Katherine Bluff Portfolio

BEYOND RESOURCE EX TRACTION JARROW AND TYNE DOCK

A R C 8 0 6 0 I N T E G R AT E D D E S I G N S U B M I S S I O N K AT H E R I N E B L U F F 140119907

FOREWORD There are post-industrial towns all over the UK that

are left without strategies for resilience once their industry leaves. This thesis examines the physical, K AT H E R I N E B L U F F

1 40 1 1 99 07

CHAPTER HEADING

MARCH 2020-2021 NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY

School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape T H E B I G H E R E A N D T H E LO N G N O W S T U D I O With thanks to my thesis tutors Anna Czigler and John Kinsley 2

political, and social systems that can be adapted

through architectural concepts to aid in the Just Transition of these towns, which historically hosted highly carbon intensive industries, to provide a sustainable and resilient framework for their future.

The thesis intends to understand and spatialise

the past transitions of the town of Jarrow on the River Tyne, and proposes a new phased community masterplan centred around the renewable energy

industry. The thesis culminates in a building

proposal for a Renewable Energy Innovation Hub on the riverside.

3

CONTENTS Preface Studio and personal approach

7

PA RT O N E

9

PA RT T W O

63

Material making

67

Introduction

71

Project synopsis presentation

The town that was murdered Thesis research Theme one: The cycles of life and death of industry

79

Theme two: Socio-spatial dynamics of working class struggle

95

Theme three: Jarrow in a local and global context

105

Thesis proposal

113

To w n a n d L o c a l e

121

J u s t Tr a n s i t i o n M a s t e r p l a n

141

Phase one: Socio-spatial systems

149

Phase two: Ecology and resources

155

Phase three: Waterfront regeneration

175

Renewable Energy Innovation Hub

181

Reflective summary

204

Bibliography

206

A Just Transition for Jarrow

4

5

‘THE BIG HERE AND THE LONG NOW’ Studio and personal approach The studio focuses on materials, and the geological,

resiliency interlink with the built fabric of the town

make up the process from sourcing them to using

global strategies for reducing carbon emission, and

ecological, technological and social systems that THE BIG HERE AND THE LONG NOW

them. Materials used in buildings are now part of global systems of fabrication and transportation,

from raw substance through to finished product and installation. But what happens when a buildings

life is complete? How can the materials be used in

and the community itself. I began by exploring the undertook research to understand the emerging environmental,

economic,

architectural,

and

social frameworks in the town, in order to build relationships between existing system flows.

a ‘longer now’?

The thesis intends to produce a holistic programme

My own project is situated at a larger scale to

process-orientated systemic approach.

that of the building, looking at urban systems. My

for community education and resiliency, through a

interest is in understanding the historic and local

innovations of a post-industrial town close to where I live, Jarrow, and researching how sustainability and 6

7

PA RT O N E P R O J E C T S Y N O P S I S P R E S E N TAT I O N

9

CONTEXT MASTERPLAN BUILDING PROPOSAL

BEYOND RESOURCE E X TRACTION JARROW AND TYNE DOCK

Stage 6 Thesis Katherine Bluff 10

CONTEXT MASTERPLAN BUILDING PROPOSAL

INTRO & CONTEXT Situating the thesis

11

PA RT 1

Context

PA RT 2

Masterplan

PA RT 3

Building proposal

PROJECT INTRODUCTION Resilience in post-industrial communities 12

CONTEXT MASTERPLAN BUILDING PROPOSAL

INTRO & CONTEXT Situating the thesis

13

JARROW

BUILDING PROPOSAL

MASTERPLAN

CONTEXT

NEWCASTLE

LO C AT I O N Wider context map 14

CONTEXT BUILDING PROPOSAL

MASTERPLAN

JARROW

PORT OF T YNE TYNE DOCK

LO C AT I O N Context map 15

CONTEXT MASTERPLAN BUILDING PROPOSAL

PA L M E R S TO W N Historical and political context

For further research situating the thesis in historical and political 16 context please see pages 77-111

Patrick Flannery Born: Sligo, Ireland [1831] Died: [1904]

Elizabeth Mctiernan Born: Sligo, Ireland [1831] Died: [1897]

Andrew Flannery Born: Wigan, Lancashire [1857] Died: [1909]

Catherine Hart Born: [1885] Died: Jarrow [1975]

Andrew Flannery Born: Jarrow [1881] Died: Jarrow [1952]

CONTEXT

Esther Flannery Born: Jarrow [1905] Died: Jarrow [1920]

John Flannery Born: Jarrow [1907] Died: [1985]

MASTERPLAN

Alan McDonald Born: Jarrow [1934] Died: Sunderland [1993]

Neil McDonald Born: Sunderland [1962]

Katherine Bluff Born: South Shields [1996]

BUILDING PROPOSAL

Thomas Flannery Born: Jarrow [1883] Died: unknown [1943]

Ernest Clouston Born: Jarrow [unknown] Died: Jarrow [unknown]

Joan Clouston Born: Jarrow [1934]

James Bluff Born: Burton upon Trent [1966]

Esther Hill Born: [1856] Died: Jarrow [1949]

Mary Elizabeth Flannery Born: Jarrow [1888] Died: unknown

Catherine Flannery Born: Jarrow [1910] Died: Jarrow [unknown]

Michael Clouston Born: Jarrow [1936]

John Flannery Born: Jarrow [1890] Died: unknown [1950]

Andrew Flannery Born: Jarrow [1919] Died: unknown [2001]

Esther Flannery Born: unknown Died: unknown

David Clouston Born: Jarrow [1948]

Julie McDonald Born: Bishop Auckland [1965]

Michael Bluff Born: South Shields [1999]

Great great grandfather Andrew Flannery in the Jarrow March

JARROW CRUSADE 1936 Family connection 17

BUILDING PROPOSAL

MASTERPLAN

THESIS PROPOSAL

18

CONTEXT

CONTEXT BUILDING PROPOSAL

MASTERPLAN

Tyne Clean Energy Park visual

2020 Fit for future and community action fundng

Port strategic plan

2030

2040

2050

Net zero port

All electric mobility

Innovation Hub

Tyne 2050 simplified timeline

TYNE 2050 Offshore investment 19

rldview Wo

BUILDING PROPOSAL

MASTERPLAN

CONTEXT

rldview Wo

Consumerism

Care & Reuse

Work

Work

ources Res

Purpose

ources Res

Purpose

Extraction

Singular wealth

Circular

Ecological & Social Well-being

Exploitation vernance Go

How can the town of Jarrow build future community resilience, by adapting to the renewables industry investment in the area?

Cooperation in green jobs vernance Go

Top Down

Bottom up

Linear methodologies of material extraction

Just transition principles

A JUST TRANSITION FOR JARROW Thesis proposal

20

Maritime Enterprise Incubator

Waste handling

Urban trieur Turbine decommissioning

Knowledge district Turbine storage

Dogger Bank Operations and maintenance

JARROW

BUILDING PROPOSAL

MASTERPLAN

CONTEXT

Local job generator

C I R C U L A R P O RT S T R AT E G Y Thesis proposal

21

BUILDING PROPOSAL

MASTERPLAN

WIDER CONTEXT Jarrow

22

CONTEXT

Viking business park Lost industrial waterfront

Post war housing

1961 annotated photograph

1960’s town centre

Tyne tunnel divides town

BUILDING PROPOSAL

MASTERPLAN

CONTEXT

Retail zone

1970’s after housing clearance and Tyne Tunnel opened

PATC H W O R K J A R R O W Conflict of scales and typologies 23

Underused green space

Abandoned waterfront

Existing cycling network without horizontal connection

Existing road network removes connection to waterfront

JA R R OW TOW N A N A LY S I S Key features

For further research into the current state and system flows in Jarrow please see pages 121-139

CONTEXT MASTERPLAN BUILDING PROPOSAL

JUST TRANSITION MASTERPLAN Proposal

25

State

Local agency

Port of Tyne community investment

MASTERPLAN

CONTEXT

Urban commons

BUILDING PROPOSAL

Socio-spatial systems Re-skill unemployed population and increase towns knowledge of energy and food production

Ecology and resources Improve ecology whilst channelling local waste and by-products of renewable energy extraction

Waterfront regeneration Catalyse re-industrialisation and create a destination point at the river frontage

J U S T T R A N S I T I O N S T R AT E G Y Knowledge district 26

remediation Bio

peration, ma ne o int rbi en u T a decommission nd ea nc

portal line on

kil cal s lshare Lo

s outrea able ch ew

mmunity ren Co

m ban ining in Ur

tes ou

tive itia

ed tend cycle r Ex

t lan

ne 050 re wable en e2 erg n Ty y

l + CPH e ner erma gy oth e G p

CONTEXT

entre tion c ova inn rks Y wo hops DI a

repair cafe nd

BUILDING PROPOSAL

MASTERPLAN

s

o ban c mmon Ur

PROGRAMME Urban intervention 27

Phases

Phase 1: Socio-spatial systems

Phase 2: Ecology and resources

Phase 3: Waterfront regeneration

Interventions ban comm Ur

DIY w

Turbi ne o

CONTEXT

h reac ut

al

MASTERPLAN

ridor or

BUILDING PROPOSAL

2025

on

Waterfront landscaped according to Tyne Estuary Partnership guidelines

tre cen

A CPH energy plant is built on the waterfront to create a district heating system for the town from the geothermal The DIY workshop and energy at the Tyne and the repair cafe becomes the first ‘building’ made from geothermal energy extracted from the mine the material bank

erside pa Riv

nd decommis ea si nc

shops an ork

extended rk

Waterfront brownfield site is cleared of contamination

As sites are cleared at Tyne Dock to prepare for turbine operations, an urban mining initiative collect materials and store in a material bank and can be used for community projects

rgy plant ene

remediat Bio i

H

ban minin Ur

ing centre cycl a Re

A new hub for renewable energy innovation acts as a research and community action centre, with workshops, teaching rooms, visible systems and spaces for community to voice opinions on, mainten rati a pe

terial bank ma nd

rmal + othe CP Ge

Researchers from the universities come to monitor the geothermal energy and exhibit their research

rgy innovat ene ion le

egins re b nt

Market days present and sell locallly made products and products from allotments

epair cafe dr

2020

Extended cycle routes introduced to connect Jarrow to Tyne Dock and beyond to encourage ease of movement for citizens without vehicles

Loca l

nitiative gi

Spatial

Grants introduced to local car repair garages and training programmmes are set up to up-skill citizens

030 renew ne 2 ab Ty

search ce Re

on

routes le

ended cyc Ext

mmunity Co

The green corridor that currently divides the town is populated with community allotments as a way of producing local food

rket ma

Economic

otments a All

ewables o ren

Online skillshare classes begin, and a community begins to form around education

A development trust is set up with board members from the local authority, businesses and community g green c lon

Social

online port re

al skillsha Loc

rust tT

Citizens act as key players in management of urban resources, and a commons is set up to help aid development proposal decisions by government

elopm en Dev

Political

n

s on

t Transitio Jus

A new space is assigned for a material bank and recycling centre so the the town has its own place to swap and donate materials

A new industry is catalysed on the back of the turbine operations at the port, and a circular material economy is formed, saving precious metals from batteries to add to the towns material bank

2030

2035

2040

2050

2050 TIMELINE To w n m a s t e r p l a n 28

CONTEXT MASTERPLAN BUILDING PROPOSAL

S O C I O - S PAT I A L S Y S T E M S Phase one

29

CONTEXT MASTERPLAN BUILDING PROPOSAL

PHASE ONE Ye a r s 1 - 3

Existing cycling routes New cycling routes

Citizens act as key players in management of urban resources, and a commons is set up to help aid development proposal decisions by government. Funding from public and private sectors, such as the Port of Tyne, allow grants for local businesses to begin upskilling the community through DIY initiatives. Interventions begin in existing spaces around the town, with new cycle routes connecting them.

