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SEŃÁKW REIMAGINED Architectural Portfolio Niamh Caverhill 2019-2020

Exam Document

Seńákw Reimagined

Prologue This Project begins upon Indian Reserve Kitsilano 6, a Squamish

opportunity to respond to their needs, expressing their heritage

First Nations reserve land in Kitsilano, Vancouver. Known

and culture at the gateway to Vancouver’s city centre. Outside of

historically by its native Squamish (Skwxwú7mesh) inhabitants as

city planning jurisdiction and within its own federal law system,

Seńákw, the site has exchanged boundaries, hands and purposes

the Nation have greater authority over this land parcel to impose

throughout its past between Native and Colonial forces, its

land management and usage to their own belief system.

history becoming a microcosm of the contention and expulsion

Development of this site will have monumental importance in the

expressed by First Nations people across North America. After

discussion surrounding Indigenous Reserves in British Columbia,

lengthy legal battles, the Squamish Nation have regained control

and implemented successfully, could further extend as precedent

over this 11-acre site, and the question of its development arises.

to indigenous communities in wider Canada and beyond.

The conversation surrounding what to build upon Kitsilano 6 is

In actuality, the Squamish Nation began conversations with

unique and complex. Vancouver itself is a major metropolitan

various developers to design the site several years ago. Settling

city striving for modernity: as the population rises in this world’s

upon the recommendation of residential, the Nation have shifted

3rd most liveable city, it faces many of the same challenges to

between designs which proposed firstly 3,000, then increasing to

maintain this title that modern cities globally must address –

6,000 units upon the 11 acre plot. The key motivator here is

housing affordability and availability, social sustainability, and

obvious – economic gain and financial success from this

environmental design.

advantageously positioned site are inevitable from such a vast

“Development of this site will have monumental importance in the discussion surrounding Indigenous Reserves in British Columbia...”

residential proposal. The Nation are only cashing in on land value which surrounding developers have been claiming for decades. But along with missing multiple opportunities to express and celebrate their culture on this influential site, is another residential skyscraper development what the city itself needs? The capitalist

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In many ways, the regaining of Kitsilano 6 allows the

market forces pushing Vancouver’s residential skyline toward

Squamish Nation great potential as a land-owner upon the

generic steel towers and inflated prices create visions of visual

developing city stage. The Nation themselves have over 4,000

banality and housing insecurity on a vast scale, which for a future-

members within Vancouver, and control over this site

facing

presents a unique

unsustainable.

city

are

socially,

culturally

and

environmentally

Exam Document

Seńákw Reimagined

Re-imagining Seńákw thus proposes an alternative vision of

are proposed as a basic timber framework for specific

residential development and masterplanning – a bottom-up self-

inhabitant’s own development through a phased approach.

build community. Aiming toward housing affordability and the

Using knowledge, skills, equipment and community workforce

representation of Squamish heritage, the proposal re-imagines

provided within the Cultural Centre, inhabitants will build the

Kitsilano

new Seńákw into a modern thriving community – a cultural

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developed

as

a

socially,

culturally

and

environmentally orientated community for indigenous reserve lands.

The proposal begins by following advice and case studies from Dalla Costa’s publication on frameworks for sensitive reserve development,

within

the

Handbook

of

Contemporary

Indigenous Architecture. Within this text, the importance of Place, Kinship, Transformation and Sovereignty are each explained as successful catalysts for reserve land proposals, acting in the interest of the nation’s beliefs, cultural preservation and economic success. In following the catalysts of Place, Kinship and Transformation, Seńákw Re-imagined creates an interface with nature, a space for cultural preservation and the tools to continue it in the future.

The alternate Seńákw is realised through creation of these catalysts: the Seńákw Cultural Craft Centre and Self-Build Masterplan. Providing craft spaces for existing artists, exhibition spaces for artist’s cultural pieces, auditorium space for events, and community space for teaching, the programme focuses on the representation and preservation of Squamish traditions.

Seńákw Cultural Craft Centre prophesies to teach and integrate the Squamish Culture within a wider Vancouver, while providing economic opportunities for Nation members and speaking to the specific needs and epistemology of the Squamish Nation themselves. From this, Residential plots defined across the site

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homage to history, and an architecture prepared for the future.

Exam Document

Seńákw Reimagined

Contents 01 - 39 Thesis

40 - 76 Masterplan

77 - 111 Catalyst

111 - 158 Final Proposal

- Vancouver’s Indigenous History

- Site Analysis

- The Squamish Nation

- Overview

- First Nations Reserves

- Land Use Analyis

- Cultural, Community and Craft Centres

- Place

- Seńákw

- Development

- Concept Design

- Kinship

- The Missing Middle

- The Squamish Nation

- Form

- Transformation

- A New Methodology

- Residential Masterplan

- Concept Models

- Appendix

- Precedents

- Concept Sketches

- Bibliography

-Thesis Declaration

- Materiality

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Seล รกkw Reimagined

Thesis

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Seńákw Reimagined

Va n c o u v e r ’s I n d i g e n o u s H i s t o r y

Coastal First Nations

While skyscrapers are Vancouver’s most recent and notable

Although these past communities have since been superseded by

architecture, the Pacific North-West First Nation’s is most historic.

the requirements of modern life, there are lessons to be relearned and revived within modern architecture from that of the ancestors.

As the original inhabitants of British Columbia, they stewarded the land and its resources to produce true, honest, vernacular and detailed designs for their lifestyle with natural and 02 sustainable materials.

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Seńákw Reimagined

Treaty 8 Tahltan Okanagan Ktunaxa Sekani Chilcotin Gitxan Nisga’a Musqueam Kwakwaka’wakw Haida Coast Salish Nuu-Chah-Nulth

Vancouver

Va n c o u v e r ’s I n d i g e n o u s H i s t o r y

Coastal First Nations

The mapping depicts the geographical location of ancestral First Nations. Kwakwaka’wakw, Coast Salish, Musqueam and Haida lived and travelled frequently what is now Vancouver.

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‘The Raven and the First Men’, Cedarwood Sculpture

Va n c o u v e r ’s I n d i g e n o u s H i s t o r y

Raven, the Creator

04

In North-western mythology, Raven is

Raven forms the backbone of the First

The adjacent drawing depicts sketches

believed to be the creator and trickster -

Nations mythology, and appears in many

from a First Nations Raven Dance. You

pulling the First Men out of a clam shell

carvings, paintings, stories, dances and

can see his mischievous personality as he

on the coastal beaches.

festivities.

flaps and squawks at the audience.

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Va n c o u v e r ’s I n d i g e n o u s H i s t o r y

Haida Longhouse

First Nations artists Bill Reid and Doug Cranmer recreated these

No-nail/glue timber joinery, animated forms, graphic colour

Haida longhouses on-site, modeled on a 19th century Haida

detailing and cedar wood is typical of First Nation architecture.

village.

The models also demonstrate how the untreated natural cedar Although replicas, these buildings show the use of skilled

weathers from a warm brown to almost grey over time, hinting at

woodworking and structure knowledge much First Nations

how the villages may have looked.

architecture exhibited.

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Va n c o u v e r ’s I n d i g e n o u s H i s t o r y

Haida Longhouse

Characterised by a structural emblematic totem pole to the front of the building, double pitched roof with six protruding beams.

Thick cedar planks arranged within the timber frame created the roof and walls. These buildings could range from single family spaces to huge feasting halls.

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Va n c o u v e r ’s I n d i g e n o u s H i s t o r y

Kwakwaka’wakw Longhouse

This Nation’s longhouses have a specific and distinct structure: 4 rows of columns create a central circulation space with flanking dorms, while a distinct truss system of pitched roof, carved cedar trunks and central beam protrude to form an imposing entrance.

Façades are often painted or carved with band emblems.

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Va n c o u v e r ’s I n d i g e n o u s H i s t o r y

Coast Salish Plank House

The Coast Salish Plankhouses are simplistic in form, a single pitched portal frame forming the basis of the structure.

Overlapping thick planks of cedar to the façades and rafters formed walls and the roof. The simplicity of the form meant the longhouses could be extended up to 45m in length.

