Oliver Church Portfolio

OLIVER CHURCH STAGE 06 MATERIAL CHANGE

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STAGE 06 / 2020 - 2021

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN THESIS

DESIGN PORTFOLIO UNHEALTHY CITY?

Newcastle Health Centre View from Eldon Square Community Garden

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Brief

Contents.

06 09 61 77 119 137 Brief

Health Research

Health Centre Proposal

Concept Development

Using the Health Centre

Health Centre Declaration

Old Eldon Square Newcastle upon Tyne

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Unhealthy Brief

UNHEALTHY BRIEF We spend 80 to 90 percent of our lives indoors. Buildings are the homes that we sleep in, the schools we learn in and the spaces that occupy our day-to-day jobs. Being so influential on our lives, it is not a question of if but how architecture affects our health.

This thesis looks to examine what is ‘health’ and how it is affected by living in a city centre environment. From the research undertaken, the document will then explore an alternative to city life living to optimise ‘health’.

Over the past 150 years, medicine, hospitals, and the way our western culture examines the healthiness of a person has evolved. The NHS was founded in 1948 and it led to free healthcare to all British residents.

Funded by the Government, through general taxation, the NHS has faced challenges of adequate funding and staffing costs. This has led to a short fall in available treatment, often focusing on the effects of an illness or a disease once it has made a person ill.

Some attempts have been made to convince people to think about their health before an illness takes effect, such as stop smoking campaigns or Change 4 Life. Unfortunately, these are often short, directed studies and not continually followed up on, often due to budget cuts.

This thesis wants to explore some of the successful social health studies and how they can be implemented through thought provoking architecture in the city. From the following research, a brief and architectural plan will be determined. It will focus on creating a place in the city where a community can thrive in healthy lives.

There are some illness and diseases that cannot be predicted, cured, or prevented but through living a healthy lifestyle, the community can limit the wide range of illnesses that can be affected by location, social status, architecture and environment.

The current social status of residents in Newcastle upon Tyne varies drastically depending on the area where you live. It is defined as a postcode lottery of health, often being born less than a mile down the road in a different postcode can leave your life expectancy years less than others. The surrounding suburbs will be examined to understand this vast difference of health amongst the people of Newcastle upon Tyne. A proposal from the research undertaken will look to bring communities of different suburbs, focused on their health.

POLLUTION | MENTAL HEALTH | CLIMATE CHANGE | SOCIAL STATUS DISEASE | OBESITY | POVERTY

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Health Research

Old Eldon Square Newcastle upon Tyne

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What is health?

SUPPORT

Steve’s Health

MEMORY

ILLNESS

STRESS

GENDER

ADDICTION

DIET

DISABILITY

DIGESTION

BELIEFS

PERSONALITY

EXERCISE

GENETIC

VULNERABILITY

TRAUMA

SOCIAL STATUS

GENETIC

EDUCATION

SUPPORT

As described on the previous page, health can affect everyone differently. We will follow the story of how Steve’s health has been affected and how a health centre in Newcastle upon Tyne would increase his health. Steve lives in Westgate, an area that is known for its high levels of deprivation and often poor health.

He has a rare form of genetic diabetes that can be easily treated if he has regular check ups and maintains a healthy lifestyle. Steve currently works as a labourer on a building site which does not pay very well. He left school at 16 with very little qualifications and has not attempted further education to increase his chances of getting a better paid job. Steve has a few family members in the surrounding areas of Newcastle but does not feel he has a support network of a community.

BEHAVIOURS

EMOTIONS

HORMONES

EDUCATION

TOXINS

MEDICATION

SLEEP

SOCIAL STATUS

IMMUNE FUNCTION

The concept of health is multidimensional. There is no set level of health for one person. We each experience and determine what health is depending on our own circumstances. Some of the areas in which health can be examined are listed below. This is not a definitive list, but it does summarise a list of the main contributing factors to health. As you are reading this, individual aspects of this diagram may come into your focus, this maybe because it directly impacts you or someone you know. It may be an aspect of health you are worried about or nervous to talk about.

But that area of health is unique to you. You might be a trained athlete at the peak of your physical health but suffering from trauma. You could be physically fine but have an underlying genetic health condition.

We exist to be healthy but only get help when considered unhealthy. This can cause prolonged periods of suffering, whether physically or mentally.

We go about our normal lives thinking that we are healthy but seek medical help when we feel unwell. This method of ‘living’ puts massive strains on the NHS. They fight to make us healthy again often at the point of last resort. The thesis will continue to examine health as a continuation of living our normal lives. The proposal of regular health checks and the facilities to maintain a healthy lifestyle will be explored.

In 1948, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined health with a phrase that modern authorities still apply. “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

Hannah’s Health

EXERCISE

TRAUMA

VULNERABILITY

ADDICTION

Hannah lives in Heaton, a popular suburb of Newcastle upon Tyne with young professionals and families. Hannah works in Newcastle city centre as a para legal for a successful law firm. Whilst at university, Hannah experienced a traumatic experience with her then partner. On the surface her life to most people seems happy and successful, however, this traumatic experience has led to a health issues in her life.

Hannah feels severely vulnerable and struggles to trust people. She does not consider herself an alcoholic but she does drink three times the weekly recommended units of alcohol. Hannah struggles to exercise regularly and she is considered to be at risk of heart disease and diabetes in the future.

In 1986, the WHO made further clarifications: “A resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities.”

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Understanding the personal aspect of health

HEALTH CHECKS EDUCATION Health Checks can tell you whether you’re at higher risk of getting certain health problems, such as: Heart disease, Diabetes, Kidney Disease and Strokes.

Education can also lead to more accurate health beliefs and knowledge, and thus to better lifestyle choices, but also to better skills and greater self-advocacy.

Education improves skills such as literacy, develops effective habits, and may improve cognitive ability.

MENTAL HEALTH

EXERCISE

DIET HEALTH BELIEFS SLEEP Stress can lead to a lack of sleep. Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which people have trouble sleeping.

This can lead to daytime sleepiness, low energy and a depressed mood.

Health beliefs are what people believe about their health, what they think constitutes their health, what they consider the cause of their illness, and ways to overcome an illness it.

EMOTIONS Poorly-managed negative emotions are not good for your health. Negative attitudes and feelings of helplessness and hopelessness can create chronic stress, which upsets the body’s hormone balance, depletes the brain chemicals required for happiness, and damages the immune system.

A healthy diet helps to protect against malnutrition in all its forms, as well as noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including such as diabetes, heart disease, stroke and cancer.

Whatever your age, there’s strong scientific evidence that being physically active can help you lead a healthier and happier life. People who exercise regularly have a lower risk of developing many long-term (chronic) conditions, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, and some cancers.

Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being.

It affects how we think, feel, and act. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices. Mental health is important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood

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World Health Organization - The healthy city

A healthy city is defined by a process, not an outcome.

A healthy city is not one that has achieved a particular health status.

It is conscious of health and striving to improve it. Thus any city can be a healthy city, regardless of its current health status.

The requirements are: a commitment to health and a process and structure to achieve it.

A healthy city is one that continually creates and improves its physical and social environments and expands the community resources that enable people to mutually support each other in performing all the functions of life and developing to their maximum potential.

WHO/Europe recommends a basic model for a healthy city.

Glasgow

Newcastle upon Tyne Sunderland

Derry Belfast

Healthy Cities approach: The approach seeks to put health high on the political and social agenda of cities and to build a strong movement for public health at the local level. It strongly emphasizes equity, participatory governance and solidarity, inter-sectoral collaboration and action to address the determinants of health.

Successful implementation of this approach requires innovative action addressing all aspects of health and living conditions, and extensive networking between cities across Europe and beyond. This entails: • Explicit political commitment; • Leadership • Institutional change; and • Intrasectoral partnerships.

The Healthy Cities approach recognises the determinants of health and the need to work in collaboration across public, private, voluntary and community sector organizations. This way of working and thinking includes involving local people in decision-making, requires political commitment and organizational and community development, and recognizes the process to be as important as the outcomes

Lancaster Wakefield Liverpool Warrington

Manchester

Staffordshire Tamworth Norwich

Swansea

Chelmsford

This thesis aims to create a profile development in Newcastle upon Tyne to tackle the issue of health. This proposal can then create a model for other cities to follow. As each city signs up the to the agreement, the proposal can be implemented and adapted to suit that specific city.

Current cities signed up to become a healthy city.

Current cities waiting to sign up to the program.

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Health in the North East - Newcastle upon Tyne

CASTLE

PARKLANDS WOOLSINGTON FAWDON Glasgow

KENTON

WESTERHOPE NEWBURN

Newcastle upon Tyne Sunderland

Derry

W. GOSFORTH

DENTON

FENHAM

DENE

N.JESMOND

BLAKELAW

Belfast

E. GOSFORTH

WINGROVE

N.HEATON

S.JESMOND

S.HEATON

LEMINGTON BENWELL & SCOTSWOOD

Lancaster Wakefield Liverpool Warrington

Manchester

WESTGATE

OUSEBURN

BYKER

WALKERGATE

WALKER

ELSWICK

Staffordshire Tamworth Norwich

Swansea

Chelmsford

RIVER TYNE

NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE CITY CENTRE

Newcastle upon Tyne is situated in the North East of England. The city is located North of the River Tyne. The City Centre falls in the council district of Westgate and has a variety of suburbs such as Byker, Jesmond, Heaton, Elswick and Ouseburn.