30

URBAN COMMONS

The civic block hosting the town hall and Mechanic’s institute is landscaped with seating and planting to

COMMUNITY RENEWABLES OUTREACH

by to existing businesses of

for the public to voice there opinions and take part o ban c mmon Ur

in shared experiences

s

pavilion structures built close

s outrea able ch ew

The first interventions sees small

create a place within the political centre of the town mmunity ren Co

skilled workers in the town. The

ALLOTMENTS ALONG GREEN CORRIDOR

proposal enhances skillsets in car

The green corridor currently acts as a divide

maintenance and DIY projects

through the centre of the town. The proposal seeks

through workshops held by the

to inhabit this space with community and private

local businesses.

allotments, to educate the community in creative

g

otments alon All

BUILDING PROPOSAL

MASTERPLAN

CONTEXT

en corridor gre

ways of growing food.

Cycle routes

S O C I O - S PAT I A L I N T E R V E N T I O N S Phase one 31

BUILDING PROPOSAL

MASTERPLAN

RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY Phase two

32

CONTEXT

CONTEXT MASTERPLAN BUILDING PROPOSAL

PHASE TWO Ye a r s 3 - 5

Geothermal energy from mine

DIY workshops continue to progress enhancing personal skillsets such as car maintenance leading to further turbine maintenance, and creative ways to grow food in the community. Area cleared at Tyne Dock and local hardware stores help the town create its own material bank. Landscaping of the waterfront and a SUDs system create a linear park and inhabited route to the river frontage.

33

BUILDING PROPOSAL

MASTERPLAN

ECOLOGY

34

CONTEXT

D E R W E N T VA L L E Y F E N S

T E A M VA L L E Y S A LT M A R S H E S

WALLSEND RIVERSIDE PA R K

HEBBURN RIVERSIDE PA R K

JARROW RIVERSIDE KNOWLEDGE DISTRICT

JARROW SLAKE M U D F L AT S

CONTEXT

N

MASTERPLAN

1. Intertidal mudflats 2. Coastal salt marshes

1

2

3

4+5

3. Lowland fens

BUILDING PROPOSAL

4. Lowland grassland 5. Lowland mixed deciduous woodland

Riverside park landscaped with steps and promenade added to river frontage

T YNE ESTUARY ECOLOGY Riverside park creation 35

CONTEXT MASTERPLAN BUILDING PROPOSAL

Create route from town centre to waterfront

Propose SUDS system for surrounding rain water run off

Existing infrastructure needs to be considered with water unable to run into the ground

E C O LO G I C A L S T R AT E G Y Linear park 36

P L AY PA R K COMMUNIT Y ALLOTMENTS R E C R E AT I O N A L P O N D

CO M M U N I T Y A L LOT M E N T FAC I L I T Y SCHOOL ALLOTMENTS

CONTEXT

H E AV Y R A I N FA L L S O A K AWAY

BUILDING PROPOSAL

MASTERPLAN

INDIVIDUAL HALF-PLOTS

LOWER PERMEABILIT Y RAIN GARDEN

L I N E A R PA R K P L A N Bridging the divide 37

HIGH STREET

COMMUNITY ALLOTMENT FAC I L I T Y SWALES

R E C R E AT I O N A L P O N D

BUILDING PROPOSAL

MASTERPLAN

CONTEXT

P L AY PA R K

WAT E R F R O N T

EXISTING

PROPOSED

COMMUNITY FOCUSED AREA Bridging the divide 38

CONTEXT MASTERPLAN BUILDING PROPOSAL

COMMUNIT Y ALLOTMENTS Approaching the waterfront 39

BUILDING PROPOSAL

MASTERPLAN

RESOURCES

40

CONTEXT

Turbines out to sea Heat exchanger for geothermal energy potential in the Tyne

CPH Plant

H E AT E X C H A N G E D F R O M R I V E R WAT E R

Electric car charging Community windfarm FLOODED MINE SHAFTS

CONTEXT

Potential use of mine water for heating and cooling

BUILDING PROPOSAL

MASTERPLAN

DEEPER TUNNELS

12-16 DEGREES

Photovoltaic on roof of community buildings

Mine shaft running underneath site as potential energy source

E N E R G Y P R O D U C T I O N S T R AT E G Y Resources 41

CONTEXT MASTERPLAN BUILDING PROPOSAL

WAT E R F R O N T R E G E N E R AT I O N Phase three

42

CONTEXT MASTERPLAN BUILDING PROPOSAL

PHASE THREE Ye a r s 5 +

Researchers from the universities come to monitor the geothermal energy and exhibit their research to the community.

By 2030, a new hub for renewable energy innovation acts as a research and community action centre, with workshops, teaching rooms and spaces for community to voice opinions. A new industry is catalysed on the back of the turbine operations at the port, with the waterfront site next to Jarrow’s new manufacturing zone. A circular material economy is formed, saving precious metals and batteries to add to the towns material bank.

43

CONTEXT

MODERNIST BLOCK

BUILDING PROPOSAL

MASTERPLAN

HISTORIC BLOCK

E X I S T I N G B LO C K A N A LY S I S Waterfront regeneration 44

CONTEXT

ORIGINAL BLOCK

BUILDING PROPOSAL

MASTERPLAN

V O I D S PA C E S PUSHED THROUGH

G R E E N S PA C E I N C L U D E D IN BLOCK

C ATA LY S I N G R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N D U S T R Y Waterfront regeneration 45

CONTEXT MASTERPLAN BUILDING PROPOSAL

R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N N O VAT I O N H U B Building proposal

46

Turbi ne o

rgy innovat ene ion le

terial bank ma nd

Vehicle share point/ transport hub

Pedestrian Tunnel Hub

on, mainten rati a e p

tre cen erside pa Riv

PROPOSED SITE extended rk

ewables o ren

mmunity Co

Renewable Energy Innovation Hub site

Renewable Energy Innovation Hub

nd decommis ea si nc

030 renew ne 2 ab y T

ing centre cycl e a R

Recycling and Material Bank Compound

on

Garages taking part in community outreach

With Jarrow now home to some flagship renewable energy projects, including geothermal energy from an old mine shaft and energy from the Tyne, the Just Transition Development Trust would like to build a brand new ‘Renewable Energy Innovation Hub’ to provide a space for research, training and community workshops on the waterfront by the river.

each utr

Site section with mass to interrupt view to river and act as new destination point

S K AT E PA R K

CONTEXT

TYNE PEDESTRIAN TUNNEL HUB

Destination point Desire routes

BUILDING PROPOSAL

MASTERPLAN

E X I S T I N G C A R PA R K

Pause points PROPOSED AREA FOR URBAN MINING STORE

Historic grain

Threshold Site analysis plan

S I T E A N A LY S I S Renewable Energy Innovation Hub 48

Staff offices 41m²

Meeting room

Entrance

41m²

Research

Kitchenette

Community cafe

12m²

200m²

Research office 12m²

Collaborative research

Research lab/prep/store

55m²

Research office

100m²

CONTEXT

12m²

MASTERPLAN

Community

Research office 12m²

Research office 12m²

Assembly room/Lecture theatre

Plant

200m²

30m²

Library/exhibition space 80m²

Computer cluster 30m²

Seminar room 41m²

DIY workshop 100m²

BUILDING PROPOSAL

Seminar room

Teaching

41m²

PROGRAMME Adjacency diagram 49

CONTEXT MASTERPLAN BUILDING PROPOSAL

V E S T R E FJ O R D PA R K

MARITIME MUSEUM

Adept Architects

Nord Architects

PRECEDENTS Waterfront public buildings 50

CONTEXT MASTERPLAN BUILDING PROPOSAL

R E TA I N I N G R O U T E S

THRESHOLDS AND E N T R A N C E S PAC E C R E AT E D

SINGULAR PLANAR ROOF COVERING ALL BUILDING FUNCTIONS

RO O F FAC E T E D F O R DRAINAGE AND TO MEET THE GROUND FOR PUBLIC ACCESS

S I T E S T R AT E G I E S Renewable Energy Innovation Hub 51

Staff offices 41m²

Meeting room 41m²

Research

Entrance

Kitchenette

Community cafe

12m²

Community

200m²

Research office 12m²

Collaborative research

Research lab/prep/store

55m²

Research office

100m²

12m²

Research office 12m²

Research office 12m²

Plant 30m²

Assembly room/Lecture theatre 200m²

Library/exhibition space 80m²

Computer cluster 30m²

Seminar room 41m²

DIY workshop 100m²

Seminar room 41m²

MASTERPLAN

CONTEXT

Teaching

Assembly room

BUILDING PROPOSAL

Community Teaching Research

MASSING Renewable Energy Innovation Hub 52

Solar panels on roof Roof light for indirect sunlight

Facade meets ground to protect against south-west prevailing wind and sun

BUILDING PROPOSAL

MASTERPLAN

CONTEXT

Rain water collection

Building partly powered by geothermal energy from Tyne River E N V I R O N M E N TA L

