2024 Competitiveness Redbook

2024

Competitiveness REDBOOK

Key Indicators of Maryland’s Business Climate

Presented by

2024 Competitiveness

REDBOOK

The Maryland Chamber of Commerce, representing over 6,800 members, serves as the leading advocate for business in our state. Through collaborative partnerships with businesses, policymakers and stakeholders, we work to shape strong public policies that drive economic growth to benefit people, businesses and communities.

The 2024 Redbook is published with support from the following organizations: • Presenting Sponsor: Comcast • Touchstone Sponsor: T. Rowe Price • Supporting Sponsors: Giant Food Maryland Bankers Association Maryland Tech Council McCormick & Company Salisbury Area Chamber of Commerce W. L. Gore & Associates Explore the Maryland Chamber of Commerce’s 2024 Competitiveness Redbook online at mdchamber.org/competitiveness.

Our Mission The mission of the Maryland Chamber of Commerce is to advance inclusive partnerships for a Maryland where all businesses and their communities thrive.

Introduction Now in its second year, the Competitiveness Redbook benchmarks how Maryland performs across 50+ economic indicators, ranging from business friendliness to workforce and infrastructure.

This year’s Redbook provides a data-driven analysis of Maryland’s economic health, offering benchmarks and insights into areas of strength and opportunities for future improvement.

Our goal for this publication and the data within is to spark conversations, inform strategic policy work and foster partnerships — all geared towards enhancing Maryland’s competitiveness.

By leveraging this data and the insights it offers, together we can shape an environment that attracts investment and talent, fostering economic growth and creating opportunities for all people, businesses and communities to thrive.

At a Glance: Strengths & Opportunities Top insights and trends from this year’s data include: Tech and Manufacturing Momentum: Maryland stands out in tech wages (6th), employment (15th), and manufacturing productivity (7th). Strategic initiatives aimed at fortifying these strengths amid concerns of slowing tech growth and manufacturing competitiveness are needed.

GDP & Exports: With a $470 billion economy, Maryland is a major player (17th) in the U.S. However, our low growth rate (49th) demands attention.

Addressing challenges in GDP growth and exports is vital for sustaining economic strength.

Eye on Competitiveness: Areas of Concern Areas in need of considerable improvement include: Energy: Maryland ranks among the top states in the nation for high energy prices, placing 10th for industrial, 13th for commercial and 16th for residential customers in terms of average retail electricity prices per KwH. Price hikes in Maryland exceed the national average, with only eight other states experiencing a higher cost jump for industrial energy prices and four states experiencing a higher cost increase for commercial and residential. Despite the state’s renewable energy goals, there was a slight decrease in the use of renewable sources from 2021 to 2022.

Population and Workforce Challenges: Maryland faces headwinds in population growth (43rd), with a loss of 9,950 people and a net domestic migration loss of over 45,000. The state’s employment growth is also of great concern, ranking 37th for jobs added and 49th for percentage of job growth.

Strategies to attract and retain residents and job creators are imperative.

Business Friendliness: While climbing to 22nd in CNBC’s Top States for Business, Maryland sees declining ranks in the cost of doing business (47th) and education (21st). Proactive measures are needed to enhance competitiveness amidst a stagnant economy (31st) and decreased business openings.

Tax Competitiveness: Tax competitiveness remains a significant challenge for Maryland, with high effective tax rates for residential (ranked 6th highest) and commercial properties (ranked 10th highest).

What’s more, Maryland is ranked 45th in overall business tax climate according to the Tax Foundation’s State Business Tax Climate Index. Maryland is ranked as having the 10th highest per capita burden for state and local taxes in the nation.

Transportation Infrastructural Gaps: Despite slight improvements, Maryland’s transportation challenges persist, with rankings that put our state’s road investments towards the bottom in the nation.

Underinvestment in road infrastructure, increased commute times and limited public transit viability pose barriers to economic growth.

These highlights serve as a preview of the comprehensive report to follow, filled with data aimed at guiding us in our collaborative work to strengthen our state, our economy and our competitiveness.

Be sure to explore in depth data-driven glimpses at topics spanning population, workforce, business friendliness, energy costs and resources, taxation, transportation, minimum wage, home ownership, manufacturing and technology online at mdchamber.org/competitiveness.

Visualizing where Maryland stands See more at mdchamber.org

Contents State Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Age Group by Percentage of Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Net Migration by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Non-Agricultural Employment Growth (1 yr.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Non-Agricultural Employment Growth (10 yr.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Per Capita Personal Income by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Gross Domestic Product by State in Current Dollars . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Exports Per Capita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Opening and Closing Rates of Establishments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Census Estimates of State and Local Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Business Taxes as a Share of All Taxes and GSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Motor Fuel Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 CNBC Top States for Business Rankings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Effective Property Tax Rate on a Primary Residence in the State’s Largest City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Effective Property Tax Rate on a Commercial Property in the State’s Largest City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Effective Property Tax Rate on an Industrial Property in the State’s Largest City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 State and Local Government Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 State and Local FTE Average Annual Pay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 State of the Tech Workforce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Wages and Productivity of Production Workers in Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Annual Average Investment Per Employee in Manufacturing . . . . . 21 Union Members as a Share of Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Union Membership – Public vs. Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Unemployment Insurance Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Regular Unemployment Insurance Payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Workers’ Compensation – Benefits Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 State Minimum Wage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Economic, Fiscal, and Regulatory Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Ranking State Liability Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Venture Capital Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Overall R&D Spending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 R&D Per Capita by Performing Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Science, Engineering and Health Doctorates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Educational Attainment of Population 25 and Older . . . . . . . . . . 34 Higher Education Total Fall Enrollment as Percentage of Population: Public vs. Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Fall Enrollment as Percentage of Population: Public . . . . . . . . . . 36 Fall Enrollment as Percentage of Population: Private . . . . . . . . . . 37 Fall Enrollment in Private For-Profit and Non-Profit Colleges . . . . . . 38 Import/Export Ratio of College-Bound High School Graduates . . . . . 39 National Assessment of Educational Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Estimated Public School Spending Per Pupil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Average Retail Price Per KwH for Industrial Customers . . . . . . . . . 42 Average Retail Price Per KwH for Commercial Customers . . . . . . . 43 Average Retail Price Per KwH for Residential Customers . . . . . . . . 44 Generation of Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 A/B Metropolitan Commuting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 A/B Airport On-Time Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 State Expenditures on Roadways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Health Care Expenditures Per Capita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Percentage Without Health Insurance by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Percent of Privately Insured Persons with Employment-Based Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 State and Local Government Health and Hospital Spending . . . . . 52 Occupational Injury and Illness Incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Partisan Composition of State Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Housing Price Appreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Home Ownership Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Metropolitan Median House Price to Median Income Ratio . . . . . . 57

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

TABLE 1

State Populations (July 1, 2022) Change (July 1, 2021 – July 1, 2022)

Rank 1 California 2 Texas 3 Florida 4 New York 5 Pennsylvania 6 Illinois 7 Ohio 8 Georgia 9 North Carolina 10 Michigan 11 New Jersey 12 Virginia 13 Washington 14 Arizona 15 Tennessee 16 Massachusetts 17 Indiana 18 Missouri 19 Maryland 20 Wisconsin 21 Colorado 22 Minnesota 23 South Carolina 24 Alabama 25 Louisiana 26 Kentucky 27 Oregon 28 Oklahoma 29 Connecticut 30 Utah 31 Iowa 32 Nevada 33 Arkansas 34 Mississippi 35 Kansas 36 New Mexico 37 Nebraska 38 Idaho 39 West Virginia 40 Hawaii 41 New Hampshire 42 Maine 43 Montana 44 Rhode Island 45 Delaware 46 South Dakota 47 North Dakota 48 Alaska 49 Vermont 50 Wyoming Dist. of Columbia United States

