional void where the rule of law itself is in doubt.

In the assurance of border uncertainties in ordinary cartographic depictions, I began to speculate about the threshold conditions along the remaining 499 kilometres/310 miles.

Problematic geo-political thresholds have been a focus on multiple studies speculating on the manifestation of cartographic borders in a physical context. One such study is the Decolonising Architecture Art Residency (DAAR) project ‘The Lawless Line’, where the cartographic line of a 1:20,000 scale map is scaled to real life as a 5 metre

wide zone and depicted in the physical landscape6.

This reveals a literal depiction of how border cartographies translating to barrier thresholds do not define a single line. They indicate two thresholds, the periphery of two legal nations, with a space between. This, I believe, is a Liminal space.

It becomes clear that the phenomena of Lough Foyle are not exclusive to the transition between land and water, it exists as a fundamental weakness in the manifestation of many borders, where spaces emerge in uncertainty and freedom.

6 Amina Bech, ‘The Lawless Line’, DAAR (blog), 22 February 2011, http://www.decolonizing.ps/site/battir-4/.

30

One of the characteristics that ensures Lough Foyle’s liminal space is retained is its temporal existence, that it is exposed and recovered means it cannot be defined as its condition is flooded.

Significant portions of the Irish border are already manifested in rivers and water bodies, acting as a

physical barrier to travel. In the near future, this large network of waterways are potentially set to swell further in the flood predictions of the Northern Irish Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs7. Combined with rising river levels because of climate change, significant parts of the Border threshold, and the Borderlands, may change significantly. This may open significant territories along the border threshold, leading to new liminal opportunities in the next decade.

7 Rivers Agency, ‘Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment and Methodology for the Identification of Significant Flood Risk Areas’, Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment (Northern Ireland, December 2011), https://www.infrastructure-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/ dard/final-pfra-report.pdf.

31

DUP

Sinn Fein

SDLP

Alliance

2.29 December 2019 Westminster Constituency Results

2.30 - Stormont Closure @ 21st November 2019

Problematic Political Representation

A Border People’s Parliament & the Yellow Manifesto

Difficulties of the thresholds are confounded further in the democratic processes that Border People may be able to utilise to influence the condition of the Irish Border. Following the fallout of the 2016 “Cash for Ash scandal”8, the power-sharing arrangement of the Stormont Assembly collapsed, leading to a suspension of the assembly and withdrawal of devolved powers. Northern Irish matters for the next three years were decided by the UK Government, with the only political representation of Borderlands now through their Westminster Member of Parliament.

In the space of democratic representation, the 2018 International Belfast Arts Festival curated by Suzanne Lacy, organised the Across & In-Between programme focused on “the profound impact the border has on the lives of the people who live there”9.

Then considering that the constituencies along the Border are entirely represented by Sinn Fein, who choose not to participate in protest of UK rule in Westminster, disenfranchised the Northern Irish Borderlands.

With the January 2020 return of Stormont, negotiations on the Irish Border conditions have now finished. The Border People of Northern Ireland have not had the opportunity to be represented in the decision-making process about the condition of the Border.

8 Chris Page, ‘BBC Radio 4 - The Cash for Ash Scandal’ (London: BBC, 3 October 2020), https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/ m000g3hx.

32

2.31 - The Yellow Manifesto of the ‘Border People’s Parliament’

Lacy split the programme into two parts, a series of films called ‘The Yellow Line’ and the Border People’s Parliament, a meeting of 150 border inhabitants at the then closed Stormont Assembly. The Border People’s Parliament met and wrote answers on a

range of questions, collecting anonymous answers of the Border People.

These were then collated by author Garrett Carr into ‘The Yellow Manifesto’, a list of 9 principles from the border people of their view of the future condition of the Border to prompt discussion about the future condition it will take.

Yet these demands have not yet been responded to…

9 Belfast International Arts Festival, ‘Across and In-Between’, Belfast International Arts Festival, accessed 29 May 2020, https:// belfastinternationalartsfestival.com/event/across-and-in-between/.

33

m o r f s eting

Gre

BORDEGATORY

at Lough Foyle, UK/IRE/?

2.32 - The Lough Foyle Liminal Territories

In occupying an in-between, can localities devolve power to enfranchise populations at the periphery of two nations to create a common assembly of the Border people?

Can the occupation of a liminal space along the Irish Border revive Border economies, specifically agricultural activities, rather than allowing the Border to hinder its functions?

Can the Cow’s Eye reinterpret the Border landscape to support the re-thinking of activities on a Border/Barrier?

2.33 - Manifesting the Signified of the Border Crossing

2.34 - Manifesting the Signified of Threshold Waters

Initial Thesis : Liminal Border Territories Following studies of the themes introduced by Dermot Seymour, there is the potential to speculate on the manifestation of geo-political borders, in the unintentional ambiguous territories that are created and how they are viewed. Translating abstract cartographic lines into the physical context, even when these occupy landscape objects, generating the geo-political ‘liminal space’.

34

In the coming upheaval of the post-Brexit context and the dis-enfranchisement of the Border, an opportunity emerges for a new unique political space for the people living on the periphery of two nations to come together. Through the viewing template of the Cow’s Eye, there is the potential to document these liminal spaces from the abstracted eye of a truly neutral viewer of the Borderlands, the Cow.

35

Chapter

GC 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11

GA 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

03

Documenting the Liminal Territories

499km/310mi

3.01 - Depiction of Border Gesture in its context

3.03 - Re-folded Border study

3.02 - The conventional Cartographic Borderlands

A Condensor of Difficulties Testing the difficulties of the entirety of the border can be condensed to a manageable context, given the unusual territories generated in the dynamic path of the border.

Therefore, in remapping the borderlands to identify an investigative territory, crucial was selecting a place that represented the historical challenges to

38

3.04 - Abstracted Border Gestural studies

New Border Cartographies the hardening of the border, as likely creates the place of uncertainty and liminality. This condensor can enable the architectural speculation of an object to occupy the territory. In its challenging or difficult nature, the potential for greater uncertainty unveils the potential for a discovery of more liminal territories to investigate.

To select an area of the 499-kilometre border threshold for the thesis investigation, a representational shift from the conventional gestural path of the border into a comparable and comprehensible form was required for the next phase.

Through the process of re-folding the map into a linear transect, the borderlands could be viewed in a new state to investigate localised anomalies in equal measure.

In this new mapping, one context emerged, the Drummully ‘Island’.

39

3.06 - Exclave Depiction

3.07 - Pene-Exclave Depiction

3.08 - Campione D’Italia - Exclave of Switzerland

3.09 - Os De Civis - Pene-Exclave of Andorra

3.05 - Cartography of the Drummully Island

6.8km/4.2mi The Drummully Island/Salient/Polyp Known by a different names dependent on the one’s political leaning, the Drummully Island is a complexity of historic local boundary disputes that has become more problematic by becoming an international threshold.

Reportedly originating as a unusual “Ballybetagh”, a form of local shire in the plantation era1, Drummully is a victim of statistical compromise being retained in the south as part of Dougherty’s proposal to continue along existing local boundaries.