S T R AT E G I E S THE DESIGN

I N T E G R AT E D

IN

K E Y B U I L D I N G S T R AT E G I E S Renewable Energy Innovation Hub 53

CONTEXT MASTERPLAN BUILDING PROPOSAL

AXONOMETRIC Roof facets pitch acts as wind sail to make air flow in one direction and capture rain water

54

CONTEXT MASTERPLAN BUILDING PROPOSAL

BUILDING APPROACH Renewable Energy Innovation Hub 55

SK ATE PA RK

CONTEXT

T Y N E PE D E S T R I AN TUNNEL

BUILDING PROPOSAL

MASTERPLAN

CURLEW

ROA D

0

25

SITE PLAN Renewable Energy Innovation Hub 56

1

3

2 5 3

4

CONTEXT

7

BUILDING PROPOSAL

MASTERPLAN

6

8

1 B L E A C H E R S TA I R TO R O O F 2 R O O F TO P WA L K WAY 3 GREEN ROOF AREAS 4 S O L A R PA N E L S O N R O O F 5 N E T T E D P L AY A R E A 6 VO I D TO C A F E B E LOW 7 S K AT E PA R K 8 R A M P ACC E S S TO RO O F

ROOF PLAN Renewable Energy Innovation Hub

0

20 57

14 13

14

1

2 4

3 6

7

10 8

5

11

CONTEXT MASTERPLAN

12

9

1 M AT E R I A L R E S E A R C H L A B 2 C O L L A B O R AT I V E O F F I C E 3 RESEARCH OFFICES 4 K I TC H E N E T T E 5 MEETING ROOM 6 R E S E A R C H S PA C E E N T R A N C E

BUILDING PROPOSAL

7 A S S E M B LY R O O M 8 M A I N E N T R A N C E / E X H I B I T I O N S PA C E 9 COMMUNITY CAFE 10 SEMINAR TEACHING ROOMS 11 COMPUTER CLUSTER 12 LIBRARY 13 DIY WORKSHOP 1 4 B I K E S TO R E

GROUND FLOOR PL AN Renewable Energy Innovation Hub

0

20 58

CONTEXT MASTERPLAN BUILDING PROPOSAL

GLULAM BEAMS W I T H C LT PA N E L S

RAMMED EARTH C E N T R A L A S S E M B LY ROOM WITH LIME RENDER WALLS

LARCH T I M B E R PA N E L CLADDING

N O RT H E L E VAT I O N V i e w f r o m R i v e r Ty n e 59

CONTEXT MASTERPLAN BUILDING PROPOSAL

Steps overlooking the waterfront

View through centre to river

Vignettes Interaction with the building 60

CONTEXT MASTERPLAN BUILDING PROPOSAL

VIEW FROM THE NORTH Renewable Energy Innovation Hub 61

PA RT T W O THESIS RESEARCH AND DESIGN DOCUMENT

63

CONTENTS

Material making

67

Introduction

71

The town that was murdered Thesis research Theme one: The cycles of life and death of industry

79

Theme two: Socio-spatial dynamics of working class struggle

95

Theme three: Jarrow in a local and global context

105

Thesis proposal

113

To w n a n d L o c a l e

121

J u s t Tr a n s i t i o n M a s t e r p l a n

141

Phase one: Socio-spatial systems

149

Phase two: Ecology and resources

155

Phase three: Waterfront regeneration

175

Renewable Energy Innovation Hub

181

Reflective summary

204

Bibliography

206

A Just Transition for Jarrow

64

65

M AT E R I A L M A K I N G Parallel project As a parallel project to the thesis, the studio is creating small design pieces from found materials.

The process involves us considering how to use all of the material without waste.

M AT E R I A L M A K I N G

With Jarrow’s historic ship-building industry, I

66

decided to look at the process of steam-bending wood which was historically the method used to build the hulls of boats. I wanted to focus on

reducing process waste as much as possible, as some steam bending waste is as high as 80%.

The first experiments in the workshop with the ash wood which is a hardwood were successful.

‘Boil in a bag’ steaming

67

1. Soak stripwood

2. Pan experiment as form-work

3. Clamped to shelf

4. Bike mudguard as successful form-work

WOODEN LAMPSHADE Final product After the workshop closed, the method of bending

wood changed from steaming to soaking. Three pieces of 2m leftover pine stripwood were used, 5. Successful bend in stripwood

6. Pieces cut in half and laid out

and as this was softwood, it is more prone to breakage and splitting. Out of the 24 smaller pieces,

M AT E R I A L M A K I N G

1 piece splintered and snapped, meaning I had a

68

4% breakage rate. Using small drill holes and paper

fasteners allowed only a small amount of sawdust

to be created, which could be mixed with PVA to fill in gaps in floorboards.

The final product created was a lampshade made 7. Paper fasteners used to connect pieces

8. Wire cage created to hang

from all found materials.

Final bent wood lampshade

69

Ellen Wilkinson Jarrow MP who led the Crusade

‘Jarrow as a town has been murdered.

It has been murdered as a result of the arrangements of two great combines—the shipping combine on the one side and the steel combine on the other.

Jarrow is an object lesson in the working of a system of society that condemns these men of ours to unemployment, and that is something we cannot get away from. What has the Government done?

I do not wonder that this cabinet does not want to see us. It does not want anyone to tell the truth about these black areas in the North, in Scotland, and in South Wales that have been left to rot. These are the by-products of a system where men are thrown on slag heaps, as is the stuff that is thrown out of the furnaces. They will not be treated like slag, like things you can throw away.’

T H E TOW N T H AT WA S M U R D E R E D S I T U AT I N G T H E T H E S I S

Ellen Wilkinson, The Town that was murdered (1939)

71

JARROW

NEWCASTLE

JA R ROW : TOW N O N A D OW N WA R D S P I R A L Location

Wider context map

Jarrow is a town situated east along the River Tyne

among men in Jarrow. The Jarrow Crusade marked

Fort, and its slow growth has seen martyrs call it

protest against unemployment. The effectiveness of

from Newcastle. Its foundations began as a Roman

home, with the Venerable Bede being its most INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT

notable occupant at the monastery of Saint Paul.

The introduction of heavy industries to the town in

the form of coal mining and shipbuilding increased JARROW

PORT OF T YNE TYNE DOCK

its prosperity through the 19th century, building around 1,000 ships.

Its a town that is famous for its demise. Its most notable event came in 1936, after the closure of its shipyards on the Tyne led to 80% unemployment Location map

72

the town in history as men marched to London to the Jarrow March is often questioned by historians,

but there is some evidence that it stimulated interest in regenerating ‘distressed areas’ and deindustrialised towns.1

Government policies and lack of investment have seen the town unrecognisable from its industrious

past. However with new investment in industries at the Port of Tyne, there is potential for introducing

new local economies and supply chains within the town.

1 Marwick, Arthur. Britain in our Century, 1984

73

1961

1852 Town of Jaruum first recorded

1933

Alfred pit opens and deep seam mining begins in Jarrow, with large male workforce

UK’s first American-style Arndale centre

Palmer’s shipyard closed

1974

1803 1158

500 AD

Angle’s occupied the settlement

Charles Palmer opens the shipyard at Jarrow. Early years saw the working class exploited and enormous profits were made. Trade-unionism grew, with fights for higher wages.

South Tyneside Metropolitan Borough formed

74

JARROW TIMELINE

Jarrow Crusade to London for worker’s rights after the closure of the shipyards left the town with 80% unemployment

1967

1984

First paper mill and chemical works

1936

Saint Paul’s monastery built and town becomes home to the Venerable Bede, with area known as ‘centre for learning’

Salt mining became popular

1840

1720

Roman fort with ‘unusually direct contact with Rome’

681 AD

INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT

0 AD

Jarrow metro opens providing a direct commute into Newcastle

Tyne tunnel and A19 open, after housing clearance, dividing the town

Key events 75

T H E TOW N T H AT WA S M U R D E R E D Learning from the past Jarrow has seen the rise and demise of many heavy

industries over the years . In order to understand the town’s foundations, industrious past and the social

amenities that have improved Jarrow community’s

livelihood, I decided to read the book ‘The Town that was Murdered’ by Jarrow MP Ellen Wilkinson.

Wilkinson was the MP for Jarrow in the 1930’s and

wrote the book in 1939, completing it before war INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT

broke out. She situated the events of the town in

76

Henri Lefebvre’s ‘socio-spatial’ dynamics of working

class struggle and deindustrialisation. Wilkinson also talks about the town’s cycles of life and death,

as well as talking about relationships between local and global features.2

These key themes and spatial narratives are going

to be used to help understand the historical

struggles of the town and the current state that needs addressed.

2 Matt Perry, ‘The Town that was Murdered: Martyrs, Heroes and the Urbicide of Jarrow’, Secular Martyrdom in Britain and Ireland (2018), <https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018806133>

77

‘Every stage of the class struggle in Britain has been fought out there in turn. It has had its martyrs, from Will Jobling hanged on the gibbet at Jarrow Slake, the young miners deported in the 1831 strike, Andrew Gourlay, hero of the Nine Hours’ Movement in the shipyards, and then when everything had gone, the march of the forgotten men to London.’

THE CYCLES OF LIFE AND D E AT H O F I N D U S T R Y THEME ONE

Ellen Wilkinson, The Town that was murdered (1939)

78

79

Coal mining

Alfred pit opened in the 1803

by Simon Temple and got the nickname the ‘Slaughter pit’ after many disasters

Ship building

Charles Palmer’s ship yard employed 80% of the community and led to the name Palmerstown for Jarrow

K E Y H E AV Y I N D U S T R I E S Rise and demise Jarrow’s 19th century wealth came at the expense

living in the town. She writes of his failures to

was the first major industry to employ men to

to overcrowded accommodation. The closing of

C YC L E S O F L I F E A N D D E AT H

of cheap labour and natural asset. Coal mining

80

work together in the town and with this came the formation of trade unions for workers.

Wilkinson writes of Simon Temple, the owner of Jarrow’s first pit, as a ‘capitalist promoter’, an

provide higher wages, a hospital, and to respond

the pit hit the community hard for a time but did

the Great Depression.

In Jarrow, social and economic life surrounded these

cottages and a fever hospital. Wilkinson describes

how these weak foundations have effected the

him in stark contrast to Charles Palmer, who she believes to have been wrongly martyred by those 3 Ellen Wilkinson, The Town that was murdered (1939) p17

After the demise of shipbuilding there was small fortune in the repair and disassembly of ships

vital industry, the shipyards, 80 years later due to

entrepreneur who had ‘enough local feeling’.3

He provided for his workers, with white-walled

Ship breaking and repair

not cause the same effect as the closure of its most

industries, and it begins to nurture questions about environmental, economic and social sustainability of Jarrow today, and the attitude of its people.