Population Pop. Change 39,029,342 -113,649 30,029,572 470,708 22,244,823 416,754 19,677,151 -180,341 12,972,008 -40,051 12,582,032 -104,437 11,756,058 -8,284 10,912,876 124,847 10,698,973 133,088 10,034,113 -3,391 9,261,699 -6,262 8,683,619 26,254 7,785,786 45,041 7,359,197 94,320 7,051,339 82,988 6,981,974 -7,716 6,833,037 19,505 6,177,957 8,134 6,164,660 -9,950 5,892,539 12,438 5,839,926 28,629 5,717,184 5,713 5,282,634 89,368 5,074,296 24,450 4,590,241 -36,857 4,512,310 5,721 4,240,137 -16,164 4,019,800 28,575 3,626,205 2,850 3,380,800 41,687 3,200,517 2,828 3,177,772 31,370 3,045,637 17,515 2,940,057 -9,529 2,937,150 -772 2,113,344 -3,333 1,967,923 4,369 1,939,033 34,719 1,775,156 -10,370 1,440,196 -6,958 1,395,231 7,726 1,385,340 8,102 1,122,867 16,640 1,093,734 -3,251 1,018,396 13,589 909,824 13,660 779,261 1,327 733,583 -599 647,064 92 581,381 1,898 671,803 3,012 333,287,557 1,256,003

Rank % 49 -0.29% 1 1.59% 2 1.91% 50 -0.91% 47 -0.31% 48 -0.82% 41 -0.07% 4 1.16% 3 1.26% 37 -0.03% 38 -0.07% 14 0.30% 8 0.58% 5 1.30% 7 1.19% 40 -0.11% 16 0.29% 22 0.13% 43 -0.16% 21 0.21% 12 0.49% 26 0.10% 6 1.72% 15 0.48% 46 -0.80% 25 0.13% 45 -0.38% 13 0.72% 28 0.08% 9 1.25% 29 0.09% 11 1.00% 17 0.58% 42 -0.32% 34 -0.03% 36 -0.16% 27 0.22% 10 1.82% 44 -0.58% 39 -0.48% 24 0.56% 23 0.59% 18 1.50% 35 -0.30% 20 1.35% 19 1.52% 31 0.17% 33 -0.08% 32 0.01% 30 0.33% 0.45% 0.38%

Rank 41 4 1 50 43 49 36 12 9 34 35 22 16 8 11 38 23 27 40 25 19 29 3 20 48 28 45 14 31 10 30 13 17 44 33 39 24 2 47 46 18 15 6 42 7 5 26 37 32 21

While Maryland remains ranked as the 19th most populous state, census data indicates that Maryland’s population declined by 9,950 people, ranking our state 43rd in this area.

Age Group by Percentage of Population (2022) %>64 15.7% 16.9% 20.2% 15.8% 17.0% 18.1% 14.3% 17.4% 18.1% 17.0% 19.2% 18.9% 15.2% 17.2% 17.1% 18.3% 17.4% 13.5% 22.6% 17.6% 19.6% 17.4% 17.6% 21.6% 18.7% 18.4% 21.6% 18.7% 18.1% 17.1% 19.2% 18.1% 16.9% 21.0% 20.9% 21.2% 18.8% 20.1% 17.8% 17.3% 16.5% 18.7% 19.2% 17.1% 18.3% 17.3% 17.0% 12.0% 16.8% 18.1% 13.1% 17.4%

Maryland has the 10th highest percentage of the population in their prime working years (ages 25-64).

The proportion of residents of prime working age decreased slightly from 2021, and Maryland’s ranking for the proportion of prime working age residents dropped two positions.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

%<18 %18–24 %25–44 %45–64 20.9% 9.3% 30.0% 24.0% 21.3% 8.5% 29.2% 24.1% 18.1% 8.6% 25.2% 27.9% 21.9% 9.3% 28.4% 24.6% 21.8% 8.3% 28.1% 24.9% 19.2% 10.0% 26.9% 25.9% 24.8% 8.3% 28.7% 23.9% 21.5% 8.6% 26.0% 26.5% 20.3% 9.1% 26.9% 25.5% 22.0% 8.6% 26.4% 26.0% 19.7% 8.7% 27.9% 24.4% 18.7% 10.2% 26.3% 25.8% 23.1% 9.6% 26.9% 25.2% 21.6% 9.2% 26.7% 25.2% 21.7% 9.3% 26.5% 25.4% 20.2% 9.6% 25.1% 26.7% 21.9% 9.1% 26.4% 25.3% 24.9% 10.0% 28.3% 23.3% 17.9% 8.0% 24.3% 27.3% 21.7% 9.4% 25.8% 25.6% 20.2% 9.3% 25.4% 25.5% 22.6% 9.0% 26.5% 24.5% 22.4% 9.1% 25.5% 25.4% 19.4% 8.2% 25.0% 25.8% 21.0% 9.5% 25.2% 25.5% 21.8% 9.1% 25.6% 25.1% 17.7% 10.1% 24.2% 26.4% 21.1% 9.6% 25.1% 25.5% 22.1% 9.3% 25.9% 24.6% 23.2% 9.3% 26.3% 24.1% 21.3% 9.1% 25.0% 25.3% 22.0% 9.7% 25.1% 25.2% 23.0% 9.9% 25.7% 24.5% 21.3% 7.6% 25.5% 24.6% 20.5% 8.5% 24.6% 25.5% 19.8% 9.0% 23.9% 26.1% 21.6% 9.7% 26.3% 23.5% 20.9% 9.3% 25.8% 23.9% 22.9% 9.5% 25.5% 24.2% 23.2% 9.8% 25.0% 24.7% 23.8% 10.0% 26.4% 23.3% 22.5% 9.2% 25.8% 23.9% 21.9% 9.6% 25.7% 23.6% 23.9% 10.1% 25.9% 23.0% 22.6% 10.3% 25.0% 23.8% 23.7% 10.3% 25.4% 23.4% 24.3% 10.0% 25.7% 23.0% 27.6% 11.9% 28.4% 20.1% 23.7% 11.2% 26.7% 21.6% 24.2% 9.4% 25.0% 23.3% 18.6% 10.1% 38.0% 20.2% 21.8% 9.3% 26.7% 24.8%

TABLE 2

Prime Working Age

Rank 1 Colorado 2 Washington 3 New Hampshire 4 California 5 Nevada 6 Massachusetts 7 Alaska 8 New Jersey 9 New York 10 Maryland 11 Oregon 12 Rhode Island 13 Georgia 14 Illinois 15 Virginia 16 Connecticut 17 Tennessee 18 Texas 19 Maine 20 North Carolina 21 Pennsylvania 22 Minnesota 23 Kentucky 24 Florida 25 Michigan 26 Ohio 27 Vermont 28 Wisconsin 29 Missouri 30 Louisiana 31 South Carolina 32 Alabama 33 Indiana 34 Hawaii 35 Delaware 36 West Virginia 37 Arizona 38 Montana 39 Arkansas 40 Mississippi 41 Oklahoma 42 Wyoming 43 New Mexico 44 Idaho 45 Iowa 46 Kansas 47 Nebraska 48 Utah 49 North Dakota 50 South Dakota Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

TABLE 3

Net Migration by State (July 1, 2021 – July 1, 2022) Net Domestic Migration

Rank 1 Florida 2 Texas 3 North Carolina 4 South Carolina 5 Tennessee 6 Georgia 7 Arizona 8 Idaho 9 Alabama 10 Oklahoma 11 Nevada 12 Arkansas 13 Montana 14 Utah 15 Delaware 16 Maine 17 Kentucky 18 South Dakota 19 Wisconsin 20 New Hampshire 21 Colorado 22 Indiana 23 Missouri 24 Wyoming 25 Vermont 26 West Virginia 27 North Dakota 28 Washington 29 Nebraska 30 New Mexico 31 Rhode Island 32 Mississippi 33 Alaska 34 Iowa 35 Kansas 36 Michigan 37 Ohio 38 Connecticut 39 Hawaii 40 Oregon 41 Minnesota 42 Virginia 43 Pennsylvania 44 Maryland 45 Louisiana 46 Massachusetts 47 New Jersey 48 Illinois 49 New York 50 California Dist. of Columbia United States