1

40

Its form means roads regularly transition through the Border, dividing fields, houses and farms. It is part of the Republic of Ireland and it is connected by a 400-metre wide strip of land; yet is only accessible by travelling through Northern Ireland. Its form creates a smaller Pene-Exclave of the Northern Irish village of Summerhill.

This pene-exclave condenses many of the problems of the other 493 kilometres of threshold.

Peter Leary, Unapproved Routes: Histories of the Irish Border, 1922-1972 (Oxford University Press, 2016).

Oddities: Exclaves & Pene-Exclaves In hundreds of examples globally, geo-political borders do not follow simple lines to encompass an entire territory. Often the periphery territorial border will mostly surround land of another territory, in a phenomenon known as an Enclave2. Examples include the Vatican City, San Marino and Lesotho.

In many cases, these Enclaves are separated from the main territory, in what is known as an Exclave such as Campione D’Italia. These are not mutually exclusive and are a phenomenon deriving from the inaccurate and imperfect nature of geo-political

thresholds. Specific to Drummully is the rare instance of a Pene-Exclave, a territory which is surrounded by another, but is not disconnected cartographically ; it cannot be accessed without passing into the neighbouring territory3.

For a person travelling from the rest of Ireland to Drummully, they will have to cross into Northern Ireland despite the destination being part of the nation the journey commenced in. How can a closed border then justify the removal of access to another part of Ireland? It creates a sovereign compromise.

2 Zoran Nikolic, The Atlas of Unusual Borders (London: Collins, 2019).

3 Evgeny Vinokurov, A Theory of Enclaves (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007).

41

3.10 - Historic Cattle Migration across the Irish Border

3.12 - May Conaty Interview - Interim Review projection over the Drummully Island 3.11 - Northern Irish Firework Shop on the N54/A3

Agricultural & Border Existence Agriculture on the island of Ireland is an integrated industry between the North and South. Northern Ireland exported around £4 billion in all goods and services to the South in 20164. Agriculture is a significant proportion of dual flowing commerce, for example around 600 million litres of milk per annum travel south with approximately 55,000 cattle per annum heading north for slaughter.

Border specific businesses have now emerged in the Post Good Friday Borderlands, where threshold petrol stations, fireworks stores, alcohol shops, freight storage and currency exchanges in corner shops exist. These seize the opportunity of the threshold to sell those of one nation a more competitive price6, creating a periphery economy trading from the unique place of the two nations.

Food chain processes are now established across the border, such as the Irish Cream Baileys, which sources cream and manufacturing plants across the North and South, the business alone makes 5,000 border crossings per annum5.

In this commercial phenomenon, this passively encourages social communication and strengthens the Borderite bond across the Border. It is unclear how such a system can continue when travel becomes restricted through the Border line.

4 Joël Rel, ‘Trade across the Irish Border’, Full Fact, accessed 29 May 2020, https://fullfact.org/europe/irish-border-trade/.

5 Tony Connelly, ‘Spilt Milk: How Brexit Threatens Baileys and Dubliner Cheese’, The Irish Times, accessed 6 June 2020, https:// www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/spilt-milk-how-brexit-threatens-baileys-and-dubliner-cheese-1.3242752.

6 Sean O’Driscoll, ‘Buying Fuel in Republic Costs UK Government £200m’, Belfast Telegraph, accessed 6 June 2020, https://www. belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/buying-fuel-in-republic-costs-uk-government-200m-35528011.html.

42

Memories of Devastation & Defiance Memory of the ‘hard’ border has been mostly erased from the current border in a deliberate attempt at reconciliation. However, scars of the barrier remain in some photographic forms and in the memories of the Border People who lived through it.

The cross-border funded ‘Border Roads to Memories and Reconciliation’ project7 documents several oral stories from those with memories of the hard border, one of which is May Conaty.

May lived and farmed adjacent to Leitrim Bridge in the north of Drummully, where she recalls the story of her interaction with the British Army as they attempted to destroy the road between her farm and her cattle. May’s story of defiance against attempts to sever the landscape are regularly found throughout the border, where communities sought to make their own decisions about what crossings remained open8. These spontaneous acts demonstrate an embedded historic defiance for the Border people to define the Border’s condition.

7 Padriac Smyth, David McMullan, and Lynda Lennon, ‘About the Project | Border Roads to Memories and Reconciliation’, Archive, About This Project, 2015, http://www.borderroadmemories.com/about-the-project/.

8 Ciara King, Interview with May Conaty, Interview, Border Roads to Memories and Reconciliation (Clones, 2012), http://www.borderroadmemories.com/search-border-crossings/individual-crossing/?id=bc147&lat=54.159852&lon=-7.317996.

43

3.13 - The Troubles - Destroyed Crossings & the Concession Road

3.14 - 2020 - Road Crossings and Connectivity

The Challenges of Barriers: Territories of Drummully In its 6.8-kilometre territory, there are 18 public road crossings of the border not including trails, paths and private roads. During the hardening from the 1950’s to the 1990’s, eight of these border crossings were ‘unapproved’ being destroyed or blocked to traffic9.

Other than the main N54/A3 road, which became known as the Concession Road, direct North/South crossings were stopped.

The Concession road is one of the extraordinary responses to the border problem, as the UK essentially conceded travel along the road to the Irish. Whilst checkpoints were established at the first crossing point, one could travel into Northern Ireland so long as you had the intention of continuing through to Irish territory. Did the road transition into a liminal space or did it essentially become Irish?

Re-Connected Communities Since the millennium, Drummully has restored its numerous connections between the North and South. In the reforming of these connections, Border People working and living across the Border can now do so with ease and no restriction on movement. The Border is invisible.

The Cattle may pasture freely throughout the landscape. Farmers can move through fields where a non-existent line claims a threshold. Can those living in this area face the prospect of the severing of their everyday lives again?

9 Leary, Unapproved Routes.

44

45

Documenting the Drummully Border Lands How does a Border, which creates such a severe barrier through the landscape, exist in a post Good Friday Agreement world?

To document the context in the frame of Doherty’s vehicle-based studies of the Pastoral landscape, a series of videos were filmed from the front

46

windscreen of a car as the vehicle passed through each of the 18 crossings. These films were then prepared with the Cow’s Eye drawing template to create a depiction of the same journey from the Cow, providing the Human and Bovine manifestations of the Border.

https://youtu.be/NhfbD9-3q1c Link to the documentation video of the Drummully Border Crossings

47

3.17 - Flooding in the rivers - creating Liminal spaces through Climate Change

A Future of Environmental Changes Alongside an unpredictable political future, Northern Ireland will be challenged with shifting environmental conditions due to Climate Change, which is set to irreversibly alter the landscape.

Northern Ireland’s main sources of Carbon Emissions are Agriculture (27 percent) - for example methane releases from livestock and manure, and other gases from chemical fertilisers; transport (23 percent) and Energy (17 per cent)10. These sources are heavily embedded in the Borderlands, yet are

set to cause significant change to its landscape.