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The current health of the city - Newcastle upon Tyne

FOOD POVERTY IN NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE

NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE

UK AVERAGE

408

326

Per 100,00 under 75 mortality rate from all causes between 2017-19

Per 100,00 under 75 mortality rate from all causes between 2017-19

157

129

‘The Peoples Kitchen’ and ‘Newcastle East Foodbank’ support people and families currently struggling to access food. Replying on donations and volunteers the food banks can be incredibly stretched depending on the current need. As more families and people end up on the edge financially then they may reply on food banks. The food banks are extremely important places and assets for Newcastle upon Tyne. The proposed health centre wants to work with the food banks, allowing them to focus on the most in need of their support by providing low cost meals regularly to the community

Per 100,00 under 75 mortality rate from cancer between 2017-19

Per 100,00 under 75 mortality rate from cancer between 2017-19

The link between social and economic deprivation and poor health has long been recognised. People living in areas with higher levels of deprivation tend to have poorer health than those living in more affluent areas.

914

664

Admissions episodes for alcohol related conditions between 2017-19

Admissions episodes for alcohol related conditions between 2017-19

24.6%

20.2%

Newcastle is the 40th most deprived authority in the country (IMD 2010) but this hides significant differences across the city. Almost 25% of people in Newcastle live in the 10% most deprived areas nationally and around 7% live in the 10% least deprived areas nationally. As illustrated, Newcastle North is substantially less deprived than either Newcastle West or Newcastle East.

High levels of deprivation can lead to diet related ill health, food poverty and a range of health problems.

Newcastle upon Tyne is currently dealing with high levels of food bank usage. The statistics to the right give some indication why people may be turning to food banks. Newcastle upon Tyne has high levels of unemployment compared to the UK average. Higher levels of unemployment lead to a bigger demand for a person’s income to be subsidised by the government universal credit scheme. This can often leave people on the line of financial security. After paying bills such as rent, council tax, utilities plus the potential to have childcare costs, can leave people with little money to buy food.

As seen is the statistic ’24.6% of year 6 children with provenance of obesity’ shows that often children are not eating a suitable diet. High levels of obesity in children can result in major health conditions during adulthood such as diabetes, heart disease and cancer. Providing adequate food and knowledge surrounding a healthy diet is paramount to support the local communities of Newcastle upon Tyne. The provision to create a space in the city centre to provide education on areas such as food health and diet along with a space to supply healthy low-cost meals. To do this an educational facility for all ages will be developed. This will not be a school as such, but more of a learning resource centre focusing on food health. A communal space to provide low cost, healthy meals will be set up within the scheme. Providing even just one or two healthy meals outside of school for children and their families can significantly reduce a person’s risk of developing health related illnesses in the future.

Year 6: Prevalence of obesity between 2017-19

Year 6: Prevalence of obesity between 2017-19

24.7%

17.0%

Children in low income families (under 16s) between 2017-19

Children in low income families (under 16s) between 2017-19

67.0%

76.2%

Percentage of people aged between 16-64 in employment between 2017-19

Percentage of people aged between 16-64 in employment between 2017-19

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Levels of Deprivation - Newcastle upon Tyne CYCLE TIMES BETWEEN SUBURBS

76.9 YEARS. LIFE EXPECTANCY OF A MALE IN UK

83.1

YEARS. LIFE EXPECTANCY OF A FEMALE IN UK

14 MINS

W. GOSFORTH

74.9 YEARS. LIFE EXPECTANCY OF A MALE IN NEWCASTLE

CASTLE

19 MINS

14 MINS 12 MINS CITY CENTRE

81.6

7 MINS

YEARS. LIFE EXPECTANCY OF A FEMALE IN NEWCASTLE

WESTGATE

NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE CITY CENTRE

WESTERHOPE

KENTON

W. GOSFORTH

NEWBURN

E. GOSFORTH DENE

N.JESMOND

BLAKELAW FENHAM

WINGROVE

S.JESMOND

LEMINGTON RIVER TYNE

11 MINS

15 MINS

BYKER

The diagram above shows the suburbs of Newcastle upon Tyne.

Westgate, Byker, North Heaton and West Gosforth. Each of these four suburbs are between a 7 and 14 minute cycle from monument in the city centre. They are all within a 5 mile radius of each other, yet have some of the most contrasting life expectancies in the UK. Life expectancy of a male in Westgate is 68.8 years whilst the same male born 3 miles away has a life expectancy 14.9 year more.

FAWDON

DENTON

9 MINS

PARKLANDS

WOOLSINGTON

MOST DEPRIVED DECILE 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th LEAST DEPRIVED DECILE

N.HEATON

BENWELL & SCOTSWOOD

WESTGATE ELSWICK

OUSEBURN

N.HEATON

S.HEATON

BYKER

WALKERGATE

WALKER

71.1

83.7

68.8

YEARS. LIFE EXPECTANCY OF A MALE IN WESTGATE

YEARS. LIFE EXPECTANCY OF A MALE IN GOSFORTH

YEARS. LIFE EXPECTANCY OF A MALE IN BYKER

75.5 YEARS. LIFE EXPECTANCY OF A MALE IN HEATON

Steve lives in Westgate that is one of the highest areas of deprivation in Newcastle upon Tyne. Steve is expected to live nearly 15 years less than someone who lives in Gosforth. Hannah lives in Heaton which is considered an appropriate level of deprivation.

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Levels of Deprivation - Newcastle upon Tyne

W.GOSFORTH

E.GOSFORTH N.HEATON

DENTON

BLAKELAW

N.JESMOND

S.JESMOND

FENHAM

S.HEATON

WALKERGATE

BYKER OUSEBURN ELSWICK

WALKER WESTGATE

NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE CITY CENTRE

MOST DEPRIVED DECILE 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th LEAST DEPRIVED DECILE Newcastle upon Tyne have a varied rank of deprivation levels in the city. Large areas to the north of the city centre are within the least deprived / most affluent areas of the UK. However, at the same time, Newcastle also contains many areas that are amongst the 10% most deprived areas in the UK. The Tyneside region is home to the 1% most deprived in the UK. The two nuclei to the east and west of the city centre highlight extreme deprivation. Byker, Walker and Elswick are all tied to heavy riverside industries. Areas to the North East of the city show levels below medium deprivation, such as Jesmond and Heaton.

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Access to allotments - Newcastle upon Tyne

Steve and Hannah have moderate access to an allotment. Unfortunately, Steve can not afford to pay for an allotment and Hannah does not drive so she can not easily get to her nearest allotment.

CASTLE

PARKLANDS WOOLSINGTON FAWDON

KENTON

WESTERHOPE

W. GOSFORTH

NEWBURN DENTON Over 100 plots, 1200 metre radius 50 to 100 plots, 900 metre radius 10 to 49 plots, 600 metre radius

WINGROVE

N.HEATON

S.JESMOND

S.HEATON

LEMINGTON BENWELL & SCOTSWOOD

WESTGATE

OUSEBURN

BYKER

WALKERGATE

WALKER

ELSWICK

1 to 9 plots, 300 metre radius Newcastle City Centre

DENE

N.JESMOND

BLAKELAW FENHAM

E. GOSFORTH

RIVER TYNE

NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE CITY CENTRE

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A social study to compare suburbs - Newcastle upon Tyne

Highlighted in the graphs and charts below are the comparisons between two different neighbourhoods in Newcastle upon Tyne. Neighbourhood A is Heaton and Neighbourhood B is Elswick / Westgate. The study was undertaken to determine the affects of deprivation levels in the two areas.

Steve lives in neighbourhood B and Hannah lives in neighbourhood A.

USE OF STREETS.

The two graphs above highlight the activity of people on main streets with local amenities and residential streets. As we can see in, neighbourhood A (Heaton) there is a higher proportion of people out during the day and using the local amenities.

However, on the residential streets, the graph highlights that more people in neighbourhood B (Westgate) are present on residential streets.

Many people were present on the residential streets of Westgate late into the evening. However, people in Heaton were either inside their homes or away from their homes by 6pm.

One theory for this is that the people of Heaton were out of their homes on a summer evening, potentially using the local amenities or they are using their own private spaces limiting their contact to the neighbours. The people of Westgate look to have a stronger community connection but do not use their local amenities as much as the people in Heaton.

FRONT DOORS OPEN.

Front doors open is an interesting study. Front doors of family homes are likely to be left open during the day compared the front doors in Heaton. From the previous graphs stating the amount of people outside, it was clear that more people are out on residential streets during the day.

The meaning of leaving their front door could be a sign of local trust but this is not confirmed in the graph. It is clear to state that if a family’s front door is open, indicating the frequent movement of people from the family home, they are more likely to have social interaction with their neighbours.