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Woven cedar baskets, storage and totems at Museum of Anthropology

Va n c o u v e r ’s I n d i g e n o u s H i s t o r y

Materiality

Baskets and clothing was woven from Cedar, known as the tree of life. Boxes, feast bowls and canoes were carved from solid Cedar trunks, as were ritualistic and emblematic Totems. Homes were made exclusively from Cedar, and structural columns, doorways and walls were carved with symbols surrounding mythological beliefs.

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Va n c o u v e r ’s I n d i g e n o u s H i s t o r y

Materiality

Left, a timber column doorpost is detailed in accordance with the house’s family crest. Right; close up to the weathered, aged raw cedar trunk. Warm tones are darkened as it ages.

House Posts in Museum of Anthropology, Vancouver

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Va n c o u v e r ’s I n d i g e n o u s H i s t o r y

First Nation’s Artwork

Seńákw Reimagined

Right, a modern-day First Nations artist’s pattern-work for flooring. Left, typical external house-boards painted in vernacular black charcoal and red ochre. Both painting styles reflect northwest coastern style of graphically rich imagery, animal mythology and sweeping bold lines.

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Seńákw Reimagined

Musqueam Squamish Tsleil-Waututh

First Nation Reserves

Metro Vancouver

Although the Coastal First Nations bands are still thriving in British Columbia, they have had their land claims greatly reduced. ‘Indian Reserves’, as designated by the 1867 Indian Reserve Act, set aside land within Canadian Provinces for First Nation claim. These lands can not be seized legally, or act as property by any one band member - they are goverened collectively by the Indigenous Nation.

The Musqueam, Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh First Nations each have one or several reserve lands within the Metro Vancouver area, shown in colour. The nations today are some of the largest land owners in the region.

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First Nation Reserves

Capilano 5 - A Case Study Capilano 5 is one of three Squamish First Nation Reserve lands in the Metro Vancouver area. The plot is situated in North Vancouver, over the Lion’s Gate bridge.

Divided in two by the flyover bridge, the larger western portion was leased out to developers by the Nation in the 1950s, and has since seen rapid development as the city of Vancouver becomes an ever more populous place. As the West Vancouver postcode becomes ever more desirable, multiple new and mid-construction luxury apartments pop up to join the vast shopping complex ‘Park Royal’.

In stark contrast, the remaining portion of the reserve remains separated and under-developed. Occupied by the Squamish people themselves, residential properties are interestingly similar to 1940s style American detatched, sprawling across the site. As reserves are outside of city jurisdiction, local council infrastructure such as waste collection and transport links are few.

Although the Squamish have created a strong sense of community and have undeniable pride in claiming sovereignty over their own land, this development and its detachment both visually and infra-structurally from Vancouver itself has almost ghettoised the settlement. Whilst this site represents half of the Capilano Reserve, it is unrecognisable as a whole next to the grand shopping centres and luxury condo complexes appearing over the last 50 years across the Lion’s Gate Bridge.

The example of Capilano 5 serves as a precedent for insensitive reserve development, suggesting that contextless design and divisive land leases aren’t the best approach for a socially sustainable and integrated Vancouver.

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Seล รกkw Reimagined

First Nation Reserves

Kitsilano 6 - A New Opportunity

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“Kitsilano 6 is a microcosm of the larger colonisation and expulsion of indigenous peoples across Canada” 1800

1869

1902

First Nation Reserves

Kitsilano 6

In an area once known as Seńákw, a reserve now sits. The history of this site is a microcosm of the larger colonisation and expulsion of indigenous peoples across Canada: once free land, 1913

the site was designated a ‘reserve’ in 1869 - as Vancouver’s rail industry developed, more of the land was illegally colonised until the reserve was completely claimed.

After the demolition of the Canadian Pacific Railway and lengthy legal battles, the Squamish First Nation reclaimed this site now 1950

known as Kitsilano 6.

Its position is key: just outside Vancouver’s city centre, the space is a tri-pronged axis connecting several important districts. Linking the Marina to Kitsilano’s suburb, tourist sites Granville Island to the Museum of Vancouver and Mainland Vancouver with the 15 2002

City Centre, the site serves as a gateway to the city.

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Seńåkw Reimagined

First Nation Reserves

Kitsilano 6

Starting as a village settlement of Squamish people, the area of Senakw was reduced and illegally claimed until the Squamish were forcibly shipped away.

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Seńákw Reimagined

Seńákw

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Seńákw Reimagined

Seńákw

Artistic rendering of the Senakw development in Vancouver’s Kitsilano neighbourhood. (Revery Architecture / Westbank / Squamish Nation)

The Existing Proposal After legally reclaiming the site in 2001, the Squamish First Nation

In 2019, this was increased to 6,000. The render above, provided

realised the potential. Proposing ‘Seńákw’ in 2018 with luxury

by Revery, shows visualisations of the vast development. Eleven

property developer Westbank and Revery Architects, a proposal

towering residential blocks up to 156 metres cover the 11-acre

planned a 3,000 apartment residential development.

plot. In this proposal, Westbank provide all construction costs, whilst the Squamish Nation provide the land on a 100 year lease.

Both financially benefit from potential profits.

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Seńákw

6000

The Existing Proposal

Apartments Proposed

Interrogating the new Seńákw proposal, the 11 tower complex of 6000 apartments reaches heights of 156m. This is juxtaposed greatly to the single family detatched homes of suburban Kitsilano, and would make some of its towers the third highest structure in Vancouver to date.

“We want to bring our people back home to that part of our territory” - Khelsilem Tl’akwasi’kan Sxwchálten, Squamish Community Leader

11.7

The partnership is 50/50 between the Squamish Nation and

Hectares or 45,000m²

developers Westbank, the latter famously behind the development of much of Vancouver’s skyline. It is clear the Squamish Nation wish to profit financially from this development, forecasting it will make them billions and aiming themselves to become developers.

£3b

“THIS IS RESERVE LAND SO THE CITY HAS NO JURISDICTION OVER PLANNING”.

Pound Budget

“WE WILL HAVE TO COME TO SOME AGREEMENT ABOUT SERVICE PROVISION BUT OTHERWISE THIS IS TOTALLY IN THE HANDS OF THE SQUAMISH NATION.”

SQUAMISH NATION VOTES YES

70/30 18

Rental / Condo

ON 19TH DECEMBER 2019 MEMBERS OF THE SQUAMISH NATION VOTED 2/3RDS IN FAVOUR OF THIS DEVELOPMENT. DUE TO PLANNING LAWS ON RESERVE LAND, THE NATION HAS FREE WILL TO ALTER PROPOSALS WITHOUT CITY INTERFERENCE. WORK IS TO COMMENCE IN 2020

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Seńákw Reimagined

1% 1% RENTAL VACANCIES

VANCOUVER’S PROPERTY MARKET IS SOARING, WITH HOUSE PRICES SELLING VASTLY OVER ASKING PRICE

The Missing Middle

Vancouver’s ‘Housing Crisis’ Vancouver often describes its own property market as experiencing a ‘housing crisis’ - specifically, home affordability and quantity. Its location, locked between ocean and mountain, and its surrounding single detached home sprawl limits expansion; a rising population pushes housing demand higher and pricing out a middle income bracket. As buying/selling is so profitable, the rental market today has a 1% vacancy - obtaining residency for many is therefore a key issue. This demand, quenched only by the creation of luxury condos continues the crisis.

“ The limited availability of land, dense inner core and surrounding suburban sprawl gives Vancouver what is described as a ‘Missing Middle’ ” This limited availability of land, dense inner core and surrounding suburban sprawl gives Vancouver what is described as a ‘Missing Middle. This unique lack of a ‘middle’ density is credited for the issues of inaffordabity and shortage which characterise the crisis. A more density-conscious housing proposal could alleviate growing housing issues.

19 IN ANSWER TO CALLS FOR MORE PROPERTY, DEVELOPMENT SOARS AND THE CONDO MARKET BOOMS

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The Missing Middle

Is ‘Seńákw’ part of the problem?

On the surface, the proposition for 6000 new units should answer the city’s calls for more housing. However, Seńákw’s proposal is likely to follow in the footsteps of many past economically minded projects - maximum profit for minimal space. The few renders and plans submitted to the public already create some concern over the true scale of this development.