Number 318,855 230,961 99,796 84,030 81,646 81,406 70,984 28,639 28,609 26,791 20,781 18,209 16,003 12,898 11,826 11,600 10,420 8,424 7,657 6,303 5,376 5,230 5,024 2,152 1,141 474 -2,710 -3,580 -4,270 -4,504 -5,196 -5,716 -6,126 -7,292 -7,409 -8,482 -9,165 -13,547 -15,212 -17,331 -19,400 -23,952 -39,957 -45,101 -46,672 -57,292 -64,231 -141,656 -299,557 -343,230 -3,647 N/A

Net International Migration

Number 125,629 118,614 26,430 10,654 8,096 27,285 22,219 1,844 4,597 5,737 10,163 3,314 1,801 5,414 2,451 2,525 4,455 2,781 8,174 3,900 10,366 15,490 10,058 342 1,012 1,773 1,268 37,512 4,018 5,893 2,799 1,593 2,371 9,348 5,484 18,812 24,112 16,296 5,785 7,026 14,194 37,692 26,741 23,756 8,106 43,880 39,388 31,529 77,923 125,715 4,558 1,010,923

Rank 2 3 12 20 27 10 15 44 34 31 22 38 45 33 42 41 35 40 25 37 21 18 23 50 49 46 48 8 36 29 39 47 43 24 32 16 13 17 30 28 19 7 11 14 26 5 6 9 4 1

Estimates show that Maryland lost 45,101 residents due to net domestic migration from July 2021 through July 2022. During this same time period, Maryland gained an estimated 23,756 residents through international migration.

Non-Agricultural Employment Growth (July 2022 – July 2023) % Growth 3.3% 2.2% 3.3% 2.8% 1.6% 2.3% 1.8% 2.0% 1.6% 2.6% 2.5% 2.1% 2.3% 2.5% 1.6% 1.7% 4.2% 2.6% 2.0% 1.8% 3.2% 2.6% 1.7% 2.5% 1.5% 1.5% 2.0% 2.7% 1.7% 2.0% 3.1% 3.1% 1.7% 1.4% 2.0% 1.1% 0.6% 2.1% 1.9% 2.5% 1.6% 2.1% 1.9% 1.2% 2.6% 0.6% 1.3% 0.9% 0.6% -0.4% 1.1% 2.2%

Rank 2 19 3 7 38 17 31 25 39 11 16 22 18 13 36 33 1 9 27 30 4 10 35 14 40 41 23 8 34 24 5 6 32 42 26 45 49 20 29 15 37 21 28 44 12 47 43 46 48 50

Maryland gained only 16,200 jobs from July 2022 to July 2023, reflecting a 0.6% growth, which ranks the state 49th in the country for percentage job growth.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Jobs Added (Lost) 450,000 379,100 307,100 165,600 150,500 111,200 98,300 95,400 94,500 93,400 91,700 87,900 74,600 74,100 69,500 68,600 62,800 59,400 59,200 58,100 53,300 51,100 49,500 48,800 44,000 42,100 38,400 36,100 35,300 33,900 26,300 26,200 23,700 23,500 20,200 17,800 16,200 12,900 12,800 11,900 10,900 8,900 8,500 7,700 7,600 7,200 6,600 2,800 2,100 -2,100 8,400 3,343,600

TABLE 4

Rank 1 Texas 2 California 3 Florida 4 Pennsylvania 5 New York 6 North Carolina 7 Ohio 8 Georgia 9 Illinois 10 Washington 11 Massachusetts 12 New Jersey 13 Tennessee 14 Missouri 15 Michigan 16 Virginia 17 Nevada 18 South Carolina 19 Arizona 20 Indiana 21 Utah 22 Kentucky 23 Minnesota 24 Oregon 25 Wisconsin 26 Colorado 27 Louisiana 28 Arkansas 29 Alabama 30 Oklahoma 31 Idaho 32 New Mexico 33 Kansas 34 Connecticut 35 Nebraska 36 Iowa 37 Maryland 38 Hawaii 39 New Hampshire 40 Delaware 41 West Virginia 42 North Dakota 43 South Dakota 44 Maine 45 Wyoming 46 Mississippi 47 Montana 48 Vermont 49 Alaska 50 Rhode Island Dist. of Columbia United States

Non-Agricultural Employment Growth (10 year)

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

TABLE 5

(July 2013 – July 2023) % July-13 July-23 Jobs Added Rank (thousands) (thousands) (Lost) Growth 1 California 15,032.1 17,996.4 2,964 19.7% 2 Texas 11,207.5 13,920.3 2,713 24.2% 3 Florida 7,461.6 9,646.7 2,185 29.3% 4 North Carolina 3,972.4 4,879.7 907 22.8% 5 Georgia 4,005.3 4,891.3 886 22.1% 6 New York 8,949.0 9,742.6 794 8.9% 7 Washington 2,992.5 3,655.7 663 22.2% 8 Arizona 2,450.9 3,094.9 644 26.3% 9 Tennessee 2,732.7 3,296.9 564 20.6% 10 Colorado 2,388.2 2,925.3 537 22.5% 11 Utah 1,278.9 1,724.3 445 34.8% 12 Pennsylvania 5,706.2 6,150.4 444 7.8% 13 Massachusetts 3,383.8 3,817.4 434 12.8% 14 New Jersey 3,942.6 4,364.6 422 10.7% 15 South Carolina 1,899.7 2,310.3 411 21.6% 16 Ohio 5,275.7 5,665.5 390 7.4% 17 Virginia 3,761.9 4,147.1 385 10.2% 18 Nevada 1,171.0 1,548.6 378 32.2% 19 Illinois 5,800.3 6,167.5 367 6.3% 20 Michigan 4,077.8 4,435.9 358 8.8% 21 Indiana 2,889.7 3,244.8 355 12.3% 22 Oregon 1,671.1 1,997.3 326 19.5% 23 Missouri 2,693.3 3,000.2 307 11.4% 24 Minnesota 2,768.2 3,014.5 246 8.9% 25 Alabama 1,915.3 2,147.9 233 12.1% 26 Idaho 641.6 863.2 222 34.5% 27 Wisconsin 2,823.5 3,037.3 214 7.6% 28 Arkansas 1,162.2 1,354.0 192 16.5% 29 Kentucky 1,817.3 1,995.7 178 9.8% 30 Maryland 2,610.4 2,752.3 142 5.4% 31 Oklahoma 1,620.8 1,720.6 100 6.2% 32 Kansas 1,354.5 1,432.7 78 5.8% 33 Montana 454.2 525.1 71 15.6% 34 Mississippi 1,094.1 1,164.7 71 6.5% 35 New Hampshire 633.5 703.9 70 11.1% 36 Nebraska 978.2 1,046.2 68 7.0% 37 New Mexico 800.9 865.0 64 8.0% 38 Delaware 431.7 489.6 58 13.4% 39 Iowa 1,527.6 1,583.2 56 3.6% 40 Maine 620.0 666.4 46 7.5% 41 South Dakota 420.9 465.5 45 10.6% 42 Connecticut 1,661.0 1,690.4 29 1.8% 43 Rhode Island 475.4 499.4 24 5.0% 44 Hawaii 614.9 629.9 15 2.4% 45 Vermont 298.1 306.9 9 3.0% 46 Louisiana 1,938.8 1,946.9 8 0.4% 47 Wyoming 301.5 298.7 -3 -0.9% 48 North Dakota 442.5 438.0 -5 -1.0% 49 Alaska 360.2 344.0 -16 -4.5% 50 West Virginia 720.1 702.2 -18 -2.5% Dist. of Columbia 752.8 785.8 33 4.4% United States 135,984.4 156,093.7 20,109.3 14.8%

Rank 13 6 4 7 10 28 9 5 12 8 1 31 18 23 11 34 25 3 37 29 19 14 21 27 20 2 32 15 26 40 38 39 16 36 22 35 30 17 42 33 24 45 41 44 43 46 47 48 50 49

From July 2013 to July 2023, Maryland ranked 30th in the country for non-agricultural employment growth, with 142,000 jobs added in said 10-year time frame. Maryland’s 10-year job growth of 5.4% ranks our state 40th in this area.

