Assignment 8 Vol 5

ASSIGNMENT ASSIGNMENT 88 History of design (V)

Georgian and Victorian

Fig. 1 Lawrence Mackman, (2013), Red House [Photograph].

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index

•

3……………………………………………..………Georgian

•

16……………………………………………………Victorian

•

36…………………………………………………References

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GEORGIAN period

George I 1714-1727

Fig. 2 Sir Godfrey Kneller (1716), George I [Painting].

George II 1727-1760

Fig. 3 Thomas Hudson (1744), George II [Painting].

George III 1760-1801

Fig. 4 Sir William Beechey (1800-1820), George III [Painting]

George IV 1820-1830

Fig. 5 Lawrence, T. (1816), George IV [Photograph].

The Georgian period covered the years from 1714 to 1830 when there were four consecutive King Georges on the throne. Georgian architecture and interiors were known for their elegance and lightness of touch. Among the most enduring styles was Neo-classical, based on Roman and Greek architecture and championed by architects such as Robert Adam.

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GEORGIAN great houses “The Baroque style of England, represented by Christopher Wren, John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor among others, did not materialize in British taste and in the early 18th century began to be replaced by the new Georgian style, which represented the return of the classical forms, according to the Palladian interpretation.

Among the first architects who promoted this stylistic change are Colen Campbell, with his book of engravings Vitruvius Britannicus or the British Architect, Richard Boyle, who although was not one of the pioneers, had the social, economic, and intellectual position needed to expand and consolidate the new style.” (Arquitectura Georgiana, Wikizero Contributors, 2019) The work of William Kent is noteworthy, of which the most outstanding work is Holkham Hall, immense country house located in the city of Norfolk; Finally, we should also mention Thomas Archer and the Venetian Giacomo Leoni, who developed his entire career in England.

Fig. 7 Fig. 9 Robert Adams , (1761), entrance hall Osterley Park house [Photograph].

Matthew Brettingham , (1761) Plan of the principal floor of Holkham Hall,[illustration].

Fig. 8

Matthew Brettingham , 1761, Holkham Hall, Norfolk [Photograph].

As mentioned in “Georgian Architecture”(2019) an Wikipedia article about this style, the Georgian style is highly variable, but marked by symmetry and proportion based on the classical architecture of Greece and Rome, as revived in Renaissance architecture. Ornament is also normally in the classical tradition, but typically restrained, and sometimes almost completely absent on the exterior. The period brought the vocabulary of classical architecture to smaller and more modest buildings than had been the case before, replacing English vernacular architecture (or becoming the new vernacular style) for almost all new middle-class homes and public buildings by the end of the period.

Georgian architecture is characterized by its proportion and balance. Regularity, as with ashlar (uniformly cut) stonework, was strongly approved, imbuing symmetry and adherence to classical rules: the lack of symmetry, where Georgian additions were added to earlier structures remaining visible, was deeply felt as a flaw, at least before Nash began to introduce it in a variety of styles. Regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning. Until the start of the Gothic Revival in the early 19th century, Georgian designs usually lay within the Classical orders of architecture and employed a decorative vocabulary derived from ancient Rome or Greece.”Georgian Architecture Wikipedia Contributors, 2019)) 4

Characteristics of Georgian Town House, according to Jane Austen´s World website (2019)

GEORGIAN TOWN HOUSE

1.The basement, or subterraneans section: All except the poorest houses had basements. They were occupied by the kitchens and other servant offices. The housekeeper and cook might be given rooms in this area away from the maids who slept in the attic.

2.Ground floor: The drawing room was placed near the front door so that it was easily accessible. Drawing rooms were a place to greet visitors and where the women of the house could retreat. The humbler parlor was generally a private room where the family could retire. Furnishings in the drawing room were generally more feminine than those in the adjacent dining room. Double doors would lead to the dining room, which was more austere and masculine in nature. After dinner the men would remain there to enjoy conversation over port and cigars, while the women retreated to the drawing room. The closer the dining room was located to the kitchens, the warmer the food remained when it arrived at the table.