Jarrow’s main historic industries

81

COALFIELDS IN 1800’S Rise of industry The built fabric of the North-East expanded

drastically with the boom of coal mining, with C YC L E S O F L I F E A N D D E AT H

pit villages and associated railway infrastructure

UK coalfields

defining a new industrial landscape. Coal mining also placed Jarrow and the Tyne in a greater global

context, due to exports to ports across the globe.

It encouraged great investment in transportation,

the scars of which are still seen in the landscape today. Jarrow’s own pit closed in 1851 after several explosions, but the Tyne was still a great exporter

of coal from the other Durham coalfields, as seen in the next map, and investment was made in reliable

Colliery Major town Depth of coalfield Limestone and sandstone outcrops Trainlines and wagonways

methods of transporting by sea.

82

83

C YC L E S O F L I F E A N D D E AT H

84

The Tyne’s global presence

COAL TRADE MAP 1904 Exports 85

Jarrow

London UK coalfields 1936 Jarrow Crusade, march on London for unemployment

SHIP-BUILDING’S DEMISE Jarrow Crusade Charles Palmer, the son of a rich merchant from

The community had become dependent on the

landlocked coalfields of the Midlands, the North-

in the town, and Jarrow became one of Britain’s first

South Shields, realised that to compete with the

East needed a reliable method to transport its coal

C YC L E S O F L I F E A N D D E AT H

by sea to London. He opened Palmer’s shipyard

86

Ellen Wilkinson was Labour MP for Jarrow at the

the John Bowes, allowed further contracts to come

the Jarrow March to London, to raise awareness

into the town, and capitalist growth on the back of a single trade.4

However after fifty years of ‘Palmerstown’, and

To w n o f o n e t r a d e

post-industrial towns.

in Jarrow, eventually employing 80% of the male workforce. The success of the yards first collier ship,

PA L M E R S TO W N

industry, and this led to widespread unemployment

the social amenities that came with that, the early 1930’s saw a depressive state for ship building

time, and took a prominent role in organising

in government of the state of affairs in Jarrow and the North. Although the march was deemed unsuccessful at the time, she helped post Second

World War attitudes to unemployment and social justice.

across Britain, during a period of globalisation and Palmer’s closed in 1933.

4 Ellen Wilkinson, The Town that was murdered (1939) p60

87

Patrick Flannery Born: Sligo, Ireland [1831] Died: [1904]

Elizabeth Mctiernan Born: Sligo, Ireland [1831] Died: [1897]

Andrew Flannery Born: Wigan, Lancashire [1857] Died: [1909]

Andrew Flannery Born: Jarrow [1881] Died: Jarrow [1952]

Catherine Hart Born: [1885] Died: Jarrow [1975]

Esther Hill Born: [1856] Died: Jarrow [1949]

Thomas Flannery Born: Jarrow [1883] Died: unknown [1943]

Mary Elizabeth Flannery Born: Jarrow [1888] Died: unknown

John Flannery Born: Jarrow [1890] Died: unknown [1950]

Great great grandfather Andrew Flannery in the Jarrow March Esther Flannery Born: Jarrow [1905] Died: Jarrow [1920]

John Flannery Born: Jarrow [1907] Died: [1985]

Ernest Clouston Born: Jarrow [unknown] Died: Jarrow [unknown]

Catherine Flannery Born: Jarrow [1910] Died: Jarrow [unknown]

Andrew Flannery Born: Jarrow [1919] Died: unknown [2001]

Esther Flannery Born: unknown Died: unknown

PERSONAL CONNECTION Jarrovian family

Alan McDonald Born: Jarrow [1934] Died: Sunderland [1993]

Joan Clouston Born: Jarrow [1934]

Michael Clouston Born: Jarrow [1936]

David Clouston Born: Jarrow [1948]

To fully understand the history of industry in Jarrow

work in Jarrow had on our family. She explained

my personal interest. My family have lived in the

move the family to London when she was a toddler,

and pursue a social narrative, I must also express

C YC L E S O F L I F E A N D D E AT H

Neil McDonald Born: Sunderland [1962]

88

James Bluff Born: Burton upon Trent [1966]

North-East and particularly Jarrow for generations.

Julie McDonald Born: Bishop Auckland [1965]

My Gran, Joan McDonald, nee Clouston, was born

and raised in the town of Jarrow, and it is here that she also married my grandfather.

Katherine Bluff Born: South Shields [1996]

Michael Bluff Born: South Shields [1999]

I spoke to my Gran over the phone about her

childhood and what she knew of her parents and

that her father was forced to leave Jarrow and

and then after deciding to return to Jarrow some years later her father had to work abroad in Persia

and India as an engineer. Her mother and youngest

brother joined him, and she was left as head of the household and in charge of the money for 3 years, aged just 20 years old.

grandparents. She particularly focused on my great

great grandfather, Andrew Flannery, who lost his job at the shipyard and was picked to march to London in Jarrow’s most historic event. She also

spoke of the lasting effect that the struggle to find Family tree of Jarrovian descent

89

Change of industries and jobs

General Strike Attempt to force British Government to act to prevent wage reductions and worsening of conditions

Jarrow Crusade 200 men marched from Jarrow to London to protest against unemployment and poverty

Nationalisation Partly ideological but also a reflection of the depressed economic futures

Clean Air Act Domestic sources of heat shifed towards cleaner coals, electricity and gas, reducing the amount of smoke pollution

3 day week NUM called a strike to demand higher pay alongside a declared oil crisis, causing widespread electricity shortages.

The three day week was declared to restrict electricity use.

Disjointed communities

Miner’s Strikes Miners striked for nearly an entire year, following news of pit closures and the move by the Conservative Government to break the political and economic power of coal miners

Survival Only 39 coal mines remained producing 44% of the UK’s power and employing just 6,000 people

Brexit Regulations on import and exports change

D E - I N D U S T R I A L I S AT I O N

C YC L E S O F L I F E A N D D E AT H

Timeline of social movements

90

Although Jarrow was one of the first towns to lose

movements that came about with them, in order

lost their working communities, such as the mining

20th century.

its industry, it is among an array of others who have

communities who were particularly effected by the

to understand the change in attitudes during the

1970-80’s pit closures.

It is also unclear how Brexit will effect UK industry,

The timeline looks to mark some of the key

Tyne Dock acting as a place of major exchange of

moments of de-industrialisation, and the social

especially with changes to import and exports. With goods, how will this effect the local community?

91

Coal exports from Durham increased railway lines

Little waterfront activity

18 6 0

1920

RECLAIMING THE RIVER Decline of industry

92

the Tyne, and the waterfront hosted its industry.

Material resource export has defined the shape

19 7 0

Jarrow Slake now used for car export storage

Coal exports reduced and manufacturing increases

C YC L E S O F L I F E A N D D E AT H

Jarrow town has a deep rooted relationship with

of the land and the transport connections across

the North East. A large percentage of the land to

the east of Jarrow is now owned by the Port of Tyne Authority, leasing its land and buildings to

other businesses storing exports and imports from Europe and the rest of the world. The relationship

with the waterfront has weakened due to the

loss of industry, with many sites to the east and

2020 Jarrow development plan boundary

west of the docks now being sold for commercial

redevelopment. An intervention into these sites could help to reinstate a connection and also site a local supply chain for new industry.

93

‘...and people continued to die at an alarmingly high rate in an area which nature had made healthy, but which had been converted by over-rapid and unplanned industrialisation into what the local editor called a “veritable death-trap”.’

S O C I O - S PAT I A L D Y N A M I C S O F WORKING CLASS STRUGGLE THEME TWO

Ellen Wilkinson, The Town that was murdered (1939)

94

95

Lived space Spaces of representation Images based on inhabitants

S PA C E A N D S O C I A L T H E O R Y

Individuals appear disengaged from group Understanding and routines

Henri Lefebvre

Henri Lefebvre’s theory of space production gives

Both their aims were to present an understanding of

has led to growing social imbalances. He begins

concepts of space and to propose alternatives that

important insights into how modern urbanisation to describe how class struggle becomes inscribed

in space in order to provide a theoretical analysis that can contribute ‘to the dismantling of existing society by exposing what gnaws at it from within.’

S O C I O - S PAT I A L D Y N A M I C S

5

have practical advantages for local community away from the consequences of capitalism. They both talk about an element of social struggle using space as a political instrument.

to transform the symbolic order of ‘the lived or

practices and material conditions, being shaped by

she served.6 She paints a picture of how the single

Perceived space

Conceived space

Spatial practice

Representations of space

Structures based on networks

7

The final conclusions of Lefebvre’s work show how

representational space’ of the constituency that

Social space

space that can then be used to challenge the ruling

Wilkinson uses a similar rhetoric to describe the town of Jarrow in her writings, beginning

Individuals appear constrained by codified rules/visible structures

Codified rules/visible structures appear constraining/irrelevant to emerging group consensus

Plans based on visions

the production of space occurs through both social macro-scale policies as well as everyday routines.

company of Palmer’s exerted its influence on the town, and was therefore able to exert political

control over the local council, and resist increases in rates to improve health and education.

5 Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space (1991) p420

6 Perry, ‘The Town that was Murdered: Martyrs, Heroes and the Urbicide of Jarrow’, Secular Martyrdom in Britain and Ireland (2018), <https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018806133>

7 Andrzej Zieleniec, ‘Henri Lefebvre: the production of space’, Space and social theory (2007), <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ncl/detail.action?docID=355065.>

Lefebvre’s spatial triad

97

Mechanics Institute 1864 Built in 1864 for men working at the shipyard

by Charles Palmer, the buildings boasts an extensive library and reading rooms, and weekly lectures were provided to labourers. The building still stands, now known as Jarrow Civic Hall.

Coffee stall acted as an alternative to drinking at pubs for shipyard workers, organised by Jarrow’s first social worker Canon Liddell

Social life centred around churches and chapels

SOCIAL AMENITIES Historical social innovation

Palmer’s Memorial Hospital Built in 1870 by Charles Palmer, the hospital was needed for worker’s who attained injuries at the shipyard or steelworks. A new hospital built in the 1970’s still stands on the site today.

After reading Wilkinson’s book and talking to

my Gran, there were some key moves of social innovation for Jarrow that helped it to prosper.

During the historic period of labour intensity,

S O C I O - S PAT I A L D Y N A M I C S

private benevolent funding was used to solve social

98

problems, and some of the examples of this are shown on the map to the right.