Per Capita Personal Income by State (2022) % Change from 2021 2.5% 1.6% 2.2% 1.7% 0.7% 2.6% 1.9% 4.9% 2.5% 1.5% 4.9% 2.5% 3.1% 2.7% 3.0% 2.2% 1.7% 1.8% 2.4% 3.4% 2.4% 2.1% 3.7% 2.6% 1.9% 2.4% 0.8% 2.2% 2.0% 3.2% 2.9% 2.6% 3.4% 1.6% 1.5% 2.4% 2.3% 0.4% 2.0% 2.2% 2.2% 0.8% 4.3% 1.7% 1.6% 2.4% 2.4% 1.9% 1.6% 0.8% 0.1% 2.0%

Rank 16 41 28 37 49 13 34 2 15 45 1 17 8 11 9 29 38 36 23 5 21 30 4 14 35 19 48 27 31 7 10 12 6 40 44 22 24 50 32 25 26 46 3 39 42 20 18 33 43 47

Maryland ranks 10th in the nation for per capita personal income, and 45th in the country in percentage growth in per capita personal income.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of Economic Analysis

Per Capita Personal Income (2022) $84,972 $84,945 $78,700 $78,089 $77,339 $75,698 $74,663 $74,167 $71,342 $70,730 $68,919 $68,822 $68,211 $68,010 $66,184 $65,806 $65,377 $65,167 $63,597 $63,321 $63,206 $62,767 $61,985 $61,387 $61,282 $61,210 $61,175 $60,152 $59,463 $58,905 $58,279 $57,930 $57,925 $57,880 $57,719 $57,416 $57,129 $56,813 $56,667 $56,551 $54,998 $54,622 $54,537 $53,320 $52,109 $51,787 $51,500 $50,637 $49,169 $46,248 $96,728 $65,423

TABLE 6

Rank 1 Connecticut 2 Massachusetts 3 New Jersey 4 New York 5 California 6 Washington 7 New Hampshire 8 Colorado 9 Wyoming 10 Maryland 11 Alaska 12 Illinois 13 Virginia 14 Minnesota 15 North Dakota 16 South Dakota 17 Rhode Island 18 Pennsylvania 19 Florida 20 Nebraska 21 Vermont 22 Oregon 23 Texas 24 Delaware 25 Nevada 26 Wisconsin 27 Hawaii 28 Kansas 29 Maine 30 Iowa 31 Tennessee 32 Indiana 33 Utah 34 Ohio 35 Montana 36 North Carolina 37 Georgia 38 Michigan 39 Arizona 40 Missouri 41 Oklahoma 42 Louisiana 43 Idaho 44 South Carolina 45 Kentucky 46 Arkansas 47 New Mexico 48 Alabama 49 West Virginia 50 Mississippi Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of Economic Analysis

TABLE 7

Gross Domestic Product by State in Current Dollars (2022) 2022 GDP Rank (in millions) 1 California $3,598,103 2 Texas $2,355,960 3 New York $2,053,180 4 Florida $1,389,070 5 Illinois $1,033,310 6 Pennsylvania $923,089 7 Ohio $822,670 8 Georgia $755,698 9 New Jersey $745,422 10 North Carolina $730,072 11 Washington $725,514 12 Massachusetts $688,392 13 Virginia $649,393 14 Michigan $620,696 15 Colorado $484,372 16 Tennessee $475,755 17 Maryland $470,187 18 Arizona $458,950 19 Indiana $455,750 20 Minnesota $446,500 21 Wisconsin $401,792 22 Missouri $389,931 23 Connecticut $321,845 24 Oregon $299,126 25 South Carolina $295,881 26 Louisiana $281,429 27 Alabama $277,818 28 Kentucky $260,304 29 Utah $248,176 30 Oklahoma $240,534 31 Iowa $231,108 32 Nevada $215,918 33 Kansas $210,671 34 Arkansas $165,221 35 Nebraska $161,702 36 Mississippi $138,740 37 New Mexico $122,115 38 Idaho $109,547 39 New Hampshire $105,414 40 Hawaii $98,219 41 West Virginia $95,588 42 Delaware $87,525 43 Maine $84,498 44 North Dakota $73,267 45 Rhode Island $71,402 46 South Dakota $67,571 47 Montana $65,015 48 Alaska $63,618 49 Wyoming $47,433 50 Vermont $40,617 Dist. of Columbia $162,314 United States $25,462,722

% US GDP 2021 GDP 2022 (in millions) 14.1% $3,373,241 9.3% $2,051,769 8.1% $1,901,297 5.5% $1,255,558 4.1% $945,674 3.6% $844,497 3.2% $756,617 3.0% $691,627 2.9% $682,946 2.9% $662,121 2.8% $677,490 2.7% $641,332 2.6% $604,958 2.4% $572,206 1.9% $436,360 1.9% $427,126 1.8% $443,930 1.8% $420,027 1.8% $412,975 1.8% $412,459 1.6% $368,611 1.5% $358,572 1.3% $298,395 1.2% $272,191 1.2% $269,803 1.1% $258,571 1.1% $254,110 1.0% $237,182 1.0% $225,340 0.9% $215,336 0.9% $216,860 0.8% $194,487 0.8% $191,381 0.6% $148,676 0.6% $146,285 0.5% $127,308 0.5% $109,583 0.4% $96,283 0.4% $99,673 0.4% $91,096 0.4% $85,434 0.3% $81,160 0.3% $77,963 0.3% $63,560 0.3% $66,571 0.3% $61,685 0.3% $58,700 0.2% $57,349 0.2% $41,510 0.2% $37,104 0.6% $153,671 $23,315,081

% Change

(2021–22)

6.7% 14.8% 8.0% 10.6% 9.3% 9.3% 8.7% 9.3% 9.1% 10.3% 7.1% 7.3% 7.3% 8.5% 11.0% 11.4% 5.9% 9.3% 10.4% 8.3% 9.0% 8.7% 7.9% 9.9% 9.7% 8.8% 9.3% 9.7% 10.1% 11.7% 6.6% 11.0% 10.1% 11.1% 10.5% 9.0% 11.4% 13.8% 5.8% 7.8% 11.9% 7.8% 8.4% 15.3% 7.3% 9.5% 10.8% 10.9% 14.3% 9.5% 5.6% 9.2%

Rank

47 2 39 14 27 26 35 29 30 17 46 44 43 36 11 8 49 28 16 38 31 34 40 20 22 33 25 21 18 6 48 10 19 9 15 32 7 4 50 42 5 41 37 1 45 23 13 12 3 24

Maryland ranked 49th in GDP growth and 17th in total GDP, down two places from 2021. Our state’s GDP percentage increased 5.9% from 2021-2022, down from a 6.7% increase from 2020 to 2021.