3.The first floor: Featured a large room for entertaining on a grand scale, such as dancing, card playing, or other fashionable pastimes. This floor might also hold the principal bedrooms, which were generally placed in front of the house. The bedrooms would be decorated lavishly and in the latest style.

4.The second floor: Featured bedrooms for children, or perhaps a lodger or guests.

Little expense went into decorating the nursery in comparison to the lower bedrooms. As the levels rose, the complexity of room decorations were simplified since fewer visitors bothered to climb the stairs to the upper levels. In general furnishings, mouldings, and decorations were modest on these floors.

5.The attic: Reserved for the servants, whose beds were often like murphy beds and let down from the wall. These rooms were cheaply painted and furnished. (Jane Austen´s World, 2019)

Fig. 10

Fig. 12

Pinterest, (2009), Georgian town houses [Photograph].

Pinterest, 1735, (2014), Benjamin Frenklin House [Photograph].

Leighton House, (1865), Leighton House Museum, Kensington, London [Photograph].

Fig. 11

Fig. 13

Lawrence Mackman, (2013), Benjamin Frenklin House [Photograph].

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According to the post by artsofthrtimes (2019) which we can read in Owlcation website, eorgian styling is adored by 18th-century elites, travelers, and Americans. By 1720, it was already dominating fashion. Even in the countryside, landowners and farmers adapted the trend coming from Europe to their tastes and needs.

In the early 18th century, a new kind of social and cultural life emerged, such as tea parties, increased book collections, and parlour games, which brought with them the need to furnish and decorate houses functionally and aesthetically. The interiors of the early 18th century brought together all the architectural and decorative features that were in vogue. The chimneys had the dwarf columns, the architraves, the frieze and the cornice that formed the colourful marble lintel. Architectural elements were adopted inside: large doors, raised towers, carvings and well-proportioned spaces, while wooden and marble floors combined well with the extravagance of the time.

"By the middle of the century, there was a Gothic revival movement that ushered in interior features like fan-ribbed vaulting, details of medieval tombs, and tracery patterns. This style extended to the outdoor gardens—pagodas, gazebos, sheltered seats, pavilions, and colonnades (porches and arcades).

Georgian interiors came with interior wall panelling made with knotty pine wood and wallpaper became a substitute for wall coverings. Paper imitating tapestries and marblelike paper was extensively used as wall finishes and by the end of the century was replaced by scenic and pictorial papers with Chinese-themed designs. Furniture pieces were typically curvilinear chairs, tables, chests, etc., with motifs. The use of heavy lacquer and were produced exclusively with rich dark red mahogany wood and because of an Oriental influence chests and shelves were covered with Chinaware objects like teapots, teacups, figurines, and vases among other things.

By the Mid-Georgian era during the reign of George II, there was a tendency towards lighter proportions in furniture styles and interior design. This was also when the Chippendale furniture styles emerged. They were produced by the famous London cabinet maker, Thomas Chippendale. His designs were influenced by classic French, Chinese, Gothic, and Louis XV forms and ornamentation.

Colour schemes were pale tones like soft greys, dusty pinks, and flat white, though the early Georgian colours were influenced by bold baroque colours of the past era such as burgundy and sage green.�( artsofthetimes blogger, 2019) Fig. 14

Attributed to John Sanderson, 1748, Kirtlington Park dining room. [Plan and elevations].

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georgian georgian interiors interiors

Fig. 15 After a design by Robert Adam/Met Museum, (2017), Dining room from Lansdowne House,1766–69 [Photograph].

Lansdowne hall7dining room

fig 19. mEt museum (2017) Plasterwork attributed to Thomas Roberts.

Fig. 17

Kirtlington Park, Oxfordshire: View of the Dining Room [illustration].