Northern Ireland will primarily see the consequences of this in the expansion and increased flooding of waterways and bodies across the country. This has a major impact on the Drummully Parish and the border areas of Fermanagh, located in the Erne & Melvin River Areas, where it is estimated that a 70% increase in damage to Agricultural property caused

by Fluvial (River flooding), with a 30% increase in Pluvial (surface flooding)11.

10 Northern Ireland Direct Government Services, ‘Climate Change’, nidirect, 27 January 2016, https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/ climate-change.

11 Rivers Agency, ‘Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment and Methodology for the Identification of Significant Flood Risk Areas’, Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment (Northern Ireland, December 2011), https://www.infrastructure-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/ dard/final-pfra-report.pdf.

48

3.18 - Expansive Waterscapes of Drummully Island

Flooded Drummully : New Landscapes of Division In the context of shifting waterscapes, a new inverted topography emerges depicting where the water based liminal spaces can emerge in and around the Border threshold along the Finn River.

Depicting this new territory’s gradually shifting form introduces the liminal territory as an unoccupied

space between the threshold lines at the periphery of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland12.

When integrated with the mapping of Border Crossings, detailed investigation territories are revealed.

12 Ordnance Survey Ireland and Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland, ‘Flood Maps (NI) - Flood Hazard & Flood Risk Maps for Northern Ireland - Esri’, GIS Mapping Data, Flood Maps NI, 2020, https://dfi-ni.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=fd6c0a01b07840269a50a2f596b3daf6.

49

3.19 - Annaghmullin Bridge Site Identification

0.6/0.37 50

3.20 - Annaghmullin Bridge Site Investigation

Annaghmullin Bridge: ‘The New Line’

Territories of Intervention

A crossing formerly blockaded by the British Army, the unique landform of the Drummully Lane creates a naturally well-placed crossing against rising river waters.

Defining a physical territory between the former route of the railway and the current Drummully Lane road as an site, between the permanently destroyed and surviving crossings. Cattle movement through the territories only occurs along the linear road, with no other available crossings for Cows available for another two kilometres. The crossing’s current condition already holds threshold uncertainty.

The former route of a railway parallel to the road crossing creates a ghost of connections still severed by the Troubles; this isolated place is also one of the most direct road routes between the Republic of Ireland and Drummully.

Is the Border line in the gap between speed limit signs on the bank of the Irish side?

Does the Border exist as the 21-metre width of the River at the time of visiting?

It is both? Is it Neither? Does it exist at all?

51

3.21 - The Neutral View - A Bovine Periphery

3.22 - Annaghmullin Interpretation Study

Annaghmullin Re-Interpretation : From the Cow’s Eye In a more detailed study of the site to understand the Border manifestation through the neutral Bovine view, capturing and collapsing the unique Bovine periphery view to enable a contiguous Cow’s Eye view of the liminal territory is formed.

As a symbolic response against the intention of the hardened border, to restrict travel from the South to

52

the North, the direction of the Cow would be to face North, as if it was making the impossible journey destroyed by the Border 50 years ago.

In doing so, at regular distances walking North, the landscape was documented through photographs perpendicular to the front, and in the Cow’s unique periphery vision. A glimpse of a landscape from the

neutral viewer in the unique periphery.

the context of Annaghmullin, a method to create an outline form that can define parameters is achieved.

Utilising this drawing creates an embedded landscape form that creates a vision for the future infrastructure’s parameters, tested in its re-emergence and re-implementation into the potential border of the future. Solidifying in form a transect memory of a time of an invisible border. In

53

3.23 - The Annaghmullin Cow’s Eye Periphery Studies

Capturing the Cow’s Eye Periphery Upon photographing the landscape, a sketch study distilled each frame to outline forms to remove implicit recognition of potential human border signifiers to the viewer. In its first iteration, each frame that was captured from both east and west periphery were integrated, creating 10 collapsed stills. Pairs of still frames these were then merged to develop intensive ‘moments’ of two frame long,

54

depicting the recognition time in motion.

Finally, these moments were collapsed, forming a periphery transect of the Cow’s journey across the border. The abstract piece created documents a new entity, the Cow’s memory of passage, and the potential for drawing architectural form from the reseen landscape.

55

3.24 - Identification of Intensity to Mass Form

3.25 - Forming Linear Connections between Masses

Wakefield Market Ardnacrusha Generating Station

Substation

Scottish Parliament

3.26 - Scaled integration with precedents

Defining Scale of a Territorial Intervention Testing the newly formed drawing, points in the collapsed drawing where density began to be formed; could be formed into several masses to speculate on the location of occupy-able spaces that would be located on the liminal territory.

drawing, re-interpreting these outlines as connective strands, essentially forming a structural spine to act as a method of connectivity. Mass forms could then be tested through precedent overlay, testing potential uses for the scaled forms in the intervention.

These masses then follow the gestural form of the floodplain’s connective through the collapsed

56

57

3.27 - Amalgamation of Site Representation with Site Territories

An Infrastructural Parameter: What May Be? The resulting drawing, when applied to the horizontal condition of the Liminal Territory, which in its nature levels the landscape it floods, beckons a structure that makes use and occupies the territory. This is not a literal translation of a neutrally viewed and generated landscape, it can fulfil a place to define the extents of an unplanned, emergent series of structures.

58

The parameters reflect a moment in time, capturing the usual forms of the landscape that would be transformed in significance by the hardening of the Border through a non-human lens. In the parameter masses and the connectives between them, the extents to the narrative of the crossing can be defined, for the purposes of testing the nature of the Liminal Territories.

The proposal allows for a framework of parameters that guide the development of an incrementally evolved Border crossing that develops into an occupied ‘Nation’ sited within the Liminal Territory. The intervention tells a story of how a Border population may reflect and respond to the uncertainty of a ‘hard’ border phenomenon in the Post-Brexit Irish Borderlands, as a method of more

broadly challenging the manifestations of physical Border-Barriers. The intervention’s presence is testimony to the potential opportunities of the future that emerge on Border Thresholds. Places which may ordinarily seem most divided may provide a territory that can actually be most connected.

59

Chapter

GC 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11

GA 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

04

The Annaghmullin Crossings

Livestock Dip Bathing Pools Northern Ireland

Cattle Run Entrance - Northern Ireland

Waste Disposal

Grazing Pasture

Tagging Checking Station

Cold Storage

Feeding Pens

Sorting Corral

Live Cattle

Veterinary Clinics

Slaughter

Loading/Unloading Ramps

Cattle Run Livestock Auction

Assembly Digital Support

Butcher Station

Abattoir Goods Market Duty Free

Road

Sluice

Currency Exchange

Hydroelectric The Border Nation Turbines Digital Archive Fireworks Stall

Administrative Offices

Alcohol Store

Generator Customs Post Control Room Transformers

Tractor Mechanic Petrol Station Republic of Ireland

Cattle Run Entrance - Republic of Ireland

4.01 - Outline Phases of the Annaghmullin Infrastructure

62

Boating Dock

Maintenance Bay Generating Station

4.02 - Occupation Mapping of the Borderlands

An Evolutionary Palimpsest : The Infrastructure

Condensing Cross-Border Activities

Between the existing condition of the Border crossing and the future manifestation of the Liminal infrastructure, a speculative understanding of how different stages of the Annaghmullin Infrastructure emerges can form. Through the use of a 2 and a half dimension drawing, the parameter mass and forms of the space can be understood.

