Jamie Bone Portfolio

Academic Porfolio Stage 3 Architectual Design Curating the City 2020/21 Jamie Bone 170322885

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Illustrated Diary & Cultural Bibliography pp 07 to 11

Project Framing pp 12 to 47

Themeatic Case Study pp 49 to 62

Project Testing pp 64 to 81

Project Synthesis pp 82 to 155

Bibliography pp 157

Red dot indicates pages where work has been improved/updated since final review

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Illustrated Diary & Cultural Bibliography pp 07 - 11

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Ilustrated Reflective Report

of Saltaire that may have not been obvious if the study was not undertaken.

The ‘Curating the City’ studio had a main aim to engage itself into a World Heritage Site. Using ‘Curating’ as a key word in all the background research as well as design work was the first step to responding to such a delicate site. This is the reason this studio stood out. It set out in the early stages of an extremely challenging but rewarding process with taking a site with such a rich heritage and adapting this into a modern design.

Patrick Geddes is an influential figure strongly related to the uprise of Saltaire. Today, Geddes is known as the person who founded Town and Regional Planning. At the time, many of his theories and philosophies were disputed and controversial to some. His different approach to the ideal city were ones that didn’t seem natural within the community. However, the influence he’s had on the planning laws today suggest people began to agree with him and support his work as time progressed.

Saltaire, located just North of Bradford, is a model contemporary city now protected by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. At the time of construction, Saltaire was home to the largest and most technologically advanced textiles mill. The surroundings of the mill were made up off uniformly designed houses to provide homes for all the mill workers, which all still exists in their primary form today. The protection of site seemed an extremely daunting task ahead of us. As there are complex planning rules in place, any changes to the site had to be completely justified and not take away or deter from the site’s heritage.

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With sites such as Saltaire, it is common to see a number of issues arising when undertaking research and designing. As the Heritage is retained, the issues of the site are also retained. These issues include things such as little to no consideration for the Climate Crisis, minor contributions to sustainability and poor access for all. All are issues that may have seemed minor at the time but have all been retained with the sites Heritage. Therefore, responding to these issues though a building design provided for an interesting study.

A helpful study of this year was within the Framing process where we undertook research into ‘Themeatic Case studies” as small groups within the studio. Specifically chosen by the Studio Leaders, my group was given a site in Ireland to research. Whilst carrying out this research and reading into the Architects, it gave me insight into how I can design to respect the surroundings.

Due to the circumstances of the years 2020/21, the design process was a lot different than it would usually have been. As someone who worked best physically, it was a struggle adapting to working digitally. However, this has now opened up new opportunities that may have not arisen. The circumstances encouraged me to learn new digital processes, enhancing my skills with CAD based programmes.

The site in question is located in an extremely rural area where the surroundings had to be respected and this was reflected upon in design. This prompted me to pay particular attention to different aspects

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Within all the work that I have done this year, whether it be design or essay writing, I have attempted to make explicit references to the work of Geddes and the things he was promoting at the time. Sustainability was a large focus for him. The theory into practice module aided me in delving deeper into the work he did and how I could apply his theories and philosophies into my design to make strong links back to the Heritage of Saltaire. Again, Theory into Practice has very much informed a lot of the decisions made in the Integrated Technology module. It encouraged me to consistently have the theme of Sustainability in the back of my mind. Were the decisions I was taking promoting the theme?

Decisions such as even thinking about how the building could be deconstructed and how to use timber joining processes in a way where it was easy to reuse and recycle if the building ever needed to come down. Professional Practice and Management also prompted me to make different design decisions to provide the project with a stronger relationship to the site’s heritage. This was achieved by looking at conventional ways of managing the practice where particular attention was paid to the sites planning constraints.

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Cultural Bibliography On top of completing Stage 3 design work, I have been working with an asssociate from the Ballymore group in London to assist in drawing up ideas for a sky top bar in Central London. Due to the Architect’s being busy during Covid, there was a delay in updating and annotating some drawings. He contacted me requesting to make some changes to the original drawings.

In the bar section, I was required to take notes to where the client requested the components should be. With the plan, adjustments needed to be made such as marking where sprinkler systems, fire lights etc are positioned before the drawing could be sent off and approved.

Completing this work gave me a good sense of what it could be like working for a practice such as this. It allowed me to demonstrate my skills that I have picked up this year and use them to contribute to a real life live project.

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Framing pp 12 - 47

Project Framing was an extremely important stage of the design process. With such a rich heritage, all aspects of the site needed to be read with great depth. The importance of the group understanding the site was paramount. Splitting the studio into subgroups allowed us to pay particular attention to specific information, allowing a deeper understanding of the site. Therefore, the majority of the Framing phase was dedicated to specialist site analysis and close reading. Although there was little consideration for personal design proposals at this stage, it set good foundations to work with, opening potential areas to engage with.

Allowing a strong focus on the theory of the site rather than personal designs would provide for a stronger theoretical project at a later stage, especially with the importance of the theories present in Saltaire. Being selected for the modelling group set new challenges for myself but opened new ways to exploring a site. The planning restrictions currently enforced in Saltaire challenged the group to consider all aspects of the site where a potential design could affect the site. As information had to be relayed to peers, the quality of information gathered was paramount as this would later influence their choice of site in Saltaire.