KIRTLINGTON PARK EARLY GEORGIAN PERIOD, 1748

Attributed to John Gumley (British, ca. 1670–1726), (2017), Chandelier [Photograph].

Fig. 18

Met Museum (2017) Side table (one of a pair) [Photograph].

Fig. 22

fig 21 met museum (2017) fireplace detail

fig 23 side table detail

Met Museum/ John Wootton, 1748, (2017), Classical Landscape with Gypsies [Photograph].

Fig. 20

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georgian interiors 31

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Paint, wallpaper, plasterworks, pannelling‌Designs were structured and combined with geometric patterns or elegant chinoiseries Ribbon mouldings were slightly decorated, using figures, swags and urns. Fireplaces used to be a focal point to the room with decorated fronts and fire screens.

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Fig. 24 Pinterest, (2017), Wall panelling design [Photograph].

Fig. 25 Little Greene Paint & Paper, (2017), Wheat [Photograph].

Fig. 26 Little Greene Paint & Paper, (2017), Wilton-Sovereign [Photograph].

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Fig. 27

Little Greene Paint & Paper, (2017), CROWE HALL LANE - PARADISE [Photograph].

Fig. 28 Little Greene Paint & Paper, (2017), Gustav [Photograph].

Fig. 29 Little Greene Paint & Paper, (2017), Crimson[Photograph].

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Fig. 30 Thornhill galleries., (2017), A WHITE MARBLE FIREPLACE IN THE MANNER OF ROBERT ADAM [Photograph].

Fig. 31 Robert Adam, (2017), Robert Adam ceiling design [Photograph].

Fig. 32 Robert Adam, (2017), Robert Adam Ornaments design [Photograph].

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30

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Fig. 33 Pinterest (2017), Chinoiserie[Photograph].

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After a design by Robert Adam/Met Museum, (2017) urns and pedestals,[Photograph].

Fig. 36

Robert and James Adam 1776, (1776),hall [Photograph].

Fig. 35

Fig. 34 Robert and James Adam 1776,details for Derby

House [Photograph].

Fig. 37

Robert Adam/Met Museum, (2017), Design for a Chimney Piece in the Gallery, [Illustration].

robert adam Fig. 38

pinterest /Robert Adam, (n.d), Robert Adam Ornaments

design [Illustration].

Fig 39 Pinterest/Robert Adam, (n.d), Robert Adam Ornaments design [Illustration].

Tapestry room

plasterworks 10

Designed in 1763, the plaster ceiling of this room is an illustration of Robert Adam's early work, with its twisted decorative mouldings and award garlands. That same year, the sixth Count of Coventry ordered Jacques Neilson's workshop on tapestry at the Royal Gobelin Factory in Paris.

The medallions are based on François Boucher's designs, representing images from classical myths depicting the elements.”

Fig. 41 Met Museum, (2017), Tapestry Room from Croome Court,1763–71 [captions online].

Fig. 40 Met Museum, (2017), Tapestry Room from Croome Court,1763–71 [captions online]

robert adam Tapestry Tapestry Room Room from from Croome Croome Court Court

(Rieder, 2009)

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georgian furniture Fig. 42 Sotheby ́s, (2018), A Georgian Style Mahogany Sideboard Table [Photograph].

Fig. 43 Sotheby ́s, (2018), A small mahogany chest of drawers in Georgian style, 19th century [Photograph].

Fig. 44 .Sotheby ́s, (2018), A Georgian mahogany and fruitwood bureau/cabinet, late 18th century [Photograph]

Fig. 45 Pinterest, (2017), Diagram of British chair backs early Georgian to 2nd half of 18th century.

[Photograph].

cabinet,

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42 43 45

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We could say that the Georgian style begins with the work of Chippendale.

