Persian for America(ns) Syllabus Methods–hillmann

“Methods in the Persian for America(ns)® Textbook Series”

by Michael Craig Hillmann

for the First International Conference of the Research Initiative on Teaching Persian Language and Literature The University of Cambridge, 1-2 December 2017

• From the early 1990s through 2007, I developed scores of Persian units for use in intensive Persian language courses for advanced students of the language that I organized as one-week, two-week, and five-week seminars in Austin, Baltimore, Augusts (GA) and elsewhere, the participants mostly American government “Farsi Linguists,” along with some post-graduate university students.

•The units, designed for communicative classroom settings, were self-contained and consisted of lessons built around authentic texts on subjects mostly both timely or controversial and with a projected long shelf life. The units also included lessons on using Persian dictionaries.

• Each lesson consisted of pre-reading activities, grammar notes, vocabulary exercises, reading questions, and reading activities. Translations of all texts and a comprehensive glossary appeared at the and of the four readers in which those units then appeared, and audio cassette tapes and then CDs with audio files of all texts accompanied the readers.

• The four readers did not suggest any specific classroom methods and were intended to be adaptable to specific approaches and methods preferred by individual instructors, as was the case with the relatively popular Michigan series of readers in the 1960s.

• A fifth reader, called Advanced Persian Reading: Autobiographical Writing, its text the autobiographical essay by Jalāl Āl-e Ahmad called A Stone on a Grave (2005), is available online at www.Academia.edu/MichaelHillmann.

• A sixth reader, called Intermediate Persian Reader, is in press as of December 2017.

• In 2008, I began organizing unpublished reading, listening, and speaking units into a series called Persian for America(ns)® consisting of these four textbooks: Persian Listening (2008), Persian Reading and Writing (2010), Persian Grammar and Verbs (2012), and Persian Conversation(s) (in press as of December 2017).

• Each of the four volumes in the Persian for America(ns)® series struck me as having methodological and subject matter emphases arguably not specifically addressed or treated in detail in published textbooks designed for speakers of American English.

1. The four books focus on the use of Persian in America and identify specific American listening, speaking, and reading situations in which learners can use Persian.

2. The books treat colloquial/spoken and bookish/written Persian in tandem, with the former the exclusive focus during the first 90 or so contact hours of a beginning/elementary course using Persian for America(ns)® materials.

3. In the description of Persian morphology and syntax, the books present Persian as educated native speakers in America use it with no characterization of their Persian as “right/correct” or “wrong/incorrect.”

4. The books privilege authentic Persian texts throughout, except in the case of the mostly prompted monologues and dialogues in Persian Conversation(s).

5. Although individual lessons present specific classroom activities, because the lessons are built around texts, instructors using the lessons in courses I have organized have made their own choices as to classroom activities.

• The contents of the Persian for America(ns)® textbooks are listed on following slides, each list followed by sample pages in the textbook in question.

Persian Listening PL Chapter 1: Hearing Persian...Listening Vocabulary 1.1 The Tehrân Persian Sound System 1.2 Differences between Colloquial/Spoken

and Literary/Written Tehrân Persian 1.3 Proverbs and Proverbial Expressions

in Contemporary Persian 1.4 Classroom Listening: Audio Motor Units PL Chapter 2: Persian Jokes...Jokes Glossary (2.2.1) 2.1. Persian Jokes and Iranian Culture 2.3.1–31 Persian Joke Texts PL Chapter 3: Persian Monologues...

Listening and Speaking Vocabulary 3.1 An Iranian-American Talks about His Hometown 3.2 A Typical Weekday for an Iranian-American Man 3.1 A Tajik Woman's Life Story 3.4 Political Groups Opposed to the Islamic Republic of Iran 3.5 Technology and Iran’s Future 3.6 A Writer’s Artist Friend 3.7 A Soldier Reminisces about the Iran-Iraq War 3.8 Mr. Boqrât’s Automobile 3.9 An Important Speech PL Chapter 4: Persian Telephone Calls ...Telephone Vocabulary 4.1 A Business Deal 4.2 A Missed Meeting 4.3 A Green Card Marriage 4.4 ABusiness Deal 4.5 An Anti-Royalist Plot 4.6 Talking Politics 4.7 Buying a House 4.8 Consulting a Lawyer 4.9 Western Labels and Iranian Government Leadership 4.10 Women in Iran

