Trace: Miami Marine Stadium

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Miami Marine Stadium

TRACE ARCH 7006 Kevin Miller

Introduction

Precedents

Site Inventory

Stadium Analysis

Schematic Design

Design Development

Works Cited

Professor: Ursula Emery-McClure

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site history. recent events. first take. rising tides.

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salt + fresh. land + water

physical. biological. ecological.

damage. mitigation. structure. program.

intent. narrative. masterplan.

welcome. museum. walkway. kayak. research.

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Before settling with the city however, FEMA sent an engineering firm to access the stadiums structural integrity. The firm’s assessment reported that in fact no damage was caused by the storm. Repairs would need to be made to the structure due to prolonged exposure to salt that had caused corrosion in multiple places of the concrete structure but they found nothing that could connect directly back to the storm relieving the federal government from pressures they were receiving from the city for an aid package, for the moment at least. Instead, the structural assessment team blamed insufficient investment into facility maintenance during the time of the stadiums operation. “Our fieldwork and our laboratory analysis led us to the conclusion that over forty years of exposure of this waterside structure to salt water and salt in the air had resulted in a situation where… the reinforcement of the structure is now corroding… That corrosion is causing spalling of the concrete and all of the existing concrete damage needed to be repaired if the structure was going to be rehabilitated.” 5

Introduction

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Located in the northern part of Biscayne Bay in the Virginia Keys just south of Miami proper sits Miami Marine Stadium, among a thicket of mangroves projecting out over the water as if it was a vessel ready to leave port. Characterized by an impressive hyperbolic roof structure that extends 65 feet over the 6,566seat grandstand the Miami Marine Stadium was an engineering feat for its time.

Opened in 1963, the marine stadium would become “almost a cultural petri dish, says Don Worth, a cofounder of FMMS a group dedicated to restoring the edifice” 1 hosting such events as boat races, concerts, speeches, Hollywood movie sets, even Easter ceremonies held at sunrise. The first completed structure in the US designed solely for marine sporting events, the Miami Marine Stadium is truly one of a kind resonating with the Miami community that grew up attending these unique events “The stadium was adopted by the community and stadium adapted itself to what the community wanted it to be.” 2 The Miami community could not have proven this any better than the way it has embraced the structure after closing its doors in 1992 when the City of Miami filed a claim with FEMA for damages beyond repair. Using Hurricane Andrew as a means acquire federal aid packages that would fund the demolition of the stadium, the site would have been replaced by condominiums that replicated the economic generator just north of the site in South Beach explained “Virginia Key is not another piece of real estate. It is one of our communities special places, a sacred space, really because it is our last, vast open greenness amid a sea of urbanity. We desperately need it to remain so.” 3 Unfortunately money is the driving force in any development and the current occupancy rates of the stadium could never keep up with what the property would bring in if it were something else, “The reality is, it was abandoned before then… I went there with a friend of mine in the summer of ’86, and there was a powerboat race, and we were among the few people there. I had the sense then that the place was close to being abandoned. People had just moved on to other interests.” 4

So since 1992, the structure has been vacant as vandals, free runners and artists moved in to claim it as their own natural canvas. Multiple times the city has lobbied for its demolition and redevelopment but every time someone in the community has stepped up to preserve the abandoned gem. In 2007 the city even went so far as to hire a developer to present a plan that would replace the stadium and surrounding parkland which in turn resulted in the formation of preservation activists groups such as the Friends of Miami Marine Stadium.

The Friends if Miami Marine Stadium is a not-for-profit organization formed in February of 2008 whose dedication is in the restoration and operation of the property. Backed by the Miami Heritage Trust and the support of local leaders like Mayor Tomas Regalado FMMS gained momentum earning the stadium a historic landmark designation, placing it on the 2009 list of Americas 11 Most Endangered historic Places and eventually gaining the title as a National Treasure and a spot on the Watch list of the World Monuments Fund in 2010.

“Registered in September 2009 on the World Fund Watch List, it has been granted historic preservation status by the City of Miami but the integrity of its adjoining landscape remains under threat.” 6 Now with the support and recognition of international groups the city would face an up hill battle in the argument for its demolition. Most recently Gloria Estefan, former Miami superstar turned cultural preservation activist successfully saving several pieces of architecture in Miami, has joined in the fight to save the stadium as the face of the FMMS. Together with the original architect, Hilario Candela, National trust board member, architect and professor at University of Miami School of Architecture, Jorge Hernandez and FMMS founder Don Worth the team has pursued every option to raise the remaining money to fund the stadiums restoration and the return of the Miami Boat Show. In the summer of 2014 Gloria Estefan reportedly donated $500,000 of her own money to the cause.

After several months of hard work the team presented their plan to city officials in late September 2014. The fallout from the meeting sent Estefan packing and everyone else wondering how they will proceed. All hope is not lost though, the FMMS and Candela hope to continue with their efforts in private funding for the site restoration and the City of Miami has expressed interest in using public

Vel ium quidend ipsanditios dolecaboriam essimped etur aut aliquost es aci simpost voluptum expliquae nos ium et utemoluptur?

Orenis simos eictur siminum et acesti qui asped quis aliquibusda seque cus minulpa rchilignatem coris sunturiti alis se nonsed

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funding in a similar fashion as the successful Miami Bayfront Park to restore the structure back to its original condition in an effort to secure the boat shows return. “If successful the marine stadium will serve as an example for others – of thinking beyond restoration, or mere preservation, to rebirth” 7 The dramatic fallout after the September 2014 meeting however raised immediate concern. Why would Gloria Estefan, suddenly change her mind about her partnership with the FMMS after months of hard work and dedication to raise awareness for the site? She claims to have been left in the dark by FMMS about their full intentions for the site, “I had absolutely NO prior knowledge of the expansive plan that [Friends] ultimately presented to the Commission.” 8 What the FMMS presented in hopes of securing a 98-year lease for the land was a $120 million plan, $30 million of which would have been funded by the state and $90 million privately. The proposal included the restoration of the stadium as well as the development of a 125,000-square-foot expo center, dry boat storage facility, a new marina and a multi-purpose park that covered 24 acres of Virginia Key. In defense of the FMMS, their extravagant plans for the restoration and development for the marine stadium and surrounding property is simply a response to a plan that was presented to them in 2012 by the commissioners. The plan would have authorized a long-term lease of Virginia Key to FMMS in the event that they could demonstrate the financial ability to support the restoration and maintenance of the stadium through the subleasing of the property for commercial interest that would create the necessary revenue stream.9 The Friends understood in order to receive full cooperation from city officials the stadium would have to become a revenue generator and in order to do so other amenities needed to be included in the plans, “We need activity at the site all the time.” 10 Although the city reported they too were left in the dark regarding the full restoration plans, something else had to be at play here to persuade Estefan to come down so hard on the Friends group. After all, redevelopment of the surrounding site to include commercial property would potentially secure a spot for her to open another Bongos Cuban Café, a successful restaurant chain founded by Gloria and her husband Emilio Estefan in yet another prime location.

Further research into the November 2014 hearing would reveal that environmental concerns for the surrounding areas and questionable sources of private funding were the real driving forces behind the decision to reject the Friends proposal.9 In a more specific note, the mayor has stated concern for residents and tourists of Village Key Biscayne and that the redevelopment plans would cause congestion on the Rickenbacker Causeway, the only point of access

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to and from Virginia Key and thus Key Biscayne.

With this new interest in environmental concerns for the areas surrounding the marine stadium, an opportunity presents itself that could use all of the momentum that restoration efforts by FMMS have created and turn the communities attention towards other critical issues of the surrounding waters of Biscayne Bay and Virginia Keys. Issues like the altered distribution of freshwater supply to the Bay as a result of dredging and drainage canals from the everglades that has permanently changed the ecology of the bay from an estuarine environment,11 the impacts of deep water dredging at the nearby Port of Miami that has destroyed a large percentage of seagrass beds, altering stability of sediments trapping nutrients and even making it difficult for local fisherman to do their job. If that isn’t enough to raise the publics attention the dumping of raw sewage directly into the bay due to aging facilities of the neighboring Miami-Dade Water Treatment Plant has been happening for years forcing Miami to close some of the most popular beaches in the US on multiple occassions. The bay has even been given Outstanding Florida Water recognition which provides the highest level of state protection.11 All of these issues in the areas surrounding the stadium are threatening not only the sensitive ecologies of the Bay and National Park but also the local fishing and tourism economies that are so essential to the cities revenue stream. It is a vicious circle that impacts everyone involved trickling all the way back to the public through city taxes.

Money aside for the moment, preservation of the local ecologies should really be the focus here as this is what makes this site so special to the Miami community.

“Minimize the concrete. Respect the wildlife. Preserve the views. Give people access to the waterfront. Nature has a way of taking care of itself. If we just get out of its way.” 3 Take away the wildlife, the landscape, the clear blue water and the Miami Marine Stadium in just an abandoned grandstand with an impressive roof that is attracting trespassers with its gates locked. It is a structure that would have been demolished multiple times over if it wasn’t for the communities hard work and dedication. It is the connection to the natural surroundings that makes the structure so special, “As one of the only remaining large green spaces amid a sea of urbanity,” 3 it is the responsibility of this generation to fight for its preservation at the very least for the enjoyment of generations that follow.