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Saltaire WHS This project identifies how we can develop a scheme at a site within Saltaire World Heritage Site area. Protected by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, the area proposed an initial challenge for the rich heritage of the location to be respected and preserved. Saltaire is located in West Yorkshire just North of Bradford.

Sir Titus Salt was the person behind the uprise of the Heritage site. Using his family background in the industry, he devloped an industrial site consiting of textile mills, public buildings and workers houses, all built to a harminous Architectual style creating a paternalism across the area. This was the perfect area for such industry with the River Aire providing a source of power for the mill. The historic railway and Leeds-Liverpool canal provided for great transport links for the distribution of material manafactured at the site.

Although the buildings uses have moderatly changed over time, the aesthetics of buildings remain.

There are many reasons why the site today is protected by UNESCO which is which shows the importantce of protecting this when designing. The area had a profound influence on Urban Planning of the UK at the time. Patrick Geddes was the most influential person of the time, who is seen to be the founder of modern town and regional planning.

Patrick Geddes too has been an influential figure on this project, and has provided an interesting basis for it.

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Saltaire

Due to Saltaire being a World Heritage Site, there are a number of restrictions in place so the Heritage of the site is not disturbed. The map on the left is an extraction form the Appendix 7 document put together by Bradford City Council and is showing the WHS Bufferzone. Bradford City Council have determined that if anything is developed within the Blue marked buffer-zone, it will have an impact on the views of the WHS. Therefore, any developments made within the buffer-zone must not have a negative impact on the WHS and must not deter from it’s Heritage. Marked in red is the Heritage Site Boundary which is also an extract from Bradford City councils Appendix 7 document.

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Site

Framing Group Analysis Due to the extensive history of Saltaire, site analysis was a crucial stage of the design process and was required to be undertaken as group work to ensure all aspects of the site were researched. The 20-person studio group was split into 5 groups to undertake studio specific research.

As part of group 5 it was our task to undertake basic site analysis of Saltaire itself. In coming weeks, the other members of our studio would need to choose a site to work with and would use our research and analysis to determine which would work best for their projects.

The studio was assigned 10 different sites across Saltaire, most of which were located on the World Heritage Site border. To distribute the workload, one student focussed on the whole site itself and the remaining 4 focussed on each individual site. My area of focus were sites 7, 8, 9 & 10. Each of these sites are located around South and South East border of the WHS boundary.

Some early research we found from the analysis undertaken was that Saltaire and it’s heart is located at the bottom of a valley. When South of the site, the topgraphy slopes downwards when you reach the centre of Saltaire. Once exiting the centre and heading North is the other side of the valley where the topography increases again. This can been seen in the 4 site sections on the next two pages.

The figures on this page show a sample of site perspectives taken from the overall site model of Saltaire. On the following pages is my own personal analysis undertaken. When learning about the site, the studio found out how the views on and off the site are crucial. Firstly, I have mapped sites 7-10 providing its immediate context then marked which buildings are visbile from site and would be impacted by a proposal on site. To add, each of the sites have been digitally modelled to provide myself and the rest of the studio group a better insight to the shape and context of the site due to not being able to visit it. This analysis is shown on the next 10 pages.

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Patrick Geddes & Eco-Assemblage The studio had a number of themes to potentially explore during the design project. When reading closely, Eco-Assemblage and the case of Patrick Geddes was close to the intentions of the design.

As mentioned previously, Patrick Geddes is known as the founder of Town and Regional Planning. He applied his theories and demonstrated his philosophies first in Saltaire. These theories and philosophies were somewhat controversial. Many people did not agree nor understand. The main reason for this was due to how he was trying a new and unseen approach.

Geddes recognised there were a number of problems with Saltaire. He envisioned a way in which he would be able to resolve all of these issues as a whole. The main issue he identified was there was too large a diversity of people of the place. With a lack of inclusivity, he believed the ‘place’ would not work. Therefore, it was paramount for him to engage all of the community to work together.

An example of his work was in Edinburgh where he worked closely with the surrounding community to produce and plan buildings to fit their needs of exactly what they wanted. He got the community together to make the town a better place

Identifying the Problems There are 4 problems/areas of concern to be addressed at site. In esscense, these problems have the ability to be linked with each other to be resolved as one, as Patrick Geddes would have set out to solve the problem/s.

The first key problem to be addressed is Education. Although there is a high number of schools and colleges in the area of Saltaire, there is a lack of education regarding sustainability and the climate criris. Informing students and young professionals of the increasing issue that is the Climate Crisis is important at a young age. If learned young, it is more likely to stay with them and have more of an impact of the way they think as time progresses.

Following is the issue of Climate Crisis. This is not an issue of Saltaire, however, there could be more in the area to be done about the issue. Due to the site having importance due to it’s status as a WHS, it has drawn away from the issue. Buildings are designed in a way that they just have to fit in with the surrounding context to preserve the sites rich heritage. Therefore, opening up this issue creates for an intresting investigation into how the site can be respected, but also respond to the Climate Crisis.