Exports Per Capita (2022) Total (in millions) 122,234 485,625 33,959 61,113 34,440 5,583 5,243 45,150 78,173 61,054 31,461 18,027 16,345 38,276 106,279 7,255 5,240 25,591 46,284 16,542 56,424 27,254 13,965 185,550 32,695 27,383 8,890 47,260 7,665 15,337 2,502 49,478 40,080 27,200 1,879 10,088 67,524 17,821 25,026 2,894 16,077 2,351 3,420 4,801 4,065 5,878 10,287 1,954 6,795 703 1,547 2,064,787

Rank 3 1 17 7 16 39 40 13 5 8 19 25 28 15 4 36 41 23 12 27 9 21 31 2 18 20 34 11 35 30 46 10 14 22 49 33 6 26 24 45 29 47 44 42 43 38 32 48 37 50

Maryland’s rank in per capita exports declined from 37th in 2021 to 38th in 2022. Our state’s rank in total exports remained the same in 2021 and 2022.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Per Capita $26,629 $16,172 $8,009 $7,849 $7,632 $7,610 $6,728 $6,608 $6,213 $6,085 $5,956 $5,632 $5,559 $5,428 $5,401 $5,200 $5,145 $5,043 $4,997 $4,893 $4,800 $4,767 $4,755 $4,754 $4,683 $4,647 $4,517 $4,331 $4,318 $4,230 $3,867 $3,814 $3,746 $3,696 $3,232 $3,174 $3,035 $2,891 $2,882 $2,646 $2,602 $2,584 $2,469 $2,272 $2,096 $1,930 $1,761 $1,740 $1,690 $488 $2,303 $5,540

TABLE 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Rank Louisiana Texas Oregon Washington Kentucky Alaska North Dakota Indiana Illinois Michigan South Carolina Iowa Mississippi Tennessee New York New Hampshire Delaware Alabama New Jersey Utah Ohio Minnesota Kansas California Massachusetts Wisconsin Nebraska Georgia West Virginia Connecticut Vermont Pennsylvania North Carolina Arizona Wyoming Nevada Florida Maryland Virginia Rhode Island Missouri South Dakota Maine New Mexico Idaho Arkansas Colorado Montana Oklahoma Hawaii Dist. of Columbia United States

Opening and Closing Rates of Establishments

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

TABLE 9

(Q2 2021 – Q1 2022) Rank 1 Florida 2 Nevada 3 Idaho 4 Rhode Island 5 Vermont 6 Georgia 6 Utah 8 New Hampshire 9 South Carolina 10 New Jersey 11 Delaware 11 Maine 13 Arizona 14 Montana 14 Washington 16 Missouri 17 Colorado 18 Massachusetts 19 Tennessee 20 Connecticut 21 Hawaii 22 North Carolina 23 Alaska 23 Virginia 25 Wyoming 26 South Dakota 27 Arkansas 27 New Mexico 29 California 30 Kentucky 30 New York 30 Texas 33 Kansas 34 West Virginia 35 Maryland 36 Oklahoma 37 Wisconsin 38 Alabama 39 Michigan 40 Illinois 41 Oregon 42 Pennsylvania 43 Minnesota 44 Indiana 44 Louisiana 44 North Dakota 47 Mississippi 48 Nebraska 48 Ohio 50 Iowa Dist. of Columbia United States

Average Quarterly Entry Rate 6.2% 5.6% 5.4% 5.2% 5.1% 5.0% 5.0% 4.8% 4.8% 4.8% 4.7% 4.7% 4.7% 4.6% 4.6% 4.6% 4.5% 4.4% 4.4% 4.4% 4.3% 4.1% 4.1% 4.1% 4.0% 4.0% 4.0% 4.0% 3.9% 3.9% 3.9% 3.9% 3.8% 3.8% 3.8% 3.7% 3.7% 3.7% 3.7% 3.6% 3.6% 3.4% 3.4% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.2% 3.1% 3.1% 2.9% 5.1% 4.1%

Average Quarterly Exit Rate 4.2% 3.0% 3.3% 3.5% 2.9% 3.3% 3.4% 3.1% 2.9% 2.7% 3.3% 2.8% 3.3% 3.1% 2.4% 3.6% 3.2% 3.0% 2.6% 2.8% 2.9% 2.8% 3.0% 3.1% 3.0% 2.5% 3.2% 3.2% 2.4% 2.9% 2.8% 2.7% 2.9% 2.7% 3.0% 3.1% 2.6% 2.5% 2.6% 2.9% 3.2% 2.2% 2.6% 2.4% 2.8% 2.7% 2.5% 2.5% 2.4% 2.3% 3.5% 2.8%

Rank 1 19 7 3 24 5 4 14 24 33 8 30 5 13 45 2 9 19 39 31 23 28 21 14 17 41 10 11 48 22 28 33 27 36 18 16 38 41 39 26 11 50 37 45 32 33 43 44 45 49

From Q2 of 2021 to Q1 of 2022, Maryland ranked 35th in average rate of establishment openings and 18th in average rate of establishment closings.

Census Estimates of State and Local Taxes (2021) Burden Per $1000 PI $142.21 $120.88 $129.29 $116.00 $102.94 $135.06 $127.84 $119.90 $117.38 $110.29 $115.05 $125.03 $120.80 $97.76 $108.31 $114.16 $98.44 $110.76 $103.25 $99.78 $106.27 $111.50 $101.78 $110.12 $79.46 $103.09 $99.55 $79.41 $110.63 $93.11 $96.05 $93.01 $95.18 $88.44 $103.54 $94.67 $103.57 $98.41 $77.80 $89.75 $89.22 $95.42 $88.56 $89.04 $103.71 $90.97 $77.38 $81.92 $92.21 $66.91 $143.62 $106.16

Rank 1 6 3 10 25 2 4 8 9 16 11 5 7 31 18 12 29 14 23 27 19 13 26 17 46 24 28 47 15 36 32 37 34 44 22 35 21 30 48 40 41 33 43 42 20 39 49 45 38 50

Maryland ranks as having the 10th highest in the nation in per capita tax burden and 16th highest in burden per $1,000 of personal income.

Source: Federation of Tax Administrators

Per Capita Burden $10,331 $9,424 $9,217 $8,305 $8,107 $7,756 $7,528 $7,457 $7,350 $7,242 $7,012 $6,791 $6,717 $6,663 $6,488 $6,485 $6,404 $6,353 $6,255 $6,187 $5,944 $5,928 $5,705 $5,652 $5,409 $5,361 $5,343 $5,204 $5,175 $5,106 $5,103 $4,980 $4,889 $4,861 $4,857 $4,835 $4,697 $4,674 $4,655 $4,640 $4,638 $4,582 $4,578 $4,465 $4,441 $4,413 $4,381 $4,259 $4,237 $4,189 $13,299 $6,334

TABLE 10

Rank 1 New York 2 Connecticut 3 California 4 New Jersey 5 Massachusetts 6 Hawaii 7 Vermont 8 Minnesota 9 Illinois 10 Maryland 11 North Dakota 12 Maine 13 Delaware 14 Washington 15 Rhode Island 16 Oregon 17 Colorado 18 Nebraska 19 Pennsylvania 20 Virginia 21 Kansas 22 Iowa 23 Wisconsin 24 Utah 25 New Hampshire 26 Indiana 27 Ohio 28 Wyoming 29 New Mexico 30 Nevada 31 Montana 32 Michigan 33 North Carolina 34 Texas 35 Arkansas 36 Louisiana 37 West Virginia 38 Kentucky 39 South Dakota 40 Arizona 41 Missouri 42 Idaho 43 Georgia 44 Oklahoma 45 Mississippi 46 South Carolina 47 Florida 48 Tennessee 49 Alabama 50 Alaska Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: Council on State Taxation (COST): State and Local Business Taxes Report

TABLE 11

Business Taxes as a Share of All Taxes and GSP (FY 2021) Rank 1 New Mexico 2 Vermont 3 North Dakota 4 Maine 5 Mississippi 6 Wyoming 7 Hawaii 8 New Jersey 9 West Virginia 10 Montana 11 New York 12 Nevada 12 Oklahoma 14 Texas 14 Rhode Island 16 Illinois 16 Oregon 18 Alabama 19 Alaska 19 South Dakota 19 Delaware 19 Arkansas 19 California 24 Florida 24 Louisiana 24 Nebraska 24 Colorado 24 Kentucky 24 Pennsylvania 30 South Carolina 30 Iowa 30 Virginia 30 Idaho 34 Tennessee 34 Washington 34 New Hampshire 34 Kansas 38 Minnesota 39 Wisconsin 39 Connecticut 41 Maryland 42 Arizona 42 Ohio 42 Indiana 45 Utah 45 Massachusetts 47 Georgia 47 Missouri 49 Michigan 50 North Carolina Dist. of Columbia United States

% of Private Sector GSP

% of All Taxes

8.6% 8.4% 8.1% 8.0% 7.1% 6.9% 6.6% 6.3% 6.2% 5.9% 5.6% 5.5% 5.5% 5.4% 5.4% 5.3% 5.3% 5.2% 5.1% 5.1% 5.1% 5.1% 5.1% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% 5.0% 4.9% 4.9% 4.9% 4.9% 4.7% 4.7% 4.7% 4.7% 4.6% 4.5% 4.5% 4.2% 4.1% 4.1% 4.1% 4.0% 4.0% 3.8% 3.8% 3.7% 3.6% 5.0% 4.9%