Adults are less likely to be alone in Westgate than in Heaton.

NEW INTERACTIONS.

SOCIAL CAPITAL.

The graph above highlights ‘new’ social interactions within the two neighbourhoods.

Clearly stated, people living in Westgate are move likely to socially interact with other adults in their neighbourhood. This is due to more informal gatherings of people on the residential streets and due to their front door being left open so there is a high frequency of movement between private and public spaces.

The three previous graphs have indicated that people in the Westgate area of Newcastle upon Tyne are more likely to interact with their neighbours, leave their front doors open showing a trust of close immediate neighbours and converse in a public place, often outside of their home.

It is difficult to understand what happens socially in the private spaces of the resident’s homes in either Westgate or Heaton, but we can assume that in Heaton, people are either not socially mixing with their neighbours regularly or they are only mixing with a select few.

However, the graph above highlights a complete paradox of statistics. Both sets of people from each neighbourhood were asked the same questions to determine their social capital. As the graph states, people in Heaton have a higher social capital.

Each question was asked about their entire neighbourhood such as trust of the whole area.

From the information presented, we can recognise that although people in Westgate may have social interactions more with their immediate neighbours, they do not feel connected to the people in the surrounding areas.

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A social study to compare suburbs - Newcastle upon Tyne

TRUST.

Trust is an important part of everyone’s life. A lack of trust can lead to stress, anxiety, and self-doubt, all of which can lead to physical and mental health conditions. The chart above indicates the trust of the two suburbs of Newcastle upon Tyne.

Westgate (B) is shown to have the same trust index as countries such as Zimbabwe and Columbia, which have both been well documented for their corrupted governments leading to unrest within the nation’s population.

Heaton, presents a trust index like Canada, considered a democratic state. Yet, it is still not considered to be anywhere near that of the Scandinavian countries such as Denmark and Sweden. Is this due to the fact there is a vast difference of opinion between areas only 3 miles apart. Is there a belief that either suburbs do not trust one another and that could be limiting each other’s valuation of trust?

TRANSFER MONEY.

Trust can play a significant impact on someone’s health. We all rely on trust from our friends, families, and the support of the local community. The graph above highlights the possibility of transferring money between each other. Monetary values can have a underlining issue around it and cannot be a definitive example to use for explaining a particular value of each neighbourhood.

People in Westgate are much less likely to transfer money between friends or to a charity. This may indicate that their household income is low and fear of falling short themselves. It can also indicate that they would not get this money back. This is literally and metaphorically; they may not receive the money back from a friend, but they also may not see the charitable donation help their local community.

LIKING OF NEIGHBOURHOOD.

ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR.

Do the people of Heaton and Westgate like their community? The community of Heaton (A) rated their neighbourhood highly however, the people of Westgate rated their community much more varied. This indicates that there is a lot more unrest with the community and their thoughts of the surrounding area is low.

Antisocial behaviour can play a big part on a person’s opinion of their community. Listed above are some of the simplest antisocial behaviours to measure such as littering, use of bins, property damage and spitting. On all occasions, the area of Westgate presented worse for antisocial behaviour than Heaton.

It has been shown in the previous graphs that people in Westgate do not trust their community, have a smaller very local connection of people to rely on and are less likely to use their local amenities.

A higher increase in antisocial behaviour mediates a perception that other people in the neighbourhood are being antisocial. It can be assumed that due to a lower social capital in Westgate, there is less willingness to pro-socially sanction wrongdoers.

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A social study to compare suburbs - Newcastle upon Tyne (summary)

Both Westgate and Heaton are on the different ends of the socioeconomic deprivation spectrum. Westgate is not considered a healthy place to live. The census in 2001, stated that only 57% of people there described themselves as being in good health.

WESTGATE N.HEATON

A further third of adults reported that they had a long-standing illness. The area of Westgate is proven to have a less healthy population than Heaton, highlighted by the life expectancy rates. A male born in Westgate is likely to die 4.4 years earlier than a male in Heaton.

Westgate was predominantly made up of working class communities based on heavy industries traditionally had high-social capital and cohesiveness, and the loss of these has led to social fragmentation we see today.

S.JESMOND N.HEATON

WESTGATE

OUSEBURN BYKER

NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE CITY CENTRE MOST DEPRIVED DECILE 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th LEAST DEPRIVED DECILE

The research has highlighted the vast differences in the health of the surrounding suburbs of Newcastle upon Tyne. To the right, the table indicates the potential positives and negatives that people in them regions face in their day to day lives. Comparing Heaton and Westgate has provided some alarming statistics regarding the health of the people that live there. Particularly, the health of the people living in Westgate.

These two suburbs are very similar in size, population statistics and proximity to the city centre but provide a vast difference in population health. Areas such as Byker and Jesmond can be seen to be near the city centre too. They are further apart on the deprivation scale and present an even higher level of in-equality.

The research suggests that creating a centre focused on health and allowing the local communities to thrive would not solely work based in one of these residential suburbs. By connecting the suburbs and bringing people out of their ‘designated area’ depending on the wealth and deprivation levels, can it start to tackle some of the challenges the people of Newcastle face.

POSITIVES OF NEIGHBOURHOOD.

POSITIVES OF NEIGHBOURHOOD.

• Use of local amenities (shops, banks ect.)

• Likely to invest within the community • Low levels of antisocial behaviour • High levels of trust amongst the larger community

• People socialise on the streets more • Less likely to be alone • Greeted one another more as they moved around their neighbourhood • Likely to be found in multiculturalhousehold groups

NEGATIVES OF NEIGHBOURHOOD.

NEGATIVES OF NEIGHBOURHOOD.

• More likely to be alone • Often do not know immediate connection in the community • Potentially unfriendly to each other when moving around the community • Little interaction of multiple and multicultural households

• Low life expectancy • Higher antisocial behaviour • Deprivation corrodes the basis of prosocially, and it is fomenting ground for antisocial behaviour • Low level of trust between adults • Higher levels of paranoia : paranoia and low trust represent the immediate response to being in an environment full of visual cues of disorder.

• Unlikely to lend money to friends or donate to charity

As Hannah lives in a more affluent area than Steve and she is considered to be ‘healthier’. We know that this is not always the case as health can affect everyone differently. There are many challenges Steve will face regarding his health living in Westgate. The health centre aims to create a city centre environment that benefits everyone from all suburbs such as Steve and Hannah.

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The Peckham Experiment - The Pioneer Health Foundation

The Peckham Experiment was an experiment designed to determine whether people as a whole would, given the opportunity, take a vested interest in their own health and fitness and expend effort to maintain it. The experiment took place between 1926 and 1950, initially generated by rising public concern over the health of the working class and an increasing interest in preventive social medicine.

Williamson and Pearse recruited 950 local families to be part of “The Peckham Experiment”. Paying one shilling (equivalent to 5 pounds today) a week, they had access to a range of activities such as physical exercise, swimming, games and workshops. Members underwent a medical examination once a year, and they were monitored throughout the year as they participated in the Centre’s events. Central to Scott Williamson’s philosophy was the belief that left to themselves people would spontaneously begin to organise in a creative way, and this happened, the members initiating a wide range of sporting, social and cultural activities using the facilities offered by the Centre.

PARENTS

REGULAR HEALTH

SOCIAL

CHECKS

ACTIVITIES

SPORT / EXERCISE

ACCESS TO

ACTIVITIES

NUTRITIOUS FOOD

The Peckham Experiment, 1926 - 1950

PEOPLE FAMILIES

EDUCATION

GENERATIONS SOCIAL CIRCUMSTANCES

COMMUNITIES

The Peckham Experiment challenged the idea of health in the 1920s. Today, we know a lot more about medicine and medical care, however we still have a vastly unhealthy population. A population that has social inequality, dangerous levels of obesity, high levels of mental health issues and rising rates of self-harm and suicides. This thesis has already highlighted the health issues that the city of Newcastle upon Tyne faces and the struggle that the current, underfunded NHS system has to deal with as last resort cases of care. T The Peckham Experiment focused on the health and wellbeing of the people that used the facilities. This is the proposal for a centre based in Newcastle City Centre. A designated part of the city focusing on regular health checks, a place for people to socialise and thrive as a supported community network. The thesis will continue to explore the idea of the Peckham Experiment in an updated fashion to meet the needs of the people in 2020.

The Peckham Experiment, 1926 - 1950 33

N.JESMOND

Creating a city centre link

Hannah lives within a 20 minute walk city centre and Steve lives within a 30 walk to the city centre. An NHS cycle could mean that they are within 10 cycle to the city centre.

N.HEATON

to the minute scheme minute

S.JESMOND

S.HEATON 9 MINS

FENHAM

10 MINS OUSEBURN

6 MINS CITY CENTRE ELSWICK

BYKER

13 MINS

7 MINS WESTGATE

WALKER

CYCLE TIMES BETWEEN SUBURBS

The suburbs of Heaton, Jesmond, Byker and Westgate are all within a 15–30-minute walk of the City Centre. The main circle of the city centre has been indicated from Greys Monument. From the previous research shown in this thesis document, each suburb of Newcastle has vast differences in deprivation and health levels. The idea is to create a place focusing on health, to connect all these suburbs within the city centre. One issue shown in the research is the challenges that each suburb faces.