Linking to the Climate Crisis is the issue of Sustainablity.

There isn’t much evidence of things being done to promote sustainable living etc. Therefore, the project is respondng to this.

These are theories that were founded in Saltaire and first applied there. Since Saltaire took form, his ideals have started to grow apart and issues have appeared. Therefore, the aim of this project is to address and resolve these issues within the design.

Finally, linking to Sustainability, is Business Development. It is important that things are locally sourced and not brought in. The design will accomoate and address the issue of Business development through it’s programme.

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Breif: Sustainable Timber Research Fab-Lab and Educational Centre This project breif is all about addressing a number of issues by linking them together and resolving them with an integrated community project. The key aspects of the breif are as follows: Climate Crisis The Climate Crisis is something that is progressively getting worse and needs addressing as soon as possible. It is important to work out which sector is affecting the climate the most. The buiding sector accounts for nearly 40% of all Carbon emmissions. Making up 11% of this are Building Operations and Materials. 11% of the worlds Carbon emmission is coming from the construction of buildings which is an alarming statistic. Therefore, this project has the purpose of addression this.

Sustainability A good way to address the climate crisis is to think about how we can design sustainably. It is important today to design sustsainably to think about how our projects may impact the future. Geddes was passionate for the theme of Sustainbility and was a key issue in the back of his mind with all of the work he completed. Therefore, not only is it important to build a sustainable building, its important to design sustainably. In some instances this may be easier said than done due to limited reseources, however, is somehting this project can provide for.

Sustainability

Timber Research Using wood as a building material is one of the most sustainable material strategies possible. The renewable mateial can ensure a carbon neutral construction. The downside is that Timber isn’t commonly used as a structural material for large scale buildings. This is because there are currently cheaper and sometimes more effective strategies such as Concrete or Steel. Therefore, the building will have the purpose of researching Timber so that it can become a more commonly used building material.

Business Development As the building is used, new and innovtive ways of using Timber will be produced. Therefore, it is important for these new technologies to be shared and put into production. Having a Business Development centre on site will allow those to further commercialise products created in the building and provide a route into local development.

This links strongly to the key idea of Geddes’ ‘Work, Place, Folk’.

Education Linking to the same aims as a Business development centre is the opportunity for the building to provide education. The younger generation is the future of how our world will become, therefore, it is important they get a good understanding of how to think about how to be Sustainable. This was another view of Geddes. He believed the best way for his theories to be promoted was through education to which he had a passion for. Due to his belief in education, he did a lot of work in Scotland providing new buildings and accomodation for students and staff. With Saltaire providing many sources of education, from infant schools to colleges, it provides a perfect location to have this issue incorperated into the design.

Timber Research

Climate Crisis

Fab-Lab Business Development

Arts

Education

Arts Linking to education is the addition of an Arts centre to the breif. Especially with younger children, it may be hard for them to engage and see the importance of designing sustainably. Therefore, having a hands on practical activity will help with this engagement. The building will accomodate for Shadow Artists. These are Artists that work with recycled materials to create shadow art.

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Fab-Lab This project has a purpose of accomodating a Fab-Lab (Fabrication Laboratory) with a focus on gathering research on Timber looking at how it can be used in different ways to become a more popular structural building material.

What is a Fab-Lab? A Fab-Lab is a way of bringing a community together to design. The idea is that general members of the public are invited to use innovative technology and digital manafacturing technology to create innovative products. There is a large number of Fab-Labs located across the world with a selection in the UK. Each site will have a slighty different approach to the sort of scale they are working at and what type of products they are working on. However, the main aim between all of these labs is to create a community based learning environment.

These are located in several countries across the world. In the UK, there is just under 50 Fab Labs. Most importantly, there is one located in Keighley. This is just a 15 minute drive from this projects proposed site. Therefore, locating one in Saltaire would mean the two could work together and this porject could consider provididing machinery they do not have allowing the two sites to work together.

The map on this page shows the number of existing FabLabs in the UK that would potentially work with my project. The other images show examples of typical Fab-Lab worksops/Laboratories that I could use to as examples to influence my project.

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Addressing the Climate Crisis and Sustainability theme Other 9%

Climate Crisis and Sustainability Building contruction as well as building usage accounts for as much as 39% of the worlds Carbon Dioxide emmissions. 11% of these emmissions are due to the contructional processes. Therefore, to fully de-carbonise the building, it will be required to elminate both operational and embodied carbon emmissions.

Building Operations 28%

Industry 30%

Chart to the right shows visually the percentage of Carbon emmissions that each main sector produces as of 2020. By nearly 10%, the combination of the Building Sectors is the worst out of each sector. It shows the large scale impact the current building processes are having on the impact and proves addressing this is a high priority.

Building Materials and Construction 11% Transportation 22%

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Eco-Friendly Building Design

The first point to address is an Eco-Friendly building design. By carrying out a careful material selection process, the materials can be chosen with a consideration of how much CO2 they produce as one of the priotites.