Thomas Chippendale began to work towards the end of the reign of George I. At that time, it was mainly dedicated to the manufacture of walnut furniture in what will be called "Transition style", which today we know as "Chippendale style" emerged around 1735, and consists of an amalgamation of the influences of the Baroque and Rococo of the past, in addition to those of the time, ie the Neo-Gothic and Oriental art. (See page 14, Fig 50 Laurel Crow Antique furnitures, Chippendale Carver Armchair [Photograph]) .We should also mention Robert and James Adam, architects and decorators who also participated in the design of furniture and had a significant influence on the Georgian style. Robert Adam adopted a more classical and Italian style. (See Fig. 52 , page 15 Pinterest, (1904), English Sheraton Furniture Designs [Photograph]. )

The Upper Octagon Room and Drawing Room Elton Hall, 1860

The merit of the Adam brothers is that, in the midst of an era in which there was a danger of creating overloaded, incoherent and even unsightly pieces, they were able to direct their designs towards the simplicity and grace of the classical. Their style is also defined by delicacy, elegance and fine proportions. And they greatly influenced Hepplewhite and Sheraton.

Another furniture manager was George Hepplewhite, whose work became fashionable between 1765 and 1775. Hepplewhite furniture is easily recognisable by its shield-backed chairs and its curved, sharp legs, which often end in a shovel foot. (See fig 49 on page 14 , Windsor House Antiques, (2019), CHAIR- Hepplewhite [Photograph]. ) Thomas Sheraton was the last of the great masters of Georgian style. One might say he was the most creative of all, the master of the desk with secret compartments and inlays. The specific use of different types of wood according to the space for which the furniture was intended was characteristic of Sheraton-style furniture. (See fig 51 on page 15 Pinterest, (1904), English Sheraton Furniture Designs [Photograph]. ) (European Furniture styles, 2010) Fig. 46 Elton Hall, (2019), The Upper Octagon Room and Drawing Room [Photograph].

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Mahogany elbow chair

Fig. 49 Windsor House Antiques, (2019), CHAIRHepplewhite [Photograph].

Fig. 50 Laurel Crow Antique furnitures, Fig. 47 English Chippendale Furniture Designs

Fig. 48 Pinterest, (1904), English Hepplewhite Furniture Designs [Illustration]

(2019), Chippendale Carver Armchair [Photograph].

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Fig. 53 Regent Antiques, (2019), Beautiful Sheraton Style Carved Giltwood Mirror and chair [Photograph].

Fig. 51

Pinterest, (1904), English Sheraton Furniture Designs [Photograph].

Fig. 52 Pinterest, (1904), English Adam Brothers Furniture Designs [Photograph].

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Fig. 59 Stevensons of Norwich, (2018), Early Victorian Plaster Ceiling Rose [Photograph].

the victorian era

From 20 June 1837 to her death, on 22 January 1901, the Victorian era was the time of Queen Victoria in the history of the United Kingdom. She was the oldest queen in England until her great-great grandaughter Elizabeth surpassed her in September 2015. (Queen Victoria , Wikipedia Contributors, 29019)

The period followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period, and the latter half overlapped with the first part of the Belle Epoque era of continental Europe. Britain's relations with the other major nations were characterized by the colonial antagonism of the Great Game with Russia, culminating in the Crimean War; the maritime and economic power of the country preserved a Pax Britannica of free international trade. Britain embarked on worldwide imperial expansion, particularly in Asia and Africa, making the British Empire the largest empire in history. (British Empire, Wikipedia Contributors, 2019) Fig. 54 Alexander Bassano, (1882), Photograph of Queen Victoria, [Photograph].

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union is strength In 1882 Britain was in the final stages of acquiring the largest empire the world had ever seen. At the end of Victoria's reign, the British empire stretched over onefifth of the earth's surface and nearly one-quarter of the world's population at least theoretically owed allegiance to the "empress queen.

These acquisitions mere not indisputable. Several colonial wars were fought and insurgencies were fiercely repressed.