PL Chapter 5: Persian Radio Broadcasts...Radio Vocabulary 5.1 The Russian President on Terrorism 5.2 Official Iranian Reaction to an Awards Ceremony 5.3 Iranian Policy on Loanwords and Neologisms in Persian 5.4 A Tehran Media Take on the Iranian Economy 5.5 Elections in America 5.6 News from Radio Tajikistan 5.7 A Tax Bill 5.8 A Call for Solidarity 5.9 America(ns) in Iraq 5.10 Peace in Afghanistan 5.11 A Tehran Performance of an Iranian Anthem 5.12 Construction Industry Fair Interview in Tehran 5.13 A Controversial Iranian Position on the Holocaust and Israel 5.14 An Iranian Take on the Anniversary of September 11, 2001 PL Chapter 6: Persian Songs...Music Vocabulary 6.1 The Persian “Happy Birthday” Song 6.2 “A Flower without a Flowerpot” by Gougoush 6.3 “Kiss Me” by Ahmad Gol Narâqi and Vigen 6.4 “Friday” by Farhâd and Gougoush 6.5 An Iranian National Anthem Called "O Iran” 6.6 “(The/That) Lane” by Bizhan Bizhani 6.7 “Winter” by Mohammad Rezâ Shajariân 6.8 A Medley from Qârun’s Treasure by The Boyz 6.9 “Once upon a Time” by Mansur 6.10 “A Romantic Hello” by Andy

PL Chapter 7: Persian Poems...Poetry Vocabulary 7.1 A Lyric by Rudaki (d. 940/1) 7.2 from the “Exordium” to Ferdowsi’s “Sohrâb and Rostam” 7.3 Quatrain #1 Attributed to Omar Khayyâm 7.4 Quatrain #2 Attributed to Omar Khayyâm 7.5 from the “Exordium” to Rumi’s Spiritual Couplets 7.6 A Ghazal by Sa'di 7.7 A Ghazal by Hâfez 7.8 “Along the Riverbank” by Nimâ Yushij 7.9 “Qom” by Nâder Nâderpur 7.10 “(The/That) Lane” by Feraydun Moshiri 7.11 “Kârun” by Feraydun Tavallali 7.12 “Friday” by Forugh Farrokhzâd 7.13 “Winter” by Mehdi Akhavân-e Sâles 7.14 “Another Birth” by Forugh Farrokhzâd 7.15 “False Dawn” by Nâder Nâderpur PL Chapter 8: Persian Films...Film Vocabulary 8.1 House of Sand and Fog 8.2 Qârun's Treasure 8.3 Qaysar 8.4 Prince Ehtejâb 8.5 Green Cold: A Documentary on Forugh Farrokhzâd 8.6 Tehran Nights 8.7 The Lizard 8.8. Marriage Iranian Style

• The space devoted to Persian poems in Chapter 7 of Persian Listening does not relate to its importance in academic Persian Studies, but rather to its importance in the everyday lives of native speakers of Persian, including media attention to Persian poems.

• American Problems in Learning Persian addressed in exercises in Persian Listening and Persian Conversation(s)

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2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Pronouncing /ā/ with a glide.

Not hearing the difference between /ā/ and /a/.

Pronouncing /i/ with a glide.

Pronouncing /u/ with a glide.

Not hearing the difference between /o/ and /o:/ or /ow/.

Pronouncing /ay/ or /ey/ with a glide.

Not hearing the difference between a word with a word-final stress or accent and a word with its primary stress or accent on its penultimate or antepenultimate syllable.

8. Not hearing the difference between stressed and unstressed word-final /i/ sounds, e.g., noun-creating suffix vis-à-vis indefinite-making suffix, as in ketābí [bookish/literary] and ketābi [a book].