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“The stadium was adopted by the community and the stadium adapted itself to what the community wanted it to be...�2 - Hilario Candela

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1950

Miami-Dade Wastewater Treatment Palnt

Virginia Key Beach

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1962 1964

As discussed in the introduction, dredge and fill operations supporting the construction and expansion of the Virginia Key Wastewater Treatment Facility and the Port of Miami have dramatically altered the shape and complexities of the barrier island. “Nearly one half of the surface sedimentary environments within and marginal to northern Biscayne Bay have been directly altered by dredge and fill operations during urbanization� 12 What is more important here however is the effects this has had on the life that the island helps to support.

Very much like the vibrant city of Miami just to the North, today Virginia Key is a constructed landscape that is in an ongoing battle of resilliencey with the dominating natural forces that surround it. As the waves, winds, salt, traffic, rising tides all push in one direction to swallow the island whole, humans push back implementing small scale mitigation tactics to offset these forces.

Sometimes these mitigation tactics are successful for an unforseeable future but most of the time they required constant upkeep. And for what?

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Miami Marine Stadium Miami Seaquarium

Most of the issues being addressed are superficial, related to landloss above the surface of the water. In this specific situation, in addition to the threat to existing infastructure, landloss primarily effects one species, humans. After one short visit it was quite clear that the true life of Virginia Key is actually in the waters and marshes that surround it.

As humans alter the landscape in an effort to perpetuate their future one has to question the impacts and measurements that are being taken to ensure the future of the effected aquatic communities.

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1980

Mast Academy Seaworld

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Introduction of the Miami Wastewater Treatment Plant in 1953, initiated a number of transformations to the landscape of Virginia Key and surrounding waters that would threaten local ecologies for years to come. Prior to the construction of the Treatment Plant, the keys of Biscayne Bay were primarily coconut plantations. Isolated from the mainland, Virginia Key was only accessable by boat. There was only a segregated beach and a thick forest of mangroves. Constructed in 1947 the Rickenbacker Causeway would bring with it an expanding community of residents taking advantage of veterans programs following the war on their way to Key Biscayne, the island just to the South where they would claim property.

Virginia Key

Key Biscayne

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Dodge Island Port

The shipping industry has helped to fuel the economy of Miami since the early 1920’s as the closest port to the Panama Canal. It has not been an easy task to maintain accessibility for the ever increasing size of ships that use it given the shallow waters of Biscayne Bay. When Miami suddenly fell to number 35 in the rankings however officails decided it was time for a serious intervention that would secure their spot among the most desirable shipping ventures in the country once again. The solution; establish a new location that would provide direct accesibility and a means to unload directly next to the port and what better place than Dodge Island, a set of islands that were used to help navigate ships back out to sea coming from the existing port. It was a plan that was voted on in the mid 1920’s but turned down because of the extensive amount of dredge and fill that was required.13 While a respect for the fragile environment that neighbored the site should have been of main concern, officials were more concerned about money. As a result the dredge and fill operations created current day Dodge Island Port distributing spoil to the northen tip and back side of Virginia Key.

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Virginia Key

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In response to sediment starvation and shifting of sands at the northern part of the site, the Army Corp of Engineers initiated two beach nourishment programs in an effort to offset future erosion. “ All the Virginia Key beaches have severely eroded during the past 70 years. The northern portion has retreated over 300’ partly in response to sediment starvation and partly in response to sand loss to the deep dredged portions of Norris Cut.” 12 The second beach nourishment program in 1973 implemented “13 granite rubble groins along the beach and infilled with 100,000 cubic yards of sand. The groin systems shift the zone of long shore drift to an offshore bar causing potential sand replenishment to bypass the groined beach zones. ” 12 Pressures in this northern part of the island threaten the wastewater treatment plant as the shore recedes and seawater continues to rise over time.

Virginia Key

These programs are a temporary solution to a permant problem that require continuous mitigation efforts by the authorities who fail to recognize that the ability to alter the landscape has shifted the balance of coastal urbanization and the nature too far in the direction of development. The complex and interconnected forms of life that make up this dynamic environment are simply not able to keep up. It is essential that any architectural intervention respect this balance and learn from the blind mistakes that have already been made.

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Sea Level Rise Sea level rise can be understood simply by the fact that heat melts ice. In the middle of a global climate change, increasing temperatures are causing the planets ice sheets to melt. Today this is happening at a much faster pace as populations swell and along with it the amount of carbon emmissions. As carbon is released into the air it acts as a blanket retarding the transfer of heat through the Earths atmosphere thus warming the planet, a process known as the “greenhouse effect�. Scientists at Climate Central estimate that 90% of the heat that is trapped is transfered into the oceans increasing the rate of thermal expansion and melting the ice caps.14 Estimates for how much sea levels will change are all over the map depending on different scenerios and locations but they all agree on one thing, the only direction is up and that rate at which the change occurs will continue to increase placing a majority of the worlds population at risk.

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Miami With an estimated $14.7 billion in beachfront property that accounts for $21.8 billion (nearly 30%) towards the states number one industry in tourism, Miami sits on top of the list for most vulnerable cities in terms of assests in the United States and fourth on the list for largest population at risk in the world.15 What makes Miami and much of South Florida so vulnerable are its unique physical conditions of extremely flat topography and the porous limestone beneath it.

These conditions are already effecting South Florida quite significantly and the future does not look much better. The biggest challenge is the limestone bedrock. Like a piece of swiss cheese, large pockets in the limestone hold fresh water that nearly 7 million people, almost onethird of Floridas residents rely on for the supply of drinking water called the Biscayne Aquifier.16 As sea levels rise salt water infiltrates these pockets forcing the fresh water supply further inland a process referred to as saltwater intrusion. Filling the limestone with saltwater also raises the water table making it more difficult for rainwater to be absorbed by the ground resulting in frequent flooding. It is a normal occurance to see water bubbling up from the ground even during high tide. The permeable land beneath the city eliminates the possibility for successful levee mitigation leaving slurry walls as the only hope for buildings on grade. If nothing is done, the reality of a future Atlantis in place of one of the most popular destination spots in the world isn’t a far stretch.

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Pumping stations attempt to reverse the infiltration of water via drainage canals that run through the city. N

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Virginia Key Based on the existing water levels at local high tides, Climate Central developed a series of maps that assess areas most at risk of water inundation and permanent submergence at different levels of sea level rise ranging from 1-10ft.17 At each level a forecast projects when the likelihood of a flood at any given height might happen. Combining these, assumptions can be made about the future of the site.

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According to the maps, sea level rise is a serious concern for the preservation of the Miami Marine Stadium and Virginia Key in both the immediate and distant future. Potential impacts put the infastructure, ecologies, economy, and local residents in the spotlight for immediate consideration all of which have not received the proper attention in recent years.

With the potential for submersion this creates an opportunity for the national parks service to occupy the site while it is still terrestrial minimizing damages to the existing ecologies during construction phases. Design strategies however must respond to this future condition of aquatic occupancy.

Going back to the observations of Stiltsville for a moment, the ability to construct for an aquatic environment in an existing terrestrial context will eliminate many of the problems owners faced building in the water. The construction process will be faster, more economical, and most importantly respond more delicately to environmental impact however the time to act is now.

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Series of maps reflect water inundation as a result of sea level rise over time based on predictions from Climate Central.

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In the immediate future it is relatively clear that the landscape of Virginia Key will be substantially altered even with a sea level rise of one foot. This has everything to do with the incredibly flat topography of the island much like the mainland.

Because most of these areas have become accustomed to the presence of water in recent years from storms, impacts to the existing ecologies will not be too severe. What is interesting however is how permanent submersion in these areas will make these conditions more dynamic over time as the plants and animals continue to adapt to their new aquatic environments.

Humans should pay very close attention to how these species are adapting to their changing environments as much can be learned from them. Thus it is the goal of this proposal to encourage the national park service to use this as an opportunity to expose these realities to the public. In doing so the national park service would be contributing to both the perpetuation of the natural environment as well as the human race.

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Projections for a three foot rise in sea levels indicate partial inundation at the location of the stadium. This highlights a critical issue for the design as parking and egress into the stadium will be greatly effected. The first thing to address would be the inevitable degradation of the parking lot surface. Fortunately the design requirements call for a 75% reduction for available parking. If the loss could be concentrated to the back portion of the parking lot that neighbors Rickenbacker Causeway the water inundation could be easily avoided with the installment of a small bridge.

However before thinking about what to build to overcome this obstacle the first thought should be what can the site give back. If this area is reclaimed as marshland the growth will prevent water from ever reaching the accessed areas.

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Displacement

Site Access

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Projections for a four foot rise in sea levels indicate the first complete connection between the Atlantic Ocean and Biscayne Bay directly through the Virginia Key basin. This could cause serious erosion problems that would speed up the process of island deterioration as tides go in and out picking up and displacing sediment with each pass.

Design considerations should target controling the exchange of water into the basin to preserve the calm waters that contribute to the experience of the site and ability of sailboats to inhabit this space comfortably. Possible techniques could include conventional use of riff raff, or large boulders that are stacked to redirect flow to another area or a more dynamic piece of infastructure that is able to adapt to the changing conditions.