Integral to the support of the Liminal Nation are the future activities of this liminal territory, which in turn define where key structures can be created. As an opportunity to condense and retain many of the existing cross-border activities which thrive with an invisible border, the Annaghmullin infrastructure can retain these functions to bring further interest to the ordinarily deserted Border crossing.

In this process, a natural layering of forms and structures emerged, alluding to the development of the Infrastructure as a gradual palimpsest of crossings building as the flood waters rise, actively abandoning and building on structures as they become irrelevant to the occupiers of the territory.

Developing the connections between these functions allows for speculation on the potential cross-pollenating functions that can share space, even if the spaces need to be transformed to facilitate them. This allows for radical speculation on the transitions between human and non-human occupied spaces to occur.

63

4.03 - Assemblage of dormant agricultural vernacular

4.04 - The Cattle Grid - Objects of Landscape definition

4.05 - Quinn Cement Works in Ballyconnell, bisected by the Border

4.06 - Components of the Cattle Shed

Material Vernacular of Agriculture & the Border Throughout the emergence of the infrastructure, the reality of enabling major construction that completes the entirety of the structure over a single timespan is unfeasible.

Instead, in the conventional tacit nature of agricultural development, it is more realistic that the material composition of the Liminal Nation

64

emerges from the dismantling and re-appropriation of agricultural machinery, components and perhaps whole buildings over years.

For materials that become harder to source, the creators could implement supply industries already in existence along the Border, who support the new Liminal Nation. In the nearby town of Ballyconnell, .

the Quinn Cement Factories produce around 1.3 million tonnes of cement per annum in its two cement factories which are located across the border from each other1, which alone could enable the use of concrete in the infrastructure. The creators of the Liminal Infrastructure would integrate a taxonomy of agricultural devices that may be familiar to them 1

to facilitate the implementation of cattle movement.

Simple interventions, such as cattle grids embody tacit knowledge which can be re-implemented to enable the success of the Annaghmullin Crossings.

Garrett Carr, ‘The Rule of the Land: Walking Ireland’s Border’, Main edition (Faber & Faber, 2017).

65

Withdrawl Agreement passed

31st January 2020 Transition Period begins

Stormont Suspended

EU-UK Treaty Negociations

October 2018 - Border People’s Parliament & the Yellow Manifesto

2020

NO DEAL!

31st December 2020 Transition Period ends Hardening of the Border & Dismantling of Border crossings

Locals re-open the border

THE LOST DECADE

UK-9-128753-8162-G

UK-9-128753-8162-G Born - 22nd June 2016 Average Natural Lifespan 18-22 years

The Finn River Dam is created The 1st Assembly of the Border People

2030

FINN RIVER

At 11pm, the UK formally leaves the EU and commences the ‘Transition Period’

31/01/2020

22rd June 2016 UK referendum on leaving the EU

2040

4.08 - The Invisible Border at Annaghmullin Bridge

The Border Assembly

Stormont Assembly Climate Change Border Crossings NI Rural Economy

2050

Cross Border Farming Localised Flooding

ANNAGHMULLIN BRIDGE

[Inter]NATIONAL 4.07 - Speculative Timeline of the Border Condition

0% 66

The uncertain future which the Liminal Nation develops in, whilst impossible to define, can be speculated on for the purposes of defining the narrative. In an amalgamation of social, political, environmental factors at the International and Local scales, this timeline can be established by being anchored with future events that can be defined with greater certainty and through comparison to

the historic patterns of the Troubles.

In the logical continuation of the so-called ‘Hard Border’, the catalyst event for the Liminal Nation is the closure of the Border, which occurs in the months after the end of the ‘Transition Period’ on the 31st December 2020.

67

4 years after the UK’s Article 50 was triggered

31/01/2021

4.09 - The Severed Border Crossing

The Severing of the Border In this act of severance, the ‘invisible’ Border is physically manifested as a barrier and the Annaghmullin Bridge is blocked to the local populace.

0% 68

The severance of the official crossing re-creates the problem for the Border farmers that was faced during the Hard Border. Unable to move cattle across the Border whether to sell, milk or pasture in fields owned, neighbours and communities form to

re-build or create new crossings.

The barrier must be circumvented, its condition intolerable to the Border people, and new crossings will be created. As it is intolerable for nations to allow unapproved vehicular crossing, the Cattle of the Border experience the first evocation of the Liminal space, crossing alone and guided by their own accord to ‘bridge’ and travel through the threshold.

69

2 years after the UK’s first Article 50 Extension

14/03/2021 4.10 - Temporary structures – Viewing Tower

4.11 - The New Line Crossing

The New Line: Re-connection

5% 70

As occurred in spontaneous acts of Border people led action during the ‘Hard Border’, key Border crossings which were closed are forcibly re-opened.

In many cases, these Border Crossings could not be simply re-opened, as they had been destroyed or blocked by barriers that required heavy machinery to repair. This led to several ‘improvised’ crossings such as pontoons, old buses and farmers allowing

people to drive through fields to re-commence travel. At Annaghmullin, farmers construct a cattle run, which allows for the non-human exploration of the Liminal territory as cattle are encouraged to transition. Facilitating this, the earliest supporting structures of the Border people, such as viewing towers for farmers to monitor their cattle from afar, are created.

71

3 years after UK Prime Minister Theresa May’s Resignation

24/05/2021

4.12 - Decimation of temporary structures

Re-Destruction of a Hostile Context

1% 72

Initially, the crossing is successful, its function fulfilled to the cross-border farmers.

However, forces beyond the Border do not simply allow such a phenomenon to occur. It is prevented; yet triggers the will to create a new condition inbetween the two thresholds that is not destroyed.

Whether its destruction is manufactured by national authorities or a result of the more aggressive river

condition, the existence of this crossing is not final.

Its destruction prompts the need for a better crossing rather than the acceptance of defeat, emboldening the first creation of a more permanent structure.

If the Border People are unable to control the political narrative to reopen the crossing, they can control the physical conditions of the Finn River.

73

3 years after the publication of the Brexit Withdrawal Agreement

14/11/2021 4.13 - Form and Water Channelling of the Finn Dam

4.14 - Water manipulation of the Finn River

The Finn River Dam

8% 74

With the destruction of the original crossing, the waters of the Finn River would need to be controlled to enable the development of any in-between border structures. Control of the natural entities that define the Border enable the manipulation of the Border itself, the delaying of the river’s flow allows for the swelling of the liminal space to facilitate a territory of intervention. Essentially, the Dam enables

human control over the expansion or retraction of the liminal territory. Creating a damming structure, situated on the foundations of the former crossing permanently in the river’s path, that can respond precisely to passively flood the land surrounding the Annaghmullin flood plains.