60.1% 49.9% 70.9% 50.6% 50.7% 69.3% 38.1% 44.7% 48.8% 46.6% 42.9% 52.3% 48.8% 59.3% 38.5% 44.3% 40.4% 46.1% 61.6% 59.6% 51.1% 40.8% 38.8% 53.0% 48.3% 47.9% 45.2% 44.6% 42.4% 45.5% 45.4% 41.5% 40.9% 54.5% 48.4% 47.9% 41.7% 37.0% 40.5% 32.6% 31.3% 41.0% 39.8% 39.1% 37.9% 36.7% 43.2% 39.8% 34.7% 36.8% 54.3% 43.6%

Rank

4 13 1 12 11 2 43 25 14 20 29 9 14 6 42 27 37 21 3 5 10 35 41 8 17 18 24 26 30 22 23 32 34 7 16 18 31 45 36 49 50 33 38 40 44 47 28 38 48 46

Business Taxes Per Employee

$10,800 $10,300 $12,600 $10,000 $7,800 $10,900 $10,000 $11,000 $8,000 $7,200 $12,100 $7,800 $7,000 $8,600 $7,300 $8,600 $7,400 $6,300 $8,900 $7,400 $9,500 $6,000 $10,000 $6,900 $7,000 $7,600 $7,800 $6,200 $7,200 $6,200 $7,000 $7,200 $6,000 $6,300 $9,500 $6,900 $6,700 $6,700 $5,800 $8,400 $6,600 $5,700 $5,700 $5,600 $5,600 $7,200 $5,700 $4,800 $5,100 $5,200 $9,800 $7,800

Rank

5 6 1 7 17 4 7 3 16 24 2 17 28 13 23 13 21 36 12 21 10 40 7 31 28 20 17 38 24 38 28 24 40 36 10 31 33 33 42 15 35 43 43 46 46 24 43 50 49 48

Motor Fuel Taxes (July 2023) Diesel Tax (cents/gal) 16.150 17.470 18.400 18.500 27.000 23.000 20.000 20.930 22.000 23.000 27.750 23.825 22.500 24.000 28.700 14.000 27.030 27.070 28.400 28.600 16.750 29.300 32.500 30.000 27.100 32.950 30.670 35.750 32.900 33.000 30.500 16.100 35.000 35.150 36.100 49.200 34.000 34.450 37.200 61.550 47.000 40.200 40.750 48.400 49.300 49.400 58.000 78.500 74.000 96.100 33.800

Maryland’s gas tax of 37.3 cents per gallon reflects a more than 3% increase from 2022, and our state is ranked 40th in the nation with the 10th highest gas tax when compared to all other states.

Source: Tax Foundation

Gasoline Tax (cents/gal) 8.950 17.470 18.400 18.500 19.000 19.000 20.000 20.930 23.000 23.000 23.805 23.830 23.863 24.000 24.900 25.000 25.030 27.070 27.400 28.600 28.750 29.900 30.000 30.000 30.100 31.200 31.400 31.950 32.900 33.000 33.750 34.520 35.000 35.150 35.225 35.750 36.000 36.700 37.200 37.300 38.500 39.100 40.750 41.400 47.200 49.400 54.400 62.200 66.500 77.900 33.800

TABLE 12

Rank 1 Alaska 2 Missouri 3 Mississippi 4 Hawaii 5 Arizona 5 New Mexico 7 Texas 8 Louisiana 9 Delaware 9 North Dakota 11 Nevada 12 New Hampshire 13 Colorado 14 Wyoming 15 Arkansas 16 Oklahoma 17 Kansas 18 Massachusetts 19 Tennessee 20 Minnesota 21 South Carolina 22 Nebraska 23 Iowa 24 South Dakota 25 Kentucky 26 Alabama 27 Maine 28 Georgia 29 Wisconsin 30 Idaho 31 Montana 32 Vermont 33 Rhode Island 34 Utah 35 Florida 36 Connecticut 37 Oregon 38 New York 39 West Virginia 40 Maryland 41 Ohio 42 Virginia 43 North Carolina 44 New Jersey 45 Michigan 46 Washington 47 Indiana 48 Pennsylvania 49 Illinois 50 California Dist. of Columbia

Economy

Quality of Life

Tech. & Innovation

Education

Cost of Living

Access to Capital

Rank 1 North Carolina 2 Virginia 3 Tennessee 4 Georgia 5 Minnesota 6 Texas 7 Washington 8 Florida 9 Utah 10 Michigan 11 Colorado 12 Ohio 13 Indiana 14 Arizona 15 Massachusetts 15 Pennsylvania 17 Illinois 18 Delaware 19 New Jersey 20 New York 21 Oregon 22 Maryland 23 Iowa 23 Kansas 25 California 26 Idaho 27 South Carolina 28 Nebraska 29 Vermont 30 Nevada 31 Connecticut 32 Missouri 33 Wisconsin 34 South Dakota 35 Montana 36 North Dakota 37 Wyoming 38 Kentucky 39 Maine 40 New Hampshire 41 Oklahoma 42 Alabama 43 New Mexico 44 Arkansas 45 Rhode Island 46 West Virginia 47 Hawaii 48 Mississippi 49 Louisiana 50 Alaska

Cost of Business

Source: CNBC

TABLE 13

CNBC Top States for Business Rankings (July 2023)

18 34 7 27 39 16 37 26 22 6 38 4 5 33 49 24 32 42 44 41 31 47 20 13 45 21 13 19 40 30 43 2 17 11 22 29 28 10 34 36 3 12 24 15 46 1 50 9 7 48

3 13 5 4 24 2 17 1 6 29 32 21 9 15 26 18 33 10 19 12 26 31 42 40 37 8 7 34 39 11 42 16 20 28 23 46 35 25 38 44 30 21 36 14 48 48 41 47 45 50

34 16 43 39 4 50 7 41 38 24 8 23 44 35 8 27 17 21 3 14 6 11 13 30 19 33 46 22 1 31 10 45 36 31 28 18 25 36 2 15 49 46 29 42 12 26 5 39 48 20

6 15 27 19 4 8 3 20 23 12 10 16 22 18 1 11 14 24 21 5 9 7 27 34 1 25 37 33 31 47 13 30 17 42 35 44 50 41 40 35 38 32 27 49 25 47 39 46 45 43

7 1 5 21 13 35 32 36 44 36 21 40 45 42 3 13 2 46 4 13 30 21 26 5 9 47 27 20 10 50 13 11 13 27 13 21 11 36 19 8 48 34 21 42 41 32 36 27 30 49

27 25 22 14 17 22 44 36 39 7 35 3 3 40 47 16 9 30 30 46 48 27 1 2 49 40 21 12 36 36 34 7 20 27 45 17 22 17 32 40 5 11 26 12 43 5 50 9 14 32

6 4 15 23 20 1 17 16 23 10 12 5 13 17 3 6 6 27 11 6 20 13 35 45 1 30 41 40 32 25 27 17 35 37 41 41 30 45 48 32 25 37 47 20 29 39 50 41 32 49

Maryland ranked 22nd overall in CNBC’s ranking of Top States for Business. Our state was also ranked 47th in cost of doing business and 31st in economy.