It should also be noted that at the stadium the site is now completely submerged creating the need for some kind of elevated parking structure positioned around the stadium that will become the welcome center to the park. The same is true for the access road to the northern portion of the site prohibiting accessability for tourist and employees of the sewage plant.

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Precedent

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To better understand the relationships that allow for movement between land and water the studio was asked to investigate amphibious tectonics that included but not limited to plants, animals and machines. The investigation challenged ideas of assembly, temporal occupancy, permanence, interaction with the environment, defensive mechanism, and functional operation between the two environments.18 In an effort to filter the research, salt water was set as a parameter to directly relate the information back to the site. This would reveal that only three amphibious animals are native to this environment, the Mudskipper, the Crab-Eating Frog and the Axolotl or more commonly, the Mexican Salamander each possessing unique characteristics to negotiate between water and land. Given the resilience of these species this raises several questions related to why these three are the only salt water amphibians that exist.

To effectively grasp the scale of the site with respect to amphibious tectonics the precedent analysis also includes a military transport vehicle, UHAC, specifically for its ability to navigate water and land efficiently while minimizing impact to the landscape.

Finally to connect the human to the landscape the analysis called for the investigation of a water shoe that allows for ease of transition between water and land while maintaining a level of comfort that is critical for an amphibious architecture. Extracting lessons from this list facilitates a new way of thinking about the site that connects the architecture more directly to the pressing issues.

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Mudskipper (above) The mudskipper sits pearched on a rock above the surface of the water. C

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The mudskipper was chosen specifically for its amphibious characteristics in intertidal brackish waters where it has the ability to survive in a wide range of salinity levels that are comparable to the ecologies of Biscayne Bay. In fact, the mudskipper is one of only three amphibians that occupy salt or brackish water.

Using this as a parameter for amphibious research, the information gathered could be related directly back to the site for investigative purposes.

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Second Dorsal Fin First Dorsal Fin Suborbital Dermal Cup

Anal Fin

Side [ anatomy ] (above) In a display of aggression the mudskipper raises itself to claim territory. D

The parts of a mudskipper involved in movement can be tied back to architecture.

The pelvic fin acts as the main supporting structure. The supporting pectoral fins helps to stabilize the body during movement similiar to how a flying butress would support a masonary wall. The pectoral fins also act as primary columns for the weight of the main body of the structure, similair to support columns in a building where loads are transitioned to the foundation. In elevation view the sloped shape of the pectoral fin helps to divert or displace the incoming wave activity that may compromise the integrity of the supporting pelvic fin. Eyes on top of the head provide the best overall vantage point. The multi colored dorsal fins on the back of the mudskipper assist in the attraction of a mate. This is similiar to establishing an entrance point or a specific area of interest on a building that will capture attention.

Pectoral Fin

Top

Pelvic Fin

Bottom

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[terrestrial]

[ locomotion ]

(above) The tracks clearly display how the mudskipper uses both fins simultaneously to traverse the landscape. E

Employing simliar techniques of the turtle dragging itself along the sand, the mudskipper uses two pectoral fins located on either side of the body to elevate the center of mass and spring forward in a single motion “crutching” acrossed the landscape similar to a person on crutches. The mudskipper will often exit the water in search of a mate, food, territory or simply the warmth of the sun.

With respect to evolution, adaptations that the mudskipper has made over time are a direct result of physiological and behavioral adaptations that allow the specimen to survive for extended periods of time out of the water. In fact, the mudskipper spends most of its life out of the water. This creates challenges for the anatomy of the mudskipper to adapt to the different forces acting in each environment.

[aquatic ]

“When moving from an environment where viscous forces dominate (i.e. water) to one where gravitational forces dominate (i.e. land) amphibious fishes will encounter different mechanical loadings on the muscles, bones and joints.” 19 The locomotive analysis highlights two important elements that are helping the mudskipper adapt to these challenges. First is the ability of the rays to move independently from the muscle almost like fingers, redefining the shape of the pectoral fin to raise the body off of the ground and initiate forward momentum.

Second is the ability of the fin to bend and rotate at specific joints as an arm would to propel the body forward.

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Wolverine Creek-Bed Shoes™ (above) The Wolverine Creek-Bed™ Shoe being put to the test. F

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As a catalyst for movement between water and land that connects the human to the landscape it was impairative that the water shoe is included in the precedent analysis to understand how the product is able to operate effectively in the two environments. In order to gain this understanding the shoe is taken apart and examined to expose the systems that are at work in hopes of discovering functional methods that deal with water intrusion that can then be extracted and potentially applied to the site.

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[ displacement ] Quite naturally, humans have turned to advances in technology, specifically in the area of product design, to address challenges of comfort and versatility when transitioning for a aquatic based environment to a terrestrial and vise versa.

The Wolverine Creek-Bed Sport Shoe™ is a great example of how we begin to understand the balance of functional needs that this transition demands.

Water inside the shoe is collected in slots along the in-sole. G

As anyone that has ever worn shoes in water knows the most uncomfortable feeling one can experience is a wet insole. Wolverine solves this problem by implementing a series of slots along the in-sole that collect accumulated water inside the shoe. The slots then disperse the collected water to a series of drainage holes that line the edge of the sole displacing the water back to the ground.

The mesh portion of the upper sole then helps to preserve the foot back to its original state before entering the water by promoting airflow acrossed the surface of the foot. In addition to the increased rate at which the foot is then able to dry, the mesh also allows the body to more easily regulate the temperature of the foot through thermodynamics.

Extracting these ideas of water management the ability to collect and distribute under a controlled set of parameters could have a tremendous impact on the preservation of the existing ecology of Biscayne Bay. If done correctly, over time portions of Biscayne impacted by saltwater infringment could potentially be restored to their original salinty levels thus promoting the return of healthy thrieving ecologies that once existed.

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The water that is collected inside the shoe is then distributed to a series of drainage holes where it is returned back to the landscape completing the system. G

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PROTECTION SUBMERSION MOVEMENT PROPULSION PURIFICATION DISTRIBUTION Amphibious Machine

1.0

Borrowing specific elements from the precedent analysis the amphibious machine evolves into a productive system that absorbs and processes the surrounding environment. These elements include the fin and joints of the mudskipper to negotiate body clearance between water and land, the elongated shape of the mudskipper, the mesh and filtration system of the water shoe and the tracks of the UHAC to minimize impact to the landscape.

Leaving the skin [mesh] exposed next to all of the moving parts of the monster revealed a major design flaw that called for some type of exoskeleton for added protection. This is where the lobster shell was introduced. Being a salt-water crustacean the lobster fit the initial design parameters and shared a similar elongated form to the portion around the skin that needed the enclosure. As an added advantage the layering of the lobsters shell allowed for a limited amount of movement both vertically and horizontally that would in theory preserve the monsters movement though the water as it responds to changes in water depth and direction.

Collage of Amphibious Machine 1.0 navigating an aquatic environment.

One of the shortcomings of the first colladel was a lack of engagement between machine and environment. As a performative body absorbing its surroundings through a system of filters, there needed to be a moment in the model that reflected the initiation of this exchange. An intentional initial focus on the assembly of parts is partly to blame for this absence but it should be noted as the focus in the first revisit.

3D translation of completed collage

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INPUT

EXTENSION

LIFT

ADAPTATION

COMPRESSION

SYNTHESIS

OUTPUT

Amphibious Machine 2.0 The Second version of the amphibious monster focuses more on the relationship between assembly and landscape as the monster transitions from an aquatic environment to a terrestrial. It is during this transition that the monster is forced to adapt to the new environment by reconfiguring several parts of its body. Borrowing the first step of terrestrial movement from the mudskipper the monster learns that it must use its fin to lift its body off of the ground providing the necessary clearance to initiate movement. This causes the protective shell that covers the monsters body to compress layering each shell member under the one in front of it thus increasing its protective nature, a reflection of the increased exposure of the monster in this new environment. First, to provide separation between body and land the monsters arm and fin are raised borrowing a similar bone structure in the fins and arms for lack of better term. This in turn compresses the layers that make up the protective shell and angle them forward in a more aggressive looking stance enhancing the defensive properties of the collage takes on now on the land.

As the monster is making these adjustments it is absorbing the water that it came from to transport it to areas on land that need to be replenished. These might include gardens, storage tanks etc. areas that need a consistent supply of water that they cant entirely depend on with the change of climate patterns.

Water can be reused as grey water for bathroom fascilities etc...

monster transitions to terrestrial occupancy

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Mitigating the transition from the water up and onto the stadium presents several challenges for the monster that were not experienced moving to land. Most noticably the monster must negotiate the 5’ drop from the lower platform to the water while paying particular attention to the piles that support it. This controls the point of insertion as it must position the body between the remaining piles to avoid extra work that would be needed to raise it even higher.

We also begin to read several architectural concepts from the monsters positioning on the platform. The protective shell and legs begin to read as a series of openings directed towards northern light. The layering of these planes could become an import design technique that become consistent around the site.

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Site Inventory

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Wind patterns on site were observed to be coming off of Biscayne Bay from the west entering the site at the opening of the basin. This observation was made during a heavy morning rain that sustained itself for about 30 minutes before moving out to sea. Wind gusts during this period were recorded at 25mph up from the 11mph when the studio arrived on site. Winds coming from the west make for rougher water conditions that are not favorable for boat races.