For example, people in Heaton are limited in the new people they meet, whereas people in Westgate face challenges of trust in their community. Creating a place of health within any of these communities would be a possibility, but it would not tackle the issues that these communities face. Only through creating a central link in the city centre and allowing communities to mix will some of the issues that have been mentioned be addressed.

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Understanding key influences in the city (1880 - 1940)

Steve’s family has a strong connection to the ship building factories based in Wallsend over the last 100 years. Steve’s family lived in the city centre and his father would work six days a week at the Wallsend ship building company.

1900 Demolition of existing building to create a new YMCA

1923 Eldon Square - The war memorial

Public House Crown & Sceptre, 55 High Friars Street

1904 Completion of Tram Lines

1941 Grey’s Monument struck by lightning. comes off

1940 Newcastle upon under attack from the German Luftwaffe

A city built on coal

1900 -1910 Newcastle United Football Club. Domination of English football

Hannah’s family moved to the North East during the coal mining boom in the early 1900s.

Most of her family live in the surrounding villages of Durham. Hannah moved to Newcastle for her law degree and is the first member of her family to attend university.

Electric powered trams

1930 Cars start to become more prominent on the streets of Newcastle

1878-1885 Horse drawn trams

To understand Newcastle upon Tyne’s current deprivation levels, the past 150 years will be examined to create a broader knowledge of the local area. Deprivation and health of a local population are very closely linked. Is there are high levels of deprivation in an area the likelihood is that the health of the people is poor.

This is due to the lack of resources and necessities to material benefits such as adequate food. The first time frame to examine is 1880-1940.

The industrial revolution was powered by the coal supplied from Tyneside. The demand from London led to the development of wagon ways and the advancement of the Quayside (on the banks of the River Tyne) to ship coal to London. In the early 1900’s, The Tyne became Britain’s second most important river after the Thames.

There was a golden age of train and ship building powered by the coal industry.

1914 - 1918 World War 1

1880

1890

1900

1910

1939-1945 World War 2

1920

1930

Throughout the 1900s to 1940s the city of Newcastle was a mixture of manufacturing factories, warehouses to store goods and housing to be considered in a poor state. A tram system run through the centre of Newcastle connecting the people living in the suburbs to the city centre. Life in Newcastle for the many was a tough existence.

1940

37

Understanding key influences in the city (1940 - 1980)

1965 Plans for Newcastle Linear City Monorail

1964-1970 1974-1976 Sir Harold Wilson British Prime Minister Labour 1950 Last tram in Newcastle 1976 Eldon Square Shopping Centre opens

1961 Wilfred Burns Plan for the Centre of Newcastle

During the 1970s, Newcastle’s ship building culture was depleted and Steve’s father lost his job. He did not find another job as he had no qualifications. Steve’s parents both received financial support from the Government. Steve left school in 1980 to work as he needed the money.

1970 Demolition of the housing and other buildings for the new Eldon Square Shopping Centre

buses

Hannah’s family continued to work in the few remaining mines in the area of Durham before they retired in 2009.

1970 Bainbridge Space Cafe

1960 -1965 T. Dan Smith Leader of Newcastle Council

1972 Giant Pencils

The decades of the 1940s to 1980s but large-scale changes to Newcastle City Centre. The tram system once connecting Newcastle city centre to the suburbs was replaced by a new bus service. The end of post war austerity brought exciting new times for the city. In the early 1960s, the politician T. Dan Smith and the town planner Wilfred Burns composed a new vision for the city.

Their plan involved clearing the slum houses of the centre, create new housing estates on the outskirts and create a retail core to the city. The formation of Eldon Square shopping centre started in the 1960s and opened in the late 1970s. Large parts of the Georgian Town of Newcastle was removed for the shopping centre and surrounding buildings. People who lived in the city centre were moved to areas of the city such as Byker and the West-end. New models of housing were being experimented with and multi-storey tower blocks in Newcastle started to appear.

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

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Understanding key influences in the city (1980 - 2020)

2007 Green Market closed and demolished

2000 Remnants of 1960s Sky walks still exist

1980 Tyne and Wear Metro opened

1980 Tyne and Wear Metro opened

1979-1990 Margaret Thatcher Prime Minister Decline of the North, Privatisation and Home ownership

Steve’s family was moved from their house on Elswick Road in 1982 as it was deemed unsuitable for inhabitation by the local council. They were placed in a new housing complex called the Byker. Steve moved back to Westgate in 2002 whilst his parents still live in Byker.

2015 Eldon Shopping Centre goes under a £200m upgrade

2019 Nigel Farage hit by milkshake in Newcastle

2015 Metro proposed £550 million plan to upgrade

Hannah lives in a house share in Heaton. She travels into the city centre for work via the metro on Chillingham Road.

The 1980s brought further change to Newcastle upon Tyne. However, the ambitious plans proposed for the city centre never quite reached their potential. Large parts of T. Dan Smiths vision for the city were left part built such as the sky-walks. A new wave of brutalist architecture formed new structures in the city centre. These are often referred to as the legacy of T. Dan Smith, yet they were not in his masterplan. Margaret Thatcher changed housing across Britain introducing the right to buy scheme.

2016 UK Votes to leave EU

2008 crash

1990

2000

2010

The new Metro system connecting large parts of the Tyneside area first opened. Eldon square continued to expand, swallowing up the previous Green market. The city was dominated by retail shopping encased in a closed shopping centre. The global financial recession in 2008 left a lot of shops empty and the surrounding areas of Newcastle struggled to deal with the financial consequences. Since 2008, a fall in retail, mainly due to customer shopping habits swapping to online, meant that Eldon Square continued to struggle. Today, we struggle with the Corona-Virus pandemic and the largest recession seen in Britain.

2020 Coronavirus Pandemic

2020

41

Creating a city centre link

I’ve been working from home all day.

Let’s go to the health club in the city centre.

Turn Left

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2.

3.

4.

“By putting a diverse set of people and things together in a confined place, we increase the chances that we’re going to stumble onto the unexpected.”

Ethan Zuckerman

My mental health has really improved since I joined the health centre.

Through the park

12 of neighbours have joined the health club. It’s great to get to know them.

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Moving out of the area that you live in provides the opportunity to mix with others. By mixing with a diverse range of people can opportunities and knowledge increase. The research shown previously outlines that people in the suburb of Heaton do not mix with their immediate neighbours. They are more likely to stay within their own circles of family and friends. The people of Westgate are likely to mix with their immediate neighbours but do not trust their wider community. To overcome these two issues, people from each area could diversify their community contact. Providing a place where people can socialise, receive health checks, have adequate support such as access to nutritious food and sport facilities is the aim of the new city centre health scheme.

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Creating a city centre link

It’s nice to get some exercise and fresh air out of the flat.

My health check this month showed up a worrying result.

Luckily it was checked and it was all clear .

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“Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody only because, and only when, they are created by everybody.”

11.

Jane Jacobs

On Thursday, I’ve signed up to rock climbing in a new group

I’m Here.

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The drawings on this page highlight the walk from Heaton to Greys Monument in the city centre. Each turn, view or occurrence is a new opportunity to diversify a person’s life. The walk from Heaton starts on the rows of Victorian Terraced houses, goes through parkland and through the residential estates of Sheildfeild.

In 2019, the Coronavirus pandemic struck the world and halted the economy.

Many people were left to work from home to protect them from the virus.

It is now 2020 and we hope to have large proportion of the population vaccinated this year. A lot of companies have already decided to continue to work from home as it can offer people a greater work life balance. If this is the case, some people will continue to have very little social contact with people in their local community. The opportunity here is to provide people with the space and facilities to increase the social contact that may have been lost due to the pandemic. By increasing their social contact, issues such as anxiety, stress and depression can be addressed.

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The heart of the community health centre

We come here three times a week. I’ve met so many lovely people and the food is amazing. You get a to be part of a community for the entire city.

It’s pay for what you can at each stall. The council support each independent food outlet so they can provide nutritious food for everyone.

The health benefits of social interaction Social interaction can improve ones health by lightening your mood to make you feel happier, lower the risk of dementia, promote a sense of safety and allow you to confide in others.

There can often be a misconception that online interactions and social networks can be as successful as in-person interaction as they often provide a false sense of connectedness. It is recommended that interactions with people outside of your close default peer group can reduce the feeling of loneliness significantly.

The social interaction scenario to the left indicates the idea of gathering for communal meals. It can be a couple of meals a week where you meet someone out of your default peer group.

SOCIAL INTERACTION

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The heart of the community health centre

I live in Westgate, so where do you live in Newcastle?

COMMUNAL DINING

I live in Heaton. I haven’t managed to see many of my neighbours

MEET NEW PEOPLE IN THE COMMUNITY Hannah and Steve will be able to regularly attend communal meals every week. The food will be pay as much as you can and will provide local people with a nutritious meal. Hannah and Steve will both be able to go after work. The cost of the food will be subsidised by the local government.