“The proposed 156m towers do nothing to alleviate the issues of the Missing Middle, and are likely to price out a middle to low income family. ” The proposed 156m towers do nothing to alleviate the issues of the Missing Middle, and are likely to price out a middle to low

Provided masterplan & rendering by Revery Architects

income family, further continuing the crisis.

Its proposition for Hong-Kong levels of density of 6000 microapartments, allowed only due to its reserve status, is arguably socially unsustainable - it is likely to create a homogeneous environment, excessive for a suburban district such as Kitsilano.

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19m

3500m2

Seńákw Reimagined

34m

Exam Document

The Missing Middle

Seńákw Sketch Model

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proposal is more physically vast than shown. On reserve lands,

41m

Outside the sway of architectural rendering, it is clear this

3500m2

16m

through by the governing Nation. Without the guide of an official

19m

planning permission is not required - instead, proposals are voted

a sketch model opposite shows the true scale of Senakw in its

3500m²

14m

x50 floors

area must be below 30m2.182000

30m

156000mm

13m 15m

15m

possible, the average apartment

13m

13m

182000

For 6000 apartments to be

17m

3000mm

apartments or a vast exaggeration.

Tower dimensions from provided masterplan.

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17m

demographic, thousands of micro-

3000mm

This hints toward a homogeneous

17m

15m

3000mm

182000

156000mm

30m

182000m2

156000mm

Total GA =

15m

3000mm

14m 17m

15m

16m 15m

182000

41m 13m

Model of proposal photographed from Fairview. From this angle, it is clear the site is hugely juxtaposed to its context.

156000mm

30m

34m

3500m2

16m

15m 19m 14m

Total GA =

30m

17

16m

15m

41m

41m

34m

3500m2

14m

19m

17

neighbouring environment.

34m

planning committee, there are few able to question this proposal:

LY. G.

ALLY. ING.

SOARS AND THE CONDO MARKET BOOMS Exam Document

Seńákw Reimagined

IN ANSWER TO CALLS FOR MORE PROPERTY, DEVELOPMENT SOARS AND THE CONDO MARKET BOOMS

The Missing Middle

Displacement of Indigenous People Further into Vancouver’s ‘missing middle’, and its unequal mixture

2%

of density, is the inequality it creates within the city’s inhabitants.

While many emigrating have great wealth, many long-term

ABORIGINAL POPULATION TOTAL

residents are unable to keep up with the rising price of living, and

2% 2%

are priced either out of city-centre or housing altogether.

“Housing insecurity and unaffordability is disproportionately affecting some of Vancouver’s longest residents, the indigenous population.”

ABORIGINAL POPULATION TOTAL

Housing insecurity and unaffordability is disproportionately affecting some of Vancouver’s longest residents, the indigenous population. While making up only 2% of Vancouver’s total

30%

population, 30% of Vancouver’s homeless are of indigenous decent. This a grossly disproportionate representation.

30% 30%

HOMELESSNESS IN ABORIGINAL COMMUNITIES

With 1/4 of the Squamish Nation’s members with housing

HOMELESSNESS IN ABORIGINAL COMMUNITIES

insecurity themselves, some question whether the Senakw development is taking steps to address this.

The proposal’s prime location and adjacent property prices suggest this development will have a luxury price tag, continuing Photos from Hastings Street: A woman protests housing insecurity; while people with trolleys full of belongings congregate under the Survivor’s Totem.

the system of out-pricing middle incomes.

The Nation’s chief proposes condos will be subsidised for Nation members, but will they be genuinely affordable - and is there potential for a proposition better suited to the needs of the Nation?

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A New Methodology

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“Where does one begin a discussion of crafting an Indigenous story in architecture?”

Place

Kinship

‘The co-dependant relationship between humans and nature is

‘Traditions provide the structural basis of culture, and foster

embedded over time in place based learning’

cultural continuity’

A New Methodology

Catalysts in Indigenous Architecture Viewing the Seńákw proposal, it feels as if there is a missed opportunity. The Squamish Nation will economically benefit from the development - but is economic prosperity the only aim?

An alternate vision may imagine the Nation not only providing financial gain to their people, but lasting cultural value, environmental stewardship, housing security and ‘a seat at the table’ in Vancouver’s developing city. The current Seńákw proposal is a missed opportunity upon this city gateway.

As a non-indigenous architect, where does one begin crafting an indigenous story in architecture?

In ‘The Handbook of Contemporary Indigenous Architecture’,

Transformation

Sovereignty

‘Where the research gives back to and benefits the community

‘Architects, in their role as translators, will continue to play a

in some manner’

vital role in reinstuting culture’

Wanda Dalla Costa, First Nations member and Institute Professor at Arizona State University outlines frameworks for development of indigenous lands in Canada, stating four catalysts which reveal ways of thinking and knowledge systems affecting the production of built form.

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Seńákw Reimagined

‘The co-dependant relationship between humans and nature is embedded over time in place based learning’

Place ‘Place’ here means ‘the entwined nature of place, Indigenous world views and complexity of the cultural landscape’. Ceremony, songs, learning and lifeways emerge from the physical ‘place’, and over time ‘place’ becomes embedded in a co-dependent integrated relationship between humans and nature.

To begin to design for indigenous communities using ‘place’ as a catalyst, the designer must understand this need for collective stewardship, and how property does not act as a commodity, but rather a collective responsibility entrusted to generational caretakers.

Creating place-based interactions such as place-based naming and relationships with nature can promote this.

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Seńákw Reimagined

‘Traditions provide the structural basis of culture, and foster cultural continuity’

Kinship Using Elders as guides, traditional teachings works to provide a strong structural basis of culture and community.

Social cohesion is vital for survival and continuity in traditionally based societies. Historically, community formed the nucleus in the creation of environments. Buildings are not built in isolation, but in groups; a total environment of structures, spaces, and culture is merged as a unified whole. The community would share everything.

To understand this cultural tradition is key in the creation of desirable future organisation & form of buildings, streets, spaces.

It is crucial to talk about environment in terms of culture, rather than simply structure, technology or economy.

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‘Where the research gives back to and benefits the community in some manner’

Transformation Using ‘Transformation’ as catalyst to build and design, value can be provided economically, environmentally, culturally, socially and even politically.

For example, archi-economic strategies include designing with local construction expertise, specifying appropriate materials which contribute to local businesses and hiring local personnel; archipolitical strategies work to promote self-determination, such as using traditional building techniques or creating local project advisory boards.

In this approach the indigenous community and mobilising their roles within design is prioritised.

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‘Architects, in their role as translators, will continue to play a vital role in reinstituting culture’

Sovereignty ‘Sovereignty’ allows communities governance over their own land, to apply their own values and design for specific lifeways.

Reserve lands in Canada offer a level of sovereignty, and this is a positive development.

Architecture is proving more powerful in its ability to represent culture and contextualise traditional knowledge. Given its wide breadth across multiple disciplines of environment, land, culture, spatiality, story and historical precedent, it is becoming a potent vessel of communication.

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Place

Affordability

Addressing housing affordability with low-cost options

Designing indigenous placemaking opportunities

Quantity Transformation

Seńákw Site Addressing housing shortage Providing people with tools to

with a mid-density proposal

grow community

Kinship

Liveability

A New Methodology

Determinants

Sovereignty

Combining the needs of the indigenous client and the

Creating opportunity for

surrounding city of Vancouver, it is clearer what strategies

Maintaining Vancouverism ethos

should be implemented on-site and how the programme

& high liveability status by ‘giving

should be shaped.

knowledge-sharing

back’

Affordable and dense housing provision, created by hiring local expertise and knowledge, seems key. The provision

Promoting jurisdiction over

of social function through creative knowledge sharing is

environment

also important.

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Precedents

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Indigenous Precedents

Nk’Mip Desert Cultural Centre DIALOG ARCHITECTS // OSOOYOS, BC This cultural centre, which uses place as a catalyst, is situated in the Canadian desert landscape in Osoyoos indigenous territory.

Aiming to represent the Osoyoos unique relationship with the land, it is designed to be an extension of the remarkable site.

The landscape flows over the structure’s roof, held in by a rammed earth wall, the key feature. The building aims to layer into the desert, receding into the landscape and distant mountains.

The programme hosts internal and external exhibits celebrating the culture and the history of the Osoyoos people, designed as an extension of the site their role as stewards.

