Migration in the Past: 20th century migration in France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Estonia and Turkey

Migration in the Past: 20th century migration in France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Estonia and Turkey Authors: JPG students Karl Kreevald, Kaarel Kullamaa, Stella Tiit, Karel Veemaa Supervisors: JPG teachers Vaike Rootsmaa and Reet Kandimaa

Table of contents I Migration in France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Estonia and Turkey before World War II Emigration from Europe to the United States Emigration from Germany Emigration from Italy Emigration from Poland Emigration and deportation from Estonia Immigration to France Migration in Turkey II Migration in France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Estonia and Turkey after World War II Migration in France Migration in Italy Migration in Germany Migration in Turkey Migration in Poland Immigration to Estonia Used materials

Migration in France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Estonia and Turkey before World War II

Emigration from Europe to the United States

In the 20th century millions of Europeans emigrated from their home countries to overseas and started a new life.

In 1920ies, the US Congress passed two Acts, aimed at restricting the Southern and Eastern Europeans, especially Jews, Italians, and Slavs, who had begun to enter the country in large numbers beginning in the 1890s.

The peak of migration was around the turn of the century. Between 1891 and 1920, 27 million people left Europe, particularly from Southern and Eastern Europe. This represented a significant percentage of the population of the sending countries. The First World War marked the end of this mass migration. The flows did continue but at a rather lower level, blocked to a certain extent by new US immigration laws. The depression years in the US also dissuaded migrants. Then the Second World War effectively put a stop to migration.

http://visual.ly/us-immigration-20th-century

Relative proportions of immigrants from Northwestern Europe (red) and Southern and Eastern Europe (blue) in the decades before and after the immigration restriction legislation.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European_immigration_to_the_United_States_1881-1940.png

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qPQP2InnpF4/UCAR0JssMfI/AAAAAAAAARM/bhbtZby5C3g/s1600/Immigration_by_country.jpg

Emigrants leaving Germany http://www.european-emigration.com/de/verdienen.html

Immigrants arriving at Ellis Island 1902 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States

Arrival of emigrees at Ellis Island Ellis Island was founded as a check point for all immigrants in 1892.

12 000 immigrants entered the USA daily.

40% all of the Americans now have ancestors which came through Ellis Island.

Some immigrants went to the west and got a piece of land.

Most stayed in their own small groups. For example they lived in Little Italy, Little Germany, Chinatown, etc...

They did that, because they wanted to have some people from their home country in a completely strange country.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Census-2000-Data-Top-US-Ancestries-by-County.svg

Emigration from Germany Incessant wars, religious conflicts, famines, political grievances and a lack of prospects forced many people to leave Germany over the centuries.

An estimated six million emigrants left Germany between 1820 and 1920. A large portion immigrated to the USA. Most arrivals in America came from rural areas in Germany. These were often small farmers and farm laborers, who had suffered from advances in agricultural technology during the 19th century. Many of these immigrants settled in Wisconsin, where the soil and climate was similar to that in Germany. Before World War I there were large numbers of German born immigrants in the states of New York, Illinois and Minnesota.

With the start of World War I, German Americans suddenly represented the enemy in the United States, and they suffered through violent harassment. Anything remotely German was attacked or destroyed. During World War I many Germans changed their surnames to hide their origins.

When Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933 many intellectuals fled the country and went to the United States and European countries. Many of them were Jewish. Jews in Germany were subjected to arrest, economic boycott, the loss of civil rights and citizenship.

A total of 130,000 Germans immigrated between 1933 and 1945 to United States.

United States understood that the Jews who were fleeing Nazi Germany were in grave danger, but the government hesitated to change the number of German immigrants it would allow to enter the country.

http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/emig33.html

Emigration from Italy The emigration from Italy can be divided into two periods: 1. “BIG EXODUS� between the end of 19th century (about 1870) and beginning of 20th century (1915), in which people moved especially to America ; 2. The period between the two World Wars recorded a slowdown of migration due to policy against migration of fascism The main causes of emigration were poverty and the desire to change life.

The Italians who moved to America were noted for their diligence and sobriety as workmen. In the late 19th and 20th centuries, Italians often became fishermen, shoemakers, waiters, fruit sellers, and tradesmen. Most were unskilled laborers though, working in mines and construction jobs.

Over the years, the Italians rose up the economic scale but acquiring job skills in blue-collar job rather than by becoming educated and entering that profession.

The journey to America was hard and difficult, due to medical and bureaucratic controls.

The extreme economic difficulties of post-war Italy and severe internal tensions within the nation led 614,000 emigrants away in 1920, half of them going to the United States. When the Fascists came to power in 1922 there was a general slowdown in the flow of emigrants from Italy. However, during the first five years of Fascism, one and one-half million people left Italy.