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The heart of the community health centre

I struggled in school and dropped out aged 16. I’m hoping these new skills will help me find a job.

As you can see your blood pressure has gone up this month.

We’re going to do a routine set of checks today.

EDUCATION

The health centre will also provide regular health checks for everyone regardless of the health status, detailed analysis of their health and educational facilities.

HEALTH CHECKS

Ok. What can I do to decrease it before my next check up?

HEALTH CHECK ANALYSIS

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A phased development over time

PHASE 01 COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTRE

PHASE 02 Communal Dining

Community Space

Multifunctional Space

Independent Food Outlets

Toilets / Back of House

Green Space

Class Rooms

Medical Testing Rooms

Lecture Theatres Large and Small

Patients Rooms

Community Housing

Eldon Leisure

ELDON LEISURE & COMMUNITY HOUSING

Diagnostic Rooms Food Hall Seating

Children’s Play Area

Education

Training Kitchens

Informal Seating Access for public

Spill out spaces / Eating Spaces

Health Checks

Gym

Sports Hall

Affordable Homes

Library

Upgrade existing facilities

Access to Nature

Labs and Research Spaces

Community Classes

Storage Spaces Staff Facilities

Delivery Access

Toilets / Changing Public and Staff

The health centre will be proposed in two phases. Phase one will see the proposal for an area near Greys Monument to be developed into the fundamental buildings for the health centre, such as a community space, communal dining, health checks and educational facilities.

Phase two will see the remaining area of Eldon Square developed into a community housing project and the refurbishment of Eldon Leisure centre.

The following document will explore the proposals for phase one.

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Creating a city centre link The fall of retail in the city centre. As retail moves online stores will need to become smaller. This will be due to the lower revenue from the shops, increased competition and the high yields of rent expected by landlords. A new cluster of stores will form the shopping area of Newcastle in the old Eldon square shopping centre.

Eldon Squares suffering food court. The current designated ‘food court’ located next to Monument is in decline. It has only be open for a couple of years, however, it has not materialised into a food destination as once promised. High rents and lack of individual food has caused large chains to take over. The area has become a clone town of failing chain restaurants.

Green Space

Retail core of City centre

RVI Hospital

Newcastle & Northumbria University

Cultural Event Spaces

River Tyne 55

Existing Eldon Square shopping centre

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25%

Reduction in footfall of Town and City Centres in the last 10 years

High-street shops have closed down nationally

53%

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All retail sales will be online by 2028.

Only 29% of High-street addresses are retailers

Recreation and Sport

Supermarkets

Pharmacies

Retail

Services

Restaurants

Transport

Eldon Square - Ground floor

Eldon Square - First floor 57

Existing Eldon Square shopping centre Eldon Square Shopping

Grainger Market

67 Empty retail units in Newcastle City Centre.

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Stores are currently in trouble or in administration

Stores and restaurants are still operating in this part of Eldon Square shopping Centre.

If all the shops that are either in administration or in trouble close, the remaining stores would be able to occupy the already empty stores that are present on Northumberland Street and Eldon Square shopping centre. The proposal is to regain this part of the city highlighted in red to the left. This will be the heart of the new health focused city. The existing structure will be recycled and reused throughout the new scheme.

St Andrews Church

The Gate

Retail in administration

Retail in financial trouble

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Health Centre Proposal

St Andrews Church Newcastle upon Tyne

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Health centre proposal Health centre proposal

Community

The thesis aims to create a connection between the built environment, an aspiration for social cohesion and an entitlement to wellness. From the research undertaken, the thesis outline looks to examine what is ‘health’ and how it is affected by living in a city centre environment. The proposal will then explore an alternative to city life living to optimise ‘health’. Health is always an afterthought for many people, yet when we are unwell, we heavily rely on the NHS to make us better. The idea of the community health centre is to re-imagine peoples lives regarding health, making people focus on their health and hopefully preventing the need for last resort treatment by the NHS.

Community is a large part of any city. Currently Newcastle has isolated itself into distinctive suburbs of wealth and deprivation levels. The aim of the health centre is to bring the people from the surrounding suburbs into the city centre and provide the facilities to allow their health to flourish.

Each community identified suffers with problems of either community trust or engagement. The aim of the health centre is to bring people together, enhancing their social interaction and their overall satisfaction of life.

Access to sports facilities

The concept of health varies depending on your own personal circumstances. We exist to be healthy but only get help when considered unhealthy.

Often with health conditions, such as heart disease and diabetes, they can be prevented before the need to be fully diagnosed. However, once a person reaches a state of unhealthy such as being diagnosed heart disease, it can be irreversible. Therefore, the thesis will look to prevent such conditions through a series of measures to help the community manage their health.

Newcastle upon Tyne has signed up to the World Health Organization ‘UK healthy Cities’. There currently is no definition of what a healthy city is. However, the thesis has outlined some of the associated problems that a city can face regarding keeping their population healthy. It has been shown that Newcastle upon Tyne has high levels of deprivation, food poverty and low life expectancies. Within a 5-mile radius of the city centre, it is apparent to the vast difference between the deprivation levels. Life expectancy can be as much as 14.9 years less for a person living in Byker compared to that of someone living in Gosforth.

A comparison of suburbs brought together an interesting study to compare the differences between the lives of the people in the area. People in Heaton are more likely to use their local amenities, invest in the community and trust their community. However, they are more likely to be alone, often do not know their immediate neighbours and have little interaction with multicultural households.

In contrast, people in Westgate have low life expectancy, higher levels of deprivation and higher levels of paranoia leading to low levels of trust.

However, they are more likely to social with their neighbours, greet one another as they move through the community and likely to be found in multi-cultural households. By connecting the suburbs and bringing people out of their ‘designated area’ depending on the wealth and deprivation levels, can it start to tackle some of the challenges the people of Newcastle face.

The Peckham Experiment outlined an early example of a health centre. It forms the basis of this proposed thesis. A place where people have regular health checks, engage in social and sport activities, gain knowledge regarding their health, and have access to nutritious food. A reimagined version of the Peckham Experiment is the outline for the new health centre in Newcastle upon Tyne. The Tuberculosis Sanatorium and Oportunidades provide social and medical ideas to combat health. The Sanatorium is a specifically designed building aiming to improve the patient’s health. Unlike many buildings focusing on health, it does not present itself as a medical institute, a point that the health centre in Newcastle will aim to achieve. Oportunidades, provides economic support to encourage the health of children in poverty. Economic support is supplied to a family with the commitment that their children undertake regular health checks.

Access to sport facilities is paramount for health. The physical and metal health benefits that sport can bring is arguably the best form of health preservation. Open areas of space are free for all to use for sporting activities; however, some people need the support to undertake sporting activities. The health centre will include sport facilities that can facilitate group exercise for everyone of any ability.

Regular health checks Most people regularly see the dentist to check the health of their teeth. Why do we not do this for the rest of our bodies? We either do not think about it enough or there is not a system in place to provide such a service of regular health checks. Each person to join the health centre will have a monthly health check, this will cover their physical and mental health. Through detection of an underlying health condition or the ability to see the potential health condition arise, can they be treated more successfully.

Access to education Education benefits not only one’s health but their ability to progress a career. By providing classes such as cooking training or other life skills can a person start to think about getting out of deprivation. If a person is low skilled, they have little opportunity to escape deprivation. However, if the health centre can provide a person with new skills, can they develop and progress to get a stable job. Education about health is also important.

The lessons learnt in the early years of your life can guide you through life. By implementing lessons of how to maintain a healthy lifestyle can future health conditions be prevented.

Reduce inequality affecting health One of the main concepts of the health centre is to reduce inequality. As shown in the research through this outline, high levels of deprivation often mean a poor standard of health. By making everyone at the health centre inclusive to the project can we start to eradicate levels of inequality and social injustice.

Access to suitable food Food is one of the essential aspects of our lives. Everyone must eat, yet if you are from a low economic household, the food you eat can drastically impact your health. Communal dining and community eating has shown that it increases social bonding and feelings of wellbeing and enhances one’s sense of contentedness and embedding within the community. The health centre will include a large communal dining area providing healthy low-cost meals. By providing a healthy meal, even just a couple of times a week, can dramatically decrease the risk of someone developing a health condition due to their diet.

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Newcastle health centre proposal

What might the new health centre in the city centre look like?

Research into social condensers provide a vision of what the health centre may be. The aim is to allow social communities to interact through the influence of design. The form of architecture follows an intentional overlapping of intersections and programs creating a node of social cohesion. The new health centre will look to create a scheme and programmatic layout to adhere to these social condenser studies.

Evaluating the current city centre layout shows a heavy dominance of retail, almost no access to allotment space, high levels of pollution near Central Station and Eldon Square and high levels of unused or in treat retail units.

A decision has been made to reduce the retail core and condense it into the already existing part of Eldon Square and Northumberland Street. This will create a stronger retail core for the city centre and free up space for the new health centre proposal. Focus will be made to recycle large parts of the structure that will be removed from the site along with retaining the little heritage aspects that still exist.