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“By capitalising on place, this project powerfully articulates the local world view, an innate driver in the human–nature relationship.”

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Seńákw Reimagined

Indigenous Precedents

Gathering Circle and Spirit Garden BROOK MCILROY AND RYAN GORRIE // OTTAWA, ON Using transformation as a catalyst, this project explores ways in which architecture can give back and redress past injustice. It engages local indigenous designers to guide and craft the story, empowers communities through employment of indigenous artists, and supports local construction technology and expertise, creating through it all a space for cultural events to take place.

The project celebrates its nature - inspired setting through its open air pavilion structure, using arched and truss-like columns and employing local bentwood building techniques.

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“It has become a major landmark, informing visitors and residents of the influence of Indigenous culture in Thunder Bay”

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Seńákw Reimagined

Indigenous Precedents

The Gordon Oakes Red Bear Student Centre DOUGLAS CARDINAL AND RBM ARCHITECTS // SASKATOON, SK Using kinship as a catalyst, this student centre at the University of Saskatchewan celebrates indigenous Canadian heritage and creates a space for students of all backgrounds to integrate with aboriginal history and knowledge. The architect’s aim with this building was to articulate the changing role of education for inclusion of indigenous culture.

The curvilinear structure and circular plan represent the symbolic circular notion of healing, knowledge, and equality, and the circular form of Indigenous ceremonies. It place for vital cultural activities such as dance, ceremony, lectures and social gatherings.

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“The student centre will provide a welcoming cultural setting for Aboriginal students coming from various communities” - Douglas Cardinal

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Indigenous Precedents

Seabird Island School

PATKAU ARCHITECTS // AGASSIZ, BC To create this Community School for the Seabird Island First Nation band in Agassiz, British Columbia, Patkau Architects looked to the band’s mythology and site location to inform the design and ‘foster the aboriginal culture of the Salish people’.

The roof sweeps to reflect the surrounding mountainous forms, while cantilevered roofs and angular columns suggest a skeletal, biological element hinting toward an avian or ichthyic inspiration, strongly in-twined within the Nation’s mythology.

This structure and programme is thus ‘significantly informed by community values.’

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“Some people see a bird, some a mountain, some a fish - all of those are right.” John Patkau

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Residential Precedents

Walter’s Way

WALTER SEGAL // LEWISHAM, LDN

“The idea is you’re not just building a house but building yourself as well.” - Alice Grahame, Resident

Segal’s ‘anarchistic’ self-build estate in 1980s Lewisham, South

The simplicity of the modular timber structures allows their

London revolutionised low cost housing and secured the architect’s

modification and alteration during and after construction; the

position in self-build projects. His simple off-the-shelf elements

materials lightweight nature allows their ease of construction by

of timber frame, insulation and weatherproof shell could be

the local community.

self-built, modified and arranged to the inhabitants requirements.

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Minimising construction costs. these homes addressing both

Segal’s method realised a new potential for sustainable affordable

housing affordability and availability.

housing.

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Contemporary Precedents

Audain Art Museum

PATKAU ARCHITECTS // WHISTLER, BC This Museum in Whistler, BC, was commissioned by a private art collector to open the works to the public.

The structure’s dark external form sinks and twists into the surrounding forest. Where the envelope opens for entrances or viewing platforms, warm timber creates inviting apertures.

Long glazed internal corridors allow views to the pine and mountains, providing a symbiotic relationship with nature. Timber batten finishes to walls create a soft backdrop for the art works on display, and allow slivers of light though.

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‘The form is restrained to provide a minimal backdrop for the art and surrounding natural landscape.’ - Patkau Architects

Thesis Declaration

Exam Document

Seńákw Reimagined

Thesis Declaration

Seńákw Cultural Centre and Residential Self-Build Focusing on the 11.7 acre land plot Kitsilano 6, this project will propose an alternative vision to the Seńákw development which prioritises its cultural and social rather than purely economic value.

Using the catalysts of Place, Kinship and Transformation recommended by Dalla Costa, Seńákw will be re-imagined: a Cultural Centre and a Self Build Residential Community.

This approach will consider the various values both in wider Vancouver and the Squamish Nation. It aims to propose a design of residential density & affordability to counteract the ‘missing middle’, a cultural centre which promotes cultural and environmental sustainability, opportunities for the Squamish Nation’s economic prosperity and adhering to the ethos of Vancouverism.

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Exam Document

Seńákw Reimagined

Thesis Declaration

Seńákw Cultural Centre and Residential Self-Build

The proposal shall begin with a Cultural Centre here working

This Cultural Centre will encourage and equip people with the

The development future-proofs itself to rising populations as

as a social catalyst, integrating the site with the wider city and

knowledge and expertise to custom-build upon the site, and

a modifiable modular site. As it builds itself up to inhabitant

securing a local community.

provide mediation and consultation throughout this process.

requirements, the Centre continues to educate and provide engagement with the site’s rich cultural history

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Exam Document

02

Seล รกkw Reimagined

Masterplan

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Exam Document

Seńåkw Reimagined

Master plan

High Rise, High Density?

To grasp the site potential & visualise density, these diagrammatic models illustrate equal volume of the Senakw proposal expressed in varying forms - here assuming volume can represent density.

Volumetrically, these eleven towers can be altered to create a lowerrise form whilst still maintaining their density. Forms reminiscent of Skyscrapers, High-Rises, Mid-Rise and Shanty Town densities can be expressed through the same volume distributed variably.

This questions whether skyscrapers are truly required.

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Exam Document

Seล รกkw Reimagined

Site Analysis

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Exam Document

Seล รกkw Reimagined

Sunset Beach Yaletown Burrard Bridge Kits Point Senakw Kitsilano

Museum of Vancouver False Creek Granville Island Burrard Marina

Molston Brewery (closed) Armouries

Fairview

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Apartments High Rise

Exam Document

Seńåkw Reimagined

Single Detatched Homes Apartments Mid-Rise Mixed Use Residential / Commercial Education Leisure / Public Attraction

Single Detatched Residential

Marina & Leisure Facilities

Office Retail Light Industry Community Centre

Land Use Analysis

Kitsilano, Fairview, Downtown Mapping the local land usage and zoning functions shows what is prevalent in the local area and hints toward opportunities.

A large amount of surrounding structures are residential, or mixed uses with residential facilities. Many of these buildings are

Light Industry Yaletown Development

also under 10 storeys.

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Exam Document

Seล รกkw Reimagined

Single Family Detatched Residential

Apartments Mid-Rise

Apartments High-Rise

Leisure & Tourism

Office

Retail

Land Use Analysis

Mappings 45 Mixed Use

Light Industry

Education

Sports Ground Exam Document

Seńákw Reimagined

Leisure Structure Public Park/Greenspace Seawall Route

Kitsilano Beach

Sunset Beach

Vamier Park

MOA

Land Use Analysis

Leisure & Tourism The site’s east wing lies along a strong tourist and leisure route, the Granville Island

Seawall Bike & Pedestrian route.

Granville island, Museum of Vancouver (MOA) and multiple parks, beaches and sports fields are also located around the site.

The site has great potential to tap into this leisure & tourist demographic.

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Tourists

Exam Document

Seńåkw Reimagined Commuters Local Residents Museum of Vancouver

Kitsilano Beach

Leisure Activity

Dirt Bike Track City Centre via Burrard Bridge

Vancouver Academy of Music

Burrard Civic Marina

Land Use Analysis

The Site as an Axis Although the site has not yet seen development, many routes transverse it. It is clear it works as an important axis between districts and areas.

Heavy directional footfall from many entrances is analysed here.

Depending on direction, we can assume the site travellers are tourists, commuters, residents or leisure seekers.

Maintaining the sites circulatory functions within the city is key to maximising footfall and integrating the public with the development.

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Exam Document

Seล รกkw Reimagined

Site Analysis

Kitsilano 6

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Exam Document

Seล รกkw Reimagined

Site Analysis

Opportunities & Constraints

Natural Forest

Existing Pathways

Existing Desire Lines

Bridge Shading

Vehicular Access Points

Building 20m Easements

Best Views

Bridge 20m Easement

Standard Views

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Exam Document

Seńåkw Reimagined

Development

Existing Site Plan Paths and desire lines are marked, showing main routes of pedestrian travel and key destinations surrounding the site.