9. Pronouncing a dark/back American /l/ when a Fārsi Persian light/clear /l/ occurs in syllable-medial or syllable- final position.

10. Pronouncing an American /r/ instead of the Farsi Persian flap or trill /r/.

11. Pronouncing /q/ [ ‫ ]ق‬as /k/.

12. Not distinguishing between /q/ [‫ ]ق‬and /gh/ [ ‫ ]غ‬when some native speakers make a distinction.

13. Pronouncing /x/ or /kh/ [ ‫ ]خ‬as /k/.

14. Not pronouncing kasré-ye ezāfé in noun phrases where it occurs.

15. Pronouncing kasré-ye ezāfé in noun phrases where it does not occur.

16. Not adding a person/number verb suffix or adding a non-agreeing person/number verb suffix in verb-final statements.

17. Use of the first-person singular personal pronoun man in statements not involving emphasis or contrast.

18. Failure to use the post-position object marker /rā/ where called for.

19. Use of bookish/written forms in conversation instead of colloquial/spoken forms, e.g., mikhāham instead of mikhām [I want].

20. Using bookish/written word order in conversation instead of colloquial/spoken, e.g., dar khuné mímunam [I’ll stay home] instead of mímunam khuné.

21. Failure to use a pronoun or preposition+pronoun marker in relative clauses in which the antecedent does not serve as the relative clause verb subject.

22. Inconsistent use of the appropriate verb tense and mood in temporal clauses introduced by subordinating conjunctions meaning “before” and “after,” which call for specific verb tenses/moods, i.e., present subjunctive with “before” and simple past with “after.”

23. Using English patterns in sequence of tenses situations, e.g., “I thought he would come” (instead of “I thought he comes/is coming” [literal translation of correct tense combination]) and I thought he had arrived” (instead of “I thought he has arrived” [literal translation of correct tense combination]).

24. Use of subjunctive verb forms in contrary-to-fact conditions or with bāyad [must, have to] in complex sentences that call for mi-past or past perfect forms.

25. Mistaken use of indicative verb forms instead of subjunctive verbs forms in the case of subordinate verbs governed by verbs which call for the subjunctive.

26. Unconfident or unidiomatic use of expressions of politeness, respect, and deference subsumed under the label ta’āróf in situations calling for their use.

Persian Conversation(s) 1 Hello, How Are You, and Good-bye 2 Hellos, Questions about Things, and Good-byes 3 Questions about Classroom Realia 4 Ownership of Things 5 Borrowing Things 6 Language 7 Occupations 8 Nationality 9 Questions about Words 10 Family 11 Classroom Requests, Commands, and Responses 12 Introductions 13 Daily Activities 14 Plans for the Immediate Future and Vacation Plans 15 A Mutual Acquaintance 16 One's Residence 17 Weather and Climate 18 People's Whereabouts Today and Yesterday 19 Telephone Calls 20 Back from a Trip 21 Invited to Dinner 22 Congratulations, Condolences, and Apologies 23 Shopping 24 Likes and Dislikes 25 Higher Education 26 Feeling Unwell Yesterday 27 Iran's Most Famous Novel

28 A Classic Iranian Movie 29 Cars and Traffic 30 Wishful Thinking 31 Learning Iranian Geography 32 Asking Iranian(-American)s Personal Questions 33 Participating in Classroom Life and Activities 34 Negotiating a Language Textbook 35 Describing One's Daily Routine 36 Telling One's Life Story 37 Describing One's Job 38 Eating at Iranian-American Restaurants 39 Shopping at an Iranian(-American) Oriental Carpet Store 40 Browsing at an Iranian(-American) Bookstore 41 Buying a Persian Newspaper or Magazine 42 Talking about Persian Poems 43 Talking about Persian Short Stories 44 Talking about a Persian Animated Film 45 Talking about Iranian Politics 46 Talking about American Foreign Policy 47 Talking about Islam in Iran 48 Talking about Iranian Culture 49 Talking about Life in America 50 Talking about Computers and the Online World • Written Persian materials in Persian Conversation(s) appear in a goftāri register, the presumed exclusive classroom medium of communication.