For example, things linke strategic window positioning to allow as much natrual sunlight in as possible will be part of this stage of the process.

Green Contruction Practices

During the phase of construction of the building is the next step carbon emmissions can be reduced by using efficent machinery and if fuel is being used, running them as little as possible or alternativly using sustainable machinery. Also, Re-using spare material instead of adding to land fill sites is another way of practicing green construction.

Sustainable Building Operations

Sustainable Building Operations is the final part of the sustainable process.

This is down to how the building is used and managed. Within the design process, provisions will be set out to maintain the building as a sustainable one.

Educating occupants on eco-friendly processes being the key part to this final step.

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The project is aiming to address the climate crisis as one of the project themes, Sustainablity. The project aims to design a building to produce the lowest amount of Carbon emmissions as possible in aid of addressing the increasingly worrying climate crisis.

The project will incoperate sustainable building and construction methods as well as ensuring it is simple enough for building users to continue to address this issue and to play a part in addressing the issue.

If possible, the project is attempting to create a Net Zero emmissions facility.

The project is aiming to address the theme of Sustainability by responding to three key titles; Eco-Friendly Building Design, Green Construction Practices and Sustainable building operations. The three key points address each part of the design process from designing and constructing it to using it. These key points are discussed with more depth in the diagram to the left.

In conclusion, this is a major issue that needs addressing. The WGBC (World Green Building Council) have a vision that the amount of CO2 emmissions that are produced by building will have fallen by 40% by 2030 and by 2050 that all buildings will have net zero carbon emmissions, therefore, carbon emmissions will be reduced by 100%. With the theme of Sustainability, this project can act as a place to undertake research in this field.

Shadow Art A Fab-Lab has the opportunity to address a lot of the issues that Geddes was trying to un-cover. Geddes believed that the key to a successful design was to have the people of the place to influence the design to eliminate any possibility of diversity. This on it’s own can be linked to Fab-Labs. As said before, a Fab-Lab is all about bringing the community in to get involved in the creation of new an innovative products. However, Geddes could not simply solve this issue in one step, it required several parts and this project is aiming to as well uncover some of these issues he raised.

Tim Noble and Sue Webster are two UK based artists.

They produce a range of varying works, however, this project is focussing on their “Shadow Art”. The pair source un-used materials creating sculptures that appear not to look like anything in plain sight, but when a light creates a shadow of the sculpture, the shadow is a realistic animation of their desired output.

The project is aiming to provide these artists with a space to assemble their work and present it. Therefore, a workshop and exhibition space is required by the programme.

In addition to this, it would be an intresting way to again link to the surrounding schools. Learning about how to create sustainable materials may not be difficult for some students to engage with in the early stages. The artists would have a chance to show students how they work and how they can produce artwork with recycled material.

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Site Selection: Site 7

Site 7 - Sections

A

With such a large range on offer with 10 potential sites, it was hard to decide on a final site to locate the project. Each of the 10 sites posed different challanges as well as different oppotunities for design.

Site 7 is located on the South East border of the World Heritage Site boundary. The site is one of the largest of the 10 available at approximatly 8,000 sq.m of mostly open space. Most of the space is currently a playing field, currently being used by the local community which provides the first restriction of the site. At the North end of the site is an abandoned wooded area that was being used for storage facilities but today is not open which provides a great space for the project to be situated.

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Section AA

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As can be seen in the site analysis section next, the site is surrounded by residential buildings.

This is another restriction the site has and will need to be considered. With it being a large open playing field, there is no overpowering buildings close by that are going to cause issues for natural light entry into the building.

An aspect of the brief is that the building is going to work closely with surrounding schools. Therefore, it is important for the building to be located within a good distance away from these. As can be seen in the ‘Surrounding Educational Institutes Analysis’, this is a strong positive for the site.

Site 7 was also good as it was one of my designated sites for the group analysis so I already knew a lot about it already.

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B

Section BB Showing Sections of Site 7 in corrospondence to Saltaire Valley, one across and one

Site Sections - along the valley. AA showing across the valley, BB showing along the valley.

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Site Topography When analysing the site in closer detail, the topography provided for an intresting study. As can be seen in the two pages here, the site is sloping downwards in a northerly direction.

However, at the South East corner of the playing field, there is what looks like a cut out of land. Further research helped to conclude this was extremely likely to be one of the material mining sites for the Salt’s Mill.

This made this an even stronger location for the site as my project is all about material sourcing and the site was historically used for material sourcing providing my project with strong links to Saltaire’s rich heritage.

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Site and Topography

Site and Topography

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Themeatic Case Study pp 49 - 62

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Testing pp 64 - 81

Starting the process of testing ideas was an exciting prospect as this was the first real sense of us putting our ideas into context where many changes were made. At first this was a complex transition of taking forward all the information collected in the Framing research and applying the knowledge to design ideas. This was the stage where we would discover how appropriate our own personal philosophies stood against those already present in Saltaire. With the theme of ‘Sustainability’ a theme I have taken on the journey throughout all of Stage 3, I was excited to explore how I could work with Timber, a material I have not been so familiar with in recent projects undertaken throughout previous stages of BA Architecture. The exploration of timber prompted me to thinking more about sustainable building design. Although timber is one of the most sustainable building materials available today, there are still ways to improve. Therefore, I built a brief about the research of sustainable building materials. This began to automatically tie in with the issue of the Climate Crisis which this programme would also engage with.