Victoria came to the throne during the first phase of the world's first industrial revolution, which brought new markets, a consumer boom, and greater prosperity for most property-owning classes.. (Evans, 2011)

It also brought rapid, and sometimes chaotic, changes due to the rapid growth of cities, without prior planning.

Deplorable housing conditions, endless working hours, the scourge of infectious diseases, and premature death were the inevitable consequences.

(Victorian Era, Wikipedia contributors, 2019) Fig. 55 NDLA/Howard Vincent, (2019), The Howard Vincent map of the British Empire [Photograph].

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Victorian architecture

Fig. 56 Pinterest, (2019), St Pancras Renaissance Hotel London [Photograph].

“Victorian architecture is a series of architectural revival styles in the mid-to-late 19th century. Victorian refers to the reign of Queen Victoria (1837–1901), called the Victorian era, during which period the styles known as Victorian were used in construction. However, many elements of what is typically termed "Victorian" architecture did not become popular until later in Victoria's reign. The styles often included interpretations and eclectic revivals of historic styles. The name represents the British and French custom of naming architectural styles for a reigning monarch. Within this naming and classification scheme, it followed Georgian architecture and later Regency architecture, and was succeeded by Edwardian architecture."

(Victorian Architecture, Wikipedia, contributors, 2019) “Architects and decorators were generally quite knowledgeable about historic styles they tried to reproduce , although the results always seem to reveal their synthetic qualities” (Pile, 2013, page 253)

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Fig. 58

DeFacto, (2015), The north-facing entrance facade of Waddesdon Manor [Photograph].

“In the 1850s and 1870s, population development and the Industrial Revolution in the Victorian era, in which rural workers relocated to the cities, resulted to successive housing booms, producing millions of homes. They handled not only the rich and the new middle classes, but also the poor.

Victorian houses are often very tiny in poor regions, such as terraced houses constructed in highly tight circumstances. Some of these fields were transformed into slums or towers and subsequently removed. Still survive some lower, two-storey, twostorey buildings, for instance in Salford, Greater Manchester.

Victorian middle and upper class homes tended to accommodate maids, often hired to perform the significant job needed to keep the home, including its towers, tidy and well stored.

Victorian middle-class and upper-class homes sought to follow the purest types of contemporary architecture, such as Gothic style or Queen Anne style.

There are several prevalent topics in Victorian accommodation: Sanitation: regulations were introduced progressively from the 1850s to raise the importance of sanitation features, • including correct drainage, waste facilities (the "ash pit" or "dust bin"), and toilet facilities either in the form of an outside privy or inside water closet.

Hot and cold water: at the start of the Victorian era, some houses had running tap water and a boiler for hot water. By the • turn of the century, hot and cold running water were a common feature.

Lighting powered by gas was available in many towns from the start of the Victorian era. By the end of the Victorian era, • many houses had gas.

A basement with a cellar for the storage of coal, required for open fires and to heat water.

• Sash windows but with larger panes of glass, from the 1850s, than the characteristic 6 plus 6 smaller panes seen in • Georgian and Regency architecture.

Victorian houses were generally built in terraces or as detached houses.

• Building materials were brick or local stone. Bricks were made in factories some distance away, to standard sizes, rather • than the earlier practice of digging clay locally and making bricks on site.[ The majority of houses were roofed with slate, quarried mainly in Wales and carried by rail. The clay tiles used in some • houses would be available locally.

Vegetation and small garden were often incorporated into Victorian homes, as forms of nature were prized by the • suburban domestic ideal.” (Victorian House, Wikipedia Contributors, 2019)

Fig. 57 Pinterest, (2015),

Two up two down house [Photograph].

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Styles of Victorian architecture Fig. 60

Henry Bedford Lemere, (1885), Swan House, 17 Chelsea Embankment, c. 1885 [Photograph].