75

2 years after the commencement of the ‘Transition Period’

31/01/2022 4.15 - Separation of inhabitants through section

4.16 - Permanent crossing structures

Emerging Structures of Annaghmullin

15% 76

With new control of the Border, the crossing begins to form with further solidarity as concrete structures define the permanence of the cattle crossing.

Border farmers can reliably move cattle through the thresholds of the Border, whilst selecting to secure their position with the manipulation of the Finn’s waters.

In defining the land around the river, cattle crossings evolve to become sophisticated, in turn enabling the securing of a method of allowing separate human crossing. To evolve secured structures allow for the integration that is denied between communities of the Borderlands.

77

5 years after the official start of Brexit negotiations

19/06/2022 4.17 - Normal condition of liminal waters within

4.18 - Expansive conditions of liminal waters within

Liminality within the Crossings

20% 78

As the waters of the Border surround the infrastructure, a liminal perimeter is placed on the condition of the infrastructure. If the shores of the river lap up against the threshold of the infrastructure, it cannot claim to be of the liminal territory, only forming an island surrounded by the waters. However, when these waters infiltrate and flow into the infrastructure, structure itself becomes flooded with the liminal territory, affirming its place.

Allowing these waters to spread momentarily into interchangeable spaces facilitate the transformation

of places, allowing changing water conditions in certain moments to slow the journey of those passing through or remove access to spaces.

The flooding respects the shifting nature of liminality on a spatial scale but secures the wider infrastructure’s position as an entity that lives in the Liminal space between the periphery of two nations.

It’s assuredness now allows a new phenomenon to occur, the permanent occupation of the Border People in the Liminal Territory.

79

Chapter

GC 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11

GA 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

05

The Liminclave of the Borderlands

5.01 - Inhabitation structure form above existing crossings

Inhabitation of the Liminal Territories To this stage, the Liminal Territories have acted as an opportunity to facilitate the creation of structures that enable the migration of beings across the Border by placing crossings themselves within an in-between that is difficult to be destroyed. As the stalemate in the Border continues, the Border People have a potential opportunity to seek a more permanent occupation of the newly forming territories, where they can re-commence activities that once were common with the invisible Border.

82

As a gesture, the architectural form of this structure represents the break in the linear direction of the infrastructure, bisecting its direction to slow the passage of movement through the Liminal territories.

The structure offers the first large opportunity for the Border People to congregate in an entirely neutral space, raised above the liminal waters that disrupt and swell the manifested Border.

83

5.03 - Parliamentary layout typology

x3 Scale

5.04 - Cattle Auction layout typology

x3 Scale

5.05 - Interchange study - flooded cattle run crossings

Intersection of Activities : The Border Assembly

Border Assembly 5.02 - Testing internal interchange of Border activities

84

Cattle Auction

In the spatial offering of the structure, the physical realisation of the conceptual ‘Border People’s Parliament’ has an opportunity to assemble.

Given the intensive nature of formalised political assembly, its realisation as a institution would act as a social barrier to engaging the people who utilise the Liminal territories and live in the Borderlands.

Therefore, its spatial home emerges within the shared use of the Cattle Auction, a traditional habitual event that gathers farmers for commercial activity. With the shared architectural characteristics of the Auction and Assembly, the homogeny of

these into a single space enable the spontaneous conditions for discussion of those who may not ordinarily participate in formal assembly. Indirect interaction between Cattle and Humans in the space provide proximity to the principles of Bovine neutrality, interjecting and situating as a central point of the Assembly space. The Cow interrupts: it holds a central role in this most Human activity of debate and discussion.

This unique phenomenon defines the infrastructure.

It is now a Liminal Enclave, the Liminclave.

85

8 years after the 2016 UK Brexit Referendum

23/06/2024 5.06 - The Border Assembly

5.07 - The Bovine Speaker - disruption of conventional Human debate

50% 86

87

5.08 - The Retreating Village, Smout Allen - Principles of tension 5.10 - Projecting movement along the Liminclave infrastructure

5.09 - Temporal mechanisms of retraction

5.11 - Conceptual depiction of Tensile carriage mechanisms

Expansive and Re-tractive Entities At the point of more permanent occupation, the temporality of the structure re-emerges. To simply believe the waters of the Liminal territory are only ever expansive does not reflect the climatic risk of drought, which may constrict the liminal territory without the will of the Border People. Therefore, through choice or climatic conditions, it will require abandonment in some parts of the Liminclave.

88

This condition of the Liminclave requires the implementation of kinetic activity to respond, which both reflects the constantly changing nature of the Liminal territory and enables activities to migrate in and around the wider territory to support the functions of transition or occupation.

These mobile entities will be constructed to be pushing away from the liminal space, the desire of the constantly expansive Liminclave. However, the carriage will be connected by cables to a fixed point within the permanently liminal territory.

This may then be powered through the re-use of the high torque engines of a Tractor, pulling the carriage back into the liminal territory.

A tension mechanism representative of a tense Border condition.

89

5 years after the EU publication of the ‘New Partnership’

18/03/2025 5.12 - Bovine Veterinarian Carriage

5.13 - Adapted Caravan - The Annaghmullin Mule

Migratory Structures

60% 90

The rail lines of the Liminclave can be occupied by several functions ordinarily facilitated through vehicular transportation or permanently fixed structures. In a potential means to support the Cattle runs into the Liminal territory, such a carriage structure can act as a mobile veterinarian service

to monitor the health of Cattle as they migrate whilst allowing humans to limit activity in the Cattle migratory spaces. Similarly, these entities can facilitate transportation of people or goods through the adapting of existing agricultural vehicles unused by farmers.

91

5.14 - Volumetric testing of Sectional forms

5.15 - Collapsing of Elevational views

5.17 - Liminclave Hydroelectric Reservoir

5.18 - The Shannon River Hydroelectric Scheme

Power as Power: Enfranchisement through Energy In the next evolution of permanent occupation of the Liminclave, the basic utilities that may ensure the reliance of those occupying the space on either nation are created. In its occupation with flood waters, the infrastructure retains the ability to channel its water to generate hydroelectric energy.

5.16 - Integrated Spaces of Power Station/Slaughterhouse

To achieve this has symbolic historic value in the enfranchisement of power as occurred in the completion of the Irish Free State’s Ardnacrusha scheme1, which in its creation of electrical power enabled further autonomy from British energy

production, affirming the independence of the newly formed Free State2. At a smaller scale, the Annaghmullin proposal would seek to create a micro hydroelectric scheme that could power the infrastructure’s functions. Its principle of infrastructural achievement attracts attention to the successful control of the Liminal territory.

In the creation of electrical power, the Liminclave generates its own independence and localised political power.

1 Stephanie Bailey, ‘A Brief History of Power’, Art Papers, Art of the Built Environment, 01, no. 04 (Spring/Summer 2019): 5–10.