Wilkinson writes of the area as ‘a good union town for skilled workers’, with these unions particularly

fighting for the families of workers and the

community as a whole. Communities often play a key role in the grassroots creation of long lasting,

bottom-up initiatives, with designers adding value

by making them more effective and attractive.

John Jarvis Park During the 1930’s many people were unemployed and Jarvis launched an appeal named the “Surrey Fund” to help build local amenities in Jarrow. The fund eventually raised £40,000, which was used to buy materials to enable unemployed men in Jarrow to continue working on tasks, such as constructing playgrounds and sport facilities.

Key socio-spatial innovation for workers in Jarrow

99

90

Percentage

80 70 60 50 40 30

Health 18.5%

20

Manufacturing 12%

Retail 9.5%

10 0 1860

1880

1900

1920

C U R R E N T S TAT E Industry employment sectors The previous map showed the curing of the social

problems with community initiatives, but what if the

problem is more deep rooted than that? As with most post-industrial towns, Jarrow has seen a shift away from heavy industries towards the services S O C I O - S PAT I A L D Y N A M I C S

industries. Particularly South Tyneside is suffering

100

from a lack of investment in the knowledge based

industries often found in the professional, scientific and technical sector, as well as the information

Ye a r

1940

1960

1980

2000

Highest percentage employment in South Tyneside

Agriculture Mining Manufacturing Util+Const+Transp Consumer Services Business Services Public Services

Professional, scientific & technical 5.3%

Information and communication 1.6%

Business & support 7%

Under-represented employment sectors in South Tyneside

and communication sector; where it falls behind North-East and national averages. Conversations about sustainability and community resiliency need

to shift away from curing symptoms and instead

South Tyneside

to conflicted space today.

Great Britain

focus on how persistent social inequalities have led

North East

101

Unemployment rate

C U R R E N T S TAT E

10.1% and above

2.6-5%

7.6-10%

0-2.5%

5.1-7.5%

Jarrow town development boundary

Persistent social inequalities Globalisation and the demise of heavy industry have left lasting social inequalities for Jarrow. The

town suffers from a high unemployment rate (10%)

which is much higher than the national average (4.8%). This also correlates with a low qualification 8

S O C I O - S PAT I A L D Y N A M I C S

rate, with 20-30% of residents having no formal

qualifications. Also without knowledge based industries, it is likely the case that those from the

town who go on to study at university level, then

history, in order to up-skill residents and allow the town to adapt more readily to industry change.

Towns and cities are a complex system of socio-

spatial innovations and socio-technical systems.9 The town has lacked in design for system innovation

and therefore a study of the interrelationships of systems in the town is needed.

have to move away because there aren’t jobs locally

There is potential for architectural intervention,

her brothers found themselves in.

resilient social change for the town.

to sustain them. This was the situation my Gran and

alongside new industry investment, to provide Low qualification rate (percentage with no qualifications)

The town is in need of the scaling up of the type

20.1-30%

of grass roots socio-spatial innovations seen in its 8 Office for National Statistics, ‘Economic Activity’, Census 2011 (2011) <http://www.ons.gov.uk/census>

102

30.1-40%

9 Fabrizio Ceschin, ‘Evolution of design for sustainability: From product design to design for system innovations and transitions’, Design Studies, 47, (2016) pp118-163 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. destud.2016.09.002>

10.1-20%

0-10% Jarrow town development boundary

103

‘This island is too small, its economic life too precariously balanced, its geographical situation too vulnerable, for its fate to be left to the casual workings of chance, or the insatiable unheeding drive of the profit-makers. Jarrow is an object lesson of what happens then.’

JARROW IN A LOCAL AND GLOBAL CONTEX T THEME THREE

Ellen Wilkinson, The Town that was murdered (1939)

104

105

TYNE TUNNEL (1967) Modernity dividing the town

1961 annotated photograph

Wilkinson writes of globalisation affecting the local ship building industry, but this is not the only time

the town has seen outside factors effect its sociospatial politics.

From the 1920’s there had been plans for a tunnel crossing the Tyne between North and South

Shields. Pedestrian and cyclist tunnels were opened in 1951, but the delayed Tyne Tunnel eventually

opened in 1967. The proposal involved the slum

1960’s town centre

clearance seen in many cities during the modern

era, replaced by new modernist council housing, a town ring road and the cut and cover tunnel. This

approach disregarded the towns historic urban grain and created a vertical division between communities, with neighbourhoods split by the

new developments. The northern section of the LOCAL AND GLOBAL CONTEX T

ring road also fractured Jarrow’s long connection

106

with the river. This top down approach to urban

1970’s after housing clearance and Tyne Tunnel opened

planning improved residents health, but has stunted the growth of the town.

In the same period the UK’s first Arndale centre

was built in Jarrow, seen at the time to resurrect the town centre, but it now sits with many empty shops along the high street. The town still has a

fractured urban relationship between the east and west neighbourhoods and its high street.

UK’s first Arndale style shopping centre opened 1961

Current A19 tunnel road dividing the town in two

107

Dogger Bank Tyne

Relationship between Tyne and Dogger Bank

PORT OF T YNE Offshore investment Recent government investment in wind power

has prospered new hopes for low-carbon industry

along the Tyne, with the Port of Tyne at Tyne Dock

local resource flows.

being named as the Operations and Maintenance

Localisation is a key factor to low-carbon

offshore wind farm.10

ensures that there are feedback loops to provide

hub for Dogger Bank wind farm, the world’s largest LOCAL AND GLOBAL CONTEX T

significant socio-economic benefits to developing

The investment sees £160million within 10 years,

creating up to 60,000 jobs in ports, factories and supply chains.

communities and increasing circular practices. It also

powerful motivation for change in social practices, lifestyles and systems of provision, encouraging

‘resource sharing, optimisation, looping and the regeneration of local natural capital.’11

However at the moment Jarrow is not identified as a key community who can benefit from this investment.

Beyond

of delivery of

the

immediate

benefits

a local supply chain, there are

10 Port of Tyne Authority, ‘Port of Tyne to become base for World’s Largest Offshore Wind Farm, Dogger Bank’, Port of Tyne, 13 May. 2020. < https://www.portoftyne.co.uk/news-and-media/news/portof-tyne-to-become-base-for-worlds-largest-offshore-wind-farm-dogger-bank>

11 Joanna Williams, ‘Circular Cities’, Urban Studies, Vol. 56 (2019), p2754 < https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018806133>

109

2020 Fit for future and community action fundng

Tyne Clean Enegy Park visual

TYNE 2050

2030 Net zero port

Offshore investment

On the back of government investment in wind power and SSE Renewables who run Dogger Bank

placing their Operations and Maintenance base at

LOCAL AND GLOBAL CONTEX T

the Tyne, the Port of Tyne has issued its ‘Tyne 2050

110

2040 All electric mobility

Port Strategic Plan’, outlining its moves to become carbon neutral. It also outlines its own investment

in maritime innovation and research into the renewables sector.

There is ambition for the area to become region leading

in

renewable

manufacturing.

energy

research

and

2050 Innovation Hub

Simplified plan timeline

Port strategic plan

111

THESIS PROPOSAL A JUST TRANSITION FOR JARROW

112

113

Local community

2020 Fit for future and community action fundng

South Tyneside Council

Universities and education

Government

2030 Net zero port

TYNE 2050

Direct employees

Local stakeholder New small renewable companies

Tyne 2050 sees a long term vision for the Port of Tyne so that it can become a ‘gateway for

regional transformation’.12 One of its key priorities

2040

Tyne is also committed to the health, well-being

All electric mobility

is community action funding, saying ‘Port of and education of our people in our region of all

Current customers and industry

Port of Tyne Stakeholders

ages, and to developing an inclusive and diverse workforce’.13

THESIS PROPOSAL

With the move to decarbonising the economy, the

growth of renewable products and services is also

2050

that the renewables investment at the port will

Innovation Hub

increasing. The project situates itself in the place

allow a crucial role of investment in renewables in

What would it take for the innovation hub to be situated in the neighbouring community of Jarrow?

the local community.

12 Port of Tyne Authority, ‘Tyne 2050’, Port of Tyne, <https://www. portoftyne.co.uk/news-and-media/publications/tyne-2050> 13 ibid. p11

115

rldview Wo

rldview Wo

Consumerism

Care & Reuse

Work

Work

ources Res

Purpose

ources Res

Extraction

Singular wealth

Circular

Exploitation vernance Go

Purpose

THESIS PROPOSAL

HOW CAN THE TOWN OF JARROW BUILD Ecological & Social FCooperation U T U RinE C O MWell-being MUNITY RESILIENCE, BY ADAPTING green jobs TO THE RENEWABLES INDUSTRY INVESTMENT IN THE AREA? overnance G

Historically, the North-East’s economy has been primarily built on the linear Bottom up methodologies of raw material extraction and exportation. Since the decline of

Top Down

Linear methodologies of material extraction

the coal mining and ship building sectors, industry along the Tyne has almost ceased existence, and it has led to greater socioeconomic deprivation. With the Government’s proposals to invest in green energy and the proposal for the world’s

rldview Wo

largest wind farm, Dogger Bank, to sit off the North-East coast, Port of Tyne has been named as a location for its operation and maintenance.

Care & Reuse

This project looks to drive local economy around the port at Jarrow and Tyne

Work

Purpose

Purpose

ources Res

Dock, an area that has seen previously high unemployment amongst an array of skilled workers. The project provides a historically vulnerable community with a strategy for resilient and sustainable industry and social frameworks, based around

THESIS PROPOSAL

gular wealth

116

Circular

Cooperation in green jobs

Ecological & Social Well-being

a generative master plan and circular strategies, to place Jarrow and Tyne Dock as a regional leader for renewable energy innovation.

vernance Go

Bottom up

Just transition principles 117

Maritime Enterprise Incubator

C I R C U L A R P O RT S T R AT E G Y Jarrow Knowledge District

Urban trieur

The thesis proposes that Jarrow integrates into

Waste handling

Turbine decommissioning

the Tyne 2050 strategy by becoming a flagship

knowledge district for renewable energy research

Knowledge district Turbine storage

Local job generator

and education.

Dogger Bank Operations and maintenance

This strategy references Flander’s circular port

THESIS PROPOSAL

building blocks in Belgium. The knowledge district

118

JARROW

is characterised by its dependence on linking public

and private stakeholders in a cooperative network, and supports local pilot projects.14

This gives a new purpose to the waterfront area of Jarrow.

