CREDIT Wilder Quin Moylan Mahoney Yulisa Ma Liv Ain Minnehan Park Bella Sofia Bueno Garza Rochelle Lu Ain Park Yida Wang April Xie Melanie Lok Harper Kix
allowing taken chelor's degrees for the daughters granted, in the of USA wealthy a Oberlin sames Emmanuel Kwegyir-Aggrey ty,toandattend often College even school. feels in While 1841. like their .um there, However, wasn’t American forexactly many women ofwhat our boys al ed e were sisters, to taught, excel thein they thought everything learned of things griting, an did, education music, proving equivalent and needlework. their to nan nation around 50 years tothem later, bewas injust not Italy,aasElena option. afulbecame as the It men the wasn’t first in their until woman lives. the in the Lucy ontury gainHobbs that a Ph.D women Taylor in 1678. began became Ittowasn’t 00 rst schools. years American later, Frominwoman then 1870,on, that to the egan ehave from providing made dental amazing school. schools strides Ada open to was inwomen’s Britain, the first though to education, graduate tuition was quired. w ing, school fighting, Ten fouryears years and later, later. takingIn school me ge mandatory ofdecade, the severely for Helen all 5limited Magill to 10-yearmale lewasand education thefemale. first to InAmerican 1891, makeschool ere tomore gain abolished, a Ph.D. accessible allowing for children uent classes generations. to attend. By 1900, all n were required to attend school e age of 12.
proficiency” graduate students instead are of women. degrees until Inbecome Universities, 1880. Fast forward their countries women to the 20th outnumber century, the men fight at for every women’s Ivy League education had stronger more made great campus except strides Dartmouth. sociallyand and While legally. these Throughout facts the mid-1900s, may seem basic theprosperous." to minimum us now, women age for no leaving more than school was increased 50 years from ago 14 would to 15betoastounded 16. As thebyyears the go by, - Michelle Obama women have progress tremendous to think less made andinless ourabout education which school they attend, system. We have if they’ll comebesotaught far inwhat suchthey littleshould time be, or if they’re and will “allowed” continue to pursue persist the through significant any career they’re genuinely adversity or obstacles passionate that come about. our way. We are not going back!
Women's Rights Month
supported ember the and important led tofigures a bipartisan in the Women’s effort toRights pass a ent sional suchResolution as Susan B.inAnthony, support Sojourner of National Truth, Women’s Lucy Harriet Week Tubman, 1981 byandSenator many other Orrin important Hatch (R-UT), women. a ycan, does andMarch Representative help us reflect Barbara on the Mikulski past, but (D-MD), it also a at. look Soon, toward schools the future. all over the country were developing lriculums Women’sforHistory the week Month of March has its8th. origins This in movement women’sto National equality. Women’s On MarchHistory 8, 1908, Week 15,000 eventually women resulted marchedin l New Women’s York History City demanding Month, and shorter not only hours,made better the and m setting the right moretoequitable vote. This butmarch also united helpedpeople to inspire across etkin ical spectrum. to propose the idea of an International Women’s lheWomen’s History Month allows us to Women. reflect on the International Conference of Working She nce women’s improving societyand and thatofthis would contributions help women’stodemands be heard ore women8,can do to positive impact on the d. March 1911, wasmake the afirst time International Women in celebrated the UnitedbyStates have made significant s Day was many different countries. It, promote equality andthe ensure an Nations important role in r, to was not until 1975 that United marked People also need to for continue those efforts onal Women’s Day the first time. Thentoinpreserve 1977, gress and achieveof more. to be mindful neral Assembly the People Unitedneed Nations adopted that a parts of the world, not been asWomen’s much progress on officially statingthere that has International Day esscelebrated. has been lost. In Afghanistan, for example, women be sin face and oppression and are denied the thediscrimination 1970s in the United States, there were efforts an education or toeffort eventowalk thepeople streetsmore by themselves. e more time and make aware of March dedicatedInto1978, Women’s History reminds us ofof the s contributions. the Education Task Force uggles to achieve equality Commission and recognition inspires oma County (California) on and the Status ep for women's rightsHistory everywhere. en fighting established a “Women’s Week.” Up until e, women’s history and its important figures were not n the K-12 curriculum. The week of March 8 was as Women’s History Week because March 8 is onal Women's Day. Many local schools embraced and came up with activities to educate their students ited women to come talk about their careers. Word ead and a movement to create a National Women's Week quickly began.