While making these considerations, it was important to think about the heritage of the site. This allowed me to create strong connections to the theories of Geddes where he believed the collection of community was the way forward for a successful ‘place’ and this was made possible with the use of the community-based project ‘Fab-Lab’ discussed in the Framing chapter. Therefore, the investigation of Timber was both important and exciting to engage with.

Kengo Kuma

Shigeru Ban

Kengo Kuma is a Japanese Architect and Professor of Architecture at the Univertisty of Tokyo. Designs are very much a play of material, how he uses a material itself to make the design. Timber frequently appears in his designs. All building material that Kuma used in his office were firstly tested in his own lab which is a working workshop. His works are relevant to this proposal in the respect of the relationhip material has to the aesthetic he desires to give off.

Shigeru Ban, like Kuma, is a Japanese Architect. In his work he has looked at the Upcycle of free and readily available materials, especially Cardboard tubes for temporary building structures for refugees. He is intrested in the tectonic use of the carboard tubes as part of the buildings structure. examples of where the cheap/free are used are important to this project showing how buildings can succesfully be constructed using the most basic of materials.

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Testing Timber Structure With the shape of the massing in mind, I undertook investigations of how I could covey a gridden open plan timber structure within the building.

Initial Massing Development

Structural beams and floors will be visible from the interior linking to the research that will be undertaken in the building into the material itself.

With the massing development, the intentions were to resemble what was going around the site. From the site analysis taken, nearly all surrounding buildings were conventional terraced housing, designed to fit in with the conditions of Saltaire. Therefore, it seemed appropriate with investigating the possibilities with these foundations.

Material possibilities: CLT, NLT, Glulam

Here are two of the massing development ideas in response to the idea above. The timber structure will appear to be “emerging” from the development potraying the project aim of how the building can be further expanded.

In addition the emerging structure will show the activity taking place in the building; The research of Timber. It will allow people be able to see what the project is about from the exterior where it may not be obvious at first glance.

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Hiearachy of Programme

Timber Strategies

Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)

Glue Laminated Timber (GLT or Glulam)

Nail Laminated Timber (NLT)

Layered boards of timber at stack crosswise at 90o angles and then glued into place.

Layered boards of timber aranged along the grain and then glued into place.

Individual layers of timber fastened together with nails.

• Alternating grains provide additional dimensional strengh • Can be used as well as other building materials for hybrid construsction • Long production process, therefore, not readily available

• Used in building exteriors due to the clean aesthetics it produces.

• Jointed end to end allowing for long spans • Offers great flexibilty in design • Consistent in performance • Longer production process than NLT

• Nails/Mechanical fasteners provide extra strength and rigidity • No dedicated facilty required for construction, therefore, is readily available • Fast installation • Cheaper alternative to GLT & CLT

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Innovative material Exhibition space

Large Research Lab

Small Reseach Lab

Training/ Teaching Lab

Shadow Artist Exhibition Space

Meeting area/ Reception

Computer Labs

Seminar/ Teaching Area

Shadow Artist Workshop

Cafe

Material Storage

Business Development Rooms

Kitchen Break Area

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Toilets

Testing Floor Footprints

Testing Section Design in relation to surrounding roof-scapes

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Testing Site Interventions Due to the site being large, site interventions were required to ensure that the building fits well into the site. Site 7 is a large, open playing field, that is regularly used. Therefore, I did not want to take this space away from it’s users. Therefore, my proposal is to halve the site, allowing for sports actvities to still take place at the site. Below are three concept strategies to how may intervene the site. Some have some strong advtanges and disadvantages. The orientation of each concept is kept linear to the surrounding site, a key objective of the project.

Strategy 1

Strategy 2

Strategy 3

In the first strategy, the building is facing in the Northern direction towards the bottom of the valley.

This idea allows for easy expansion in the future, as part of the breif. However, due to being located at the bottom of a steep hill, natrual sunlight entry will be limited.

In the second strategy, the building is facing the East, along the valley. An advantage of this positioning is that it would make expansion easy as it can be expanded in all directions. The main disadvantage of this is that the main view from the building will be in the direction of houses.

In the third strategy, the building is facing the South.

This allows for a consistent amount of natrual light entry and provides good expansion oppertunities to go into the wooded area to the North. A drawback with this solution is it is situated closest to residential buildings out of the three.