14 https://circularports.vlaanderen-circulair.be, ‘Knowledge District’, Circular (City) Ports <https://circularports.vlaanderen-circulair.be/en/ building-blocks/detail/knowledge-district> [accessed 25 May 2021]

119

TOW N A N D LO C A L E URBAN FORM AND MAPPING SYSTEMS

120

121

Viking business park Lost industrial waterfront

Post war housing

Retail zone

CURRENT JARROW Aerial Context 1960’’s and 70’s urban planning has seen the town divided into zones, and a ‘strategic corridor’ (the

TOW N A N D LO C A L E

Tyne tunnel divides town

122

cut and cover section of the tunnel). This is an

underutilised green space that splits the town into two halves.

Similar disruptive zones are the retail car park that defines the town centre, as well as the old Palmer’s shipyard site which sits at the riverside. These are

all potential points for large scale intervention in the town.

123

URBAN SCALES Macro City level

Metabolic analysis Our planet is a closed loop system of finite resources.

Although cities cover <2% of the earth’s surface,

they consume about 78% of the energy available.

There is a need for metabolic thinking in order to understand the complex urban systems and flow of

materials and energy within them, to support more

Meso District level

sustainable urban environments in the future.

The urban metabolism studies map the physical and matter flows within urban regions, defined as

‘the sum total of the technical and socioeconomic process that occur in cities, resulting in growth,

production of energy and elimination of waste.’15 It

Micro Local neighbourhood level

was first introduced by Karl Marx and concentrated on the social organisation and harvesting of the

Earth’s materials, using it as a metaphor of metabolic

reactions through humans’ exertion.16 The flows

are mapped at different scales, to understand how CO T HW A PNT EARN D H ELAODCI A NLGE

the town or city integrates with the greater urban

124

region and even globally.

I have decided to use this form of mapping in order to understand the current material, energy and knowledge flows in Jarrow, in order to find possible points of systemic intervention.

15 C Kennedy et al. The Changing Metabolism of Cities. (2007) 16 Fischer-Kowalski, ‘Society’s metabolism the intellectual history of materials flow analysis, part 1.’ Journal of Industrial Ecology, (1998) pp61-78.

Jarrow Manufacturing Zone

Existing services

Tyne Clean Energy Park is bringing new renewables companies

CURRENT INDUSTRY INVESTMENT POTENTIAL Catalysing re-industrialisation Jarrow is characterised by its retail and transport hub that defines the town centre. This acts as a

destination point for its citizens and moves the

TOW N A N D LO C A L E

towns focus away from its waterfront and green space.

The waterfront is then left lost without a sense of

public occupation, and gives little back to the town.

N Current innovation hubs

The new renewable energy industry at Tyne Dock’s Clean Energy Park and the investment by South Tyneside Council to create Jarrow Manufacturing

zone, begin to suggest a local supply chain could

be formed around the renewables industry. With Jarrow sitting between the two of these, and with an abandoned industrial site at its waterfront, there is

the potential for its use as part of the supply chain.

In fact the scale of buildings and the ring road mean

there is little reference to the horizontal nature of the river frontage.

127

Geothermal energy from Tyne needs CPH plant

Geothermal potential from flooded mine is national leading research

N

Geothermal energy potential

CURRENT ENERGY PRODUCTION POTENTIAL Channelling energy and waste Research has led to understanding that Jarrow is surrounded by some innovative renewable energy

sources that are currently being explored for the

CO T HW A PNT EARN D H ELAODCI A NLGE

Energy flows in Jarrow and Tyne Dock

128

Flooded mine

Powerline

Geothermal heat source

Energy maintenance

CHP district heating

Jarrow town centre

Heat source

Wind turbine

town’s own energy production.

The potential of energy from the flooded mine is national leading research, and requires a Combined

Heat and Power (CHP) plant as well as locally-

generated electricity from solar panels to help power it. By seeing these visible systems being installed

in the town and providing an Energy Innovation

Centre that could connect district heating and act as an accessible institute for the community, Jarrow

has potential to become a region leader in the field and retain local knowledge and jobs.

129

River Tyne Ecology

Polltued and abandoned industrial waterfront

GREEN AND BLUE SCAPE Connecting spaces Jarrow is surrounded for a large amount of green TOW N A N D LO C A L E

1. Intertidal mudflats

130

2. Coastal salt marshes 3. Lowland fens

Underused green space

4. Lowland grassland 5. Lowland mixed deciduous woodland

space which is mainly grassland. This space is underused and has potential to be landscaped

to promote both humans and animals to better occupy it.

Particular areas of interest are the green corridor running through the centre town and ring road, and the waterfront.

131

2010

Energy

2020

2030

2040

2050

2060

2070

2080

2090

2100

Oil

2136

Coal Gas Uranium

Materials used in renewable energy sources

Antimony Lead Iodium

2856

Rare Earths

Other industrial metals

Zinc Silver Gold

Gold production is declining

Copper

Metals used in renewable energy extraction and length of reserves1 1 Circular Flanders,<https://vlaanderen-circulair.be/en>

M AT E R I A L S A N D RECYCLING Poor material economy There is a growing awareness of the issues

surrounding waste and its disposal. Raw materials

are becoming increasingly scarce, and so there Waste flows in Jarrow and Tyne Dock

needs to be greater incentive to repair and reuse, creating a circular waste economy, rather than

relying on the expensive recycling of raw materials.

Industry scale recycling (metal)

CO T HW A PNT EARN D H ELAODCI A NLGE

Household recycling village

132

Households recycling <28% waste Jarrow town centre boundary

With so many goods and excess material flowing

through the docks, there is potential to use the waterfront site as an ‘urban mine’ to extract essential raw materials.

There are rare earth metals that are used within turbines in wind power extraction, and with a

turbine lifespan of only 25 years, there is a potential for a turbine decommissioning plant as part of the operations and maintenance at the port.17

17 Helene Gaudin, ‘Implications of the use of rare-earth elements in the wind energy market’, Sustainalytics (2019) <https://www.sustainalytics.com/esg-blog/implications-rare-earthwind-energy-market/>

133

Existing cycling network without horizontal connection

MOVEMENT OF GOODS AND PEOPLE East-west disconnect Jarrow is well serviced by public transport, with a bus station and metro station, but the town is divided by the major trunk road.

Mobility flows of goods and people in Jarrow and Tyne Dock

With a cycle route running east-west there is potential for greater provision of cycling, which

Shipping

would support an increased workforce at Tyne Dock and help to reactivate the riverside.

CO T HW A PNT EARN D H ELAODCI A NLGE

Metro

134

Shipping is also a major sector of mobility for the

Cycling

Tyne, with the Tyne 2050 plan aiming for all electric mobility at the docks. Questions arise as to how

Road (A19 trunk road)

new local supply chains can efficiently fit in and expand on the current movement of goods.

Jarrow town centre boundary Existing road network removes connection to waterfront

135

Ecocentre

Jarrow autocentre

Jarrow MOT Jobcentre

Expedient training services

Lifeskills training and recruitment

Springboard training provider N Current initiatives that could host renewables outreach to be linked by cycle paths

S K I L L S A N D E D U C AT I O N Outreach hubs

Car maintenance skill

Previous research in this project has shown the need to up-skill the population of Jarrow to allow competitive local applications for renewable energy

Knowledge flows in Jarrow and Tyne Dock

Car battery repair

automative industry, as there could be potential to

‘E-withdrawn’ area CHAPTER HEADING

136

Secondary school

build a relationship between the two and provide a

Turbine battery repair

variety of practical training at different sites across the town. This is just one of the initial thoughts for

a spatial intervention in the town that links to the

College

principle of re-skilling residents. Alongside this there could be cycle paths that link up the training hubs

Training centres Jarrow Development Boundary

flows. The current adult lifeskills centres have been

mapped alongside sites that are linked with the

Area of low qualification rate

Primary school

jobs, as well as retaining local specialist knowledge

Job at Tyne Dock

to make access as easy as possible from housing areas.

137

KEY AREAS OF INTERVENTION Masterplan

N

During the research into existing systems in the town, some key sites and areas have been identified that will be linked in the masterplan. Of particular TOW N A N D LO C A L E

interest are the green corridor covering the Tyne

138

Destination building

Tunnel and the wasteland at the waterfront.

Intervention points

scale interventions at skill centre sites around the

Landscaping of sites

Alongside this there is the potential for smaller town.

A new built intervention would act as a destination point at the waterfront.

Skill centres Cycle lanes Geothermal potential

139

JUST TRANSITION MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL

140

141

J u s t Tr a n s i t i o n Development Tr u s t State intervention

Local agency

Port of Tyne community investment

M A S T E R P L A N S T R AT E G Y

JUST TRANSITION MASTERPLAN

Strategies to optimise flows

142

Key social issues were identified in Jarrow that

and the relationship between the community and

were leading to a lower quality of life, and had

for intervention that are going to be applied to the

had stemmed from historic social innovation and impacted the environment of the town. In response to this, the current socio-technical metabolic flows

of material and matter have identified the key

new industry. This has resulted in three principles spatial design; socio-spatial systems, ecology and resources and waterfront regeneration.

technical responses to these social issues.

The masterplan is governed by a newly formed Just

There has been a conscious attempt to look for

of state, private and local members.

synergy between these flows and linking them at

Transition Development Trust, made up of a mixture

Socio-spatial systems

Re-skill unemployed population and increase towns knowledge of energy and food production

Ecology and resources

Waterfront regeneration

Improve ecology whilst channelling local waste and byproducts of renewable energy extraction

Catalyse re-industrialisation and create a destination point at the river frontage

a local level. However there are significant design

strategies that could help to improve these flows Masterplan strategies as technical responses to the social issues

143

remediation Bio

operation, mai ine nte b r na Tu decommission nd ea nc

portal line on

kil cal s lshare Lo

s outrea able ch ew

mmunity ren Co

m ban ining in Ur

tes ou

tive itia

ed tend cycle r Ex

Urban interventions

l + CPH e ner erma gy oth e G p t lan

ne 050 re wable en e2 erg n Ty y

The programme currently sees a range of smaller

projects that are based in the town, helping Jarrow to become a region leader for renewable energy innovation.

The masterplan envisions smaller interventions

o ban c mmon Ur

spread among the town, sometimes as extensions rks Y wo hops DI a repair cafe nd

JUST TRANSITION MASTERPLAN

entre tion c ova inn

interventions that could then catalyse three larger

s

144

PROGRAMME

to existing programmes or businesses, and sometimes as new designed spatial hubs. These

would be proposed at a systemic meso-level

(master plan) for the town. A number of these have been explored in greater detail throughout the thesis.