• Sample PC units appear online at www.Academia.edu/MichaelHillmann

Persian Reading and Writing PR&W Chapter 1: The Persian Writing System 1.1. Basic Letter Shapes #1 and Words 1.1.1. Jim and Aléf 1.1.2. Vâv 1.1.3-4. Ye, Mim 1.1.5. Jim, Aléf, Vâv, Ye, and Mim Matching Exercise 1.1.6. Jim, Aléf, Vâv, Ye, and Mim Map Exercise 1.1.7. Handwriting Exercise #1: jim, aléf, vâv, ye, and mim 1.2. Basic Letter Shapes #2 and Words 1.2.1-3. Te, Ze, Sin 1.2.4. Te, Ze, and Sin Visa Application Exercise 1.2.5. Handwriting Exercise #2: te, ze, and sin 1.2.6. /... ast/ [he/she/it is] 1.3. Basic Letter Shapes #3 and Words 1.3.1-4. Lâm, Tâ, Kâf, Fe 1.3.5. Lâm, Tâ, Kâf, and Fe Letter Envelope Exercise 1.3.6. Handwriting Exercise #3: lâm, tâ, kâf, and fe 1.4. Vowel Letters 1.4.1. Aléf, Vâv, and Ye 1.4.2. He 1.4.3. Vowel Letters and He Letter Envelope Reading Exercise 1.4.4. Handwriting Exercise #4: Vowel Letters and He 1.5. Basic Letter Shapes #4 and Words 1.5.1–5. Dâl, Shin, Gâf, Che, Nun 1.5.6. Dâl, Shin, Gâf, Che, and Nun Restaurant Menu Exercise 1.5.7. Handwriting Exercise #5: dâl, shin, gâf, che, and nun 1.6. Aléf, Vâv and Ye 1.6.1. Word-initial Aléf 1.6.2. Word-initial Ye 1.6.3. Word-initial Vâv 1.6.4. Sentence Writing Practice 1.7. Basic Letter Shapes #5 and Words

1.7.1. Re 1.7.2. Reading Words and Sentences 1.7.3. The Suffix /ast/ [is] in Colloquial/Spoken and Literary/Written Registers 1.7.4. 'Ayn 1.7.5. 'Ayn Recognition Exercise 1.7.6. Handwriting Exercise #6: aléf, vâv, ye, re, and 'ayn 1.8. Conjunctions for "and" and "or" (in Persian) 1.9. Twenty Letters of the Persian Alphabet Described to This Point 1.9.1. Handwriting Exercise #7: Twenty Letters in the Persian Alphabet 1.10. The Remaining Twelve Letters in the Persian Alphabet 1.10.1. Be, Pe, and Se 1.10.2. Hé-ye Jimí and Khe 1.10.3. Be, Pe, Se, Hé-ye Jimí, and Khe Recognition Exercise 1.10.4. Ghayn and Qâf 1.10.5. Zâl, Zhe, and Zâ 1.10.6. Sâd and Zâd 1.10.7. Ghayn, Qâf, Zâl, Zhe, Zâ, Sâd, and Zâd Recognition Exercise 1.10.8. Handwriting Exercise #8: ghayn, qâf, zâl, zhe, zâ, sâd, and zâd 1.10.9. Paragraph Reading and Writing Exercise 1.11. French and English Loanwords in Persian 1.11.1. French and English Loanword List 1.11.2. Sentences 1.12. The Persian Alphabet in Alphabetical Order 1.12.1 Alphabet Listening Exercise 1.12.2 Alphabet Writing Exercise 1.13. Notes on the Persian Alphabet 1.14. Persian Alphabet Reading Review Exercises 1.14.1 Vocabulary Categories Reading Exercise 1.14.2. French and English Loanword Reading Review Exercise 1.14.3. Grocery Store Ad Reading Review Exercise 1.14.4. Place Names Reading Review Exercise

1.14.5 1.14.6.

1.14.7 1.15.

1.15.1.

1.15.2.

1.15.3.