2 McKayla Sutton, ‘Illuminating The Irish Free State: Nationalism, National Identity, And The Promotion Of The Shannon Hydroelectric Scheme’, Marquette University, no. Dissertations (2009-) (1 April 2014), https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/361.

92

93

5.19 - Formative Liminclave Section/Elevation

5.20 - Detail Section study of Abattoir/Generating Station

Parallel Activities in Spatial Amalgamations In the creation of the hydroelectric energy plant, the expansion of built activity enables an intensive condensation of built activities in and around in the infrastructure. In a realisation of the freedom of built creation that can occur, a dense fabric of smaller structures cling to and build around the core of the generating station. Inserting parallel activities within the interwoven infrastructure encourages the multi-

94

functional use of spaces in the taxonomy of formerly Bordering, now liminal activities.

In an example of this, the parallel functions of the generating station are interwoven with the creation of an Abbatoir space, maximising the electrical mechanisms of turbine generation to assist with the passage of slaughter in and around unused spaces of the infrastructure machines.

95

5.21 - The Liminclave Generating Station

90%

96 97

10 years after the EU endorses the Withdrawal Agreement

25/11/2028

5.22 - Cattle Sorting & Pasture Infrastructure at the Northern Irish Threshold

Threshold Infrastructure : Facilitating Mass Migration

98

At the maximum periphery of the liminal infrastructure, a transitionary gateway can manifest for the Human and Cattle entrants to the Liminclave.

Activities at these thresholds reflect the more

the infrastructure begins to fray to spread into the landscape where a network of autonomous Cattle sorting structures are formed.

The fixing of the threshold into the landscape would ordinarily act as a structural support, with a structure crossing the water in this way supported from the land. However, the Liminclave reverses this principle

defined certainty of the National territory, and return to conventional agricultural functions. At this point in the future of the infrastructure, the capacity of the migration into and through the Liminclave will have undoubtably expanded. Reflecting this condition,

Awaiting entry to the liminal territory, the principles of separating characters throughout much of the transition is realised and supported through the expanded holding areas of the periphery of the liminal territory.

as the threshold on the shores become the points that support out of the Liminal territories.

The infrastructure reaches out to the traditional nations, drawing Border people in.

99

10 years after the Commons passes the Withdrawal Agreement

20/12/2029 5.23 - Separation of guiding Cattle infrastructure from human circulatory spaces

5.24 - The Northern Irish gateway - Cattle Sorting & Pasture spaces

95% 100

101

5.25 - The Annaghmullin Liminclave

10 years after the UK has left the European Union

31/01/2030

At its end, and in its entirety, the Annaghmullin Liminclave depicts a potential future that challenges the manifestation of the Post-Brexit Irish Border, to cause a re-thinking of the realisation of thresholds at a physical level. In the space left by uncertainty and inactivity at international levels, the very concept of ‘Border’ can be challenged and given to the people who interact with its position in their everyday lives.

100% 102

103

5.26 - Abandonment of the Liminclave

The Liminclave Abandonment 104

105

5.27 - A Dormant Nation - The Liminclave in a reconnected Border

Declaration : “To Rethink and Explore Thresholds�

5% 106

The thesis project has sought to investigate and highlight the extra-ordinary spatial and social conditions of international Border thresholds through the lens of non-human observers. From my

speculate on how current socio-political narratives may effect the Border and the Borderlands.

initial studies of Dermot Seymour’s depiction of the Troubles, I have speculated on the border through my own interpretative frame utilising the theoretical basis of the Signifier/Signified disparity and the abstract manifestation of the Liminal space to

alternative setting has led to democratically oriented architectural depiction of how the water based liminal territories may be occupied. The intention of the Liminclave, reflecting that its author is an outsider to the Borderlands and has set the proposal in one of

The integration of these thoughts tested in an

many future possibilities, is to depict the opportunity provided in a space between the Border thresholds, when its transition from cartographic to physical manifestation is loosely defined.

It is to look for spaces where communities are not defined by the side of the Border they exist on, but can exist in neutral places of amalgamation; where once there was separation, to be single community entities.

In the uncertain future for the Irish Border, its context and the beings who interact with it, there is opportunity to explore beyond the historic pain caused by the Border and .

107

End.

06

Reflection & Bibliography

5.28 - Dislocated studio on a dining room table

Thesis Reflection Since commencing my thesis investigation in September 2019, the settings which I am investigating and work in have changed fundamentally, and this has brought about an abundance of opportunities and challenges to the project. Initially, my decision to select the topic of the Irish Border as a thesis territory consciously led me towards current and evolving political events that I have had a personal interest in for many years.

The opportunity to work in this environment allows for speculation on several future scenarios that offered a freedom to truly explore my design creativity, whilst working in a live, adaptive context that I have enjoyed understanding and testing in my research. Since the start of my research, core entities have changed in the project. The United Kingdom has left the EU

110

and started its transition period, after a turbulent parliamentary process and general election, now placing emphasis on the ‘Border down the Irish Sea’ iteration of the future. The Stormont Assembly has returned from three years of suspension, and the condition of the Border remains uncertain. Whilst I’ve enjoyed adapting to these changes, I believe the nature of my thesis adapts to the situation of the time to speculate on the most likely outcome. For example, if I was to start the process in the current context, the focus may shift to the Irish Sea ‘Border’ as an investigative territory. In my opinion, this does not make the thesis irrelevant, but beckons a focus on a new place of architectural intervention to test the hypothesis outlined by the research. I would be interested to test different characters who occupy the Liminal territory, whether it is libertarian personal

gain or socially focused communities, and how this interplay challenges the convention of Border activity.

Finally, I’d like to reflect on the disruptive upheaval of the COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on the later parts of my education. In early March 2020, the basis of the entire thesis investigation changed, adapting to a remote working situation with an entirely digital submission. This disruption has caused a shift in the final execution of the architectural project, which I believe would have been very different without the pandemic disruption.

My initial plans for the final exam and exhibition were to create a large-scale model of the entirety of the Liminclave structure, alongside specific drawing

and projection-based representations to show the Thesis conclusion. Instead, I’ve found myself adapting to the digitally based methods of the project, and whilst this has been able to represent the thesis, the final stages of the narrative have had to adapt to the new working environment. I am fortunate to have been able to continue the project with limited disruption, however in the feeling of missed opportunities to present the work, questions remain of what may have happened otherwise.

Here, I have show the working environment that became my studio for the final months of the Thesis project, and reflect on how despite its challenges, the conclusion of the Thesis does feel like a depiction of the project through the best means I have available.

111

Arts Council of Northern Ireland. ‘About | Troubles Archive’. Arts Archive. Troubles Archive, 2014. http://www. troublesarchive.com/about.

Bailey, Stephanie. ‘A Brief History of Power’. Art Papers, Art of the Built Environment, 01, no. 04 (Spring/Summer 2019): 5–10.

Bardon, Jonathan. ‘A History of Ulster’. Updated edition. Belfast, Northern Ireland: Blackstaff Pr, 2001.