Fortunately boat races were always held during the summer months when wind is coming from the opposite direction and is blocked by the surrounding landscape. Mr. Worth explained that in the construction of the basin non-native Australian pines were planted opposite the stadium with the intention to block incoming winds to suppress wave action for the races. He also mentioned that the wind created a lot of problems for the stage. These points must be considered if anything is exposed in the middle of the water but also to take advantage of for use in passive cooling strategies.

Annual wind map highlighting months of the hurricane season when wind averages peak.

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Glodal Distrribution of Mangroves

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(above) threatened by annual freeze-thaw cycles, the global distribution of mangroves is limited by climate. I

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Coastal development plays a key role in the declining population of mangrove communities worldwide. H

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Black Mangrove

Avicennia germinans (L.) L.

Black Mangrove

Colloquial Names: Manglier (French) Family: Verbenaceae Growth Habit: Tree/Shrub Duration: Perennial Wetland Indicator Status: OBL

Height: Small to medium evergreen tree that can reach heights to 50 ft. (15 m). Plants at the most northern extent of its range, such as Louisiana ecotypes, exhibit heights to 9 ft.

(2.7 m). image credit

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Black Mangrove

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Mangroves (above) Mangroves typically populate the leeward side of barrier islands as is the case at the Virginia Key site.

Mangroves play a pivotal role in the management of coastal ecologies where they exist. While providing essential breeding and nursing grounds for many marine species, mangroves also help to filter nutrients and sediment that are suspended in the water, assist in stabilizing and protecting shorelines from coastal erosion, absorb wave energy during storm surges and account for nearly 11% of total carbon input back to the ocean.

Threatened by development, hydrological alterations, invasive exotic species and contamination to their natural environment the continued loss of mangroves would cause serious implications to the atmospheric composition and climate change. To prevent these threats it is important to realize shoreline stabilization and protect existing forests from future development. For a site like Virginia Key where a large portion of mangroves were already sacrificed for the construction of the stadium basin, implementation of these mitigation techniques are even more important to restore balanced ecologies.

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Black Mangrove

Plant Characteristics: • Small flowers with white petals that bloom image credit J image credit K late spring to early summer.

• Leaves are opposite, elliptic, 1.5 to 2.5 inches long, dark green above and pale gray below.

• Bark is dark-brown to black.

• Deeply rooted with cylindrical pneumatophores.

• The fruit is one seeded, recalcitrant with a fleshy pale green pericarp maturing late spring to early winter.

Black Mangrove

Habitat: • Brackish to saline coastal tidal areas in the eastern portion of the Louisiana Gulf Coast.

• Restricted to protected bays or tidal areas where salinities can exceed 10 ppt.

• Plants are sensitive to cold weather where severe freezes tend to limit its range and mortality can occur when temperatures remain below freezing for extended periods of time.

Reproduction: Sexual, mature seeds drop from the parent plant late spring to early winter. Seeds are distributed by tidal currents.

• Small flowers with white petals tha late spring to early summer.

• Leaves are opposite, elliptic, 1.5 to 2 long, dark green above and pale gra • Bark is dark-brown to black.

• Deeply rooted with cylindrical pneuma • The fruit is one seeded, recalcitrant a fleshy pale green pericarp maturin spring to early winter.

Habitat: • Brackish to saline coastal tidal area eastern portion of the Louisiana Gu • Restricted to protected bays or tida where salinities can exceed 10 ppt.

• Plants are sensitive to cold weather w severe freezes tend to limit its range mortality can occur when temperatur remain below freezing for extended p of time.

Reproduction: Sexual, mature seed from the parent plant late spring to ea winter. Seeds are distributed by tidal

Sustainable Reproduction

Back Bay Flat to Inter

Coastal Protection

Back Bay Flat to Intertidal

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Ecological Dependance

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Precipitation (above) Raindrops are reppelled by the waterproof material of an umbrella. O

(top left) Annual rainfall from 1951-1980 in South Florida. P (top right) Annual discharge from major canals in South Florida. Q (bottom) Average monthly precipitation rates of Miami, FL. P

Miami-Dade County receives 57.5 inches of rain on average annually over the past 30 years, with the heaviest months being July, August, September and October when hurricanes frequent the coast. While reports indicate a significant increase in the frequency of heavy downpours to the region, these statistics also reflect a drop of almost 10% of precipitation during the spring, summer and fall months.20 Since Miami depends heavily on regular precipitation patterns to replenish the Biscayne aquifier, droughts and floods that result in changing precipitation patterns will have major detrimental implications on Miami’s water quality and supply.

With the understanding that weather patterns continue to move toward opposite extremes this presents an opportunity to reconsider the relationship of man and environment to help mitigate the factors that are contributing to global climate change. How should new development in Miami respond?

On site it will be important to think about how the frequency of heavy downpours will create challenges for water management. If the architecture doubles as a performative system, can the challenges that present themselves related to water management somehow be embraced and transformed into opportunities that in turn give back to the ecological system?

“When it rains in Miami, it’s spooky. Blue sky vanishes and suddenly water is everywhere, pooling in streets, flooding parking lots, turning intersections into submarine crossings.” 21

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Looking at the coastline we can begin to draw conclusions about tidal patterns of the site based on several key indicators along the beach. First and most notable are signs of erosion.

The 10’ mark from the waters edge where the sand ends and the grass starts shows signs of significant erosion that was probably caused by a large storm. Along this edge, from the base of the grass to the sand there is a vertical displacement of roughly 4” indicating consistent and sustained wave impact. The shape of this edge also explains the direction of these waves which follow the direction of the picture as waves move down the coast eating away at the shoreline.

Tidal Patterns Tides are a very interesting natural phenomenon that are the result of a rythmic rise and fall of the ocean surface. Caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and to a lesser extent, the Sun, typically in a single day there are two high tides and two low tides that can range between 2 and 16 meters.21

The 2’ mark from the waters edge highlighted by the large displacement of seagrasses above it, indicates typical water height at high tide. Closer inspection would show the contrast in wet and dry sand to confirm this assumption. It should be noted that this picture was taken at 10:50AM, just under an hour past the first recorded high tide for that day, 2/05/2015 at 9:51AM. At high tide the water height was recorded at +1.96 ft and drops to -0.20 ft by low tide at 4:06PM. It is difficult to predict the horizontal shift in water line because coasts do not always have a consistant slope but can imagine it is much further from this given the 2’ change in only an hour.

For a discussion on erosion this means that the small waves that hit the shore one after the other are displacing small amounts of land with every wave. However, because the tides are changing much faster than along coastlines like Louisiana that only experience one high and low tide per day, particles are suspended for shorter periods of time slowing erosion. Most of the erosion here is caused by storms that intensify the energy of waves hitting the coast. When wave energy is higher they are able to reach higher levels of the shoreline and pick up and carry larger particles of sand.21 For these reasons, tidal patterns play an important role in the placement of sturctures and the foundations they sit on. Too close to the waters edge and the structure is threatened by future erosion making piles best practice.

2’

0’

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Per Mr. Candela’s vision for a structure that celebrates the intersection of water and land, it could be argued the tidal patterns played an important role in his site location. Because of the subtle slope of the basin around the coast, the moment of this intersection changes significantly thoughout the day. To negotiate this range, Mr. Candela must place the structure further into the basin than one would expect increasing its exposure to the salt water below.

+6 ’

High water line is measured at 10’8” based on errosion patterns of the coast

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Stadium Analysis

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In order to understand how the proposed welcome center could be incorporated into the existing structure of the stadium, it was important to investigate the various components involved in the support of the structure. As complicated as the stadium may appear to be, in reality the structure underneath is relativly simple to efficiently distribute all of the loads keeping the stadium in a balanced state of compression. The stadium is best understood in section.

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One of the most important structural components of the stadium is a system of girder beams that help to balance the large cantelevered hyperbolic roof. Spaced at 20’ 8” on center, these girder beams transfer the loads of the grandstand which has been removed for representation purposes. The girder beams keep the stadium forces in compression.

The spacing of the beams helps to create a rhythm above the visitor that is experienced on the upper mezzanine which will help to inform the spacing of structural elements in the design of the new proposal. Since the stadium marks the entrance of the site and will most likely be the largest in scale the 20’-8” mark will set the maximum limit.

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Protected from the saltwater overspray the existing program has been placed under the grandstand which has again been removed for representational purposes. This program consists of storage rooms, concession areas, and bathrooms, the essentials for the civic activities that at one point in time filled the stadium with life. Today these rooms are baron, abandoned but still rich with life shown through the concrete canvas that is covered in graffiti. In an effort to preserve this graffiti and the culture it represents the proposal will attempt to reuse as much of the existing canvas as possible. As for the sections that must be sacrificed they will be given a new life and a new home in the gabion walls.

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The third major component of the stadium is the grandstand viewing area that seats approximatly 6000 persons. The weight of the grandstand helps counteract the rotational forces created by the canteliver hyperbolic roof by exerting downward force on the top supporting beam.

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Exposed steel reinforcements caused by spalling.

Damage As mentioned in the introduction most of the structural damage of the Miami Marine Stadium is located on the underside of the lower grandstand on the portion of the stadium that overhangs the water. This is most likely a result of the overspray of the water often experienced during a storm surge.