African who should unwavering American dedication get education an to education theirand education abolitionism in the was put when to mid-19th Crandall the test right admitted century, away.going Sarah Crandall asHarris, far continued as the to start daughter to operateofhera her boarding successful school despite African continued school American forthreats black farmer. ofgirls violence Thisin addition and even to Canterbury, the poisoning school of angered Connecticut. the school’s many of Inwell. the herstudent's efforts Finally,to parents, Connecticut who educatethe demanded passed young “Black that Black Harris Law,” girls, bewhich removed Crandall prohibited from facedthe theteaching school. social“any However, of ridicule Crandall colored and refused legal people...not harassment to yield to inhabitants” the from parents, who of the White took Connecticut their daughters residents withoutoutthe ofof Canterbury. the town’s school. permission, Her which tenacity to included a majority continue oftoCrandall’s educate despite school’s students. these Crandall challenges continued has to earned teachher despite the title the oflaw, which In 1833, Crandall dedicated the school exclusively to Connecticut’s teaching caused her middle-class toState be arrested Heroine. African-American and face three girls trials. of the In Northeast, 1834, September the first an boarding angry moband broke teacher mosttraining of the Born infor school school’s windows Hopkinton, youngandblack Rhode furniture. women. Island, Fearing At to for ahertheschool, safety Quaker Crandall of her students, family taughtinCrandall 1803, a rigorous Prudence closed curriculum, theCrandall school and including moved moved reading, out of Connecticut. to writing, Connecticut arithmetic, Although at the agepassing grammar, of 17. Her awaygeography, in 1890, parents, philosophy, history, Crandall’s Pardon legacy continues andchemistry, Esther to live astronomy, Carpenter on in the Prudence painting, music, piano, Crandall Museum taught and French. her in Canterbury, the importance Connecticut. of As the education, site of the regardless original school, of gender, the museum and madecontinues to it a mission educate children to educate from Crandall Connecticut and and her celebrates siblings. After Crandall’s legacy attending as an advocate a boardingforschool equal education in Providence, and a fight for reform. Rhode Island, Crandall taught for a short period at a girls’ school in Canterbury, Connecticut, and later purchased the school in 1831.
History: Prudence Crandall Museum
Susan
hey after fought for women’s ultimately must beher, taught to protect he to was the 19th extremely Amendment, active herself." isown cause, as the traveling Susan B.
rownell Anthony
yide Amendment, and passionately which women her opposition the righttotolaws vote. pressed o a Quaker women’s household rights.on ych 15, 13, 1906, 1820, Susan she was B. yarly died in life of pneumonia. to fight against It ntilAs1919, an13 adult, years after she ed h, thatfor Congress movements passed gth both Amendment, slavery also and as the In Susan 1851, B.Susan AnthonyB. ment, y met granting Elizabethwomen Cady at g-deserved an anti-slavery right tomeeting vote York, where they bonded ir shared commitment to
Steinem the and higher founded wasjournalism the born National on March jobs Women’s were 15, 1934, mostly Political in held Toledo, Caucus by Ohio. with other At men, women theknow that age activists meant of that 10,and women herpoliticians. parents were divorced, usually Through placed and this her experience, in father she can do.” men could do what women left herdiscovering secretarial began a big or responsibility—for lesser-known the possibility of research her creating to care roles. her magazine, for her one chronically Steinem that discussed even depressed recalls contemporary once, mother.“When She issues was I but suggested skilled with ina her feminine studies and political perspective. stories Then, eventually to with The graduated the Newsupport York from Times of theSmith Sunday association, Collegeshe cowith honors Magazine, founded Ms. mymagazine ineditor 1956, just inmajoring said December something in1971 government, like, in an‘Iissueanof New York, unusual don’t think butchoice not of long you forthat after women way.’”After it was during published athis fewtime. as years a stand-alone. She of then The wentmagazine working Ms. on in to this earn was job, a Chester directed she began Bowles to feminine to receive Fellowship, audiences more which and stood allowed and out more from her attention the to traditional continue from the magazines her masses studies due for to inwomen one India. of atThis this time, opportunity her where articles they would shaped namedbeher “Ifilled Was blooming with a Playboy housekeeping, interest Bunny," in activism cooking, and and journalism, which cleaning mainly tips. This recounted so she magazine established her experience focused herself itsworking aspurpose a freelance instead on journalist as making a waitress sure during women at Hugh thewere 1960s Hefner’s heard, and Playboy discussing movedClub. to and New Byaddressing York the