Illustrations and Word Reading Review Exercise Iranian Given Names Reading Practice Map Reading Exercise The Short Vowel Sounds /a/, /e/, and /o/ in Persian Writing Recognizing Words with Unwritten Vowel Sounds French and English Loanwords in Persian Diacritical Marks for the Short Vowel Sounds /a/, /e/, and /o/ in Persian Writing 1.15.4. Words Beginning with the Sounds /a/, /e/, or /o/ 1.15.5. The Diphthong /ay/ 1.15.6. The Diphthong /ow/ 1.15.7. Loanwords and Place Names Review 1.16. Tashdíd, Tanvín, and Hamzé 1.16.1. Tashdíd 1.16.2. Tanvín 1.16.3. Hamzé 1.16.4-5.Exercises Recognizing Words with Zir,

Zebár, Pish, Tashdíd, Tanvín, and Hamzé 1.16.6. Practice Writing Numbers 1.17. Notes on Persian Sounds vis-à-vis Letters 1.17.1. Dictation Exercises 1.18. Persian Syllables 1.19. Word Stress or Accent in Persian 1.19.1 Definite and Indefinite Nouns 1.19.2. Addressing People by Name 1.19.3. Verbs 1.19.4. Conjunctions 1.20. Noun Phrases in Persian 1.20.1. Matching Exercise Practicing Kasré-ye Ezâfé 1.20.2. Kasré-ye Ezâfé after Words Ending in a Vowel Sound 1.20.3. Matching Exercise Practicing Kasré-ye Ezâfé 1.21. Alphabet and Word Reading and Writing Review:

French and English Loanwords 1.21.1. Easily Recognizable Loanwords from French 1.21.2. Loanwords from French Recognizable

to Readers Familiar with French

Chapter 1 of Persian Reading and Writing exhibits a word-method approach to Persian reading.

• PR&W introduces Persian alphabet letters in the context of words that do not feature short vowel sounds in word-initial and word-medial positions except for /e/ in word-final position represented by he-ye do cheshm.

• PR&W makes use of familiar European loanwords so that learners focus merely on reading and not on also learning unfamiliar vocabulary.

Special emphasis on such loanwords obtains later in Chapter 1 in the reading of words and phrases that feature short vowel sounds.

• Illustrative sentences present forms that do not exhibit differences between goftāri and neveshtāri registers.

• Learners are exposed to naskh and tahrirí writing styles in Chapter 1 with writing instruction there for the former. Later PR&W chapters illustrate nasta’liq and shekasté handwriting styles.

PR&W Chapter 2: Persian Reading

PR&W Chapter 3: Persian Handwriting

2.1. West and Central Asian Places and Peoples 2.2. Subjects and Fields of Expertise 2.3. Noun Phrases 2.4. Classroom Vocabulary 2.5. Textbook Vocabulary 2.6. Geography, Textbook, and Classroom Reading Review 2.7. Verbs in Short Sentences 2.8. Reading Phrase by Phrase 2.9. Persian Numbers 2.10. Arithmetic 2.11. An Iranian-American Restaurant Menu 2.12. Iranian-American Date Books and Calendars 2.13. Recognizing Verb Tense and Mood Forms 2.14. Iranian Schoolbook Text on the Subject of Praying 2.15. Persian Jokes 2.16. Names and Addresses on Letter Envelopes 2.17. Iranian Identity Cards 2.18. Persian Reading Materials in America 2.19. Newspaper Headlines and Article Titles 2.20. BBC On-line News Items 2.21. Daily Activities 2.22. A Life Story

3.1. Taking Persian Notes on the Subject of a Persian Textbook 3.2. Taking Persian Notes on Persian Class Activities 3.3. Reading and Writing Personal Notes and Letters 3.4. Reading and Writing Handwritten Envelopes 3.5. Personal Note 3.6. Business Letter 3.7. Iranian Schoolbook Text on Khomeini's Return to Iran (1) 3.8. Visa Application Form 3.9. A Famous Narrator Talks about Writing and Life (1) 3.10. Letter to an Office of Education 3.11. Personal Letter in Receipt of a Letter and a Book 3.12. Letter on Planning a Trip to America (1) 3.13. About a Famous Writer and One of His Short Stories (1) 3.14. Notes on the Word «‫سر‬ ‫» س‬ 3.15. Note about a Magazine Article and a Book 3.16. Nasta'líq Script 3.17. A Letter about Persian Class Notes 3.18. Shekasté Handwriting 3.19. Personal Letter about the Good Old Days (1) 3.20. Sample Statements in Nasta'líq and Shekasté Scripts