Fig. 60 Henry Bedford Lemere, (1885), Swan House, 17 Chelsea Embankment, c. 1885 [Photograph]. captions

Swan House

Fig. 61 Suzigun, (2010), Swan House, 17 Chelsea Embankment, c. 1885 [Photograph].

The Queen Anne style was common from the 1870s to the early 1900s and featured asymmetrical backs and towers. Richard Norman Shaw, who also used the Arts and Crafts style of Victorian architecture, was one of the major designers connected with this style. Queen Anne style buildings appear to be majestic and mildly medieval with an exquisite ornamentation. The Old Swan House, built by Richard Norman Shaw in 1876 and located in London, is an example of the architecture of Queen Anne and some of the Arts and Crafts.

(Queen Anne Style, Wikipedia contributors, 2019) 20

Styles of Victorian architecture Phil Turner, (2011), Witley Court [Photograph].

neoclassical style of Victorian architecture

Fig. 65

Tony Jones 1960, (2012), Witley Court (2) [Photograph].

Fig. 62

Richardr, (2009), Witley Court [Photograph].

The classic or

reflects the influences of ancient Greek and Roman architecture. These buildings used to be symmetrical with columns. An example of neoclassical Victorian architecture is the demodulation conducted by John Nash for

Witley Court

in Worcestershire,

England. (Google Arts & culture, 2019)

Fig. 64

Phil Turner, (2011), Witley Court (2) [Photograph].

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Styles of Victorian architecture The

Gothic style of Victorian architecture had been used

before the reign of Victoria, but it was very popular from the 1850s to the 1880s in England.

John Ruskin was a prominent architect associated with this style. Influenced by the cathedrals of European countries such as France, the Gothic Renaissance was used mainly for churches and some public government buildings, such as the new Houses of Parliament.

The new Houses of

Parliament were built in London from 1840 to 1870.

(Gothic Revival Architecture, Wikipedia Contributors, 2019)

Fig. 66 Alex Pietzsch, (2013), Houses of Parliament [Photograph].

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Styles of Victorian architecture

Another example of Victorian architecture is the

Arts and

Crafts style, which grew in popularity near the end of the Fig. 68 Lark Ascending, (2014), The Red House - Tower Room [Photograph].

19th century and fell out of favor some twenty years later.

The architects associated with this movement rejected the prefabricated and machine-like styles in favor of more unique designs. They wanted their buildings to look more natural and fit in with their surroundings. An example of the Arts and Crafts style is the William Morris Red

House, built in 1859 by Philip Webb

in Bexleyheath, England.

(Arts And Crafts, Wikipedia contributors, 2019) Fig. 67 Lawrence Mackman, (2013), RedHouse 030 E W

Fig. 70 Lawrence Mackman, (2013), RedHouse 116 E W [Photograph].

BWS [Photograph].

Fig. 69 Lawrence Mackman, (2013), RedHouse 114 E W [Photograph].

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Styles of Victorian architecture The

Italianate style was another example of a style that

was popular both before and during the reign of Queen Victoria.

This style emerged at the end of the 19th century and ended about forty years later.

Similar to the classic style and resembling the Mediterraneanstyle houses popular in the United States today, the buildings displayed columns and often had a symmetrical appearance. Two architects associated with this style were Sir Charles Barry and Fig. 71

Lexkon, (2011), Royal Albert Hall [Photograph].

Cronkhill is the first and most well known of John Nash's Italianate villa designs.

The plans for the house were exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1802.

Fig. 72 Amanda Goode, (2016), Cronkhill [Photograph].

John Nash. Examples include the Dorchester House, which was in London before being demolished in 1929.

(Italianate Style, Wikipedia contributors, 2019)

Fig. 73

Jelitex, (2010), The Grand Staircase, The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Whitehall, London [Photograph].

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Styles of Victorian architecture

The Romanesque Renaissance style, like the Gothic Renaissance, was influenced by European cathedrals and was used mainly for churches and public buildings.

It was also popular both before and during the reign of Victoria.