BBC. ‘EU Must “evolve” Irish Plans, Insists May’. BBC News, 19 September 2018, sec. UK Politics. https://www. bbc.com/news/uk-politics-45566205.

Bech, Amina. ‘The Lawless Line’. DAAR (blog), 22 February 2011. http://www.decolonizing.ps/site/battir-4/.

Belfast International Arts Festival. ‘Across and In-Between’. Belfast International Arts Festival. Accessed 29 May 2020. https://belfastinternationalartsfestival.com/event/across-and-in-between/.

———. ‘Border People’s Parliament’. Belfast International Arts Festival. Accessed 13 May 2020. https:// belfastinternationalartsfestival.com/rl_gallery/border-peoples-parliament/.

Belfast Times. ‘Across and In-Between at the Ulster Museum’. Belfast Times (blog), 4 October 2018. https:// www.belfasttimes.co.uk/across-and-in-between-at-the-ulster-museum/.

Bielenberg, Andy. ‘The Shannon Scheme and Electrification of the Irish Free State’. First Edition edition. Dublin: The Lilliput Press, 2002.

Boyer, Dominic. ‘Energopolitics and the Anthropology of Energy’. Anthropology News 52 (2011): 5–7. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-3502.2011.52505.x.

Brooks, Tara, Lloyd Scott, John P. Spillane, and Katy Hayward. ‘Irish Construction Cross Border Trade and Brexit: Practitioner Perceptions on the Periphery of Europe’. Construction Management and Economics 38, no.

1 (2 January 2020): 71–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2019.1679382.

Carr, Garrett. ‘The Lake That Will Divide Britain from Europe’. 1843, 3 July 2018. https://www.1843magazine. com/travel/the-lake-that-will-divide-britain-from-europe.

Carr, Garrett, ‘The Rule of the Land: Walking Ireland’s Border’, Main edition (Faber & Faber, 2017).

Connelly, Tony. ‘Spilt Milk: How Brexit Threatens Baileys and Dubliner Cheese’. The Irish Times. Accessed 6 June 2020. https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/spilt-milk-how-brexit-threatens-baileys-and-dublinercheese-1.3242752.

Department for Infrastructure. ‘Contents of the Flood Maps NI | Department for Infrastructure’. Infrastructure, 27 April 2015. https://www.infrastructure-ni.gov.uk/articles/contents-flood-maps-ni.

Grandin, Temple. ‘SAFE HANDLING OF LARGE ANIMALS (CATTLE AND HORSES)’. OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE: State of the Art Reviews, 1999. https://www.grandin.com/references/safe.html.

Heaney, Seamus. ‘Getting the Picture: On Dermot Seymour’s Painting the Russians Will Water Their Horses on the Shores of Lough Neagh’. Éire-Ireland 33, no. 3 (1998): 9–12. https://doi.org/10.1353/eir.1998.0001.

HM Government. ‘Government of Ireland Act 1920’, Pub. L. No. 1920 CHAPTER 67, § 1, 89 (1920). https://www. legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/10-11/67/contents/enacted.

Holdridge, Jefferson. ‘The Poetry of Paul Muldoon.’ The Liffey Press, 2008.

Irish Co-Operative Organisation Society. ‘Reflections on the Milk Quota Regime’. Irish Co-Operative Organisation Society. Accessed 29 May 2020. http://icos.ie/2014/07/14/reflections-on-the-milk-quota-regime/.

Jackson, Jo. ‘Do Cows Have Poor Eyesight?’ Accessed 1 May 2020. https://animals.mom.me/cows-pooreyesight-4622.html.

King, Ciara. ‘Interview with May Conaty’. Interview. Border Roads to Memories and Reconciliation. Clones, 2012. http://www.borderroadmemories.com/search-border-crossings/individual-crossing/?id=bc147&lat=54.159852& lon=-7.317996.

Land, Ray, Michael A Peters, Jan H. F Meyer, and Michael T Flanagan.’ Threshold Concepts in Practice’.

Rotterdam: Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-512-8.

Leary, Peter. ‘Unapproved Routes: Histories of the Irish Border’, 1922-1972. Oxford University Press, 2016.

Mitchell, Timothy. ‘Carbon Democracy’. Economy and Society 38, no. 3 (2009): 399–432. https://doi. org/10.1080/03085140903020598.

Mulvagh, Conor. ‘How Was the Irish Border Drawn in the First Place?’ The Irish Times, 11 February 2019. https:// www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/how-was-the-irish-border-drawn-in-the-first-place-1.3789571.

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm. ‘Untimely Meditations’. Second edition.. Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy. Cambridge [U.K.] ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Nikolic, Zoran. ‘The Atlas of Unusual Borders’. London: Collins, 2019.

Northern Ireland Direct Government Services. ‘Climate Change’. nidirect, 27 January 2016. https://www.nidirect. gov.uk/articles/climate-change.

O’Driscoll, Sean. ‘Buying Fuel in Republic Costs UK Government £200m’. Belfasttelegraph. Accessed 6 June 2020. https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/buying-fuel-in-republic-costs-uk-government200m-35528011.html.

Ordnance Survey Ireland, and Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland. ‘Flood Maps (NI) - Flood Hazard & Flood Risk Maps for Northern Ireland - Esri’. GIS Mapping Data. Flood Maps NI, 2020. https://dfi-ni.maps.arcgis.com/ apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=fd6c0a01b07840269a50a2f596b3daf6.

Page, Chris. ‘BBC Radio 4 - The Cash for Ash Scandal’. London: BBC, 3 October 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/ programmes/m000g3hx.

Quinn Building Products Ltd. ‘History’. Quinn Building Products (blog). Accessed 12 June 2020. https://www. quinn-buildingproducts.com/about/history/.

Rel, Joël. ‘Trade across the Irish Border’. Full Fact. Accessed 29 May 2020. https://fullfact.org/europe/irishborder-trade/.

Rivers Agency. ‘Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment and Methodology for the Identification of Significant Flood Risk Areas’. Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment. Northern Ireland, December 2011. https://www.infrastructureni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/dard/final-pfra-report.pdf.

Scheer, Hermann. ‘The Solar Economy: Renewable Energy for a Sustainable Global Future’. London: Earthscan, 2002.

Smout, Mark, and Laura Allen. ‘Out of the Phase: Making an Approach to Architecture and Landscape’.

Architectural Design 78, no. 4 (2008): 80–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.709.

Smyth, Padriac, David McMullan, and Lynda Lennon. ‘About the Project | Border Roads to Memories and Reconciliation’. Archive. About This Project, 2015. http://www.borderroadmemories.com/about-the-project/.

Sutton, McKayla. ‘Illuminating The Irish Free State: Nationalism, National Identity, And The Promotion Of The Shannon Hydroelectric Scheme’. Marquette University, no. Dissertations (2009-) (1 April 2014). https:// epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/361.

Toibin, Colm. ‘Bad Blood: A Walk Along the Irish Border’. Reprints edition. London: Picador, 2010.