Existing Pathways Existing Desire Lines

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Exam Document

Seńåkw Reimagined

Development

Primary Routes Formalised Main directional flow to & from key points retained, such as the marina, main roads and key buildings.

Formalised Routes

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Exam Document

Seńåkw Reimagined

Development

Secondary Routes Introduced New opportunities of flow created through plan guiding pedestrians toward points of interest, such as marina, apartments or forest.

Formalised Routes Secondary Routes

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Exam Document

Seńåkw Reimagined

Development

20m Easement Applied An easement boundary offsets distance to reduce unsightly views, shade and excessive noise levels associated with the flyover.

Formalised Routes Secondary Routes 20m Flyover Easement

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Exam Document

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Development

Space For Social Function Programming this ‘dead’ zone within the easement with appropriate social / communal function creates positive development from land unfit for residential purpose.

Formalised Routes Secondary Routes 20m Flyover Easement Social Function

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Exam Document

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Development

Residential Takes Prime Areas The most residential-suited parts of the site are the axis arms, falling outside of the bridge easement. These areas benefit from the best views and vehicular access.

Formalised Routes Secondary Routes 20m Flyover Easement Social Function Residential Function 55

Exam Document

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Development

‘Welcome Mat’ Created The east tourist & leisure heavy entrance to the site is included in the zoning for social function, together with land below the bridge.

Formalised Routes Secondary Routes 20m Flyover Easement Social Function Residential Function Welcome Mat

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Exam Document

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Development

Cultural Centre Site Defined Many routes through the site cross and lead to the part of site under & behind the flyover. Positioning a centre here will maximise footfall.

Formalised Routes Secondary Routes Social Function Potential Entrance 57

Exam Document

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The Squamish Nation

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Exam Document

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“The Squamish Nation’s Title Lands are mapped prioritising natural and mythological elements prevalent within their lifeways”

The Squamish Nation

From Sea To Sky

Although the Squamish Nation’s land today is reduced to reserves, historically the Squamish people stewarded a vast area from Vancouver to Whistler.

Left are the Squamish Nation’s Title Lands, mapped prioritising the natural and mythological elements prevalent within their ancestral stories and lifeways, current spiritual grounds, sensitive areas and restoration & conservation lands.

Rather than cities, key nodes are Squamish settlements. Rather than westernised landmarks, spiritual and conservation grounds are highlighted. Traditional placenames are used, containing messages of Squamish creation stories.

Rivers

This mapping aims to represent and analyse place from a non-

Mountains

western perspective, giving priority to the natural and spiritual

Sacred

sphere prevalent within Squamish culture.

Restoration Sensitive Areas Settlement Boundary

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Exam Document

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Skwxwú7mesh

Nexw-áyantsut

A historic coastal settlement of the Squamish people.

Wild Spirit place, retained for

spiritual and cultural

renewal. Prized wild goat fur could be sourced here.

Siy’ám’ Smánit The Stawarmus Chief ’s longhouse was turned into stone

Puyám

here during a great feast, visible today as a bourderous

A Squamish settlement and winter village. In this northern

rock. The spirits of the animal guests still remain inside.

territory bears were common.

Ch’axáý

T’ak’t’ak mu’yin tl’a in7in’a’xe7en

Two giants once fought here; their slingshots are now

‘Landing Place of the Thunderbird’, the tallest mountain

visible today as huge boulders upon the bay. The spot was

and the protector of the Squamish people.

a great summer place to fish.

Ch’ich Eliwxih

Chekw’élhp

A place of spiritual and physical nourishment. Bountiful

The first man appeared here, forming the basis of the

resources of sea life in this bay made it an important

Squamish people. In other stories, Sisiutl (sea-dogs) pulled

summer food source. The mountains were used for

sailors into the ocean here.

spiritual training.

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Exam Document

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“Resources where Squamish members can earn a living, such as forestry and tourism; places to heal, recover and re-connect with the land...”

In the Nation’s governance and strategy plans, several aims are outlined:

The Squamish Nation

Current Land Management Values Although the Squamish ancestral history still maintains a core value in the Nation’s teaching and culture, today the band has modernised. Their modern Nation has strategic aims outlining their current goals and plans for own development.

ECONOMIC PLAN:

SOCIAL PLAN:

ENVIRONMENTAL PLAN:

The Squamish Nation will continue to

Highlighting the language in place names;

Providing

value sustainable economic development

reminding people of their ancestry

fishing and gathering;

Widely using the Squamish language,

Getting

allowing it to be the first language of the

into the traditional territory for health,

community.

education, recreation, spiritual and cultural

opportunities

for

Understanding and upholding these current values within a

hunting,

proposal is key to project success.

that provides economic, ecological, and social benefit to our community.

Squamish

Nation

members

purposes.

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Residential Masterplan

Single pitch portal frame

Short entrance facade angled away from coastal wind

Residential Master plan

Simple rafter design, timber plank roof

Coast Salish Plankhouses

House Post

Wall Plate

Although these houses are obsolete today, there is a rich history and culture tied into their simplistic design.

Cedar bark wall tie Compacted Earth Ground; soil

Inherently sustainable, the modular timber forms could be made quickly, easily and modified to future requirements of the

House Stone

External support pole Timber wall planks Internal support pole Timber Column

village.

A plankhouse foundation Modules can be extended to requirements

Roof Planks

Plankhouse cladding system

Exam Document

Seńákw Reimagined

Longhouse Entrance

Smaller

Rooms

to

Larger Pods for Chief ’s Family

outer edge

Central Communal Space for

Storage space for food/

Dance and Feasting

equipment

Outer Longhouse used for family’s sleeping compartments

Central Longhouse used for communal function

Outer Longhouse used for family’s sleeping compartments

Typical Coast Salish Floorplan

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Exam Document

Seńákw Reimagined

Framework Stacked

Residential Master plan

Increasing Longhouse Density Taking inspiration from the longhouse’s modular form, an increased density prototype can be made by vertically stacking these elements.

Like the longhouses, central space can be used for circulation and communal function, whilst rooms can be arranged toward the outer lengths, maximising light to these spaces.

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Residential Master plan

Early Concepts Imagining a new proposal for a community built upon the reserve.

The timber single-pitch structures pay homage to the Squamish development which historically stood there.

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Exam Document

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Residential

Communal

Residential

Residential Master plan

Modular Design Using frame-led partitions, like seen in the historic plankhouses, creates modular dorms for residential purpose.

The central area takes similar inspiration, focused on circulation and communal functions such as common rooms and shared balconies.

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Exam Document

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Residential Master plan

Detail Columns Taking inspiration from the winged Thunderbird, columns are designed to represent feather-like avian forms.

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Exam Document

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Residential Master plan

Simple Framework Built on a 5x5 grid, a simple frame allows changeability for selfbuilders within. Stairs and lift shaft are provided to the inner core.

This timber framework prototype will be provided on-site for inhabitants further development.

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Exam Document

Seńákw Reimagined

Residential Master plan

Multi-Storey & Family Homes Prospective residents occupy as many modules as required within their affordability bracket.

Family units may occupy units across floors, building a stairwell, bi-folding facade, and enough bedrooms to expand.

If the family’s needs grow in the future, they can modify their own modules, extend the property, or build a balcony.

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Exam Document

Seńåkw Reimagined

Residential Master plan

Apartments Prospective residents occupy as many modules as required within their affordability bracket.

A professional couple may invest in several modules, and convert some rooms into a home-working studio.

A nature enthusiast may buy a minimal space, but extend the facade building a balcony garden.

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Exam Document

Seńåkw Reimagined

Residential Master plan

Single Apartments At only 25m2, buying a single module is minimal, but could provide an affordable city residency for a young professional.

This first time buyer may only afford one module now, but has the option to expand the property as their income increases.

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Exam Document

Seńákw Reimagined

Timber Balcony

Charred timber cladding

Housewap

Cladding support battens

Plasterboard

Timber Stud Wall

Plasterboard

Sheeps Wool Insulation

Custom Handrail Timber flooring Timber brackets

Frame System Triple Glazing

Residential Master plan

5x5 Base Frame: Provided

Single Module Exploded The module frame is provided; the community builds everything else. Materials, knowledge and skills, building recommendations, expertise, comradery and elbow grease are found at the Cultural

Timber Flooring

Centre.