An example of the Romanesque Renaissance is the

Natural

History Museum in London, designed by Alfred Waterhouse in 1880. contributors, 2019)

(Romanesque Revival, Wikipedia

Fig. 75 Oras AL-Kubaisi, (2013), Natural History Museum [Photograph].

Fig. 76 Peter O Ě Connor, (2012),

Natural History Museum 43 [Photograph]

Fig. 74 Victor Keech, (2005), Entrance Natural History Museum [Photograph].

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victorian variations: america Greg Premru, (2007), Shingle Style house 1874– 1910 [Photograph].

Fig. 82

Fig. 81

Mary Alice, (2007), Olana interiors main stairs [Photograph].

Jackie Craven, (2019),lewis house[Photograph].

Fig. 77

Fig. 83

Fig. 79

Erin Little, (2019), canterbury shaker village in winter. [Photograph].

Teemu008 (2015)Albert H. Sears house IL [Photograph].

Emilio Guerra, (2019), W. S. Pendleton House, 1855, [Photograph].

Fig. 78

Carol M. Highsmith /Getty Images, (2019), Evans-Webber House, [photograph] Fig. 80

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victorian interiors Knightshayes Court

“Victorian period design was based on imitation and reproduction, made easier by the induction of mass production.”(Lassen et al. 2017) Many different styles were revived, and often more than one influence featured on a single piece. The Victorian era saw a great change in the middle-class home, as goods became more available for the general population, and pride in the home emerged. Travel to Japan and India influenced exotic design elements in the home.

Mass production and affordable products allowed homeowners to fill their rooms with textiles and furniture. A reaction to this mass-production was the Arts and Crafts Movement, led by designers such as William Morris and influenced by medieval architecture. Here are some of the places in our care where you can see Victorian style: “Victorian style at a glance incorporated: Gothic Revival architecture such as spires, buttresses, pointed arch door surrounds and windows and decorative ironwork; medieval influences including fleurs de lys, heraldic motifs and quatrefoils; rich dark colours such as ruby red, forest green, and dark blue; mass produced wallpapers including flock and damask styles and large bold prints of flowers and foliage; heavily carved, or plump, over-stuffed furniture, including button-back armchairs, sofas and ottomans; patterned, encaustic floor tiles and stained or etched glass; highly patterned fabrics or strongly-coloured velvets, festoon blinds and sumptuous window treatments; and ornate marble, slate or cast-iron fireplaces, inset with patterned tiles”.

(National Trust, 2019) Fig. 84 PhilnCaz, (2018), Knightshayes Court [Photograph].

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Morris & Co. Inspired by Nature exhibition at Standen.

Drawing room.

william morris William Morris (1834-1896), a leading figure in the Arts and Crafts movement, designed some of the most recognisable textile patterns of the nineteenth century.Â

Fig. 85 National Trust, (2019), Morris & Co. Inspired by Nature exhibition at Standen [Photograph].

His designs for fabrics, wallpapers, tapestries and embroideries show how much he celebrated nature in his work: 28

the the shakers: shakers: honesty, honesty, simplicity simplicity and and utility utility

2The United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing, commonly known as the Shakers, conducted the largest and most successful communal experiment in American history. While today there is only one active Shaker community, with three members, at Sabbathday Lake in Maine, at its height during the mid-nineteenth century, this Protestant sect had more than 6,000 members spread across eighteen communities, from Maine to Kentucky. The largest and most influential community was established at New Lebanon, New York, in 1787 and remained active until 1947�. (Vincent, N., 2000.)

Fig. 87 otro.net, (2019), Hanging chair [Photograph].

Fig. 88 Jeff Milsteen , (2019), Shaker symmetry [Photograph].

Fig. 89 Jeff Milsteen , (2019), Shaker symmetry (II) [Photograph].

Fig. 86 Pinterest, (2019), Shaker Interior [Photograph].