As the salt water is thrown into the air it comes to a rest on the exposed concrete surfaces where it drains and collects at the edges and lowpoints. Because concrete is a pourous material it slowly absorbs the water molecules that begin to move towards the steel reinforcments that are cast into the concrete during construction. When the water molecules finally reach the steel reinforcements a chemical reaction begins creating a thin layer of rust around the steel. This thin layer of rust increases the volume of the embedded material inside the concrete thus creating the tensile stresses that lead to cracking and spalling.

Spalling of the lower grandstand supporting beams.

Understanding this corrosive reaction it is easy to identify the patterns that have emerged in the deterioration of the concrete in the stadium. Only when the patterns are identified can permanent solutions that avoid the continued deterioration of the structure be implemented.

Cracking observed between the connection of the ground floor concrete slab and supporting beam.

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A temporary support bar is installed to help distribute some of the roof load surrounding supporting members.

Mitigation In the same area of the aforementioned damage, are several examples of temporary mitigation strategies already being implemeted to help protect the integretiy of the structure that were most likely installed by the engineering team after they took samples for testing. Identified are plastic casing work protecting the supporting columns for the lower grandstand and concrete patch-work where there was most likely signifcant amounts of cracking.

While temporary mitigation tactics are present they definitely reduce the aesthetic qualities of the cast in place concrete finish and the ability of the concrete to enhance the structures connection with the natural environment, a design component that is essential to the National Park Service. For the stadium intervention to be successful it had to address this issue. Possible design considerations include the use of protective sealants for the exposed concrete, the use of galvanized steels in the introduction of new materials, or the use of natural materials to cover and protect damaged or exposed areas.

Area of suspected core sampling above the lower supporting columns has been patched.

The partially submerged columns are wrapped in a temporary plastic sleeve for added protection against salt water corrosion.

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Statement of Intent As continued urbanization threatenens the future of the edge condition between land and water how does one “preserve� the dynamic ecosystem for humankind? As experienced in the visits to the national parks of south Florida the first step in the preservation of dynamic ecosystems is awareness. By drawing attention to existing threats prevention of continued destruction becomes a part of the subconscious. The best way to achieve this is through exposure. Specifically for the Miami Marine Stadium this means highlighting the areas of corrosion that are hidden behind the rich graffiti and beauty of its concrete canvas. Somehow the stadium has a way of making you forget about these moments.

These are the moments that represent the breaking of the stitch between land and water.

This is where they can no longer co-exist.

Only when awareness is achieved, implementation becomes possible. Humans and constructed landscapes will alter the natural systems that engage it. There is no avoiding it. As designers we must build passively, embracing these natural systems to limit our influence on the ecosystems we occupy. One must ask how can human intervention nurture and contribute to the health and welfare of the humans and nature, restoring the balance.

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Analogous Model The second analogous model attempts to investigate in more detail how the removal of vertical planes establishes a passive architecture that is essential to preservation in dynamic environments. The systems that are represented in the model include water, wind and landscape. As the stadium exists, wind and landscape are diverted around the structure speaking to the contrast of manmade structures in an isolated natural environment. The only system that forces the stadium to respond is the water. This is most evident under the grandstand where the stadium is most exposed to the salt water that is eating away at the structure as discussed in the chapter on structural analysis.

Scaling the model up to 1/8�=1’-0� provided the ability to understand how the removal of these planes would affect the integrity of the structure and which components would need to be preserved. The components that would remain; beams, rebar, columns not only allowed for the movement of systems through the structure but also represented an opportunity for environmental and biological occupancy when the ground plane below disappears. It was a discovery that was not yet fully realized but called for further investigation.

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Discussion of the model in a desk crit reveals an additional point that is realized when the model is presented as a plan. The point is related to the isolation of the structure helping to preserve the intentional connection to nature.

Perspective from coastline showing integration of dynamic systems through the existing structure

Despite the proximity of the site to the city of Miami, the distance from Rickenbacher Causeway combined with the limited access and permeability of southern side of the stadium the site is essentially cut off from the city.

Represented by the solid plane that was originally the canopy in elevation, in this position it now represents the border between city and natural park, shutting off all influences that might take away to this natural preserve.

It is at this point that the architecture begins to be deconstructed responding to the encroaching systems mentioned earlier. Piles that reach up toward the canopy jut out over the water holding on to its original poetic relationship while the structure behind it is submerged as a buffer seperating it further from the city. On the opposite side vegetation begins to take over the structure further camoflaging the park into its surroundings.

Representation of the stadiums increased level of isolation from the city

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Schematic Design

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Moving into the schematic design phase of the project it was important to revisit and evaluate the background information provided in the Prospectus handout that was distributed during the introduction to the studio. This handout outlined general introduction to the issues that the integrated studio would address, specific program requirements, requisites of a National Park Service Eco-Heritage site specific to these program requirements, site variables related to the greater area of Biscayne Bay, and assigned research topics that would help to guide and support the project proposals.

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Limit site influence. All interventions have a fundamental responsibility to respect the environment in which it will occupy practicing sustainable architectural solutions to limit the footprint.

“Our mission is to enjoy and protect the natural places in South Florida, to teach others to understand and respect the fragile environment in which we live, and to practice and promote the responsible use of South Florida’s ecosystems and resources.” 3

Engage the community. Provide an environment that is natural and inviting for visitors to use.

Engagement promotes awareness which promotes commitment to preserve. Easy access, ample space to experience the natural wonders of the area, natural shade and water experiences to encourage people to stay and absorb the natural beauty of the site. In the case of Virginia Key conservation of the seagrass communities stimulates a population of aquatic life that becomes the attraction.

After visiting the site and reviewing the broad prospectus provided for the project, it is easy for one to quickly become entangled in the complexity of the project. The visual impacts of the site are both stunning and alarming. The Bay area has a natural beauty that is still recognizable within the urbanization of the surrounding area and decay of the facilities within the Miami Marine Stadium, however one can easily see the opportunities within. Visually the site lines from the MMS location are amazing, views of downtown Miami, the Miami seaport across the bay, pleasure boating and commercial shipping shareing sea lanes, areas of mangrove growth, the variables of blue and green sea water speckled with the brown stains of churned up sediment as a boat passes, all give the visitor to the site a competing sense of loss and opportunity. All the visual variables that are immediately recognizable result in a multitude of issues to resolve, design elements to incorporate, selecting proper materials, paths of ingress/egress to develop, functional aspects incorporated into the overall design, the impact of natural elements, cost of construction, adequate parking, life safety elements, sustainability and manageability, ongoing operational costs and anticipating future needs. A host of issues that can become so overwhelming that the effort to resolve everything can become so complex that the original intent, objectives and needs of the site will be lost. So one must step back from the complexity and return to the basics from which all planning and design decisions can be derived. By keeping these simple objectives in mind as the project plan develops, decisions will be naturally guided by the project intent.

“ Through examining local perception data on the coastal communities of Belize, each attracting different levels of coral reef related tourism, this analysis is intended to explore the relationship between tourism development and local coral reef conservation awareness and support. The results of the analysis show a positive correlation between tourism development and coral reef conservation awareness and local perceptions of quality of life, a trend that is most likely the source of the observed relationship between tourism and conservation.” 21

Preserve the past with an eye on the future. The Bay area has a rich history that helped to shape the Miami of today. Shipping and port services, recreational boating, competitive boat racing and quiet anchorage have all had an impact on the community over the years. That history should be preserved in a way to connect the past with the future which will continue help to shape the Miami area. ”... should imagine the site as an eco-tourist and educational destination. … Participants should investigate how the preservation of this historically significant site can provoke a profound rethinking of our current conventions about preservation, design, community, the environment and heritage tourism”. 18

Provide a platform for learning. Develop the site to educate others on the importance of natural preservation and provide a base for research and development of new ideas “Consider ; performance space, art installations, K-12 biology research, fisherman huts, regatta watching platforms, lookouts, nautical and recreational activities, business premises for nautical events” 18

Respect cost. Recognize that original construction costs coupled with the ongoing cost of maintaining a site are critical to the long term sustainability of the site. If the benefits are not clearly in proportion to the cost of constructing and maintaining the site then the project will not be viable in the public and private sector from which funding must be derived. It is clear that any proposals for reuse of the Miami Marine Stadium facility will be met with concern from the public given their investment through taxes. This is quite evident in several letters sent to the Mayor and Members of the Miami Commission in February 2013 regarding proposals to address the aging sewage treatment facility at Virginia Key as the primary concern. “..it is foolish to waste money to renovate…unless changes are made to Virginia Key that will ensure its safety, survival and viability in storms and the changing sea levels, as well as that of the sewage treatment plant…… please vote No on the Marine Stadium current plan.” 23

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This site map is illustrating the relationship between the Miami Marine Stadium and four major modification to the site that have had the most impact to the environment. Moving clockwise from top to bottom, the first ray points to the dredge operations connecting the Virginia Key Wastewater Treatment plant to the mainland. This is composed of a 1 mile dredge operation to lay the pipe causing disturbances to sediment and destruction of sea grass communities. The second ray identifies the fill operations completed in 1970’s to help protect the northern portions of Virginia Key from further erosion that would compromise the wastewater treatment plant. The fill operations had minimal positive impacts by creating community engagement thru the development of bike trails for public use. “ The previously inaccessible ( and environmentally significant) north point of Virginia Key is now open to the public 7 days per week with the opening of a 4 mile mountain trail course” 21 The revitalization of the area also created significant advantages for sea turtle nesting activity. “ The Northpoint Beach supports a significant amount of sea turtle nesting activity ; the adjacent shallow waters contain dense and healthy sea grass beds” 23 The third ray identifies the landfill that was in use into the mid 1970’s as the popularity of the beach areas increased along with the awareness of environmental concerns.