Vapour Barrier Joists with Sheep’s Wool Insulation

Materials specified here are recommended as the low cost, environmentally friendly and aesthetic option - but not enforced.

Damp Proof Membrane Timber Beams

Residents have freedom to build to their own specification within their module.

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Exam Document

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180mm Bespoke Glulam Column Slotted Shrinkage Holes with 12D bolts Glued-in Metal Plate Angled Steel Bracket Steel Pin Steel Bearing Pad Shim Plate 180mm Timber Beam Structure

25mm Timber Flooring Vapour Barrier 100mm Joists with 50mm Sheep’s Wool Insulation Damp Proof Membrane 180mm Timber Beams Steel Plate fixing Steel Cap

Residential Master plan 74

‘V Column Detail’

Exam Document

Seńåkw Reimagined

Rivers

Boundary

Title Lands

Residential Master plan

Ancestral Lands in Landscape In their ancestral lands, rivers were routes or pathways for the canoe to follow. They linked villages, helped trade, provided food and nourishment for the Squamish people.

Overlaying the rivers from the title lands to be used in the masterplan as secondary paths pays homage to the vast and complex natural network the Squamish families descended from.

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Exam Document

Seńåkw Reimagined

Residential Master plan

Framework Plots The framework plots are arranged across the site to allow for ground and upper floor expansion space.

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Exam Document

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Seล รกkw Reimagined

Catalyst

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Exam Document

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Kitsilano 6

Developing the Cultural Centre 78

Exam Document

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The Squamish Nation

Once, there came a great flood. A man who survived was walking down the

The Thunderbird and the Squamish

river, feeling depressed from the loss of his people.

The Thunderbird saw this man, and helped him, giving him food,

telling him of a place to stay, and that he would find a wife.

The Thunderbird is the band symbol for the Squamish. He is the

He continued down the river, reaching a place which came to be

protector, representing power and strength.

Chekw’élhp, and repopulated the land with large families.

In ancestral creation tales, the thunderbird saved the Squamish

population from a great flood, guiding them down the river to lands now known non-natively as Greater Vancouver.

Many Squamish claim decent from these ancestors, and the protecting, powerful Thunderbird is an important figure in Squamish culture.

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“Cultural centres and keeping places celebrate Indigenous cultures in ways that aim to empower Aboriginal communities.” E.Grant and K.Greenop

The Cultural Centre

Reaffirming Indigenous Presence Cultural centres and keeping places are an important part of Indigenous Architecture, providing the indigenous community with a place to protect, present and celebrate their culture, typically in ways which empower their community. In successful projects, materials are often sourced locally, and employment opportunities are created. The community is often involved in the design, planning and approval processes, and reflects the needs for ownership of cultural knowledge.

Within a city environment, cultural centres also play an important role in engaging and educating non-indigenous communities with a cultures beliefs and lifeways. Proposing a Cultural Centre for the Senakw site should aim toward all of this - providing employment, economic gain, cultural preservation and ownership for the indigenous community, and integrating educational facilities for the wider city.

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Access to Nature

Exam Document

Seńákw Reimagined

Ancillary

Cultural Functions

The Cultural Centre

Economic

Nk’Mip Desert Cultural Centre DIALOG ARCHITECTS This structure’s design takes inspiration from the Osoyoos people, representing their relationship with the land and the natural sphere proposing a rammed earth feature wall. Aesthetically the structure is striking, blending seamlessly into the landscape.

Programmatically, the Cultural Centre provides spaces for engagement with the Osoyoos band’s lifeways and links with the natural world, providing an event hall, a workshop, gallery space, gift shop, outdoor amphitheatre, habitat display and gift shop.

GIA: 1115m2

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Thesis Outline

Exam Document

Seńákw Reimagined

THE YALETOWN ROUNDHOUSE

BUILT FROM THE OLD YALETOWN RAIL TERMINUS, THE ROUNDHOUSE COMMUNITY CENTRE IS A VIBRANT PERFORMANCE, ARTS AND CRAFTS SPACE FOR THE LOCAL POPULATION OF THE NORTH FALSE CREEK DEVELOPMENT PART OF A LAND USE REQUIREMENT FOR PUBLIC SPACE ON CITY DEVELOPMENTS, THIS COMMUNITY SPACE IS SPECIFIED AND FUNDED BY THE DEVELOPER AS A ‘COMMUNITY AMENITY CONTRIBUTION’.

VANCOUVERISM

PROVIDING QUALITY PUBLIC SPACE AND AMENITIES IS A KEY PRINCIPLE OF VANCOUVER’S PLANNING AIMS. TAXING DEVELOPERS ‘CACS’ ALLOWS THE CITY AND ITS CITIZENS TO BENEFIT FROM LARGE SCALE DEVELOPMENTS, SEEING THE MONEY PROFITED FROM DEVELOPMENT REFLECTED IN GREENSPACE, SCHOOLS, COMMUNITY CENTRES, GYMNASIUMS AND MORE.

The Community Centre

Yaletown Roundhouse

The Yaletown Roundhouse is a community centre designed upon a disused rail station within Concord Pacific’s vast Yaletown redevelopment.

Created to supply the new inhabitants with a communal space, the Roundhouse is vibrant, busy and well funded place for arts & performance.

After a visit to the centre and liaising with staff, it was apparent craft functions are hugely popular - and that many classes are

GIA: 4100m2

quickly booked and enjoyed.

Yaletown’s programme &

ON SITE, COMMUNITY & RECREATIONAL SPACE WAS DESIGNATED FOR TWO COMMUNITY SCHOOLS, COMMUNITY CENTRE, GYMNASIUM, AND DAY CARE FACILITIES TOTALLING 20,000M²

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Circulation

Public Space

Performance Hall

WITH AN EXTENSIVE MASTERPLAN OF 11,000 DWELLING UNITS, OFFICE SPACE, RETAIL AND RECREATIONAL, THE AREA PRIORITISED CITY INTEGRATION, LIVELY SPACES AND A DIVERSE NEIGHBOURHOOD.

Music Rooms

THE HISTORIC SITE ONCE USED BY CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY HAS UNDERGONE HUGE REDEVELOPMENT SCHEMES SINCE THE 1980S TO TURN THIS INTO A VIBRANT ECONOMIC QUARTER.

general arrangement is a good

precedent and gauge when proposing the Senakw site’s Cultural Craft Studio

NORTH FALSE CREEK

Gym Hall

Ancillary

Function

Centre, which will require spaces for performance & craft studios also.

Exam Document

Seล รกkw Reimagined Workshop Studios

Cafe

Gallery 1

Workshops have Courtyard Interface to sell goods and service Central Courtyard

Gallery 2

door to rear

Gallery 3

The Craft Centre

Ruthin Craft Centre

Education Spaces

Galleries, accessed separately, can use courtyard darker space

GIA: 1115m2 The Ruthin Craft Centre provides a space for the creation, viewing and selling of craft products in a unified structure. With the building centred around a courtyard, separate functions within the programme integrate.

Workshops have both service entrances to the rear for materials, and shop faรงades opening into the courtyard, allowing artists to sell their work in the communal space.

Education Rooms face into courtyard

Gallery spaces, tucked into the corner of the courtyard, exhibit pieces and attract tourists. Education rooms provide craft lessons for schools.

The simple red cast walls reflect the red sandstone of the local welsh towns, while the sweeping irregular zinc roof hints at the Clywdian mountain range surrounding the site.

Ruthin Craft Centre

Courtyard integrates all functions 83

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Concept Design

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Concept Design

1:500 Massing Studies Right is a collection of massing studies using the ‘dead-space’ under and surrounding the bridge. I used six blocks of foam to represent a volumetric mass similar to that of community/cultural centre precedents Yaletown Roundhouse & Ruthin Craft Centre - this gave a basic indication of spatial requirement & allowed me to objectively view a form’s potential surrounding the bridge.

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Exam Document

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Snug to boundary

Programmes unwanted site space

Squares off corner

Creates courtyard spaces within

Concept Design

Initial Form Sketches This basic form provided opportunities for courtyard space and Open arm welcomes visitors

programming of bridge voids whilst maximising the allocated

Volumes & voids allow separation to functions

space upon the site.