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Current challenges of the site

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1. View from Clayton Street looking north

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2. View from Blackett Street looking east

Point of interaction with the site Key routes into site Facade barrier Existing context Existing site

The current site faces many challenges to the surrounding context. As it is currently an indoor shopping centre, there are a limited number of entrance points and the rear of the retail stores back out of the site. This creates a series of negative façades that do not interact with the surrounding context. A proposal is to redesign the site to allow it to be open and accessible.

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Understanding the site and surrounding connections

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Current key routes Grainger Market entrance connections Existing site boundary Existing context Existing site

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Node - point of interaction

There are two identifiable nodes (point of interaction) near the proposed site. These are Eldon Square and Greys Monument. Arguably, Greys monument is the most iconic meeting point in the city of Newcastle upon Tyne.

The proposed scheme will focus on attracting people gathering around monument to enter the proposed site.

Eldon Square is currently underutilised and the proposed scheme will look to address this. Grainger Market has been shut of from the North and West entrances due to the massing of the existing shopping centre. The proposed scheme will look to create distinctive links between the site and Grainger Market.

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4. View from Eldon Square looking south

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Implement a new masterplan for phased development

Eldon Square BLACKET T STREET

Grey’s Monument

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St Andrews Church

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Grainger Market Entrance

Proposed key routes Proposed Grainger Market entrance connections Existing heritage Existing context Existing site Proposed public green space

A new park will be formed spanning from the west side of Grainger Market to St Andrews Street. This will encourage people traveling into the city from the west into the site.

Eldon Square will be opened up to encroach on the current site. This will allow a further increase in use and provide a space for a community garden and market stalls.

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Proposed public spaces

The new masterplan for the site encompasses the need to reconnect the Grainger Market, Eldon Square, Grey’s Monument and St Andrews Church to the proposed health centre. Each element listed is a key part of the city centre and the proposed scheme looks to connect these area.

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Proposed node - point of interaction

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Eldon Square Community Garden (phase one)

NEW GATE STR

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Implement a new masterplan for phased development

BLACKETT STREET

Eldon Leisure (phase two) Newcastle Eat Communal Dining (phase one) Newcastle Learn (phase one) NHS Health Checks (phase one)

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Community Park (phase two)

Existing heritage Existing context Proposed development Proposed public green space Proposed semi-private green space

The health centre will be forefront of the city located next to Greys Monument. The heath centre will be developed using three buildings. A communal dining building, an education facility and a health check centre. A small medicinal garden will be at the heart of the heath centre.

AY TO CL

The proposed scheme will focus on retaining the existing pieces of heritage along Grainger Street, Nelson Street and Clayton Street. Small semi private residential areas (proposed in phase two) will provide vital city centre housing for people in need.

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Community Housing (phase two)

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Phased development - early proposed scheme

Eldon Leisure (phase two) Eldon Square Community Garden (phase one)

Newcastle Eat Communal Dining (phase one) Newcastle Learn (phase one) NHS Health Checks (phase one)

Community Park (phase two)

Community Housing (phase two)

The image to the right depicts an early conceptual sketch for the proposed site. The area outlined in red is the proposed second phase of development creating community housing, community park and upgrading the existing Eldon Leisure facilities. The areas outlined in black will be phase one creating Newcastle Learn, Newcastle Eat and NHS Health Checks.

Proposed Phase 01 - Newcastle Community Health Centre Proposed phase 02 Eldon Leisure and Community Housing

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Concept Development

Grainger Street Newcastle upon Tyne

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Existing Site Layout - Green Market

Grey’s Monument

Eldon Square

Grainger Market

St Andrews Church

The diagram to the right outlines the existing site layout before the development of Eldon Square shopping centre. The site used to be the location of the Green Market. The Green Market opened in 1976 however there had been a market on the site for over 100 years previous. The site developed over time and established fundamental areas for people to gather around a central courtyard. A concept for the health centre will develop from the creation of a courtyard space where people can gather and create social interaction.

Site boundary (1890 - 1970) Key areas of the demolished Green Market

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Concept Models

The previous market and Green Market was a hub of social cohesion, a source of fresh fruit and vegetables whilst acting as a main focal meeting point for Newcastle upon Tyne. The main entrance of St Andrews Street (demolished) contained iconic brick archways. They were a symbol to everyone that entered the market that they had arrived. The market provided a place where there was little distinctiveness between anyone. Everyone was often considered equal as this was one of the only locations in the city where everyone could buy fresh meat, fish and fruit and vegetables. The proposed health centre will aim to capture this collective memory of the city to produce a place where everyone is welcome.

The image below is a development conceptual model based on research regarding the previous market located on the site. The model is made of concrete to try and replicate the brick arches of the old market. The scheme will look to propose natural materials such as stone however, concrete worked wall for this development model.

There will be a proposed external staircase that allow users of the health check building to ascend through the structure as various levels of their health are checked. The concept will enable people from outside to see shadows of people moving through the building to remind them to get a health check. It will put health at the forefront of the city and aim to remove the stigma of health care.

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1. View of the Green Market and Grainger Market during the construction of Eldon Square shopping centre 2.Shop keepers selling goods outside of the old market on St Andrews Street.

3. Van and carts loading goods into the market in the early 1960s.

4. A busy market environment of loading goods ready for a days trade 5. Existing arches and brick details for the market entrance.

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Concept Models

Textured pitched roof experiments The

Experimental concept models exploring the demolished pitched industrial roof of the Green Market.

Light experiments to create a building that illuminates within the city.

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Concept Development

Eldon Square Community Garden (phase one)

Eldon Leisure (phase two)

Newcastle Eat Communal Dining (phase one)

Eldon Square Community Garden

NHS Health Checks (phase one)

Medicinal Courtyard Garden

Community Housing (phase two)

Newcastle Eats - Communal Dining and Training Kitchens

Newcastle Learn (phase one)

NHS Health Centre Checks Newcastle Learn - Educational Facility Existing Heritage Facade

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Community Health Centre development

The proposed massing layout focuses on creating a key link between the three new buildings that make the Newcastle Health Centre. The communal dining building creates a connection on Blackett Street and provides a transparent space allowing the public to freely walk through the building. The NHS health check building stems into the new Eldon Square community garden and creates a beacon to symbolise the importance of health. A new vaccine centre will be accessed from Eldon Community Garden and the health checks area will be accessed via the medicinal courtyard. By placing it in a key place focuses and reminds everyone that they should look after their health.

The education building uses the existing structure along Grainger Street and opens to the medicinal courtyard.

The existing heritage on Grainger and Nelson Street will be retained. To create a connection between the health centre and Grainger Market, an area of the Georgian facade will be left free standing and provide access to the medicinal courtyard.

Grainger Street existing facade heritage

Nelson Street existing facade heritage

Eldon Square Community Garden Medicinal Courtyard Garden Newcastle Eats - Communal Dining and Training Kitchens NHS Health Centre Checks Newcastle Learn - Educational Facility Existing Heritage Facade

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Concept Development

The Charles Grey

Existing Heritage

Blackett Street

Clayton Eldon Street Leisure

Existing Heritage Eldon Square

Blackett Street

Nelson Street

Grainger Market

Eldon Square Community Garden Medicinal Courtyard Garden Newcastle Eats - Communal Dining and Training Kitchens NHS Health Centre Checks Newcastle Learn - Educational Facility Existing Heritage Facade

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Level 00 Floorplan BLACKETT STREE T 1.

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The ground floor will be the hub of activity for the health centre. Newcastle eats will stand prominent on Blackett Street and be accessible from all sides. The courtyard garden will be the centre of the development opening out to the NHS health check building and Newcastle Learn. The vaccination centre will open on to Eldon Square community garden.

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1. Blackettt Street walkway 2. Market square 3. Outdoor public seating 4. Newcastle Eats entrance 04 5. Independent food units 6. Toilets 7. Central atrium staircase 8. Communal dining seating area 9. Monument Metro entrance 10. Independent food units 11. Accessible lifts 12. Escape stairs and service cores 13. Medicinal Courtyard Garden 14. Public seating 15. Nelson Street existing Georgian facade 16. NHS vaccination centre entrance 17. NHS vaccination waiting area 18. NHS vaccination medical booth / vaccine administration 19. NHS vaccination waiting / monitoring area 20. Health check entrance and atrium 21. Independent retail outlet 22. Grainger Street, Newcastle Learn entrance 23. Atrium informal seating area 24. Informal work area 25. Independent retail outlet 26. Newcastle Learn entrance

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Access to Newcastle Health Centre

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Level 01 Floorplan BLACKETT STREE T

1. Newcastle Eat central atrium 2. Walkway 3. Communal dining seating area 4. Communal dining seating area 5. NHS vaccination entrance atrium 6. Health check reception and waiting area 7. Health check consultation room 8. Staff offices and research desks 9. Staff meeting room 10. Lecture theatre 01 11. Lecture theatre 02 12. Newcastle Learn central atrium 13. Private study area

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The first floor is developed to phase the user through the buildings. The health check centre will start the health check on the first floor to provide discrete private consultations. The communal dining building will create a flexible community space that will primarily be used for training kitchens. Newcastle Learn will house two lecture theatres on the first floor. The existing floor plates will be cut out to provide double height spaces.