The principal destination of Italian emigration was the United States, favoured by more than half the emigrants, the others choosing Argentina, Brazil, and Canada. Some also went to Australia.

In nearly a century between 1876 and 1970, an estimated 25 million Italians left the country in search of work.

Look out, Uncle Sam, mice are landing!

At the end of 19th century in Argentina young farmers were given agricultural fields free under the condition that they planted the land and built a house.

At the end of the century more than 25% of the landowners were foreign people and among them more than a half came from Southern Italy.

The emigration of Italians to Brazil was quite significant, especially from 1880 to 1930. The main areas of settlement were in southern Brazil, which enjoys a temperate climate, namely the states of S達o Paulo, Rio Grande etc.

Most Italians in Brazil, after working some years in the coffee plantations earned enough money to buy their own lands and become farmers themselves. Some of them became big owners and very rich in the process and attracted more Italian immigrants to their possessions.

Emigration from Poland Because of overpopulation in the Poland villages and slow development of industry, people emigrated during interwar period (1918-1939).

They were mostly poor peasants from Poland, Ukraine and Belarus. Also a lot of poor people from urban areas emigrated to foreign areas.

There were about 2,2 million labor emigrants. 900 000 people emigrated to Russia, 700 000 people to Austria and 600 000 to Prussia (modern Germany)

Polish immigrants in USA working on the farm, 1909.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States

Emigration and deportation from Estonia In August 1939 Hitler signed a treaty with Soviet Union according to which Baltic States were handed into the sphere of influence of Soviet Union. After that Hitler invited Baltic Germans from Estonia (about 12 000 people), Latvia and Lithuania back to homeland and sent special warships to the main Baltic ports to take Germans to Germany.

In 1940 Soviet Union occupied all Baltic states and in June 1941 over 10, 000 people from Estonia were arrested and deported to the prison camps in Siberia.

The victims of deportation were politicians, military, scientists, businessmen and their families. Similar things happened in Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova and most of the arrested people died in the prison camps.

When it was clear that Nazi Germany will lose the World War II and Soviet Union will take over Estonia, many people decided to leave the country because they were afraid of arrest and deportation.

In autumn 1944 about 80 000 people fled from Estonia using shabby fishing boats to escape to Sweden or railway or horse carriages toe escape to Germany.

The flight of Estonians to the West

http://migrationsmap.net/#/EST/departures

Immigration to France The pace of industrial growth attracted millions of European immigrants into France at the end of 19th century, beginning of 20th century, with especially large numbers arriving from Poland, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain.

After the World War I demographic situation in France was alarming: a large part of working-age population was killed and labor force was in short supply. As a result, France signed agreements to encourage economic immigration. France brought in workers from Italy, Poland and Czechoslovakia.

The economic crisis of the 1930s also had an impact on migration, leading to the return of many immigrant workers to their home countries.

Singled out as “foreign rivals� on the job market by native workers, they were the first victims of the crisis. Thousands of Polish immigrants, for example, were obliged to leave France and go home in the next few years.

After the end of Spanish Civil War and establishment of Franco dictatorship about 200 000 Spaniards were forced to leave Spain, 14 000 took refugee in France.

At the beginning of the 1930s, France was the second most important country in the world for immigration after the USA by absolute numbers. At that time there were about 2.7 million immigrants living in France (6.6% of the total population).

Migration in Turkey Population transfers: During the decade 1915 to 1925 Turkey experienced large population transfers - a substantial movement outward of minority groups and an influx of refugees and immigrants.

Armenia: The first major population shift began in 1915, when the Ottoman government, for a variety of complex and in some instances contradictory reasons, decided to deport an estimated 2 million Armenians from their historical homeland in eastern Anatolia.

Greek: The movement of Greeks out of Turkey, which began during the 1912-13 Balkan Wars, climaxed in the 1920s with an internationally sanctioned exchange of population between Turkey and the Balkan states, primarily.

In accordance with the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, Turkey accepted approximately 500,000 Muslims, who were forced to leave their homes in the Balkans, in exchange for nearly 2 million Greeks, who were forced to leave Anatolia.

The second huge immigration to Turkey came during the Balkan Wars.

http://migration-pastpresentfuture.eu/menu/products/past/presentatios/tu_5_eng.pps

After 1925, Turkey continued to accept Turkic-speaking Muslims as immigrants. More than 90 percent of all immigrants arrived from the Balkan countries.