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Key point of site circulation

Potential for Entrances

Exam Document

Seńåkw Reimagined

Workshop

Cultural Museum

Event Hall

Community Rooms

Artist Studios

Complete Centre

Concept Design

Initial Programme Due to the under-bridge location, some parts of the form are heavily shaded and receive little natural light. Programming these darker points positively with suitable function, they serve well as workshops, a cultural archive and event hall.

The artists block and community rooms are arranged to the rear, making use of a courtyard & forest facing facade.

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Exam Document

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Form

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Fo r m

Avian Mythology A strong vein of avian mythology runs through the Squamish Nation’s Heritage. The Thunderbird led their ancestors to safety during the Great Flood, and thus forms the nations crest; the Raven created human life itself.

Looking to the structure and form of the Raven, left, can provide inspiration into the structure and form of built elements. Wings and beaks form sweeping angled cantilevers; the skeleton is light and delicate.

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Fo r m

Wing Maquettes These small maquette models explore the structure and form of the bird wing.

They aim to find the balance between strong and delicate, structural but light, uniform yet flowing.

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Concept Models

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Concept Models

1:500 Sketch Model Iteration One Timber columns form a monolithic facade.

A pitched rib-cage rafter structure creates a light atrium to the extending wing.

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Concept Models

1:500 Sketch Model Iteration Two Angled pitched roofs and columns point outward, reaching over the site.

The elongated tail sweeps down toward the ground.

The light structure has a living, biomemetic feel.

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Concept Models

1:200 Structural Sketch Model A balsa structural draft model furthers the design process. Angled timber columns externally give the structure a light sweeping feel and cantilevered roofs; timber internal columns have an orderly, uniform aura, like a pine forest.

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Concept Models

1:500 Revisiting the Envelope The next iteration on the form works into the building’s envelope, conveying an abstracted avian form through delicate outer skeleton and ‘wing-like’ apertures.

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Concept Models

1:500 Revisiting the Envelope From a pedestrian perspective, the building creates two ‘wing-like’ forms. The front and rear façades fan outward, repeating angular columns in a spread ‘wing’.

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Single pitch volumes sweep down toward the entrance

Single-pitched forms suggest similarities to the historic Coast Salish plankhouse

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Concept Models

1:200 Progress Model A sweeping, glazed curtain wall on the rear facade provides views over the forest behind.

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Concept Sketches

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Concept Sketches

Eastward Approach Drawing concept visuals at this stage helped to define the aims for each space & further develop the design. A large part of the Cultural Centre’s brief is to provide spaces for cultural events and

The courtyard is livened with activity from the sale of artist’s work, food and drink, and dance event.

community engagement, places to integrate and opportunities to interact.

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Concept Sketches

Artist’s Cloister Sheltered under the overhang, artists sell wares from their studios

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Concept Sketches

Westward Approach A canoe hangs in the atrium of the Squamish Cultural Centre

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Concept Sketches

Community Room Locals gather in the room to view the lush pine canopy beyond

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Concept Sketches

Workshop and Consultation Space Residents and locals work on projects for their home, while a carving class is also held. Prospective homeowners discuss their ideal property above.

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Materiality

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“The contrast between the red and black cedar is reminiscent of First Nations red ochre and charcoal paintings.”

Materiality

Red and Charred Cedar Vernacular western red cedar is used extensively in First Nations culture. Described as ‘the tree of life’, it provided material for transportation as canoes, building lumber for homes, functional object carvings and decorative masks, and even woven baskets and clothing.

Given its cultural importance as a resource, and abundance in British Columbia, the main building material is Red Cedar.

The more modern practice of charring timber provides it with a weather and age resistant protective char layer. For external cladding, this material is environmentally and visually appropriate.

The contrast between the red and black cedar is reminiscent of First Nations red ochre and charcoal paintings.

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Materiality

Cedar Glulam Columns, Cross-Laminated Timber As well as the external finish in cedarwood cladding, the columns will be glulam cedar throughout the project.

Glulam is an environmentally friendly alternative to steel, being 80% more lightweight, quicker to install and renewable. Cedar is abundant in British Columbia.

After providing structure to the Cultural Centre and Self Build frames, these beams also have a high capability for aesthetic design, able to be specified as angular or even curved.

A ‘V’ shaped detailed structural column has visual links to the avian feather forms alone, and together interweave like the cedar woven basket designs.

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Materials used - locally sourced in BC

Materiality

Cedar Glulam Columns All materials can be sourced locally in the British Columbia region.

This should lower carbon emissions from material transport, and pay homage to the beautiful local material aesthetic.

SANDSTONE FLOOR TILES

CHARRED CEDAR CLADDING

CEDAR PLANK & CEDAR

K2 Stone Quarry, Port Renfrew

POCO Supplies, Port Coquitlam BC

GLULAM

BC

Saran Cedar Mill; StructureCraft, Abbortsford, BC 111

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Final Declaration

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Senakw Reimagined envisions an alternative proposal of residential development and master-planning for Kitsilano 6, Vancouver, reflecting the stakeholder’s indigenous heritage whilst creating an affordable dense community within the city.

Situated upon a Squamish First Nations Reserve, the proposal is based closely around methodology for sensitive reserve development, challenging existing proposals by reinstating indigenous heritage and lifeways within a modern city setting.

With the site’s location a gateway to the city, the proposal aims to tackle current issues of housing, density, affordability and liveability whilst promoting the importance of lasting cultural and environmental value.

The result is an affordable self-build modular housing community

Senakw

centred around the Senakw Cultural Centre. Taking inspiration from Squamish lifeways, mythology and materials, the Cultural Centre creates a space for the teaching and performance of First Nation Arts and Crafts, with an interchange of skills and expertise.

It aims to preserve, teach and celebrate indigenous heritage whilst providing a platform for its integration in the wider city setting.

Craft skills learned within the centre are then applied to cedar frameworks across the site, creating a system of affordable and community residential builds, strengthening local knowledge in the process. The modular timber residences, customisable to requirements, become future-proofed for a forecast rising population.

Using knowledge, skills, equipment and community workforce provided within the Cultural Centre, the thesis imagines that the inhabitants will build the new Seńákw into a modern thriving community – becoming a cultural homage to Squamish history, and an architecture prepared for the future.

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‘The co-dependant relationship between humans and nature is embedded over time in place based learning’

Place

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Seńákw Reimagined

The Seńákw development provides opportunities to interact with the forest to the north. Timber inclines toward the community centre provide a heightened immersion within the foliage, becoming a restorative experience in nature.

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Seńåkw Reimagined

The site’s twisting paths, ponds and natural landscape represents the title lands of the Squamish. Rivers become pathways, forest becomes foliage, lakes become ponds. The natural flow of people through the site is reminiscent of the flow of rivers through the Squamish ancestral lands.

Native existing foliage is retained on-site.

To the east, an urban re-wilding greenspace is proposed in the form of forage-friendly ecological garden.

Site Plan 1:200

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The species provided are all native to British Columbia, suitable for the coastal environment, and hold special importance to First Nations communities as foraged food sources. Planting these reintroduces native Canadian species into the site, pushing forward the Squamish aims of habitat restoration and landscape stewardship, and provides an important platform for the cultural foraged food uses in a modern generation.

Landscape Section 1:200

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Sage

Seńåkw Reimagined

Blue Camas

Salmonberries

Canada

Bog Cranberries

Wapato

Apples

Salal

Hazelnuts

Soapberrries

Blueberries

Burnt, used for

Roots are boiled and

Can be eaten raw or in

A sour berry to

Can be eaten alone or

Growing in shallow

Can be eaten alone

Makes great jams &

Can be eaten alone

These provide a

smudging & ritualistic

eaten at feasting events

jams

accompany seafood

as jams

waters, the roots are

or cooked

syrups

or cooked

natural antimicrobial

cleansing

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similar to potatoes

lather

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Seńåkw Reimagined

The

site

welcomes

people

with

a

landscaped bouquet of native species. On their routes around the bay, people travel through the foliage, free to forage for any seasonal produce in the local fauna.