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Level 02 Floorplan BLACKETT STREE T

1. Newcastle Eat central atrium 2. Walkway 3. Flexible community space - movable training kitchens current layout 4. Training kitchens 5. NHS vaccination entrance atrium 6. Physical health assessment 01 7. Physical health assessment 02 8. Staff offices and research desks 9. Staff meeting room 10. Lecture theatre 01 11. Lecture theatre 02 12. Newcastle Learn central atrium 13. Private study area

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Level 03 Floorplan BLACKETT STREE T

Newcastle Eat skylights NHS mental health check waiting area External staircase Private assessment and consultation room Private assessment and consultation room Exterior private walkway Group and research work area Roof top terrace / outdoor study area 1.

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Level 04 Floorplan BLACKETT STREE T

Newcastle Eat skylights NHS health support kitchen External staircase NHS health support flexible seating areas Newcastle Learn zinc roof Roof top terrace / outdoor study area

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Eat - The Health Benefits

THROUGH Newcastle Eats provides the community with communal dining facilities aimed at increasing social interaction.

The is flexible community spaces that can be booked for classes such as new skills or community groups. There is also training kitchens integrated on the upper floors that allow the public to not only gain skills that can help in employment but increase their understanding of food and what they eat.

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The communal dining hall is supplied by a variety of pay what you can food outlets that are subsidised by the local council. They can be used as start ups for new food companies or established aiming to try new recipes.

CONNECTING TO THE MEDICINAL PLANT COURTYARD GARDEN

The communal dining building will be vital to the health centre and will be widely accessible to the public. It will link the north and south of the site from Eldon Community Garden to the new Medicinal courtyard garden.

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PRACTICAL DESIGN. CLEAN LINES AND NATURAL MATERIALS

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COMMUNAL DINING - SHAPED AROUND KEY CIRCULATION ROUTES

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The layout of the Newcastle Eats building focusing on a central atrium where the majority of the communal dining tables are located. The ground floor will be on all four sides allowing the public to enter from all areas of Newcastle.

The existing Monument Metro Station will adapted to create an entrance directly within the communal dining building. The community hall will overlook Eldon Square Community Garden and will be a space specifiably for community events.

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Eat - The Health Benefits

Circular Pavilion, Encore Heureux - Paris The Circular Pavilion has been used a precedent as an updated version of the industrial pitched roof of the Green Market. The original textured brick has been adapted to be a timber variation. The timber panelling will be formed used recycled timber. The textured patten will exhibit pieces of timber from demolished Eldon Square Shopping Centre.

Eldon Square Community Garden

Tervajärvi Forest Chapel, Architecturestudio NOAN - Lempaala Finland The Tervajärvi Forest Chapel is an example of how materials can be used to create a soothing atmosphere for the inhabitants of the building.

The existing concrete frame will be used and new timber additions will be inserted. To offset the brutal aspect of the concrete frame, soft timber panelling will be used to create a relaxing atmosphere.

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Eat - Precedents

Innovation Hub, Janne van Berlo - Eindhoven

The Innovation Hub demonstrates the use of an existing concrete frame similar to the structure that will be retained from the Eldon Square shopping centre. The concrete frame will be left as it is and CLT floor panels and walls will be inserted to create the new spaces. By reusing the frame, the project can move towards carbon offsetting the build.

Timeout Market - Lisbon

Communal Dining

Timeout markets are very popular throughout the world and provide great communal dining experiences. The Timeout precedent outlines the ambitions for the communal dining hall.

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Health - The Health Benefits

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04 - Support and contemplation area

03 - Mental and mind health checks

02 - Physical health checks

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01- Initial consultation

00 - Vaccination centre

VACCINATION ENTRANCE

VACCINATION ENTRANCE

EACH LEVEL REPRESENTS A DIFFERENT ASPECT OF HEALTH CHECKS

MAIN VIEW FROM ELDON SQUARE COMMUNITY GARDEN WATCHING PEOPLE MOVE THROUGH THE BUILDING

The NHS health check building has three main purposes. The first is to provide a space suitable to providing vaccinations to residents of Newcastle upon Tyne. Covid-19 has provided a challenge to vaccinate everyone in the population and this may need to become a yearly occurrence. The vaccine centre can be used for annual flu vaccines and new born vaccinations. A medicinal courtyard garden will be at the heart of the health check building providing a relaxing place for the public to dwell in.

HEALTH CHECKS ENTRANCE

MEDICINAL COURTYARD GARDEN

VACCINATION EXIT

The second function is to facilitate a revolutionary concept of health checks. Everyone in the area of Newcastle upon Tyne will be invited to attend a regular health check. The concept would hopefully release pressure on the NHS hospitals by attempting to improve the populations health thus not needing hospital visits as regular.

The third facility will be a research hub for leading health specialists. The specialists will mix their time between completing health checks and academic research. By diagnosing and pre-diagnosing illnesses can they be treated early and potentially controlled.

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Health - The Health Benefits

Novartis Physic Garden / Thorbjörn Andersson + Sweco Architects

15 Clerkenwell Close, Amin Taha Architects & Webb Yates - London Low - Rise Hospital, Herzog & de Meuron - Copenhagen

Medicinal courtyard garden and NHS health check entrance The Physic Garden in Basel is a place to celebrate sensuous phenomena of all kinds. The garden changes throughout the seasons and provides a sanctuary of mystic scents and colours. All plants in the garden are from the foundation of species used throughout history to develop modern medicine. Carefully placed seating and walkways allow the uses to fully experience the garden.

The Clerkwell Close and Rise Hospital provide materials that will be used throughout the health centre. The facade of the NHS health check building will be formed used natural stone attached to the existing concrete frame. Soft timber materials internally will provide a warm and inviting space for all users.

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Maggie Centre, dRMM - Oldham

Maggie Centre, dRMM - Oldham

Low - Rise Hospital, Herzog & de Meuron - Copenhagen

Vaccination centre entrance Maggie Centres have provided fantastic facilities for people fighting cancer. The spaces created are often sympathetic in design and allow for users to adapt the space to their needs. The Maggie centre in Oldham instigates a variety of movable curtains and internal greenery to provide a peaceful setting. The ground floor will be home to a vaccination centre. Areas of the health check will be visible from the vaccine entrance lobby.

The kitchen is often the heard of the Maggie Centre. The health centre will look to replicate a similar model for the top floor on the health check building. This floor will focus on contemplation and support of all kinds.

Once a person has had their results from the medical test, they will have access to the contemplation area where there will be support if they need it.

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Learn - Flexible Learning Environment

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Newcastle Learn is a refurbishment of the existing building and heritage façade along Grainger Street and Nelson Street.

The ground floor will provide existing retail units facing towards the Grainger Street and Nelson Street. The new entrance to Newcastle Learn will open into the medicinal courtyard garden. The ground floor entrance will be an open flexible space for ground work with a central atrium flooding the four floors with light. There will be two lecture theatres cut into the existing building floor plates and a rooftop terrace for private outdoor study.

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Learn - Flexible Learning Environment Library and Seminar Centre BOKU, SWAP Architekten + DELTA - Vienna

The Maersk Tower, C.F. Møller Architects - København, Denmark

Newcastle Learn - Atrium The Maersk Tower is an example of the soft materials used to create a relaxing environment . The use of concrete and timber provides an example of flexible work spaces for a variety of study purposes. Newcastle Learn will develop a similar material palette using the existing concrete frame combined with natural timber cladding internally.

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Learn - Precedents

Library and Seminar Centre BOKU, SWAP Architekten + DELTA Vienna

It is vital to create a suitable environment for people to study that does not distract them nor deter them from working. The new addition facing the medicinal courtyard garden will be a CLT timber framed structure with large glazing looking over the garden. A rooftop terrace will provide space for people to study externally or take a break from study to get some fresh air.

Novartis Physic Garden, Thorbjörn Andersson + Sweco Architects Basel Switzerland

Newcastle Learn - Lecture Spaces

The medicinal courtyard garden and rooftop terrace will provide spaces for people to relax in and take breaks from their busy work days. The planting must be adequate to sustain this need for a relaxing space. There will be a variety of plant species to omit a variety of smells and colours.

The planters will be viewed from slightly above, and the public will read the flower bed as a colourful and textured painting.

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Using the Health Centre

Grainger Street Newcastle upon Tyne

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Newcastle health centre - Hannah’s day

Approaching the health centre

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As previously stated, Hannah works in the city centre as a paralegal. The following journey documents her interactions with the health centre. The day is a Wednesday afternoon and she has scheduled in a health check at the centre. Her work encourage all members of staff to visit the centre to help them manage their health.

Hannah approaches the health centre from the Grey’s Monument entrance. She is slightly apprehensive of the new health centre that has opened in the city centre. She is happy that it is located near monument as it is a place she is familiar with. Hannah knows she has been struggling with her physical and mental health but hasn’t mentioned it to anyone. She doesn’t think she will mention it today but is happy to go along and try the new health centre.