PR&W Chapter 4. Reading Persian Texts 4.1. Iranian-American Restaurant Advertisement 4.2. Obituary Notice 4.3. Season's Greetings 4.4. Wedding Invitation 4.5. Iranian-American Travel Agency Advertisement 4.6. Medical Insurance Company Advertisement 4.7. Radio/Television Company Announcement 4.8. Advertisement for a Long Distance Telephone Service 4.9. Advertisement for an Iranian-American Grocery Store 4.10. Iranian Schoolbook Text on Iranian Climate and Weather 4.11. Iranian Schoolbook Introduction to the Middle East 4.12. Official Iranian Holidays 4.13. Christmas and New Year's Greetings 4.14. Business Letter to an Academic Congress 4.15. Dictionary Entry about Dictionaries 4.16. Iranian Grade-School Text on Khomeini's Return to Iran (2) 4.17. Health Sciences Announcement 4.18. Inquiry about a Book 4.19. Note about a Magazine Article and a Book (2) 4.20. Iranian Cooking Lesson 4.21. A Crossword Puzzle 4.22. Handwritten Note about a New Magazine 4.23. Inquiry about University Persian and Islamic Studies 4.24. Personal Letter about the Good Old Days (2) 4.25. Letter on Planning a Trip to America (2) 4.26. A Famous Narrator Talks about Life and Writing (2) 4.27. About a Famous Writer and One of His Short Stories (2) 4.28. Biographical Note on the Poet Forugh Farrokhzâd 4.29. Thoughts about the Iranian Hostage Postage Stamp 4.30. Attachment to One's Homeland

A Sample List of Reading and Writing Skills Objectives in a Four-Skills PfAÂŽ Course after 150 Classroom Contact Hours

1. Locate materials in the Persian reading and writing sections of a PfAÂŽ language syllabus in response to directions in Persian.

2. Take notes on Persian words, phrases, and statements.

3. Perform adequately on daily dictation exercises mostly highlighting anomalies in the Persian writing system.

4. Perform arithmetic functions in Persian (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division).

5. Recite the Persian alphabet in order as a skill to facilitate dictionary use.

6. Recognize Persian noun phrase patterns in context.

7. Appreciate word patterns and word formation techniques in native Persian and Arabic loanword vocabulary.; 8. Distinguish among the functions and uses of Persian verb tenses and moods in context.

9. Describe in writing chief life-events (making use of appropriate past tense verb forms; 10. Describe in writing chief daily activities; 11. Describe in writing likes and dislikes (making use of subjunctive mood verbs).