That area is now known as Duck Lake and is simply a wasteland with little to no vegetation or usable areas. The fourth ray identifies the development of parking lots for beach access which destroyed portions of the mangrove community that were helping to stabilize the sediment.

Keeping these four places in mind will help develop the master plan of how the National Park Service can begin to expose the altered landscape and the resulting consequences.

Site map identifying the existing major site modifications that have occured over time

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Dredged Marsh

Constructed Swamp

Rip Rapp/Retaining Wall Elevated Boardwalk While constructing the 16th inch model of the stadium based on recent modifications to the site plan, there was a sudden realizaton that employing rip rapp on both sides of the stadium would essentially cut off encroaching water that was critical to the original intent of a structure that accepted the systems of the existing and future environments. Shutting this area off would result in the accumulation of trash beneath the structure and ruin the poetry of the relationship to the water. Something had to be done prompting an immediate modification to the site that would engage the exchange of water through the stadium. In response the rip-rapp at the base of the lower grandstand is removed allowing water to engage with the structure. A rock garden consisting of rubble from the removed portions of the grandstand would be added to the final version to be presented at the midterm review.

Undetermined Zone Welcome Center

Artifical Marsh Rip Rapp Rip-rapp at either side of the stadium redirects encroaching water preserving the conditions underneath and immediately behind the structure but destroys the intent and supporting poetic relationship.

Virginia Key Basin 84

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As with any coastal project it is most importnat to understand the site sectionally.

This understanding was critical in the early development stages to investigate the relationship between the inherent envionmental conditions of the site and proposed modifications. This model attempts to investigate the dynamic forces surrounding the stadium and how they can be altered with the introduction of an elevated walkway that seperates the Virginia Key basin and Key Biscayne across the Rickenbaker causeway.

It was realized during the develpment of this model that the seperation of the 2 bodies of water was contradicting the ideas of the project intent related to the movement of natural systems through the site. While the elevated walkway seperates the user and the ground plane, the riffraff beneath the walkway prevents the natural exchange of systems.

The model is also initiating an exploration into the possible removal of structure from the stadium to achieve the same exchange at the ground plane. By removing the top grandstand systems overtake the lower grandstand and flow through the stadium. Similiar to the walkway this would prove to be a conflict with the intent of the project.

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Virginia Key Basin

Rickenbacker Causeway

Virginia Key Basin

Rickenbacker Causeway

75% One of the first requirements was to evaluate site access for the purpose of returning 75% of the existing parking surface back to nature. A substantial amount of parking was originally provided on site to accomodate the large crowds that would be attending the events held on site such as the boat racing, concerts, festivals and the anual Miami boat show. The new program has a focus on revitalization of natural environment, it is more beneficial for the National Park Service to promote the regrowth of natural vegetation. In doing so the access on the shared road must be maintained as the road services not only the original entrance to the Marine Stadium but maintains access to the adjacent high school and marina. Further the proposal maintains the axis of the original entrance that is centered on the stadium, introduces a new boat ramp but most importantly reuses existing parking surface limiting the environmental impact.

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In a sensitive environment like Virginia Key the effects of storm water runoff is intensified by large parking surfaces. Pollutants from the surfaces are picked up and collected into stormwater management systems where they flow directly into the surronding waters. By repurposing unnecesary parking surfaces and returning it back to nature the pollution from storm water is minimized directly effecting the site. This reduction will help aid in the overall recovery of the aquatic life. Fortunately there is growing awareness of this reality to make a concious effort to restore balance between urbanization and nature through programs like Depave who are making tremendous strives in Portland, Oregon.

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(above) Community members of the Portland Area come out to support the efforts of Depave to return the site back to nature. R

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Depave is a Portland based nonprofit volunteer effort that attempts to return unecessary paved surfaces to the public as green space promoting community engagement, growth of native vegetation, stormwater infiltration and environmental awareness. Since the programs initiation in 2008, the program has proven to be very successful converting over 123,000 square feet of pavement into 40 new greenspaces.24 Rather than collecting surface runoff and retaining heat, both main contributers to air and water pollution, the converted greenspaces filter runoff, harvest food or simply provide a space for the community to temporarily escape the city and connect back with nature.

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(above) Sheets of pavement are lifted and flipped onto a rock to break them into smaller more managable pieces. S

What is potentially the most successful part of the program is the self sustaining nature of the operation. The process begins with a community or person who engages depave with a proposal to return a specific space to a more natural state.

Depavers then launches into a campaign to raise awareness and funds for the project, soliciting volunteer help to coordinate fund raising and participate in the reclamation efforts. As the project completes, the participants, typically from the surrounding community, have a vested interest in the project and are more likely to return and utilize the newly create green space. That engagement ensures the space will be maintained properly into the future.

Another important benefit to note is the ability to reuse the extracted pavement for other projects around the site.

As volunteers demolish existing hardscape the pieces are broken down and collected into a dumpster. Depave has used this materiel in the formation of garden retaining walls, fill and other useful purposes. The material collected on site at the Miami Marine Stadium would be collected and reused as fill for the proposed gabion wall system for the kayak rental facility that will be explained further in the document.

(top) Sheets of pavement are lifted and flipped onto a rock to break them into smaller more managable pieces. S

(bottom) Pieces are then collected on site and stored for later reuse. T

Assuming the parking lot follows conventional design requirements of a 4 inch base layer of asphalt with course aggregate and a 1.5 inch finished top layer of fine aggregate, calculations can be made to estimate the amount of material made available for reuse on site. Of the 402,000 ft2 of reclaimed parking surface, the depave project will yield 3,888 cubic yards of material.

400,000 ft2 x 0.25 = 105,000 ft3 of material 105,000 ft3 / 27 = 3,888 yd3 of material.

(far right) The community proudly displays the accomplishments of the restored greenspace to promote future projects. U

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Master Plan The working site model allowed for simple investigations regarding the progression of the site. Following the major interventions over time the program begins to set up a narative for the constructed landscape that supports it. It was the intent of the model to become a 3-dimensional trail map for the national park. The trail follows the constructed edge held in place by the stadium, spans the width of the dredged basin protected by the Australien Pines and mangroves on the opposite side, an existing trail through the mangroves ending finally at the dredge canal for the pipe delivering waste to the wastewater facility located on the northern part of the island. While most national parks are intended to guide the visitor through nature as it exists, this proposal attempts to take the national parks responsibilities a step further by providing a history lesson of the site at the same time. This history not only speaks to the specific context of Virginia Key but also to the story of a constructed and maintained Miami landscape to the north.

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Working site plan to facilitate the development of the master plan.

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As the model clearly shows the intentions of the stadium modifications are to remove the upper grandstand having the lower to act as a protective artificial marsh for the program proposed behind it. Without the upper grandstand this program would either sit on piles extending out of the modified landscape or rest on existing girders that currently support the upper grandstand. If any structure extends over the lower grandstand it must rely on a combination of the two solutions mentioned above or a suspension system that does not impac the integrity of the hyperbolic roof.

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Both the marina and the kayak rental borrow some of the language of the stadium complimenting the site highlighted by standing columns and large cantilever that extends in both directions. Where the stadium clearly addresses the north-south orientation of the site, the proposed kayak rental and marina are rotated to respond only to the eastwest axis of the basin. Because they are responding at different axis, they need to do so responsibly.One option is changing the direction of the canteliver to respond to the orientation of the sun increasing its awareness for sustainability.

A series of research stations along an artificial floating landscape trace the line of the dredge. This is at the end of an approximated 25 minute 1.2 mile kayak excersion throught he mangroves that seperate the Virginia Key Basin and the Virginia Key aquatic preserve. Using low impact transportation kayaks and specialized national park service boats would be the only means of access to this program.

The idea here is complete environmental submersion into the shallow waters of Biscayne Bay where visitors and researchers can be in direct contact with their surroundings.

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(left) A quick render from in front of the stadium displays the constructed marshland on top of the existing lower grandstand that will help to suppress storm surge.

Zone 1

(below) Zone 1 stretches accross the Virginia Key basin providing access to the existing trail to complete the circuit.

A proposed beach spanning the width of the basin connects the stadium to the marina and kayak rental facility. An elevated portion in the center seperates the two sides blocking boat traffic to the end of the basin. The west side drops down to the water surface to suport fishing and boat docking for the portion of the basin that opens to the bay and the east side that becomes the beach.

In the review there was some concern about how this move was complimenting the history of the modified landscpe around it. The reviewers commented that it seemed as though it was just placing a beach in the middle of the basin. Relying on the expansive width of the basin, placing the beach out in the middle was intented to intensify the experience of exposure. The intervention attempts to place the user into a space that was originally only accessible by boat so that they can too can feel the full scale of the dedged basin.