City.late 1960s, the concerns of contemporary her work beganwomen, to touch and on more sharing notable political topics, women’s historywriting moments a political with poetry column andnamed letters written by “The CitySteinem women. Politic”worked in the New as anYork editor Magazine. and writer in this She reported magazine for fifteen on years, the leaving women’s a lasting liberation impact. movement and even spoke publicly to legalize abortionSteinem Gloria in the New now York has published State, sharing her experiences her and experience listening knowledge in her many in on books a radical andfeminist essays;group for example, her knownMy book as Life the "Redstockings.” on the Road was published in 2015, and in 2013, President Barack Obama presented her with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor.
ds called that ‘feminization’ people use every is taking day. Ofmale course, it is wand has language evolved nt tochanging first notethem that language to female.has In Spanish, never been a
ive neutral endings concept. usingThere ‘e’ and are‘x’ languages, are becoming like French to anish, , while where in promote Arabic, wordsthe themselves dualgender grammatical have genders. er, becoming the concept neutral I’mand referring gender-bending to is that inthe languages glish Hebrew withisfew introducing genderednew terms, gender-neutral words are used as equality tool as well, in women’s while German oppression. and Swedish both ze gender-neutral language. Language cally the world gender-neutral is evolving terms every like day, ‘nurse’, and ‘stewardess’, cretary’, m is contributing have always to that been change used for to refer the to women ions of subordination, while terms like ‘chairman’, man’, or even ‘manmade’ are words associated with and his may also seem with men. like aLesser-used small and terms that icant ally refer phenomenon, to womenitinispopular activelyfields, shaping such as the actress’ ld around and us.‘poetess’ Studies have are also shown included that the in this. and ermsphrases were intentionally used most commonly created tocan be used less so en person’s those fields subconscious of work beliefs, were referred so when to it would be neutral the women words that andreside phrases within are used them.itHowever, those ave a less grown sexistout-of-date society. While and are sexism hardly andused anymore. ny themay pastseem few decades, daunting,transitions and at times towards even more neutral s, simply terms changing have been your made, language likecan ‘police’ or erson’, ely create to avoid a more excluding tolerant and women welcoming from those nity The for term everybody ‘they’ is increasingly that lives inside being it. used to refer gular person in a gender-neutral sense, whether that pport a person’s gender identity or to reduce the simply refer to everything as male if the gender is wn.
among history and at home. the when happiest The this right absence countries rangoftrue? federally in the The world. answer mandated One Why the U.S. Struggles to Achieve meeting the challenge of reducing paid key is no,factor parental at least is education. leave, not fully. the From gender Iceland, thepay for women’s gap, example, and the poverty, promoting sustainable has successfully rights underrepresentation movement integrated in the of women late more 1800s inwomen leadership to the into roles Gender Equality Compared to thecontribute “Declaration all workforce, of toincluding Sentiments,” America’s inlagging leadership America position has put in development, and building good Other Developed positions effort gender toward equality and gender STEM. rankings. equality Furthermore, Discrimination for years. theseYet, is also a Nations governance." ‒ Kofi Annan countries despite factor inthese women haveefforts, great being policies thehired U.S.more promoting still ranks frequently work43rd in lifethe on lower-paying balance–especially World Economic occupations for Forum’s such women asGlobal education, with children–and Gender healthcare, Gapand Report, economic service trailing industries–all equity. behind A prime many societally other example isbut developed important nations. Iceland’s paid less parental than male-dominated leave policy where bothlike industries mothers technology, and fathers finance, receive and six months and Sexism engineering. of paid gender leaveinequality at 80% ofexist theirinfull every salary. These society.policies Acrossnot different only promote cultures,equality women but have also long If thecontribute faced U.S. wants barriers to to a to more bridge economic, balanced the gender political, andgap,and it must inclusive social look toequity, these workforce. leading whethernations throughand restrictive adopt policies laws, societal that empower expectations, women or both ingrained at workbiases. and in society. However, Until then,while gender noequality country in has America achieved will remain perfectofgender more an aspiration equality, than some a reality. have been far more successful at closing the gap than others. This begs the question: What distinguishes countries that lead in gender equality from those that continue to struggle?