The project culminates in the designing of the Tyne Renewable Energy Innovation Hub building.

145

Phases

Phase 1: Socio-spatial systems

Phase 2: Ecology and resources

Phase 3: Waterfront regeneration

Interventions ban comm Ur

DIY w

Turbi ne o

on

h reac ut

al

JUST TRANSITION MASTERPLAN

tre cen

2025

Waterfront landscaped according to Tyne Estuary Partnership guidelines

nd decommis ea si nc

A CPH energy plant is built on the waterfront to create a district heating system for the town from the geothermal The DIY workshop and energy at the Tyne and the repair cafe becomes the first ‘building’ made from geothermal energy extracted from the mine the material bank

erside pa Riv

ing centre cycl a Re

A new hub for renewable energy innovation acts as a research and community action centre, with workshops, teaching rooms, visible systems and spaces for community to voice opinions on, mainten rati a pe

terial bank ma nd

shops an ork

extended rk

Waterfront brownfield site is cleared of contamination

As sites are cleared at Tyne Dock to prepare for turbine operations, an urban mining initiative collect materials and store in a material bank and can be used for community projects

rgy plant ene

remediat Bio i

Researchers from the universities come to monitor the geothermal energy and exhibit their research

rgy innovat ene ion le

egins re b nt

ban minin Ur

H

2020

rmal + othe CP Ge

epair cafe dr

Extended cycle routes introduced to connect Jarrow to Tyne Dock and beyond to encourage ease of movement for citizens without vehicles

Market days present and sell locallly made products and products from allotments

nitiative gi

Spatial

Loca l

on

146

routes le

ended cyc Ext

Grants introduced to local car repair garages and training programmmes are set up to up-skill citizens

030 renew ne 2 ab Ty

search ce Re

rket ma

Economic

mmunity Co

The green corridor that currently divides the town is populated with community allotments as a way of producing local food

ewables o ren

Online skillshare classes begin, and a community begins to form around education

otments a All

ridor or

Social

A development trust is set up with board members from the local authority, businesses and community g green c lon

online port re

al skillsha Loc

rust tT

Citizens act as key players in management of urban resources, and a commons is set up to help aid development proposal decisions by government

elopm en Dev

Political

n

s on

t Transitio Jus

A new space is assigned for a material bank and recycling centre so the the town has its own place to swap and donate materials

A new industry is catalysed on the back of the turbine operations at the port, and a circular material economy is formed, saving precious metals from batteries to add to the towns material bank

2030

2035

2040

2050

2050 TIMELINE Masterplan 147

S O C I O - S PAT I A L S Y S T E M S PHASE ONE

148

149

JUST TRANSITION MASTERPLAN

150

PHASE ONE Ye a r s 1 - 3

Existing cycling routes New cycling routes

Citizens act as key players in management of urban resources, and a commons is set up to help aid development proposal decisions by government. Funding from public and private sectors, such as the Port of Tyne, allow grants for local businesses to begin upskilling the community through DIY initiatives. Interventions begin in existing spaces around the town, with new cycle routes connecting them.

151

COMMUNITY RENEWABLES OUTREACH

URBAN COMMONS

The first interventions sees small

The civic block hosting the town hall and Mechanic’s

Institute is landscaped with seating and planting to

pavilion structures built close by to existing businesses of proposal enhances skillsets in car

for the public to voice their opinions and take part o ban c mmon Ur

in shared experiences

s

maintenance and DIY projects

s outrea able ch ew

skilled workers in the town. The

create a place within the political centre of the town

mmunity ren Co

through workshops held by the local businesses.

ALLOTMENTS ALONG GREEN CORRIDOR

The green corridor currently acts as a divide

through the centre of the town. The proposal seeks to inhabit this space with community and private

allotments, to educate the community in creative

g

otments alon All

JUST TRANSITION MASTERPLAN

en corridor gre

152

ways of growing food.

S O C I O - S PAT I A L INTERVENTIONS Urban interventions Key kickstarter interventions are shown here within existing spaces in the town, with the new cycle routes connecting them.

Cycle routes 153

RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY PHASE TWO

154

155

JUST TRANSITION MASTERPLAN

156

PHASE TWO Ye a r s 3 - 5

Geothermal energy from mine

DIY workshops continue to progress enhancing personal skillsets such as car maintenance leading to further turbine maintenance, and creative ways to grow food in the community. Area cleared at Tyne Dock and local hardware stores help the town create its own material bank. Landscaping of the waterfront and a SUDs system create a linear park and inhabited route to the river frontage.

157

ECOLOGY

158

159

D E R W E N T VA L L E Y F E N S

T E A M VA L L E Y S A LT M A R S H E S

WALLSEND RIVERSIDE PA R K

HEBBURN RIVERSIDE PA R K

JARROW RIVERSIDE KNOWLEDGE DISTRICT

JARROW SLAKE M U D F L AT S

N Tyne estuary ecology

J A R R O W R I V E R S I D E PA R K Urban interventions 1

2

3

4+5

As part of phase two the masterplan sees the JUST TRANSITION MASTERPLAN

integration of Jarrow waterfront into a riverside

park with planting and grassland that responds to the ecology of the Tyne.

The previously industrial site must first be cleared

1. Intertidal mudflats

re-profiling of intertidal banks to provide increased

2. Coastal salt marshes

provision.18 Second stage planting of lowland

3. Lowland fens

and set through a process of bioremediation. The vegetated areas would improve the habitat mixed deciduous trees and hardy wildflowers

4. Lowland grassland

and re-activates the riverside.

5. Lowland mixed deciduous woodland

within grassland gives the area back to the public 18 Environment Agency and Groundwork, ‘Tyne Estuary Developer Guide’ <https://www.groundwork.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2019/08/Tyne-Estuary-Developer-Guide-FINAL3-1.pdf> [accessed 20 March 2021].

Riverside park landscaped with steps and promenade added to river frontage 161

Create route from town centre to waterfront

JUST TRANSITION MASTERPLAN

Propose Suds system for surrounding rain water run off

162

L I N E A R PA R K Urban interventions As discussed during the research, the current green

corridor divides the town from east to west. This

Linear and riverside park with new destination point

space is proposed as a new linear park to offer a

more inspiring and populated route that draws people out from the public transport and retail hub

in the town centre to the waterfront. The park sees a new sustainble urban drainage scheme (SUDs) Existing infrastructure needs to be considered with water unable to run into the ground

and allotments integrated alongside the existing cycle path running north-south.

163

P L AY PA R K Routes and services

COMMUNIT Y ALLOTMENTS R E C R E AT I O N A L P O N D

CO M M U N I T Y A L LOT M E N T FAC I L I T Y SCHOOL ALLOTMENTS

Creating destination points

H E AV Y R A I N FA L L S O A K AWAY

JUST TRANSITION MASTERPLAN

INDIVIDUAL HALF-PLOTS

164

LOWER PERMEABILIT Y RAIN GARDEN Green and blue spaces

L I N E A R PA R K P L A N Tyne Tunnel below park

SUDs scheme

Linear Park plan

165

Existing

Proposed cycle route and walkway through allotments HIGH STREET

JUST TRANSITION MASTERPLAN

L I N E A R PA R K

166

Community centred area

COMMUNITY ALLOTMENT FAC I L I T Y SWALES P L AY PA R K

Set within the heart of the linear park is a community

allotment facility and recreational pond that act as a central space for gathering from both the east

and west of the town centre. This helps to mediate R E C R E AT I O N A L POND

WAT E R F R O N T

the drastic scale change of the existing tower block to the green corridor. Having a space like this set

so centrally in the town masterplan should help to change mindsets and behaviours of those residing

in Jarrow to think more intrinsically about cycles of Proposed

food, waste and water.

167

RESOURCES

168

169

H E AT E X C H A N G E D F R O M R I V E R WAT E R

Turbines out to sea Potential use of mine water for heating and cooling

Heat exchanger for geothermal energy potential in the Tyne

FLOODED MINE SHAFTS

DEEPER TUNNELS

Electric car charging

Community PV Farm

12-16 DEGREES

CHP Plant Combined cooling, heating and power plant

Community windfarm

JUST TRANSITION MASTERPLAN

Photovoltaic on roof of community buildings

170

E N E R G Y S T R AT E G Y Waterfront An area by the waterfront is being proposed as an energy production park, with potential for district heating and community produced electricity. Central to this is the combined

cooling, heating and power plant. This facility District heating and community initiatives Mine shaft running underneath site as potential energy source

uses the geothermal energy potential in the

abandoned mine shaft running under the waterfront as well as the geothermal potential energy in the Tyne river to provide heating and electricity to the town.

171

Materials collected and used for interventions around the town

M AT E R I A L A N D WA S T E S T R AT E G Y Waterfront

JUST TRANSITION MASTERPLAN

Initial research highlighted the recycling

172

economy, which is central to South Tyneside’s waste management, was performing poorly

in Jarrow. A new recycling and material bank New recycling and material bank and connections New recycling and material bank Existing recycling facilities Non-vehicular routes Secondary route Primary route

within walk-able distance is proposed by the waterfront in an area previously used as a gas

works. The intervention seeks to collect and

allow citizens to use materials for their own DIY purposes around the town. Example initiatives

include using found materials to create timber pavilions for the community allotments and outreach.

173

WAT E R F R O N T R E G E N E R AT I O N PHASE THREE

174

175

JUST TRANSITION MASTERPLAN

176

PHASE THREE Ye a r s 5 +

Researchers from the universities come to monitor the geothermal energy and exhibit their research to the community. By 2030, a new hub for renewable energy innovation acts as a research and community action centre, with workshops, teaching rooms and spaces for community to voice opinions. A new industry is catalysed on the back of the turbine operations at the port, with the waterfront site next to Jarrow’s new manufacturing zone. A circular material economy is formed, saving precious metals and batteries to add to the towns material bank.

177

Existing historic block

Proposed Turbine Decommissioning area

WAT E R F R O N T R E G E N E R AT I O N

JUST TRANSITION MASTERPLAN

Original block

178

Re-catalysing industry The area west of the cycle and pedestrian hub

used to house the Palmer’s shipbuilding and steel

works and appears as a gap in the urban fabric of the town. The proposal designs this area as a Void spaces

new hub for renewable energy companies to set up offices within the riverside park, with factories

for decommissioning of turbines by the waterfront as freight by water is integral to this. This move creates economic and social benefits for the town

as it becomes part of the supply chain for the Dogger Bank site.