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Testing alternative massings and possible programme

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Testing Programme in Plan • Idea is to have fingers emerging from the building into the Urban forest to promote how the builing can expand over time • Heavy use of Timber • Linear design in response to linear site

Testing alternative massing in context

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Testing use of Timber facade and designing in Section Fig 28

Workshop on a Cliff, MU Architects

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In 2017, MU Architects constructed ‘Workshop on a Cliff in Saint-Adele, Canada. The name is exaplains exactly what the project is, a workshop located on the side of the cliff. It is not the location this precedent is relatable, but for its design it fits heavily into the project brief. The facade is contructed with wood, a sustainable material selection. Most importantly is how the building is designed to react with natrual light. As my project is aiming to use as little electricity as possible, maximising sunlight is paramount. MU Architects have used large openings on the facacde which not only give building users a great view, but provides a large amount of sunlight into the workshop. From the interior images it can be seen how light the rooms are with no aftifical lighting switched on. Where artifical lighting is present, it is very minimal. Therefore, it shows this building reacts well to a minimal amount of lighing when it is required due to the bright material choices as well as how open the building is within. As my project is community based, this idea can be used as there does not need to be many private spaces.

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Synthesis pp 82 - 155

My main engagement with the Synthesis stage of the project was to take my ideas forward and piece together the journey of my design through final outputs. As discussed in the Illustrated reflective diary, CAD was something I had to pick up this year and this was the stage where I engaged with the process of digital drawing and modelling. The skills gained as part of this process are ones that will strongly benefit me in the future and has broadened my skill set in ways of producing architectural diagrams, drawings and models. Synthesis was the most exciting stage of the year for me. It was good to see my project moving in a positive direction after a difficult previous stage with still learning to adapt to all-digital learning. For me, it is clear how early ideas discovered as part of Framing and Testing have been taken forward to produce a project that fits in relation to a rich site.

Resembling the Valley The project is aiming to make as many links back to the site as possible though the building design and spatial strategy. As can be seen in the site sections created as part of the group work in the project ‘Framing’ process, the site steps down the valley to the heart of Saltaire and then steps back up again.

My site, Site 7, is situated on the downwards slope into Saltaire.

Therefore, the roofscape is resembling this. The building is linking itself to the surrounding context without directly copying the conventional surrounding roofscapes.

The diagrams here show visually these intentions of the design.

This idea was also used by Architects O’Donnell + Tuomey in GMIT Furniture College. They used the shape of the building to represent the varying landscape.

Building Massing development with the relationship between Landscape and Roofscape in mind

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Atrium and Geddes Adding an Atrium to the building is a way of supporting Geddes theories into my design. An atrium is all about bringing visitors of a building together. An Atrium is usually rhe meeting space of a programme.

By adding an atrium, it not only serves an environmental purpose in a sense of good natural sunlight entry. But the building is all about working with the community. The community will be the centre of the programme and the activities happening in the building are all revolved around the community.

Atrium Examples

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Linear Site Precedent: Terbregsehof 11 Architect: Loer Architecten Year: 2020 Location: Rotterdam, Netherlands • Linear Timber Facade • Linear Design of Interior and Exterior to resemble the surroundings • Large openings to maximise natural light entry

Fig 34

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Taking the Saltaire and the specific sites linear form...

... and translating this into a linear Masterplan

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Pre-Site Interventions

Post-Site Interventions

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1:1250 Masterplan

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Floor Plans With the projects extensive programme, it was important to carefully consider where each aspect was located. The buildings programme is spread across 5 varying shaped and sized floors which can be seen in the diagram to the right.

There is a number of specificaions of the type of space each aspect of the programme needed: Main Workshop Space: • Double height required for Large machinery • Should be located on lower floors as heavy machinery will be used Exhibition Space: • Easily Accessible for visitors • Large open space • Shadow Art Gallery & Workshops: • Large dark space required for exhibition • Dark workshop to test shadows on new art Pause and Clark Diagrams Pause and Clark Diagrams are an extremely useful way of diagramming building plans and intentions of design. they hey to communicate visually simple aspects of the design. specifially chosen for this project and can be seen on the next page are ‘Circulation to use’, ‘Additive and Subtractive’ and ‘Hierarchy’.

Circulation to Use

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Additive and Subtractive

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Hierarchy

Basement Programme + Floor Plan

Circulation Crafts Worksop Shadow Arts Exhibition Area Shadow Artist Workkshop Male Toilets Female Toilets

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Ground Floor Programme + Floor Plan

Circulation Secondary Workshop Computer Cluster Live Testing Lab Male Toilets Fire Escape Stairs Main Workshop Main Enterance Material and Tool Shop Female Toilets 3D Printing Laboratory

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1st Floor Programme + Floor Plan

Circulation Exhibition Space Cafe Male Toilets Fire Exit Stairs Female Toilets

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2nd Floor Programme + Floor Plan

Circulation Business Development Training workshop Consultation Rooms Male Toilets Fire Escape Stairs Meeting/Conference Room Disabled Toilets Staff Break Area Seminar Spaces

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3rd Floor Programme + Floor Plan

Circulation Fire Escape Stairs Collaborative Learning Space Small Assembly Workshop

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Access for All and Circulation Due to the heritage of Saltaire, there traditionally hasn’t been much consideration for Disabled access across the city and is a major problem in Saltaire, therefore, is something the project is going to address. Things the project is doing to ensure the building is fully accessible to all: • Wide doors and openings to allow good space for wheel-chairs • Two large lifts at either end of the building • Wide walk ways and corridoors • Number of Disabled toilets across the building • Disabled Parking spaces on site

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Fire Safety and Means of Escape Due to the building being relatively large, there needs to be a number of fire escapes easily accsessible.