Effective Property Tax Rate on a Primary Residence in the State’s Largest City (Payable 2022) Tax on Median $2,222 $10,343 $6,776 $13,461 $3,500 $4,118 $7,067 $4,251 $3,184 $5,632 $3,538 $3,689 $4,532 $3,423 $3,364 $2,832 $3,013 $4,017 $2,518 $4,312 $1,256 $2,352 $8,356 $2,891 $5,192 $1,930 $9,392 $2,187 $4,111 $2,302 $2,106 $3,835 $2,231 $2,627 $2,704 $3,445 $2,907 $1,330 $2,820 $2,364 $6,650 $2,305 $797 $1,780 $2,864 $2,651 $2,808 $3,234 $1,858 $2,287 $4,883 $3,841

Rank 42 2 6 1 19 13 5 12 24 8 18 17 10 21 22 29 25 15 35 11 49 37 4 27 9 45 3 43 14 39 44 16 41 34 32 20 26 48 30 36 7 38 50 47 28 33 31 23 46 40

Baltimore ranks as having the 6th highest effective tax rate (ETR, the tax levied on a property divided by its market value) on a residential property, and 13th highest in amount of tax on the average house.

Source: Minnesota Taxpayers Association/Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

Effective 2021 Median Tax Rate Home Value 3.206% $69,300 3.200% $323,200 3.042% $222,800 2.588% $520,200 2.186% $160,100 2.133% $193,100 2.090% $338,100 2.006% $211,900 1.928% $165,100 1.753% $321,300 1.614% $219,200 1.559% $236,700 1.524% $297,300 1.361% $251,500 1.348% $249,600 1.327% $213,400 1.259% $239,400 1.259% $319,100 1.254% $200,900 1.245% $346,200 1.238% $101,500 1.232% $190,900 1.219% $685,700 1.212% $238,600 1.172% $443,000 1.165% $165,700 1.155% $812,800 1.141% $191,700 1.134% $362,400 1.129% $203,900 1.116% $188,700 1.088% $352,600 1.011% $220,700 0.941% $279,100 0.932% $290,000 0.917% $375,500 0.885% $328,500 0.847% $157,000 0.814% $346,700 0.812% $291,200 0.784% $848,100 0.717% $321,400 0.678% $117,600 0.645% $276,100 0.622% $460,200 0.577% $459,800 0.519% $541,500 0.490% $659,700 0.442% $420,800 0.293% $781,600 0.729% $669,900 1.321% $325,828

TABLE 14

Rank 1 Detroit, MI 2 Newark, NJ 3 Bridgeport, CT 4 Portland, OR 5 Milwaukee, WI 6 Baltimore, MD 7 Burlington, VT 8 Omaha, NE 9 Des Moines, IA 10 Manchester, NH 11 Columbus, OH 12 Houston, TX 13 Chicago, IL 14 Albuquerque, NM 15 Sioux Falls, SD 16 Kansas City, MO 17 Jacksonville, FL 17 Minneapolis, MN 19 Wilmington, DE 20 Anchorage, AK 21 Jackson, MS 22 Oklahoma City, OK 23 New York City, NY 24 Fargo, ND 25 Portland, ME 26 Wichita, KS 27 Los Angeles, CA 28 Little Rock, AR 29 Las Vegas, NV 30 Louisville, KY 31 Indianapolis, IN 32 Phoenix, AZ 33 Philadelphia, PA 34 New Orleans, LA 35 Billings, MT 36 Atlanta, GA 37 Virginia Beach, VA 38 Charleston, WV 39 Nashville, TN 40 Providence, RI 41 Seattle, WA 42 Charlotte, NC 43 Birmingham, AL 44 Cheyenne, WY 45 Boise, ID 46 Salt Lake City, UT 47 Denver, CO 48 Boston, MA 49 Charleston, SC 50 Honolulu, HI Washington, DC U.S. Average

Source: Minnesota Taxpayers Association/Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

TABLE 15

Effective Property Tax Rate on a Commercial Property* in the State’s Largest City (Payable 2022) Rank 1 Chicago, IL 2 Detroit, MI 3 Providence, RI 4 Des Moines, IA 5 Bridgeport, CT 6 Kansas City, MO 7 Jackson, MS 8 Indianapolis, IN 9 Newark, NJ 10 Baltimore, MD 11 Portland, OR 12 Minneapolis, MN 13 Wichita, KS 14 Milwaukee, WI 15 Phoenix, AZ 16 Denver, CO 17 Houston, TX 18 Omaha, NE 19 Burlington, VT 20 Philadelphia, PA 21 New Orleans, LA 22 Columbus, OH 23 Charleston, WV 24 Charleston, SC 25 Boston, MA 26 Albuquerque, NM 27 Jacksonville, FL 28 Atlanta, GA 29 Anchorage, AK 30 Manchester, NH 31 New York City, NY 32 Little Rock, AR 33 Oklahoma City, OK 34 Louisville, KY 35 Birmingham, AL 36 Sioux Falls, SD 37 Billings, MT 38 Nashville, TN 39 Portland, ME 40 Los Angeles, CA 41 Las Vegas, NV 42 Wilmington, DE 43 Fargo, ND 44 Salt Lake City, UT 45 Virginia Beach, VA 46 Honolulu, HI 47 Boise, ID 48 Seattle, WA 49 Charlotte, NC 50 Cheyenne, WY Washington, DC U.S. Average

Effective Tax Rate 4.005% 3.912% 3.336% 3.062% 3.042% 2.851% 2.732% 2.717% 2.667% 2.633% 2.588% 2.583% 2.568% 2.383% 2.322% 2.137% 2.098% 2.062% 2.022% 1.987% 1.979% 1.894% 1.856% 1.781% 1.780% 1.632% 1.559% 1.543% 1.520% 1.461% 1.420% 1.408% 1.348% 1.343% 1.311% 1.281% 1.250% 1.247% 1.242% 1.166% 1.131% 1.130% 1.122% 1.003% 0.935% 0.906% 0.799% 0.793% 0.759% 0.600% 1.845% 1.873%

Net Tax $1,201,518 $1,173,483 $1,000,842 $918,472 $912,450 $855,227 $819,651 $815,046 $800,064 $789,863 $776,309 $775,038 $770,544 $714,903 $696,660 $641,062 $629,344 $618,735 $606,595 $596,147 $593,703 $568,258 $556,899 $534,248 $533,963 $489,550 $467,584 $462,774 $456,027 $438,216 $425,893 $422,471 $404,353 $402,765 $393,204 $384,262 $374,867 $374,210 $372,600 $349,656 $339,306 $338,920 $336,549 $300,831 $280,525 $271,870 $239,653 $237,864 $227,571 $179,999 $553,535 $561,851

*$25 million, land and structures; $5 million, fixtures Baltimore’s 2022 effective tax rate for commercial sites ranks 10th. ETR declined from 2.805% in 2021.

Effective Property Tax Rate on an Industrial Property* in the State’s Largest City (Payable 2022) Effective Tax Rate 2.794% 2.429% 2.329% 2.326% 2.318% 2.259% 2.100% 2.070% 2.032% 1.923% 1.883% 1.767% 1.735% 1.715% 1.686% 1.673% 1.600% 1.586% 1.477% 1.456% 1.413% 1.409% 1.397% 1.392% 1.341% 1.311% 1.300% 1.262% 1.215% 1.192% 1.173% 1.139% 1.121% 1.068% 0.932% 0.908% 0.876% 0.812% 0.769% 0.760% 0.756% 0.683% 0.678% 0.673% 0.653% 0.648% 0.643% 0.585% 0.544% 0.481% 1.787% 1.373%

Net Tax $1,396,971 $1,214,589 $1,164,351 $1,163,002 $1,159,180 $1,129,417 $1,050,081 $1,035,079 $1,015,833 $961,624 $941,265 $883,279 $867,342 $857,454 $842,856 $836,413 $800,064 $792,827 $738,581 $727,836 $706,654 $704,471 $698,598 $695,887 $670,580 $655,322 $650,066 $631,075 $607,432 $596,147 $586,670 $569,450 $560,305 $533,963 $466,208 $454,031 $438,216 $406,201 $384,262 $379,757 $377,963 $341,550 $338,920 $336,549 $326,396 $324,071 $321,567 $292,712 $271,870 $240,525 $893,535 $686,661

*Value: $25 million land & structures; $12.5M, Machinery & Equipment; $10M, Inventories; $2.5M, Fixtures Baltimore’s 2022 effective tax rate for industrial sites is 27th, an improvement from 2021.