Waterfront Visual Westward

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‘Traditions provide the structural basis of culture, and foster cultural continuity’

Kinship

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Seńákw Reimagined

The cultural centre provides a space for the preservation,

The design takes inspiration from the Thunderbird. ‘Wings’ thrust

education, integration, creation and performance of Squamish

upward into the sky from beneath the bridge, delicate skeletal

Culture.

structure balance the cantilevered roof, a serrated envelope mimics rows of feathers, with angular windows allowing in flits of light.

Front Elevation 1:200

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The slanted pitched roofs modernise the form of the single pitched plank-house, and timber structure revives their historic warm aura inside.

West Elevation 1:200

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East Elevation 1:200

Seล รกkw Reimagined

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13.

12.

11.

10.

9.

6.

8.

3.

7.

2.

5.

4.

1.

1. Workshop 2. Communal Courtyard 3. Artist’s Studios 4. Cultural Archive Reception 5. Heritage Collection 6. Market Space 7. Event Hall Reception 8. Event Hall 9. Consultation Space

The elevated form of the building allows the site to retain its existing routes, and utilises the flowing circulation through the Exploded Axonometric 1200

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permeable form to guide visitors to key spaces

10. Cultural Gallery 11. Community Reception 12. Community Centre 13. Sage Garden

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A Sage Garden upon the mezzanine provides a smaller display of native herb species of cultural use for members to use, enjoy or just admire. People within the cultural centre advise newcomers of their usage and importance. The sage when burned is used to ‘Smudge’, removing bad aura from rooms and cleansing body and spirit, and has special importance to ceremonies and events.

Sage Garden Mezzanine

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Artist’s studios flank the rear of the site, immersed in the woodland view through wide windows, and shop front façades opening into the courtyard. These spaces provide a place for local artists to create their own work, selling it in the market spaces below the arches of the bridge, or exhibit it in the gallery.

Artist’s Studios

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Above the artist studios on the ground floor, the Cultural Centre’s first floor reserves spaces for community craft and education, providing painting, carving, weaving, music, dance and language lessons for locals, with rooms immersed in a fir tree backdrop.

Community Centre Section 1:200

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Community Centre to Cultural Gallery Section 1:150

Seล รกkw Reimagined

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Workshop, Cultural Gallery and Event Hall Section 1:200

Seล รกkw Reimagined

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25mm Timber Floor Finish Felt Protective Layer 25mm Plywood Sheathing Raised Floor Pedestal Grid 50mm Sheeps Wool 50x47mm Floor Joists Acoustic Layer 5 Ply/180mm CLT Cedar Floor Structure Timber Suspended Ceiling System Black Felt Foundproofing Layer 25x95 Timber Ceiling Baffles

3 Ply 60mm CLT Finish Face to Inner Wall 100mm Sheeps Wool Insulation in Timber I-Bars Damp Proof Membrane 50x47mm Vertical Battens with Horizontal Cladding Support Batten Charred Cedar Vertical Cladding Wall Finish

`

The Cultural Gallery and

Archive exhibits

and sells modern works by indigenous artists, celebrating their cultural history and providing their modern community income. Heritage pieces - the display and procurement of which is agreed by the Nation - are displayed in the darker collection archive on the entrance floor to inform visitors of their history. Artist’s work Cultural Gallery Section 1:25

is displayed and sold above.

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Dance and music events by the community are then presented within the Senakw Event Hall, performing pow-wows, dances, music and speeches for locals and wider Vancouver.

The Event Hall

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Seล รกkw Reimagined

A Pow Wow dance is performed on stage as Vancouverites watch.

Flits of light from the feather like windows dance across the floor.

The Event Hall

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Seล รกkw Reimagined

5 Ply Cedar CLT Floor Structure Vapour Barrier 50mm Sheeps Wool Insulation between 47x50mm Timber Joists Plywood Sheathing Timber Floor Finish Steel Fixing Bracket

Event Hall Section 1:25

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200mm Concrete Foundation with Footing Damp Proof Membrane 100mm Rigid Insulation Steel Self-Tapping Screws into wall & floor structure

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Seล รกkw Reimagined

3.

11.

5.

4.

10.

7.

2.

3.

9.

1.

1. Cafe 8.

6.

2. Kitchen 3. WC 4. Plant 5. Workshop Store 6. Cultural Archive Reception 7. Heritage Collection 8. Event Hall Reception 9. Fly Tower 10. Auditorium

Cultural Centre Plans 1:100

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11. Storage

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5.

4.

2.

3.

1.

1. Cafe Mezzanine 2. Workshop 3. Auditorium

Cultural Centre Plans 1:100

4. Market Space

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5. Artists Studios

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20.

19.

18.

18.

17.

17.

16.

15.

14.

14.

13.

10.

21.

9.

11.

6.

12.

8.

7.

4.

1.

2.

3.

5.

Cultural Centre Plans 1:100

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1. WC

12. Ancillary

2. Srore

13. Youth Room

3. Office

14. Languages Class

4. Consultation Space

15. Music Room

5. Cultural Gallery

16. Painting Studio

6. Gift Shop

17. Weaving Studio

7. Lobby

18. Changing Rooms

8. Control Room

19. Dance Studio

9. Community Reception

20. Community Room

10. Break-Out Space

21. Access Ramp

11. Sage Garden

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Seńákw Reimagined

‘Where the research gives back to and benefits the community in some manner’

Transformation

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Masterplan Axonometric 1:500

Seล รกkw Reimagined

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Seńåkw Reimagined

Cultural Centre in Construction

Phase 1

Work begins on site. The Cultural Centre is underway, while locals and passers by gain an interest in the new development.

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Seńákw Reimagined

Cultural Centre Complete

Phase 2

The Cultural Centre is complete. People start to frequent the site & meet during the centre’s activities.

Potential residents discuss housing requirements in the onsite consultation space. Plots are laid out on site to resident requirements.

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R e s i d e n t i a l Fr a m e w o r k s

Phase 3

After the contractors know the community size and requirements, they build the glulam cedar structural frameworks on-site. The timber framework can be extended to future needs.

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Self-Building Begins

Phase 4

The framework structures begin completion, and are handed over to their occupants, who use the workshop and cultural centre to complete their homes as they wish.

The community has members of all capabilities, so knowledge and skill sharing on site is important. Skills learned and expert personnel within the cultural centre help guide new builders.

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Community Thrives

Phase 5

As people’s builds near completion, they continue to use the Cultural Centre for community crafts and events.

Through building homes and learning the process together, the community becomes strong.

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The Future

Phase 6

Given the certain rise in population in coming years, the site future-proofs itself to allow for expansion.

The modular glulam structure can be extended up to 30 stories high, and modifiable units can be altered cheaply and quickly by new inhabitants to adhere to each user’s requirements.

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The site of Senakw will be developed as a Cultural Centre and

the cultural centre, share values of environmentally and socially

Residential masterplan. The project will be implemented in a series

sustainable lifeways. Inhabitants from all backgrounds create in

of phases which bring the site to fruition, provide the physical

the workshop, and help each other to build their own plot within

integrating point for the self-build community, and lay the basis

the community.

for the site to function. The community, brought together by Integrated Section 1:250

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Seńákw Reimagined Metal Flashing Exterior Charred Cedar Roof Cladding 25x50mm Vertical and Horizontal Timber Batten Fixing System Damp Proof Membrane 100mm Sheep’s Wool Insulation in Timber I-bars Vapour Barrier 25mm Plywood Roof Deck 47x50mm Timber Purlins 60mm Glulam Roof Beams Steel Plate & Self-Tapping Screws

Site

users

workshop,

building while

in

the

housing

soloutions are discussed above.

Workshop Section 1:25

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Seńåkw Reimagined

A self build unit hosts many people and their tastes. Some convert balconies into gardens, while others build themselves extensions.

Self-Build Section 1:50

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Seńákw Reimagined

180mm Bespoke Glulam Column Slotted Shrinkage Holes with 12D bolts Glued-in Metal Plate Angled Steel Bracket Steel Pin Steel Bearing Pad Shim Plate 180mm Timber Beam Structure

25mm Timber Flooring Vapour Barrier 100mm Joists with 50mm Sheep’s Wool Insulation Damp Proof Membrane 180mm Timber Beams Steel Plate fixing Steel Cap

A family alters their newly acquired home.

Workshop Section 1:10

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Appendix

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