• • • •

All fire doors open outwards 6 Fire exits across the building Fire escape stairs at ech corner of building All fire doors are above minimum width required by law to act as a fire escape route • Fire stairs are above the minimum requirement for Fire Escape stairs

1.7m

Fire Escape Plan 1.7m

1.9m

1.2m

1.9m

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1.2m

Fire Escape Plan

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Sections Designing the building in section is where the project gained it’s depth. The building is orientated in a way to maximise the sunlight from the south to enter the main spaces of the building which is discussed more in the environmental strategy.

On the next pages are the final building sections. The Pause and Clark Diagram on this page shows an overview and scale of the section in corrolation to the floor plan.

A

B

B

A

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Section Development

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Sectional Model

Interior Perspective 118

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Interior Perspective

Interior Perspective 120

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Perspective Section

Section BB - Perspective Section

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Facade Precedent: House Under Oaks Arhictect: Juri Troy Architects Year: 2013 Location: Hutten, Austria • Complete wooden facade consistent around building • Completed in locally sourced sustainable timber • Large amount of glazing • Glazing partially covered by timber facade to stop windows overpowering facade. Also contributes to heat control (ArchDaily, 2013)

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Close example Key Elevation

Close example West Elevation

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Facade Material Precedent: GMIT Furniture College Architect: O’Donnell + Tuomey Year: 2001 Location: Letterfrack, Ireland • Timber Facade to promote sustainability as well as what was going on inside the building • Weathered oak to match the colours of the surroundings.

• Oak would weather in the same way that the landscape does • Irish Oak locally sourced to promote sustainability

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Western Red Cedar

Facade Materiality

The material choice for the buildings facade is going to be the use of Western Red Cedar.

To keep the theme consistent throughout the building as well as promoting the use of sustainable building materials, the project is creating a full timber Facade.

Oak

Western Red Cedar

The opportunites of aesthetic that timber creates are endless, therefore provided an interesting study of material. Different timbers can be treated differently and some will weather to particular colours. These are all things that have been considered in the Facade study.

Western Red Cedar is a native North American wood, however, is grown in the UK and is readily available across the UK (Trada, 2020) which is the first reason this was chosen.

As this is Sapwood, it can be hard to treat. However, as explored in the next pages, the material will weather and change appearance and this is expected (Trada, 2020).

Theres a Number of things to be considered when choosing a type of timber for the facade such as: • Sustainability • Availability • Weathering Capabilites • Colour modifying capabities • Thickness of cladding • Scale of building

Accoya

Larch

Here are the 6 examples of cladding that were considered. They all have different capabilites and have clear differences in the aesthetics they produce.

The material is rated as moderatly durable (Trada, 2020). In Saltaire, there are not any causes for concern regarding extreme weather conditions, therefore, making this a suitable material in terms of durability.

The images on this page show examples of Western Red Cedar in use.

Kebony

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Thermowood

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Capabilities and Characteristics of Western Red Cedar When researching into this material, it became apparent of the possibilities of appeararence of the material.

Firstly, after exposure to the climate, this timber will weather into a light grey colour if not treated. As mentioned previously, as it is a Sapwood it is hard to treat. Therefore, even if it is heavily treated, there will still be some resemblence of weathing where the colour will change slightly. However, this is one of the reaons this material was chosen. The lighter grey material will start to fit in with other colours surrounding the site. In addition, the change is showing how the building is aging and adapting to conditions on site. Therefore, the main facade is going to be lightly treated to allow the weatherd colour to appear.

Pre Weathering

To add to this, the timber can also be stained to retain a particular colour. This appealed to this project as the aim is to create a two-tone facade. The reasons for this are to add some variation to a very large facade as well as to promote the use of using different methods of using timber.

2-3 Years Weathered

The three images show Western Red Cedar before and after weathering as well as a stained example, all of which will be incorperated into the facade design.

The drawings on the next page show how the facade is expected to weather from 2-3 years from installation.

2-3 Years Exposed Stained

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Facade Pre-Weathering

Facade 2-3 year weathered

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Environmental Strategy The building has been designed in a way to maximise the amount of sunlight entering the main spaces of the building. The location on site resulted in the whole South side of the building is completly exposed and open to all natrual sunlight. This allowed me to position the main spaces of the building requiring lots of light at this side.

To add, the building is based round a central atrium. The atrium allows a large amount of sunlight to enter the middle of the building. As can be seen from the sunpath diagrams, the front of the building in particular recieves a good level of sunliight all year round.

Summer Sunpath

Winter Sunpath

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Sunlight Entry Diagram

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Shdows created by Facade

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Shdows created by Facade

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Sky-light inspiration

Sky-light inspiration

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Sky Light Modelling

Sky Light Modelling

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Structure Precedent: T3 Building Arhictect: Michael Green Architecture Year: 2016 Location: Minneapolis, United States • Largest mass timber building in the United States • NLT and CLT used consistently throughout • Large openings to maximise natrual sunlight • Large masses of exposed timber • Inteded to give warm, inviting feel (ArchDaily, 2017)

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Structural Decleration Similar to the T3 building, this project is going to follow a simple CLT and Glulam structure • • • • •

6000mm

Large CLT Floor Slabs 3m-6m Glulam Vertical structural collumns Concrete Ground and Basement Floor 2x Concrete Lift Shafts Vertical collumns will be no further than 7.2m apart allowing for smaller structural elements to be used.