The reviewers pointed out that perhaps the width of the beach and belvedere was taking away from this intention. One of the suggestions was to use this width to help the concept by making it morre narrow with the idea that playing with proportions in this manner would make the basin feel much wider. Professor Forbes even mentioned a cut along the west side of the beach to expose the depth of the constructed landscape however its unclear how dramatic a 5-8ft depth would be. Still an appreciated suggestion however. Seperating the belvedere and beach area is a constructed greenscape represented by the mesh material in the model. This constructed greenspace would act as a buffer to the spaces below so that beach patrons could relax in privacy

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(left) As the park visitor emerges from the mangrove trail they are reminded about the delicate balance between urbanization and nature and the ability to co-exist (below) Zone 2 follows the line of the dredged pipeline to limit environmental disturbance to the sea floor below.

Zone 2 Zone 2 of the master plan is dedicated to the observation and research of the destroyed seagrass community in the Virginia Key Aquatic Preserve again to raise awareness for the call to restoration and future protection. Accessed only by kayak and specialized National Park Service boats, these low impact vessels allow park visitors and staff to interact with this rich aquatic environment without damaging the environment.

From aeriel images it is easy to identify a significant amount of scarring caused by boat propellers coming into contact with the seafloor in shallow bodies of water. As explained in the section on seagrass this is one of the main threats to these rich aquatic environments. According to the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary 27 as of 2011 over 30,000 acres of seagrass beds have been harmed by either light, moderate or heavy scaring. By generating more activity of low impact vessels in this area other boaters will naturaly avoid sharing the same space limiting the potential impacts of continued scaring to the preserve.

Building in this area presents additional challenges that have not yet been addressed. For example how to construct in an aquatic environment while limiting the impacts to the site and how to generate enough power to support the research activities when the infastructure is not tied back to the mainland.

Answers to these questions can take precedence from the houses of Stiltsville, a small community of residences several miles off of the coast of South Florida.

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Stiltsville Stiltsville provides critical lessons about what it means to employ a static architecture in an aquatic environment. First things to consider are the difficulties that present themselves during construction. Several key compenents come into play here; the depth of the water, the physical characteristics of the sea bed, existing ecologies and of course material transport to the site. Without the use of heavy machinery mitigating these challenges becomes a task in and of itself.

Exposure plays a substantial role in construction methods as well in terms of risk for salt water damage, storm surge, stong winds and the looming threat of sea level rise. The houses of Stiltsville respond through the integration of different types of cross bracing in the rafters supporting the floor that prevent the structure from moving laterally in storms and tie straps around many of the concrete pilings that show severe signs of oxidation. Typical hurricane straps, low profile roof and open floorplan and lower deck area lower the impacts of the winds but it was clear the that damaging winds would always be a reality as large storms continue to wreck havoc on Southern Florida. The only true risk for the future existance and feasibility of such aquatic based life then becomes the threat of sea level rise as water already impedes on the deck at high tide quite frequently.

How can the proposed research facilities along the dredged canal benefit from a example like Stiltsville that is both static and exposed? Perhaps providing the ability of a deck and dock to move independently of the elevated structure to prevent issues with circulation would be a viable option for addressing sea rise.

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In the northern part of the site along the dredged canal is a proposed artificial landscape on the waters surface that would replace a string of service barges used during the construction of the new pipe. Replacing the sea grass that was displaced by the installation of the pipe, the artificial landscape becomes an opportunity for cultivation and settlement to support park visitors, local residents and wildlife. The specific location in a shallow and dynamic body of water creates several challenges related to construction and installation of the supporting structure.

Typically dredges produce very loose soil conditions for areas around the intervention because the walls that are made by the cut are not reinforced. Assuming this is true for dredge at the northern part of the site, any connection to the seafloor would involve somekind of additional supports that would put the sensitive waters at additional and perhaps unecessary risk. In an effort to avoid further risk, the artificial landscape would be a floating structure that uses the existing infastructure of the pipe as an anchor to keep it in place. This connection would employ a cable system that allows the structure to move as it responds to fluxuating surface water conditions of up to 20 ft. storm surge.

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+3’

Several attempts at a responsive cable system were completed to determine an arrangement that allowed for maximum vertical movement but limited lateral movement that would occur during heavy storm surge potentially damaging the environment around the pipe. Through these tests it became clear the more connections each member made to the pipe the more limited the structures lateral movement became. However, when there were more than four connections to the pipe per cable connection to the structure, the additonal material costs started to outweigh the added contraints.

+10’

The idea of a dynamic structure on a static piece of existing infastructure posed several challenges the most detrimental being possible stresses that are placed on the existing structure of the pipe. While there are already major concerns surrounding the integrity of the pipe after several recorded leaks during the late 1970’s the addition of an attached structure would be a great opportunity to address these concerns simultaniously.

+18’

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Mid-Review 1 Assessment The first round of midterm reviews was a fair assessment of the number of turns the project has taken as reviewers lost the concept by the proposal. As most of the comments referenced misguided facts it was difficult to take many positives from the review. It did however, provide a good list of project weaknesses that need to be addressed in the final weeks of the semester.

Most of the confusion seemed to come from the lack of organization in the presentation. Because the ideas changed a few times focus from one part to the next suffered. In the weeks going forward there will be a better attempt of completing work in a manner that helps to guide the presentation at the same time. Now that there is a specific focus it should be easier to accomplish

Comment

Response

1.Questioning why the top grandstand is removed when current storm surge average around 20’ and what would need to be done to the stadium structurally to support such an intervention.

1. Diagrams need to be completed showing how top grandstand is removed to protect the structure from damaging water and winds. Maybe this protion becomes some kind of plug and play type of architecture that requires more lateral bracing.

2. Collected Sea level data is based on an extreme scenerio that is unlikely to happen.

2. The chosen source had the clearest explanation of data and was comparable to other sources. A note should be 3. Reviewers did not understand how the beach was playing added in the presentation that design considerations are a role in exposing the basin as a constructed landscape. based on worst case scenerio..

Recommended a smaller intervention that maybe had a view to the bottom.

3. Maybe the beach moves back to the parking lot edge along side the stadium and a small bridge is introduced 4. Mangrove trail could be a great design opportunity over the basin. and might not be in the same location after sea level rise.

Comments were raised about how long the trip was also.

4. The original intent of the mangrove trail was to be a natural experience free of design intervention. Perhaps 5. Recommendations to analize the site as a timeline of interventions are placed at specific points along the trail to events pointing out key interventions including proposed. help guide the visitor. Trail length information needs to be clearly labeled on the site plan.

6. Reviewers asked that maps be made reflecting the change in sea level rise even though there were already 5. Timeline needs to be included in the movie as well as some displayed. the book that reference a specific time and location for each intervention on a site map that changes over time.

7.There seemed to be some conflicts in human intervention and proposed intervention. The reviewers recommended 6. This might be indication that the maps were difficult to that the interventions take on a similar language in how read. If a layer of blue is added for surrounding waters maps they address the site as they seemed disconnected. would be clear.

8. Reviewers suggested bringing everything together rather 7. The architectectural language was supposed to be what than spreading it out over the entire site. tied the interventions together but the project would benfit from a consistent language toward the site as well.

8. The project benefits greatly from having the site spread out adding to the experiential component of a national park. Perhaps more could be included with the welcome center and stadium eliminating the need for a connnection to the other side of the basin where the kayak rental is currently located.

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Design Development

03

110

Early in the design process there was a lot of focus on trying to reuse as much of the existing structure as possible, specifically existing columns and beams.

Taking most of this focus was the main supporting beam of the stadium that would become the primary link between the existing structure and the new program to highlight the beam as an essential component in the original design.

This idea was inspired by the architects passion for emphasizing structure and promoting the occupants appreciation for it.

The first design was a series of structural ribs that connect to the supporting beam of the stadium by way of steel rods that are drilled and epoxied into the concrete beam. Adopting the rhythm established by the stadium and the same angles set by the hyperbolic roof and main supporting columns, the ribs act in harmony with the stadium to raise the occupant off of the existing ground plane.

Because the ribs are so large the design was for several precast concrete pieces that would be delivered to the site by way of barge or truck and lifted into place with a crane limiting environmental pressures on the site and keeping construction costs down. Connections would have to be made via galvanized steel plates that would be cast into the concrete. When placed in succession the ribs create a framework for the National Park Service to build on, elevated above impact zones and protected inside the ribbed system.

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As soon as this idea was developing serious potential, several problems were identified that began to challenge the confidence levels of the design. For example because the ribs were being added to the east end of the stadium, views across the basin towards the open waters of Biscayne Bay were blocked by the grandstand. In order to regain access to these views the program inside the ribbed structure would have to shift in front of the existing grandstand.

This shift would greatly increase the distance from the main supporting beam towards the back of the stadium thus increasing the size of the ribs and requiring additional supports.

Unfortunately for the sake of the progression of the project this all happened at a very critical point of the semester right before Spring Break. Having no one to consult with concerning these new conflicts or possible design solutions the ribs would soon die. Preserving the intent to use the existing structure as a foundation for the stadium intervention however the project began to take on more of an adaptive reuse approach. How could the existing structure be retrofitted to house a new welcome center while preserving the stadium as a concrete canvas?

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While an adaptive reuse project could have simply occupied the same location under the grandstand as the original design, it was important that the new welcome center establishes a connection to the water. A connection that the existing program is lacking since the stadium is oriented over the parking lot. In order to achieve this the design would have to demolish a portion of the existing grandstand exposing the program behind it. Fortunately there were several locations where the demolition of the grandstand would actually reclaim space that is currently unusable because of the limited floor to ceiling height where the grandstand meets the upper mezzanine.