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Entering the medicinal courtyard garden

Hannah notices that there is a food hall next to the health check centre. It looks busy but everyone seems to be having fun and the food looks tasty. Hannah is starting to feel comfortable in the surroundings, she notices a courtyard garden with some wonderful smelling flowers.

Stopping in the medicinal courtyard garden

Hannah stops and smells some of the flowers in the garden. She notices a few people are sitting on the benches reading and thinks this would be a lovely thing to do on her lunch breaks as it is only five minutes away from work. She can see the entrance for the health check centre.

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Undergoing a variety of physical health assessments

Hannah is asked if she wants to participate in all the health checks on offer today, this includes a variety of physical and mental assessments. She agrees and undergoes a variety of physical assessments to determine her health. She feels comfortable in the building as it is a relaxing mix of natural materials and natural light.

Undergoing a variety of mental health assessments

After the physical assessments, Hannah walks to the upper floors on the building through a series of external staircases. She stops and looks over Eldon Square community Garden. Hannah is then invited into the consultation meeting to discuss her mental health. Hannah was adamant that she wasn’t going to mention the traumatic experience that happened at university or that she thinks she drinks to much at the moment however, she feels comfortable in confiding in with the specialists.

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Seeking assurances in a comforting environment

Hannah confides with the specialists and they suggest some areas that she can improve her health. They have recommended that she speaks to one of the therapists and have arranged for that to happen. She has been given some advice regarding becoming more active to improve her physical health. Hannah is quite overwhelmed by the experience of sharing personal information but she is relieved to have spoken about it. She walks up to the support floor at the top of the building. There are a few small kitchens for people to make a drink and talk to support workers.

The environment is relaxing looking over the city and provides Hannah the time she needs before leaving.

Meeting new people in the communal dining hall

Hannah was not expecting to go to the communal dining hall today but feels more confident about herself after speaking to the specialists. She purchases a healthy meal and sits down next to a women who lives on her street. Hannah will attend her follow up health check in six months and will see the therapist next week.

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Newcastle health centre - Steve’s day

Approaching the health centre

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Steve works as a labourer on a building site and lives in Westgate. The following journey documents his interactions with the health centre. The day is a Saturday morning and he has a scheduled in a Covid-19 vaccination at the centre along with a introduction to a new course he has signed up to.

Steve visits the health centre on a Saturday as it is one of his days off. He regularly attends the health centre regarding his rare form of genetic diabetes. At the moment it is currently under control but he is quickly falling into a category of obese which will significantly increase his chances of developing diabetes. He approaches from the west of the city where he lives.

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Entering the vaccination centre

Contemplating in the medicinal courtyard garden

Steve does not need to have an appointment for is diabetes but has been invited along to receive his Covid-19 vaccination.

He has been worried about catching Covid-19 as he has not been able to work from home so is excited to receive his vaccine. He enters the vaccine centre from Eldon Square Community Garden.

After his vaccination he leaves the health centre into the medicinal courtyard garden. Steve spends some time to relax and enjoy the nice weather. Steve feels relaxed and enjoys people watching whilst sitting on the benches.

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Entering Newcastle Learn atrium

Attending an introduction lecture

Steve enrolled on an adult learning course last week and has his first introduction meeting today.

He is always struggling for money due to his minimum wage employment and wants to increase his salary by getting a new job. He has enrolled on building site management course that would hopefully give him the skills to find higher paid employment. Steve enters the Newcastle Learn building and waits in the atrium as he is a few minutes early. He can see a variety of people using the atrium space to study.

Steve attends a short lecture on the introduction course. There are a variety of people on the course and he speaks to a few of his new colleges. He is given the resources needed to study for the course including text books and has the ability to either use the computers at Newcastle Learn or rent a laptop. Steve is excited to get started on the course.

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Using the facilities at Newcastle Learn

Meeting new people and the communal dining hall

After his lecture he wants to explore the facilities with a few of his colleges. They visit some of the flexible work spaces and the roof top garden. They look like great spaces to work and he and his colleges arrange to meet mid week to start on their assignments.

Steve and his new friends all decide to get some food and a drink from the communal dining hall. Steve was slightly worried about the price but the discrete pay as much as you can enables him to join in with everyone. He feels comfortable with his new friends and starts to feel as part of a community.

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Health Centre Declaration

Grainger Street Newcastle upon Tyne

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Newcastle Health Centre Aerial view above Eldon Square Shopping Centre

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North elevation

Grey’s Monument

Newcastle Learn

Newcastle Eat

NHS Health

Grainger Market

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West elevation

Eldon Square Community Garden

Grey’s Monument

Newcastle Eat

NHS Health

Grainger Market

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Site Elevations

NHS Health Grainger Market

Newcastle Learn

Newcastle Eat Grey’s Monument

Eldon Square Community Garden

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Site Elevations

Eldon Square Community Garden

NHS Health

Newcastle Eat

Newcastle Learn

Grey’s Monument

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Newcastle Health Centre View from Eldon Square Community Garden

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Recycled corrugated metal roof sheets (red) Training kitchens Public communal eating Independent food units Recycled timber flooring

6. Timber staircase 7. Public communal eating 8. Existing concrete frame 9. HVAC system 10. Atrium walkway

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Timber joists Timber skylight frames Medicinal Courtyard Garden Walkway NHS Health support centre

16. Exterior timber walkway 17. NHS Health Mental health assessments 18. CLT floor panels

Newcastle Health Centre Newcastle Eats Axonometric Section

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Axo Key

Newcastle Eats - communal dining

Recycled corrugated metal roof sheets (red)

Natural Stone

Skylights Recycled corrugated metal roof sheets (red)

Timber joists

Recycled timber panelling

Cedar timber vertical panelling Timber skylight frames Timber skylight frames Skylights

Training kitchens

CLT floor panels Existing concrete frame

Existing concrete frame Metal railings

Public communal eating Mechanical ventilation system (HVAC)

Recycled timber flooring

Timber staircase

CLT timber walls Public communal eating

Independent food units

Recycled timber flooring

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Grainger Street Georgian Facade Cafe retail unit (private rental) Book shop retail unit (private rental) Newcastle Learn entrance Lobby for informal working

6. Lecture theatre 01 7. Existing concrete frame 8. CLT wall panels 9. Computer suite 10. Rooftop terrace

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Zinc roof Recycled corrugated metal roof sheets (red) Training kitchens Communal dining area Independent food units

16. Monument Metro entrance 17. Public pathway 18. Medicinal Courtyard Garden

Newcastle Health Centre Newcastle Eats & Newcastle Learn Axonometric Section

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Axo Key

Newcastle Learn - educational facility

Zinc roof Rooftop terrace

Glass balustrade

Recycled corrugated metal roof sheets (red)

Central atrium Grainger Street Georgian Facade (stone)

Timber frame

Computer suite

Acoustic roof panels Lecture theatre seating

CLT floor panels Medicinal Courtyard Garden

CLT panels insert between existing concrete frame

Stone walkway

Recycled timber panelling

Existing concrete frame

Grainger Street Georgian Facade (windows)

Cafe retail unit (private rental)

Book shop retail unit (private rental)

Lecture theatre seating

Lobby for informal working

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Vaccination entrance Vaccination reception desk / check in Vaccination waiting area Vaccination medical booth / receive vaccine Waiting / monitoring area

6. Health check entrance 7. Health check reception 8. Health check waiting room 9. Initial consultation 10. Stage 01 physical assessment

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Stage 02 physical assessment Atrium Mind health assessment waiting area Private assessment rooms Support area kitchen

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Support area informal seating areas Indoor planting Private outdoor space Nelson Street Georgian Facade Skylights illuminating atrium

Newcastle Health Centre NHS Health Check and Vaccination centre Axonometric Section

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Axo Key

NHS health check and vaccination centre

Semi transparent Polycarbonate shell Skylights

Indoor planting

Timber clad roof Natural Stone

Support area informal seating

Glass balustrade CLT panels insert between existing concrete frame Private assessment rooms

Health check reception Health check waiting room

Existing concrete frame

Medical equipment store Glazing curtain wall system Existing concrete frame Health check waiting room

Stage 01 physical assessment Stage 02 physical assessment

CLT flooring/ finished in yellow resin

Initial consultation

Vaccination medical booth / receive vaccine

Health check entrance

Waiting / monitoring area

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Reflection

The Newcastle Health Centre will provide the city of Newcastle upon Tyne a pioneering facility to improve the regions health. The mixture of regular health checks, access to affordable healthy food and the chance to gain further qualifications will enable everyone in the region to develop the health.

The study cases of Steve and Hannah documented in the portfolio demonstrate just two examples of how the health centre would improve ones health. The research undertaken outlines a need to improve our mental or physical health regardless of our social status or background. We are all battling constantly with our health and need to take time in our lives to think about it. Health is the most important aspect of life and we need to monitor it more efficiently. All other challenges in life can not be improved unless someone physical and mental health is positive. The health centre looks to break down the fundamental concepts of health and put a facility in the busiest city centre of the North East of England. The proposed health centre could be replicated to various locations throughout the UK to improve the lives and health of the local population.

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