Wylie, Charles. ‘Willie Doherty: Requisite Distance: Ghost Story and Landscape’. Dallas, Tex. : New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.

Vinokurov, Evgeny. ‘A Theory of Enclaves’. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007.

XML (Firm), issuing body. ‘Parliament.’ Amsterdam: XML, 2016.

Bibliography 112

113

Image References * All images are produced by the author unless stated otherwise

Chapter One 1.00 1.01 1.02

1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16

Copar Way / Clonard Peace Wall Ireland Image Londonderry 1971 Bruno Barbey, Magnum Photos https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/04/world/europe/northern-ireland-troubles.html Enniskillen Bombing 1987 – https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-20248737 Irish Border Checkpoint - https://www.irishtimes.com/file-assets/border-stories/conflict-connection/img/wall-desktop.jpg Alternative Documentation of the Troubles Dermot Seymour – The Russians will Water their Horses on the Shores of Lough Neagh The Bovine Protagonist A Pastoral Context A Dividing Line Depicting a Cow’s visual interpretation Visual Mapping of the parameters of the Cow’s eye Willie Doherty - “Ghost Story” Analysis of Doherty’s ‘At the End of the Day’ Suzanne Lacy – Across and In-Between - https://www.1418now.org.uk/commissions/across-and-in-between/gallery/#main Suzanne Lacy – Across and In-Between - https://www.1418now.org.uk/commissions/across-and-in-between/gallery/#main Northern Ireland and its borders

Chapter Two 2.01 The Neutral Viewer 2.02 Temple Grandin Cow Sorting Movement 2.03 Abstract Cattle Sketch Study 2.04 Orthographic Layout 2.05 Computer Generated Cattle Run 2.06 Plan-Perspective Drawing Frame 2.07 Province of Ulster 2.08 Baileys Scheme 2.09 Robinson Scheme 2.10 Dougherty Scheme 2.11 Cratered Road – courtesy of Jim Carson - http://www.borderroadmemories.com/search-border-crossings/individual crossing/?id=bc148&lat=54.154484&lon=-7.323604 2.12 Crossing Stand off - Kindly donated by Pat Treanor - http://www.borderroadmemories.com/search-border-crossings/individual

crossing/?id=bc116&lat=54.205701&lon=-7.242781 2.13 Customs Border Point - https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idtsh/The_hardest_border 2.14 Brexit Montage 2.15 Borderlands 2.16 10 Mile Northern Customs 2.17 Equal 5 mile Customs 2.18 Equal 10 mile Customs 2.19 All Ireland Customs Area 2.20 Border in the Irish Sea 2.21 Oyster Farming - https://www.loughs-agency.org/managing-our-loughs/aquaculture/pacific-oyster-farming-in-lough-foyle/ 2.22 Lough Foyle Oysters - https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-38256155 2.23 Oyster Farms -www.irishnews.com%2Fpicturesarchive%2Firishnews%2Firishnews%2F2016%2F11%2F19%2F100457131-

8784b135-d64e-40a1-8ec3-333c6850dbb1.jpg&f=1&nofb=1 2.24 Lough Foyle Mappings 2.25 DAAR – The Lawless Line - http://www.decolonizing.ps/site/battir-4/ 2.26 DAAR – The Lawless Line - http://www.decolonizing.ps/site/battir-4/

114

2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34

DAAR – The Lawless Line - http://www.decolonizing.ps/site/battir-4/ Flooded Areas of the ‘Borderlands’ Northern Ireland December 2019 Westminster Election Results Stormont Closure - https://howlonghasnorthernirelandnothadagovernment.com/ The Yellow Manifesto - https://www.1418now.org.uk/commissions/across-and-in-between/the-yellow-manifesto/ Lough Foyle Postcard Signified Manifestation Image Signified Manifestation Image

Chapter Three 3.01 Model photo 3.02 Borderlands 3.03 Refolded Border 3.04 Refolded Border Gestures 3.05 Drummully Island Mapping 3.06 Exclave Diagram 3.07 Pene-Exclave Diagram 3.08 Campione D’Italia 3.09 Os De Civis 3.10 Historic Cows - https://www.thatsfarming.com/news/history-of-irish-cattle-book 3.11 Fireworks Kiosk 3.12 May Conaty Interview 3.13 The Troubles Crossings 3.14 2020 Road Crossings 3.15 Snapshots of Border Documentation Video 3.16 Border Documentation Video 3.17 Environmental Changes 3.18 Expansive Waterscapes of Drummully Island 3.19 Annaghmullin Bridge Site Identification 3.20 Annaghmullin Site Investigation 3.21 Bovine Periphery 3.22 Interpretation Study 3.23 Annaghmullin Cow’s Eye Periphery studies 3.24 Liminal Territory Drawings 1 3.25 Liminal Territory Drawings 2 3.26 Liminal Territory Drawings 3 3.27 Initial Site Parameter Integration

Chapter Four 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15

Phases of emergence in Annaghmullin Masterplan Occupation Mapping of the Borderlands Assemblage of the dormant Agricultural Vernacular The Cattle Grid - Objects of Landscape definition Quinn Cement Works in Ballyconnell, bisected by the Border - https://www.bclhydro.co.uk/quinn-group-limited/ Components of the Cattle Shed Speculative Timeline of the Border Condition The Invisible Border at Annaghmullin The Severed Border Crossing Temporary structures – Viewing Tower The New Line Crossing Temporary structures – Viewing Tower Form and Water Channelling of the Finn Dam Water manipulation of the Finn River Separation of inhabitants through section

115

4.16 4.17 4.18

Permanent crossing structures Normal condition of liminal waters within Expansive conditions of liminal waters within

Chapter Five 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18

5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28

116

Inhabitation structure form above existing crossings Testing internal interchange of Border activities Parliamentary typology Cattle Auction typology Interchange study - flooded cattle run crossings The Border Assembly The Bovine Speaker The Retreating Village, Smout Allen - http://blog.fabric.ch/index.php?/archives/245-Retreating-village.html Temporal mechanisms of retraction Projecting movement along the Liminclave infrastructure Conceptual montage of tensile structures Bovine Veterinarian Carriage Adapted Caravan - The Annaghmullin Mule Volumetric testing of Sectional forms Collapsing of Elevational views Integrated Spaces of Power Station/Slaughterhouse Liminclave Reservoir The Shannon River Hydroelectric Scheme – “An aerial view of Parteen weir. Photo: used with kind permission of ESB Archives https://esbarchives.ie” from https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2019/0719/1064016-the-story-of-ardnacrushas-quiet-revolution/ Formative Liminclave Section/Elevation Detail Section study of Abbatoir/Power Station The Liminclave Generating Station Cattle Sorting & Pasture Infrastructure at the Northern Irish Threshold Separation of guiding Cattle infrastructure from human circulatory spaces The Northern Irish Gateway - Cattle Sorting & Pasture spaces The Annaghmullin Liminclave Abandonment of the Liminclave A Dormant Nation Dislocated Studio

117