Between 1935 and 1940, for example, approximately 124,000 Bulgarians and Romanians of Turkish origin immigrated to Turkey.

http://migrationeducation.de/fileadmin/uploads/NM_griech-turk-Bewegung_192_01.gif

Migration in France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Estonia and Turkey after World War II

International labor migration into Europe between 1945 and 1973

http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_marston_wrg_2/21/5540/1418462.cw/content/index.html

http://www2.dse.unibo.it/ardeni/ESI_2013/Castles-Miller-Ch4-7.pdf

Migration in France After the Second World War and during the economic upturn of the 1950s and 1960s, France once again recruited (predominantly male) workers from Italy, Portugal, Spain, Belgium, Germany, Poland and Russia.

French law facilitated the immigration of thousands of colons, ethnic or national French from former colonies of North and West Africa, India and Indochina to mainland France.

1.6 million European pieds noirs migrated from Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. French law made it easy for them to live in mainland France.

Google.com/pictures/migration_to_france_after_w w2

Emigration from colonies: Immigration to France increased during the wars of liberation and decolonization in the 1950s and 1960s.

As a result of the Algerian War (1954–62) and the subsequent independence of Algeria in 1962, a large number of French settlers and pro-French Algerians moved to France.

During the economic crisis of the early 1970s, France followed the example of other European countries and in 1974 stopped all recruitment programs for foreign workers.

But the immigrants did not return to their own countries and it didn’t decrease immigration.

On the contrary, many immigrants remained in France and fetched their families to join them.

In 2005 there were 4.93 million immigrants living in France, corresponding to 8.1% of the total population

• •

With this massive influx of immigrants, France became an asylum for refugees.

According to the convention in Geneva, refugee status was granted to four out of five immigrant applicants.

Although the majority of immigrants at this time came from rural regions, only 6% of them were willing to work in agriculture. About two-third of the immigrants worked in mining, steel, construction, and automotive industries.

Many male immigrants and the majority of female immigrants worked in domestic services, restoration, and commerce.

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-H5zIcqjxtJc/UdAgjnP7cXI/AAAAAAAAAV4/J_V9Xno6FuM/s1539/Immigration+Map_edited.png

Migration in Italy After 1945 destinations for Italian emigrants were mainly European countries, the most popular were France, West Germany and Switzerland.

During that period the nature of emigration patterns changed, becoming less stable.

In many cases the emigrants were mostly male, as some European countries refused entry to workers’ relatives because of housing shortages.

Often Italian workers would remain abroad for short periods of time, returning often to Italy.

Many people considered a temporary migration (several months).

During this time they found a job to earn money and then to have a better life to return to Italy.

But this thing did not happen and a lot of immigrants in France, Switzerland, Germany and Belgium remained forever.

These countries needed labor for the mining and the construction of roads and railways.

http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2010/12/10/1291992160962/US-immigration-new-001.jpg

Internal migration in Italy From 1946 to now about six million Italians emigrated abroad, while in the same time other 17,000,000 Italians changed their residence, moving in the industrial cities of central and northern Italy.

It was especially during the sixties that a massive migration wave led many workers from rural areas of the South to the industrialized regions and cities of northern Italy which could secure jobs in their factories.

Migration in Germany Emigration: In the aftermath of World War II, millions of ethnic Germans were forcibly expelled from their homes within the redrawn borders of Central and Eastern Europe.

Most resettled in Germany, but others came as refugees to the United States in the late 1940s, and established cultural centers in their new homes.

Today, German Americans who immigrated after World War II share the same characteristics as any other Western European immigrant group in the U.S. They are mostly professionals and academics who have come for professional reasons.

In the 1990 U.S. Census, 58 million Americans claimed to be solely or partially of German descent.

One of the biggest immigration waves to Germany started in the 1960s. Due to a shortage of laborers during the "economic miracle" in the 1950s and 1960sthe Western-German government signed bilateral recruitment agreements with Italy , Greece , Turkey , Morocco, Portu gal, Tunisia and Yugoslavia.

These agreements allowed the recruitment of Gastarbeiter to work in the industrial sector for jobs that required few qualifications.

Children born to Gastarbeiter received the right to reside in Germany but were not granted citizenship. The politicians assumed that the "guest workers" would not stay long. http://www.roebuckclasses.com/105/regions/europe/eurohuman/humaneuro.htm

In modern days there are about 9 million foregins in Germany.

Biggest groups are Turkish, Polish and Italians.

In 2000, dual citizenship became possible in Germany. This change enables children born in Germany to foreign-born permanent residents to hold a German passport as well. This is no small policy shift: it signifies a fundamental transformation of the understanding of German citizenship.