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Originally designed as storage space for the connecting concessions the area directly under the grandstand where it meets the second floor was essentially wasted space when the stadium was in operation. Today given the privacy of the space behind the concession area, this area has become a popular gathering space for trespassers and vandals who leave trash and even in some cases human excrement. One thing they also leave behind that is arguably beneficial to the narrative of the stadium is another layer of paint.

These spaces have some of the most graffettied surfaces in the entire stadium.

If the grandstand is removed much of the graffiti will be displaced. Going back to the depaving of the parking lot an opportunity exists as the material removed in the demolition could be reused as fill for gabion walls. Not only would this be a sustainable reuse of existing building materials but the narrative of the concrete canvas would continue bringing the same vibrant culture that is so well displayed in the stadium to other parts of the Virginia Key National Park site.

The important note here is the removal of the existing steel reinforcments that is cast into the concrete to avoid rapid oxidation of the exposed steel.

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Where material yield calculations from the parking lot removal were made, the loss of material had to be considered. Any calculations for the reuse of material from the grandstand had to account for the removal of the rebar that is cast into the concrete. For this reason a very conservative estimate of 2 percent material loss is factored into the equation. This factor accounts for both the removal of the rebar and an additional buffor for loss of material that will be too small to be reused in the gabion wall system.

Material Loss = Total Volume x .02 Total Yeild = Total Volume - Material Loss

Upper Grandstand

total volume= 3750 ft3 3750 ft3 - [3750 ft3 (.02)] = 3675 ft3 yeild

Lower Grandstand

total volume= 5563 ft3 5563 ft3 - [5563 ft3 (.02)] = 5451 ft3 yeild

Total Yeild of Grandstand Demo upper yeild = 3675 ft3 lower yeild = 5451 ft3

3675 ft3 + 5451 ft3 = 9126 ft3 yeild

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One important item that the welcome center had to incorporate was accessable bathroom facilities for park staff and visitors. Looking at the existing floorplans the only restrooms that could be reclaimed are located at each end of the second floor. Because the welcome center would typicaly identify the entrance to the national park, the restroom located at the west northwest end of the stadium appeared to be the most viable option as it would guide the visitors through the stadium and into the park. The next step was to determine how the welcome center could use the existing structure around the restrooms while preserving as much of the stadium as possible.

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Directly below the existing restroom facilities are a series of storage closests that are relatively open providing the perfect oppotunity for the welcome center intervention. To figure out how much of the available space would need to be retrofitted to support the welcome center a list of program essentials was created based on the visit to the Biscayne Bay National Park welcome center..

Welcome Center essentials: 1. Street presence and clearly identified main entrance 2. Information desk with park trail maps and brochures 3. Private office for the staff member in attendance 4. Accessible views looking out over the park 5. Available storage space

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VIRGINIA KEY BASIN

COASTLINE

N

Directly below the existing restroom facilities are a series of storage closests that are relatively open providing the perfect oppotunity for the welcome center intervention. By demolishing two of the exising walls and a portion of the floor slab the space is transformed and given new life.

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Museum & Gallery It is very typical for National Park welcome centers to provide information on the plants and wildlife that it helps to protect as observed at the Biscayne Bay National Park which the studio reviewed during the visit to Miami. The displays are often very simple limiting the cost of construction but effectively relay the information through well designed graphics and even staged scenes so that visitors of all ages can understand. Although the addition of a museum is not a required part of the program it does provide an essential opportunity to connect to the park visitors and help raise awareness for the preservation of the stadium and Virginia Key Aquatic Preserve.

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Given the amount of graffiti and space reclaimed by the removal of the grandstand it seemed like the perfect opportunity to locate the museum here as well. Protected under the cantelevered hyperbolic roof the museum and gallery space would not require a conditioned space using cross ventilation to keep the space comfortable. In addition to information on the plants and wildlife of Virginia Key that a typical national park museum space would provide, the museum and gallery space would preserve existing artwork and reflect on the history of the stadium and the development of Miami.

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The Gallery

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Circulation

By establishing program on the second level the proposal reactivates the upper messanine and the existing main circulation through the grandstand while allowing nature to begin to overtake the ground floor. This vertical seperation of human and environmental systems limits the amount of interference to promote a healthy balance.

+18’

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Building 4

Building 3

143’

153’

157’

157’

Building 1

Building 2

Key Plan

Building 1 Egress Plan: First Floor

200’

128’

329’

188’

Building 1 Egress Plan: Second Floor

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Reusing the existing circulation space of the upper mezzanine would pose several challenges related to the retoration and preservation of the deteriorating concrete surface that was most effected in areas of high traffic around the concessions. In compliance with the project intent it was essential that any efforts in addressing this issue preserve the existing graffeti eliminating the option of a simple concrete resurfacing.

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To bigin to develop a possible solution it made sense to imagine the graffeti as an inseperable component of the nature of the stadium as plants and wildlife are one with the environment. In situations where a pathway must be integrated into nature what are possible options in limiting damage to the plants and wildlife that the path would cover? The answer was simple and already apart of the original project intent, a slightly elevated pathway lifting the user off of the existing ground plane.

Not only does this simple intervention preserve the condition of the ground beneath it, the pathway controls the areas of user accessability thus limiting the impacts to the surrounding environment.In the case of the stadium this meant controling the circulation through the space to attempt to guide the user through the space allowing untouched parts of the mezzanine to continue to decay naturally.

With the issue of preservation potentially solved the question then became how could the introduction of an elevated pathway continue to allow the graffeti to be viewed from above. While steel or plastic grating could preserve views through the surface the industrial nature of these materials did not align with the qualities of a national park. The material would need to be cost effective and sustainable. Again the answer was simple, wood planking.

By rotating the conventional orientation of planking to follow the direction of the circualtion, the spacing between the pieces would provide snapshots of the surface below. In addition to the display of the graffeti the spacing would also highlight the supporting structure beneath it paying tribute to the original design intentions of Mr. Candela. To allow for ADA compliancy the spacing would have to be controlled but could be maximized using wider pieces as shown in the example here.

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E

E

E

CLEARSTORY OPENING PROVIDING NATURAL VENTILATION

CLEARSTORY OPENING PROVIDING CLEARSTORY OPENING PROVIDING NATURAL VENTILATION NATURAL VENTILATION DECKING OVER EXISTING SLAB

DECKING OVER EXISTING DECKING SLAB OVER EXISTING SLAB

CUSTOM FABRICATED GAURDRAIL AND HANDRAIL

CUSTOM FABRICATED GAURDRAIL CUSTOM FABRICATED GAURDRAIL HSS TUBING DOOR FRAME AND HANDRAIL AND HANDRAIL ROLLING WOODEN DOOR DECKING OVER EXISTING SLAB HSS TUBING DOOR FRAME HSS TUBING DOOR FRAME C.I.P. CONCRETE CURB TO MATCH ROLLING WOODEN DOOR ROLLING WOODEN DOOR NEW FINISH FLOOR DECKING OVER EXISTING DECKING SLAB OVER EXISTING SLAB

Glue-Laminated column connecting at the existing concrete column

C.I.P. CONCRETE CURB TO MATCH C.I.P. CONCRETE CURB TO MATCH NEW FINISH FLOOR NEW FINISH FLOOR

In an attempt to blend the appearance of the elevated walkway intervention with the existing stucture the design includes a curb that wraps around the edge of the floor slab and ties back into the structure underneath. In addition to the aesthetic values this accomplishes the constructed edge also helps to mitigate natural inconsistancies in the wood to create a uniform edge and also helps to protect the condition of the exposed concrete behind it. That said in order to provide an added level of protection the wood used would have to be weather resistant explaining the necessary added cost of the specified pressure treatment.

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After much debate about the location of the beach that was originally spanning the basin, it was rotated to follow the constructed edge bringing the visitor to the natural coastline before the dredge and fill project of the 1950’s via an elevated pathway that extends from the stadium. The idea was to use the pathway as a stitch between the old and the new holding the constructed edge inspiring the project title, TRACE. With the TRACE established there is a perminent benchmark to highlight any future alterations.

Elevated above the landscape minimizes the footprint and allows nature to continue to thrive underneath it for visitors to look down upon. Constructed of the same pressure treated wood that was used in the stadium the pathway would occupy a temporal condition understanding that pieces would be lost to storms but could easily be replaced. The pieces that are lost simply become apart of the natural environment, returned to their rightful place.

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Kayak Rental At the end of the elevated pathway sits the kayak rental facility, an unstaffed and unconditoned space that simply provides a small area of refuge from inclimate weather in the upper floor and an area for docking and kayak storage on the lower level. Relying on passive cooling strategies the area of refuge employs a gabion wall assembly using reclaimed concrete and asphalt from the stadium demolition.

Gabion walls are essential wire cages filled with solid material such as rocks, concrete, sand or soil which fills the overall capacity of the cage. The cage dimensions may vary however typical gabion wall sections come in 6’ x 3’ x 1.5’ or 12’ x 3’ x 1.5’ each requiring 2y3 of fill.

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Observation Deck Research Space

Boat Docking Scuba Prep Station

Sleeping Quarters

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