3000mm

• The building structure is important to the jouney of the design as it strongly influences one of the key themes, Sustainability. Where at all possible, Timber is used to stay faithful to the design intentions of creating an eco-friendly building.

As large concrete buildings can have a negative impact on the environment, it is only used where it is completly necessary; the ground and basment floors as well as the main lift shafts. Therefore, the project is still staying faithful to the brief.

The diagrams on this page and the next show the structure in it’s simple, bare terms. The grid shows the positioning of the vertical Glulam collumns situated on the two largest floors, Ground floor and Second Floor. The other floors still follow this same method, they’re simply different shapes but still follow the linear pattern.

5150mm x 5150mm

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4300mm x 5150mm

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5150mm x 7800mm

Structural Sequencing - Individual Floor Build up

Structural Sequencing - Overall Floor Build up

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1:20 Technical Section

1:20 Technical Section

Ground Floor to Foundation

Intermediate floor to wall junction This part of the 1:20 section is showing the typical suspending floor junction found in the building. In this junction, the simple CLT structure is visible. 250mm thick CLT wall panels form the basis for the 300x300mm Horizontal floor beams.

1

This part of the 1:20 section is showing the junction between the ground floor and the concrete foundations. Due to the building having a large basement, large foundations did not need to be used, however, still had to be present.

The workshop is located on the ground level due to the amount of weight it needs to sustain. The workshop will accomodate for a large variety of state of the art machienry, therefore, needs a solid and strong ground to sit on.

A suspending CLT floor would not have been as suitable for these large loads.

1. Typical Floor Detail 20mm PU Synthetic Flooring 50mm Chipboard wearing layer 70mm Thermal Insulation 12mm Fire Protection Board 300mm CLT Floor Slab 12mm Fire Protection Board 50mm Service Cavity 2x 12mm Plasterboard

3

This part of the section also shows the relationship of the workshop space ot the exterior. Here can be seen the large windown opening which allows a large amount of light into the building.

2. Exterior Wall Detail 20mm Weathered Oak Clad 50mm Cavity 10mm Vapour/Moisture Barrier 220mm Thermal Insulation 250mm CLT Wall Panel 10mm Vapour/Moisture Barrier 12mm Fire Protection Board 2x 12mm Plasterboard

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3. Ground Floor Detail 20mm PU Synthetic Flooring 50mm Levelling Screed 10mm Vapour/Moisture Barrier 140mm Thermal Insulation 10mm Vapour/Moisture Barrier 700mm Concrete Floor

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Thinking Through Making: Re-imagining Box Beam

300mm

Box Beam is a type of structural systeam designed to hide away building services to provide the building with a cleaner aesthetic. This works by creating a thicker beam with a hollow centre with space to contain services.

300mm

Box beam is most commonly used in a horizontal orientation as seen in the images here. However, as part of the ‘Thinking through making’ task, I am going to be exploring ways in which I could use it in a vertical manner with the use of Glulam and CLT.

300mm

300mm

Each beam will be a thickness of 300x300mm with a 100x100m gap in the centre.

On each layer, the component will be in the opposite direction to the one either side to provide an applicable strength.

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Bibliography pp 157

Bibliography ArchDaily, 2013. House under the Oaks / Juri Troy Architects. [Online] Available at: archdaily.com/457693/house-under-the-oaks-juri-troy-architects [Accessed 2021].

ArchDaily, 2017. T3 / Michael Green Architecture + DLR Group. [Online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/802831/t3-michael-green-architecture [Accessed 2021].

DigiMap, 2021. DigiMap Aerial Roam. [Online] Available at: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/ [Accessed 2021].

Glulam Laminated Beams, 2021. Why use Glulam?. [Online] Available at: http://glulambeams.co.uk/ [Accessed 2021].

Google, 2021. Google Maps. [Online] Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/maps [Accessed 2021].

Rubner Holzbau, 2020. Timber and Glass Facades. [Online] Available at: https://www.rubner.com/en/holzbau/solutions/timber-and-glassfacades/ [Accessed 2021].

Structural Timber Association , 2015. Cross-laminated timber construction an introduction. [Online] Available at: https://www.structuraltimber.co.uk/assets/InformationCentre/ eb11.pdf [Accessed 2021].

Think Wood, 2021. Mass Timber. [Online] Available at: https://www.thinkwood.com/mass-timber [Accessed 2021].

Trada, 2020. Cedar, Red Western (British). [Online] Available at: https://www.trada.co.uk/wood-species/cedar-western-red-british/ [Accessed 2021].

Young, R. F., 2017. “Free Cities and regions” - Patrick Geddes’s theory of planning. Texas: Elseveir.