Existing modernist block

Green space included in block

179

RENEWABLE ENERGY I N N O VAT I O N H U B BUILDING PROPOSAL

180

181

Garages taking part in community outreach

Recycling and Material Bank Compound

3. Steps up through site

Vehicle share point/ transport hub

Renewable Energy Innovation Hub site

1.

4. View along waterfront

Pedestrian Tunnel Hub

ing centre cycl a Re

ergy plant en

terial bank ma nd

H

2.

030 renew ne 2 ab y T

tre cen mmunity Co

erside pa Riv

PROPOSED SITE

each utr 4.

tion, m a r pe

extended rk

ewables o ren

rket ma

3.

Loca l

rgy innovat ene ion le

rmal + othe CP e G

Turbi ne o

2. Approach to site

1. Green corridor

Renewable energy innovation hub

With Jarrow now home to some flagship renewable energy projects, including geothermal energy from an old mine shaft and energy from the Tyne, the

BUILDING PROPOSAL

Just Transition Development Trust proposes a brand

182

new ‘Renewable Energy Innovation Hub’ to provide a space for research, training and community workshops on the waterfront by the river.

183

Site section with mass to interrupt view to river and act as new destination point Destination points

S K AT E PA R K TYNE PEDESTRIAN TUNNEL HUB

Desire routes PROPOSED AREA FOR M AT E R I A L B A N K S TO R E

S I T E A N A LY S I S

E X I S T I N G C A R PA R K

Renewable energy innovation hub The site by the waterfront is currently landscaped

around a skate park by the water and a small car park. These two location points are going to be

Site analysis plan Pause points at entry points to site

BUILDING PROPOSAL

retained by the scheme as the skate park is a popular

Destination point

destination for the towns younger population, and

Desire routes

to using a greater amount of public transport and

Pause points

the car park is still useful as the town transitions new cycleways.

Historic grain

The building is proposed to act as a low-lying

disruption in the landscape, becoming a beacon

Threshold

point on the horizon.

Historic grain of old landscaping

184

185

Grids aligned to contours

Retaining routes

Thresholds and entrance space created

SITE AND B U I L D I N G S T R AT E G Y Renewable energy innovation hub

Retain routes through to waterfront

The initial massing responded to the building

programme and functions as well as the site. The

BUILDING PROPOSAL

single story blocks are placed to retain routes

186

through to the waterfront, and then covered by a separate planar roof creating interesting public/

Steps integrated into roof Covered courtyard

private spaces. The roof is accessible to the public,

Singular planar roof covering all building functions

Roof faceted for drainage and to meet the ground for public access

with the idea that it becomes a destination point

for views along the river, but similarly the public can choose to pass though the building and not interact

Open cafe courtyard

with it. The roof is then made up of geometric facets that help with drainage.

Public space

187

Exploring roof covering masses or masses intersecting

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Precedents The building design struggled with bridging the

gap between being a civic building and sitting lightly within the landscape as a building with public

ownership. The work of Adept Architects at Vestre

BUILDING PROPOSAL

became a key precedent in the design process.

188

This community facility is an outdoor swimming and changing facility sat within a Fjordpark. Its

concrete structure with timber cladding makes the building appear light touch on the landscape with public access to the roof. Similarly the work of Nord

Architects separates the ground and roof plane as two distinct features of the eyeline. The floorplan does not respond to the roof plan above.

Vestre Fjord Park Adept Architects

Understanding angles

Maritime Museum Nord Architects

189

Staff offices 41m²

Meeting room 41m²

Research

Entrance

Kitchenette

Community cafe

12m²

Community

200m²

Research office 12m²

Collaborative research

Research lab/prep/store

55m²

Research office

100m²

12m²

Research office 12m²

Research office 12m²

Plant 30m²

Assembly room/Lecture theatre 200m²

Library/exhibition space 80m²

Computer cluster 30m²

Seminar room 41m²

DIY workshop 100m²

Seminar room

Teaching

41m²

Building programme

PROGRAMME AND MASSING Renewable energy innovation hub Massing axonometric

The programme shows the three key areas of the building, which are all centred around a

circular assembly room/lecture theatre where the

BUILDING PROPOSAL

community can come together to learn about the

190

Solar panels on roof

energy research taking place, as well as voice their

opinions on the progression of the masterplan.

Roof light for indirect sunlight

Rain water collection

The programme heavily influenced the massing of the building, with the central space occupying the most civic function and then linear separate masses

making up the three parts. The roof is opposing

and geometric in form, following the contours of the landscape.

Building partly powered by geothermal energy from Tyne River

Facade meets ground to protect against south-west prevailing wind and sun

191

Building approach from linear park

BUILDING FORM Renewable energy innovation hub The building’s form allows it to sit low as part of the horizon but interrupts the eye-line to the river vista just enough to become a new destination point

to aim for. At ground level, the voids punching

BUILDING PROPOSAL

through the masses allow multiple walk-able routes

through to the river beyond. At roof level, there

Site axonometric

is a soft gradient in response to the shape of the lecture hall beneath, which allows views in from the public above. The faceted shapes meet the ground

responding to the pause points and thresholds of

the site, where stairs and a ramp allow public access

to the roof, giving back public space to the riverside

park that was taken away by the building functions.

192

193

PERENNIAL GREEN ROOF FLOWERED MEADOW GRASSLAND M E A N D E R I N G PAT H S LOWL AND MIXED DECIDUOUS TREES AS ROAD BUFFER

S K AT E PA R K

TYNE PEDESTRIAN TUNNEL

Landscaping strategy

SITE LANDSCAPING Renewable energy innovation hub CURLEW

The site has been landscaped with soft edged

ROAD

geometric shapes that follow the contours of the landscape. Meandering paths flow through

BUILDING PROPOSAL

the landscape following the desire routes of the public from Curlew Road to the river frontage, and

allow the public to walk through a set of terraced wildflower meadows. A ramped path to the south-

Site plan

east of the site connects the DIY workshop to the

0

25

material store, and a new cycle path runs along the north of the site with mixed deciduous trees acting as a buffer from the road to the waterfront.

194

Xiangshan Lake Park precedent

195

14

1 2

3

3

5

13

4

14

1

2

3

4

6 5

7

10

12

8

7

11

9

6

8

Roof plan

0

20

Ground floor plan 1 M AT E R I A L R E S E A R C H L A B

0

20

2 C O L L A B O R AT I V E O F F I C E 3 RESEARCH OFFICES 4 K I TC H E N E T T E 5 MEETING ROOM

BUILDING PROPOSAL

6 R E S E A R C H S PA C E E N T R A N C E

196

1 B L E A C H E R S TA I R T O R O O F

7 A S S E M B LY R O O M

2 R O O F T O P W A L K W AY

8 M A I N E N T R A N C E / E X H I B I T I O N S PA C E

3 GREEN ROOF AREAS

9 COMMUNITY CAFE

4 R A M P E D A R E A O V E R A S S E M B LY R O O M

10 SEMINAR TEACHING ROOMS

5 N E T T E D P L AY A R E A

11 COMPUTER CLUSTER

6 V O I D TO C A F E B E LO W

12 LIBRARY

7 S K AT E PA R K

13 DIY WORKSHOP

8 R A M P A CC E S S TO R O O F

1 4 B I K E S TO R E

197

GLULAM BEAMS WITH C LT PA N E L S

GLAZED CONNECTION

RAMMED EARTH C E N T R A L A S S E M B LY ROOM WITH LIME RENDER WALLS

L A R C H T I M B E R PA N E L CLADDING

North Elevation

M AT E R I A L I T Y

BUILDING PROPOSAL

North Elevation

198

Glulam beams and columns have been used to

a contrasting and tectonic relationship to the linear

central assembly space uses the earth removed

roof help to protect this from weathering quickly.

support the walls and roof of the building. The

from the site during the laying of foundations mixed

with imported clay to produce a curved rammed earth wall for the central civic space. This is a final

ode to using the earths resources instead this time

to provide a sustainble future for Jarrow and gives

plan of the other areas. The large overhangs of the Planar CLT panel walls intersect glazed curtain walls to distinguish between flexible and core spaces.

The green and timber boarded roof blend to the horizon line from the waterfront

Rammed earth wall in the WISE Building at the Centre for Alternative Technology

199

Section A-A

Section B-B

View from the waterfront

THRESHOLDS Vignettes

BUILDING PROPOSAL

The building falls into the category of landscape

200

A

urbanism, with the public having ownership over

B

the external space of the building. This gives this

historically privately owned and industrious space

back to the citizens of Jarrow. The sections show how the building sits within the landscape running

down to the river, with the separate planes of the

roof and walls. The vignettes describe moments of public interaction with the building and landscape.

A

B Void through the centre of the building pulling the public through to the waterfront and skate park

201

202 203

BUILDING PROPOSAL

REFLECTIVE SUMMARY Resiliency and systems design The design thesis set out to understand the social, ecological, environmental and political systems that influence the planning of our post-industrial

districts, then apply architectural concepts to aid in the Just Transition of the community of Jarrow.

For Jarrow, the emergence of the turbine operations

and maintenance hub at Tyne Dock signifies new economic potential in the supply chain along the estuary. A new industry that does not focus on

community.

However the project does address some initial ideas

and interventions that are community orientated

and are sensitive to place. This has been due to the personal relationship with the town that has driven

the project which I believe has created a strategic but implementable future narrative of the town.

material resource extraction but instead aids in the

The thesis engages with global issues in the

a critical factor in its resilience.

of post-industrial communities and concludes that

development of a zero carbon future, will become

Sustainability and resilience differ in their narratives, with sustainability’s anthropogenic vision versus the

systems vision of resilience. Resilience thinking is community orientated but the thesis has shown

that the methodologies that are created tend to be technically focused with the traditional top-down planning of our towns and cities.

REFLECTION

to firmly articulate the wants and needs of the

The design framework has been set out in this manner due to the remote nature of working this

planning of towns that are crucial to the resilience

there needs to be greater priority placed on sociopolitical cohesion amongst physical infrastructure in these towns and districts. Traditional planning

tools of context and stakeholder analysis must be

placed alongside research into material flows of goods, waste, people and energy in these areas,

to allow social innovation to take place alongside

systemic interventions. Metabolic designing using systems can move towns and cities to become more resilient and self-contained entities.

year. In reality, this project requires greater social

cohesion and participatory design at the centre,

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