Fig. 90 Jeff Milsteen , (2019), Shaker room[Photograph].

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the atmosphere of a victorian home carlyle´s house parlour, national trust.

Fig. 91 National Trust Images/Michael Boys, (2019), Carlyle ́s House [Photograph].

Fig. 92 National Trust Images/Michael Boys, (2019), Basement kitchen at Carlyles House [Photograph].

Fig. 93 National Trust Images/Matthew Hollow/Robert Tait, (1857), ‘A Chelsea Interior’ [Photograph].

Fig. 94 National Trust Images/Matthew Hollow/Robert Tait, (1849), Mrs. Carlyle Screen [Photograph].

Fig. 95 National Trust Images 2018, Charger [Photograph].

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Queen victoria´s Royal railroad car

Fig. 96 National Rail Museum, (2010), Queen Victoria's railroad car [Photograph].

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fabrics, wallpapers and tiles 97

106

106

101

102 Fig. 97 William Morris Tiles, (2019), Parrot fireplace tiles

107

[Photograph].

Fig. 98 William Morris Tiles, (2019), William De Morgan: PreRaphaelite Ceramics [Photograph].

Fig. 99 Tile source Inc., (2019), Encaustic and Geometric Floor Tiles.

108

99

103

[photograph]

Fig. 100 Period Property Store, (2019), Grasmere geometric floor tiles [Photograph].

Fig. 101 William Morris, Acanthus wallpaper[Photograph] Fig. 102 William Morris, Acanthus [Photograph] Fig. 103 William Morris, (1879), Sunflower wallpaper, [Photograph] Fig. 104 William Morris, (1879) Fruit [Photograph]

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Fig. 105 William Morris, (1881) St. James [Photograph] Fig. 106 William Morris, (1881) Seaweed [Photograph] Fig. 107 William Morris,( 1881) Owl Fig. 108 Loome fabrics, (2011),Victoriana Ornothology Vintage 98

[fabric]

100 32

105

victorian furniture Fig. 109 Thonet, (1886), Catalogue of 1886 110

112

[Photograph].

thonet 18

Fig. 110 Sotheby Ě s, (2019), A pair of

Victorian walnut 'Chesterfield' [Photograph].

Fig. 111 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston,

(2019),Side chair [Photograph].

Fig. 112 Michael Thonet/Monsoon living,

neogothic side chair

(2019), No. 18 Thonet chair [Photograph].

Fig. 113 Pinterest, (2018), Gilt mirror and console [Photograph].

Fig. 114 General Houses Furnishers, L.,

1875. Furniture designs caption from Laverton & Co. [illustration]

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114

111 113 33

118

115

116

117 122

119

Fig. 115 Sotheby ́s, (2019),renaissance revival carver desk [photograph]

Fig. 116 Sotheby ́s, (2019), A Victorian yew-wood and elm rocking chair, [photograph]

Fig. 117 Sotheby ́s, (2019), Mahogany dining table [photograph] Fig. 118 Chairish, (2019), 19th Century Antique Victorian Sofa [Photograph].

Fig. 119 Pinterest, (2018), Day bed [Photograph].

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Fig. 120 1stdibs, (2019), Brass half tester bed [Photograph].

Fig. 121 Bidsquare, (2019), Victorian Rosewood Half Tester Bed [Photograph].

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121

Fig. 122 Laverton & Co. 1875 Furniture designs,[illustration] Half tester bedstead, mahogany Fig. 123 Laverton & Co. 1875 Furniture designs,[illustration]

chair

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Fig. 124 1stdibs, (2019),Japanned folding screen [Photograph]

Fig. 130-131 Laverton & Co. 1875 Furniture designs,[illustration]

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window treatments

Fig. 127 Pinterest, (2010), window treatments [Photograph].

Fig. 129 Pinterest, (2018), Lavish Rose Floral Silk Blend Designer Damask Upholstery Drapery Fabric [Photograph]

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