12. Describe in writing personal and professional plans.

13. Exhibit in dealing with reading texts on general subjects control over the 1,500 most common Persian words.

14. Read shorter new items, public announcements, and advertisements.

15. Read shorter straightforward descriptions of persons, places, and things.

16. Read general-audience essays and newspaper articles on subjects of interest.

17. Write a letter or essay on Items 7, 8, 9, and 10 (above).

18. Exhibit on a written review test the familiarity with geography expected of an Iranian 5th grader in Iran.

19. Use efficiently basic Persian-language computer web sites, including news, dictionary, and social networking sites.

20. Begin using an up-to-date Persian-English dictionary.

Persian Grammar and Verbs 1 An Overview of Persian Grammar 2 Language and the Persian Language 3 Persian Grammar Terms and Concepts 4 The Perso-Arabic Writing System 5 The Farsi Persian Sound System 6 Glottal Stops Represented by ‘Ayn, Hamzé, and Aléf 7 Tashdíd (or Consonant Doubling) 8 Kasré-ye Ezâfé or the Ezâfé Construction 9 Uses of the Letter Ye in Word-final Position 10 Colloquial/Spoken and Bookish/Written Registers of Tehran Persian 11 Anomalies in the Perso-Arabic Writing System 12 Persian Nouns 13 Persian Pronouns 14 Persian Adjectives 15 Persian Adverbs 16 Gender in Persian 17 Persian Numbers 18 Persian Prepositions 19 Persian Conjunctions 20 Persian Verbs 21 One-Word Persian Verbs: A Master List 22 Regular One-Word Persian Verbs 23 Irregular One-Word Persian Verbs 24 Multi-Word Persian Verbs 25 Present Tense Indicative Mood Verb Forms 26 Present Tense Subjunctive Mood Verb Forms 27 Imperative Mood Verb Forms 28 Future Tense Verb Forms 29 Simple Past Tense Verb Forms 30 Mi Past Tense Verb Forms 31 Present Perfect Tense Indicative Mood Verb Forms 32 Perfect Tense Subjunctive Mood Verb Forms

33 Past Perfect Tense Verb Forms 34 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 35 Active and Passive Voice Forms of Transitive Verbs 36 The Verbs Budán [to be] and Dâshtán [to have] 37 The Verbs Kardán [to make/do] and Shodán [to become] 38 The Verbs Khâstán [to want] and Tavânestán [to be able] 39 The Verbs Bâyestán [to have to/must, Shâyestán [to be fitting/ possible], Dâdán [to give], Goftán [to say/tell], Rasidán [to arrive/reach], Gereftán [to get/obtain/receive], Raftán [to go], Âmadán [to come], Zadán [to hit/strike/beat], and Khordán [to eat/drink/ingest; to undergo] 40 Uses of Tâ as a Subordinating Conjunction 41 Conditional Sentences 42 Uses of the Subordinating Conjunction Ke 43 Persian Plural Noun Forms 44 Persian Noun/Adjective Words Formed with Present Verb Stems 45 Uses of Persian Verb Past Stems and Participles 46 Arabic Loanwords in the 1a23, 1e23, et cetera, and 1â2é3 Patterns 47 Arabic Loanwords in the 1a23, 1e23, et cetera, and Ma12ú3 Patterns 48 Arabic Loanwords in the Fa''âl Pattern 49 Arabic Loanwords in the Maf'ál/Maf'alé(át) and Maf'él Patterns 50 Arabic Loanwords in the Taf'íl Verbal Noun Pattern 51 Arabic Loanwords in the Mofâ'elé/Mofâ'elát Verbal Noun Pattern 52 Arabic Loanwords in the Ef'âl Verbal Noun Pattern 53 Arabic Loanwords in the Tafa''ól Verbal Noun Pattern 54 Arabic Loanwords in the Tafâ'ól Verbal Noun Pattern 55 Arabic Loanwords in the Enfe'âl Verbal Noun Pattern 56 Arabic Loanwords in the Efte'âl Verbal Noun Pattern 57 Arabic Loanwords in the Estef'âl Verbal Noun Pattern 58 Arabic Phrases and Grammar in Persian

• In PfAŽ courses, classroom activities dealing with units in Persian Grammar and Verbs) preferably consist almost exclusively of discussion of the authentic Persian texts in those units. Students read descriptions in PG&V of features of Persian morophology and syntax outside of class to prepare themselves for classroom discussion of those texts, of which there are sixty or so (accompanied by vocabulary lists and exercises, translations, and reading comprehension questions) in PG&V.

• This ”Methods in the Persian for America(ns)® Textbook Series” PowerPoint file is available online at www.Issuu.com/MichaelHillmann (as of 16 December 2017) and on request (to mchillmann@aol.com) in a www.Dropbox.com folder by the same name.

• Sample units from Persian Listening, Persian Reading and Writing, Persian Grammar and Verbs, and Persian Conversation(s) are posted at www.Academia.edu/MichaelHillmann.

• Correspondence with the publishers of PfA® textbooks is seeking to have them available and permanently updatable online.