Suffrage aflet ties to promote titled voteLeague “Women with empathy published the Under pamphlets California aimed Law,”
still an ted farmer fight the an for and urgency injustices separation fruitforgrower faced by population women in the w Humanities Shaped
nia nia. ngland. playing They andWomen a argued argued key role argued that that in a farmer’s taxation wife without had
ability ntation ir the fight to world. was was care tyranny aWomen's for In modern thejust farm as itthan wasSuffrage any in 1776. other ht for ely, ’sthe against many rights menthe other died movement, remaining or leaflets became highlighted incapacitated, taxation the
wer main ion ofof from reason the humanities English family for the was laws would necessity haveof no women’s legal Role of Rhetoric and Literature in women ed on vote. to hold Using toandorthe property. achieve defend documents their property, created by duethe to ncing Rights bility ists l,g fathers, also legal, toWomen's vote. used Chapman These social, similar Catt, pamphlets the president directed of at
mic, nternational geassisted to the and Declaration in educational the Women development of Suffrageof the Alliance, large y—texts ndence dsupport a leaflet base written and using for women’s American by the suffrage. Revolutionary nd ution. nt women to Elizabeth appeal aimed to Cady both to men and women, gow amphlets connections a propeller long-standing were aimed between ofat the the male struggles audience. for y’s ination O’Sullivan, in rights the and toeighteenth vote, prejudices thebegan national centuryleader to women’s of the e’s laration in Trade the twentieth of persuasion. Union Sentiments, League argued in her ument y.ists n andlearned the written Vote” thepamphlet atbest the that ues, ’s thatRights anlayouts, increase Convention inand women’s wages would eca al an increase Falls, New indevices, men’s Yorkwages, decreasing the renting altered women version inthem the workplace of the to and strengthening ce ction ily the unit.public This of argument of the the appealed to the idea age tion nce for of Independence. men. women’s right
sful arguments were made by suffragists for e, using pamphlets and rhetorical devices to e a broad audience. From drawing on the experiences of men and women working r for the American Revolution to the s of the women's vote for the general ion, suffragists made arguments that ed the right to vote. Examples of these nts prove why the humanities were an nt tool in the women’s rights movement and e to be a propeller of change today when ed with tact.
discussions institutions gender and in racial about history inequality gender have equality systematically into focus in the within excluded arts the intoactivism female the public. artists art. They This from any exhibitions and limited their access to utilized shows art education. how posters, Guerilla books,Girls lectures, initiated and interviews the movement to raise in awareness academic discussions By about recognizing the disparities about thegender long in gender history equality within of in discrimination society. the arts One more and ofaccessible their exclusion mosttowellfaced the by female artists, Guerilla Girls took action general in known 1985,works, public. beginning Thus, “Do awomen by series enforcing of have poster to conversation be campaigns naked about tothroughout getgender into Boston biases New York City. Using statistics and intimidating within society, phrases, museums?”, they criticizes made they eye-catching reinforced the lacktoofcampaigns gain female recognition representation to spread and awareness opportunities in the to art the public. Not only that, but they installed in feminist billboards industry, emphasizing presenting art programs. “Anatomically how the presence Correct of works Oscars” from to female denounce artists the male dominance in the male industry during Othe is significantly scars in 2002. low, recording 5%, while 85% of the nude paintings In conclusion, are about women Guerilla in the MOMA Girl’s activism museum.led to a spread of awareness about gender biases observed in the art world. Their campaigns have shown a strong impact in highlighting the underrepresented women artists in history to society; therefore, they contributed to changes in how feminist art is taught today.