From Heredity to a Territorially Based Right to Citizenship

Covers of the Magazine "Der Spiegel", 41/1964 and 09/2013

http://www.domit.de/en/migration-history-germany

Migration in Turkey Since the 19th century, an exodus by the large portion of Turkish and Muslim peoples from the Balkans, Caucasus, Crimea, Crete took refuge in present-day Turkey and moulded the country's fundamental features.

Trends of immigration towards Turkey continue to this day, although the motives are more varied and are usually in line with the patterns of global immigration movements Turkey, for example, receives many economic migrants from nearby countries such as Armenia, the Republic of Moldova, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Afghanistan, but also from Central Asia.

Emigration Large-scale Turkish labor emigration to Europe started with an agreement signed by the Turkish and West German governments in 1961.

The pact coincided with a West German economic boom, and the migration of growing numbers of Turkish internal migrants from rural areas to major urban centers.

It was expected that these workers would return to Turkey with new skills and help reorient the Turkish economy from rural agriculture to industry.

Turkey signed similar agreements with other European countries, including Austria, Belgium, Holland, France, and Sweden.

Many of these guest workers confounded expectations, however, by settling down and even bringing their families to join them. Furthermore, it was often skilled laborers who emigrated.

Most Turkish people are emigrating to Germany

Migrants in Turkey: Recently, Turkey has also become known as a country of transit to the European Union for irregular migrants from Asian countries such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Iraq, Iran, and Pakistan.

Turkey, whose population approaches 70 million, has also become a destination for irregular migrants from former Soviet Bloc countries, and a magnet for illegal immigrants.

Turkey has long been a country of immigration and asylum. From 1923 to 1997, more than 1.6 million people immigrated to Turkey, mostly from Balkan countries. During the Cold War, thousands of asylum seekers fled to Turkey from Communist states in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.

Migration in Poland From 1945 until the collapse of communism in 1989, Poland's migration policy, like that of other Soviet Bloc countries, reflected isolationist principles.

Polish citizens could not easily leave the country because of the restrictive passport and exit-visa policies.

Under these circumstances, Poland, which might otherwise have been fertile ground for Western European labor recruitment in the 1950s and 1960s, was simply not a country open to labor agreements.

Migration in Poland Emigration to Germany Germany was the primary destination country for communist-era Polish migrants.

Although they entered the country illegally, it was fairly easy for them to stay because any document confirming German (Aussiedler) ancestry was accepted.

Germany's lenient policy for those claiming German ethnicity lasted until 1991.

Since then, the procedure for obtaining Aussiedler statu s has become stricter, and there are several new requirements applicants must fulfill.

German and Polish Expulsion and Population Transfer 1944 –1948 Š Netzwerk Migration in Europe e.V

Emigration to America In a distant second place was the United States, the destination of just over 10 percent of all postwar emigrants. An estimate based on official Polish statistics suggests their numbers were between 120,000 and 150,000. The United States easily granted them, and others who escaped communist regimes in Europe, refugee status.

Ellis Island in 1892 of immigrants waiting to be processed before they can board the ferry to lower Manhattan and America. http://s3.amazonaws.com/dk-production/images/19982/large/1892_small_fullsize.jpg?1361378258

Immigration to Estonia Estonia was occupied and incorporated into Soviet Union in 1945- 1991.

Soviet powers started an intesive industrial development of Estonia which needed manpower. As a result of migration about 0,5 million people from Soviet Union migrated to Estonia, most of them from Russia.

In 1991 about 1,5 mln pepole lived in Estonia, more than 30% of population were migrants who worked mainly in the factories and mines. In addition to that there was also Soviet Army personnel.

Part of the immigrants came to Estonia thanks to the marriage or family relations.

Russian troops crossing Estonian borders turning occupation.

New residential area for immigrants in Tallinn

After 1991 most of the army personnel and many Russians went back to their homeland, but now there are about Russians living in Estonia.

Most of them live in the Eastern part of Estonia.

Estonians didn’t emigrate to Western contries because the borders weren’t open.

Nowadays abaout 300 000 Russian speaking people live in Estonia.

The areas in Estonia with the biggest Russian population

Used materials • • • • • • • • •

www.google/pictures.com http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/eu-membership-highlightspolands-migration-challenges Presentations: ,,Chosen famous Polish emigrants’’ and ,,Emigrations from Polish teretories since XIX century’’. http://library.thinkquest.org/20619/Italian.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_diaspora http://press.anu.edu.au/hrj/2009_01/mobile_devices/ch04s02.html http://theflorencenewspaper.com/new/a-look-at-the-history-of-italianmigration/ http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~rhansen/Articles_files/20031.pdf http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/297474/Italy/26980/Emigra tion-and-immigration