Exposing Gender Bias in the Art World How Anonymous Activists Transformed the Fight for Equality in the Arts
woman ments ned how with that to big paint would dreams be the sole driver of the
men's legacy in the world nally, even ist movement more before significant attending and The the way ed on itute the the ofart Chicago, continent. world. where In her shelater life, O’keefe ts Education each 12 associated years at Columbia old, with O’Keefe Arthur College Dow, in Columbia, South
known a.toThough dedicate artisther her andprofession life specialist to as in a teacher was not nd ng ficant perception. a painter. factorGrowing in Forher years, life, her work allowed eewould art prairie to take land become inspiration of more from popular in America, k, sin, g and thousands. sheit was was surrounded through Georgia himO’Keeffe, a woman colorful alized learned not aspects how onlytoby of appreciate the her abstract and unique way nting osition its landscape, butand alsotransition bywildlife, her eccentric of a life story, finds ce g, ure. how rightfully Bytothe find time soharmony inshe hundreds had of art galleries and dsa high piece, fromschool, around and learned itthe hadworld. to utilize Her persistence and ion pe been drawings tolong the craft decided to show of artmaking that how is an inspiration fects rive nly women tothe beway theallfirst the over portrait inthe herworld is but anyone who to following ed.attend She began college what to for doyou more the love and dedicating f works, to theeither practice, in charcoal despiteorthe hardships that long t andthe quickly way. became an Keeffe onally well-known said; “Whether figure you succeed or not is nt, her gender there is in the no New suchYork thing. Making your wn e. By known the 1920s, is the important she was thing--and keeping nown zed asalways “one ofbeyond America’s you.” mportant and successful known for her surprisingly onal depictions of tall, ating skyscrapers of New ontrasted with her beautiful, flowers of the countryside.
Citation
Tate. (1970). Guerrilla girls. Retrieved from https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/guerrilla-girls-6858 (N.d.). Retrieved from https://www.getty.edu/research/special_collections/notable/guerrilla_girls.html National Park Service. (n.d.). The Declaration of Sentiments, Seneca Falls Conference, 1848. U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved from https://www.nps.gov/wori/learn/historyculture/declaration-ofsentiments.htm National Library of Australia. (n.d.). Declaration of sentiments. Retrieved from https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/ catalog/8817934 Texas Woman’s University. (n.d.). Carrie Chapman Catt. Retrieved from https:// twudigital.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16283coll15/id/185/ #:~:text=Carrie%20Chapman%20Catt%20was%20an,1904%20and%201915%20to%201920. Claremont Colleges Digital Library. (n.d.). Suffrage and the 19th Amendment. Retrieved from https:// ccdl.claremont.edu/digital/collection/p15831coll5/id/1496/ National Park Service. (n.d.). Maine and the 19th Amendment. U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved from https://www.nps.gov/articles/maine-and-the-19th-amendment.htm Encyclopaedia Britannica. (n.d.). Why is Women's History Month celebrated in March? Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/story/why-is-womens-history-month-celebratedin-march U.S. Embassy in Argentina. (n.d.). National Women's History Month. Retrieved from https:// ar.usembassy.gov/national-womens-history-month/ National Women's History Museum. (n.d.). Women's History Month. Retrieved from https:// www.womenshistory.org/womens-history/womens-historymonth#:~:text=Since%201995%2C%20each%20president%20has,Women%20Educating%2 0%26%20Inspiring%20Generations.%E2%80%9D U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). International Women's Day. Retrieved from https:// www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/international-womensday.html#:~:text=Beginning%20in%201910%2C%20March%208,observed%20as%20Intern ational%20Women's%20Day. BBC News. (2023, March 8). International Womenʼs Day: What is it and why do we need it? Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-64723201# National Women's History Alliance. (n.d.). First Presidential Message 1980. Retrieved from https://nationalwomenshistoryalliance.org/first-presidential-message-1980/ International Women's Day. (n.d.). The history of IWD. Retrieved from https:// www.internationalwomensday.com/Activity/15586/The-history-of-IWD