Source: Minnesota Taxpayers Association/Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

Rank Jackson, MS Chicago, IL Indianapolis, IN Detroit, MI Charleston, SC Kansas City, MO Houston, TX Portland, OR New Orleans, LA Phoenix, AZ Charleston, WV Des Moines, IA Providence, RI Denver, CO Omaha, NE Bridgeport, CT Newark, NJ Anchorage, AK Minneapolis, MN Oklahoma City, OK Atlanta, GA Little Rock, AR Wichita, KS Burlington, VT Albuquerque, NM Milwaukee, WI Baltimore, MD Jacksonville, FL Columbus, OH Philadelphia, PA Birmingham, AL Nashville, TN Billings, MT Boston, MA Los Angeles, CA Las Vegas, NV Manchester, NH Salt Lake City, UT Sioux Falls, SD Cheyenne, WY Louisville, KY Portland, ME Wilmington, DE Fargo, ND Boise, ID Charlotte, NC Seattle, WA New York City, NY Honolulu, HI Virginia Beach, VA Washington, DC U.S. Average

TABLE 16

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

TABLE 17

State and Local Government Employment (March 2022) Rank 1 Wyoming 2 Alaska 3 Kansas 4 Nebraska 5 North Dakota 6 Mississippi 7 New York 8 Iowa 9 Vermont 10 New Mexico 11 West Virginia 12 Alabama 13 Louisiana 14 Arkansas 15 Colorado 16 Virginia 17 Kentucky 18 Maine 19 South Dakota 20 North Carolina 21 Oklahoma 22 Texas 23 Minnesota 24 Montana 25 Maryland 26 New Jersey 27 Washington 28 South Carolina 29 Connecticut 30 Hawaii 31 Delaware 32 Missouri 33 Oregon 34 Utah 35 Massachusetts 36 Illinois 37 New Hampshire 38 Ohio 39 California 40 Georgia 41 Wisconsin 42 Tennessee 43 Indiana 44 Idaho 45 Rhode Island 46 Michigan 47 Pennsylvania 48 Florida 49 Arizona 50 Nevada Dist. of Columbia United States

FTE’s/1,000 Residents 85.4 68.9 68.2 63.5 63.4 60.9 60.2 59.6 58.9 57.1 56.9 56.0 55.5 54.9 53.3 52.6 52.1 52.1 52.0 51.8 51.6 51.6 51.4 51.1 51.0 50.9 50.6 50.2 50.2 50.2 50.0 49.7 49.6 49.3 49.2 49.2 48.9 48.9 48.3 47.7 47.4 47.1 47.0 45.2 43.0 42.6 41.8 39.7 38.3 36.0 74.8 49.8

2022 Annual Payroll/FTE $59,109 $74,711 $55,207 $60,897 $59,789 $48,347 $82,484 $63,984 $66,872 $57,359 $49,613 $55,344 $50,802 $50,186 $67,977 $62,830 $50,839 $56,186 $54,903 $61,146 $52,159 $59,366 $69,875 $57,671 $73,304 $79,941 $86,586 $54,790 $79,622 $68,434 $64,384 $53,329 $75,465 $63,865 $78,774 $71,992 $60,555 $63,077 $93,249 $56,714 $64,275 $54,417 $56,293 $56,589 $76,315 $67,063 $69,370 $60,108 $64,107 $69,480 $96,218 $68,264

Rank 32 9 40 27 30 50 3 22 18 34 49 39 47 48 16 25 46 38 41 26 45 31 12 33 10 4 2 42 5 15 19 44 8 23 6 11 28 24 1 35 20 43 37 36 7 17 14 29 21 13

In 2022, Maryland ranked 25th in the number of full-time equivalent state and local government employees per capita. Our state ranked 10th in the average salary of these employees.

State and Local FTE Average Annual Pay (March 2022) Local Avg FTE Salary $91,081 $75,370 $81,649 $76,425 $89,175 $72,455 $69,815 $79,687 $72,785 $70,537 $60,885 $65,830 $58,896 $60,868 $66,796 $60,649 $66,045 $56,310 $59,277 $60,904 $59,937 $51,512 $75,043 $57,537 $69,659 $58,418 $62,541 $63,012 $51,242 $52,841 $56,841 $80,854 $54,369 $51,327 $51,734 $51,882 $54,185 $58,312 $54,147 $55,645 $60,161 $46,789 $52,956 $61,655 $49,491 $45,506 $47,563 $45,249 $45,035 $52,556 $96,218 $66,251

Rank 1 7 3 6 2 10 12 5 9 11 21 16 27 22 14 23 15 32 26 20 25 42 8 30 13 28 18 17 44 38 31 4 34 43 41 40 35 29 36 33 24 47 37 19 45 48 46 49 50 39

From 2021 to 2022, Maryland’s rank dropped from 15th to 23rd in average state employee salary.

Maryland has the 8th highest average local employee salary.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

State Avg FTE Salary $99,936 $89,168 $85,821 $84,333 $81,491 $81,451 $80,768 $80,627 $80,210 $79,445 $79,376 $78,622 $78,349 $77,942 $77,882 $75,630 $72,532 $71,644 $70,801 $70,740 $70,224 $69,613 $69,185 $69,106 $68,945 $68,724 $68,562 $65,779 $65,689 $64,838 $64,790 $64,482 $64,070 $63,413 $63,390 $62,342 $62,002 $61,550 $61,372 $60,174 $59,894 $59,142 $59,050 $58,964 $58,519 $58,336 $58,009 $56,742 $56,640 $55,570 N/A $73,923

TABLE 18

Rank 1 California 2 Connecticut 3 New York 4 Massachusetts 5 Washington 6 Rhode Island 7 Illinois 8 New Jersey 9 Oregon 10 Alaska 11 Michigan 12 Pennsylvania 13 Iowa 14 Vermont 15 Minnesota 16 Wisconsin 17 Colorado 18 Texas 19 Utah 20 Ohio 21 Virginia 22 Idaho 23 Maryland 24 New Hampshire 25 Nevada 26 North Carolina 27 Arizona 28 Delaware 29 Kansas 30 New Mexico 31 North Dakota 32 Hawaii 33 Montana 34 South Dakota 35 Tennessee 36 Alabama 37 Indiana 38 Wyoming 39 Maine 40 Georgia 41 Florida 42 Kentucky 43 South Carolina 44 Nebraska 45 Oklahoma 46 Arkansas 47 Louisiana 48 West Virginia 49 Mississippi 50 Missouri Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: The Computing Technology Industry Association (CompTIA)

TABLE 19

State of the Tech Workforce (Cyberstates 2023) Net Tech Share of Total Rank Employment Employment Rank 1 California 1,487,864 8.4% 5 2 Texas 867,278 6.4% 14 3 New York 535,457 5.6% 16 4 Florida 484,593 5.1% 24 5 Virginia 358,713 8.8% 2 6 Washington 347,093 9.8% 1 7 Illinois 325,685 5.4% 19 8 Massachusetts 318,631 8.7% 3 9 Pennsylvania 300,447 5.0% 24 10 Georgia 294,133 6.1% 13 11 North Carolina 293,284 6.1% 15 12 New Jersey 271,312 6.4% 10 13 Ohio 270,462 4.9% 27 14 Colorado 248,508 8.7% 4 15 Maryland 222,031 8.2% 5 16 Michigan 202,190 4.6% 29 17 Arizona 201,183 6.5% 10 18 Minnesota 187,836 6.4% 10 19 Missouri 153,419 5.2% 20 20 Wisconsin 140,727 4.7% 26 21 Oregon 139,350 7.1% 9 22 Tennessee 123,909 3.8% 35 23 Utah 123,450 7.4% 8 24 Indiana 118,872 3.7% 35 25 Connecticut 95,324 5.7% 16 26 Alabama 87,524 4.1% 31 27 South Carolina 86,446 3.9% 34 28 Iowa 65,906 4.2% 31 29 Kansas 65,245 4.6% 27 30 Kentucky 64,719 3.3% 38 31 Oklahoma 57,807 3.4% 39 32 New Hampshire 56,748 8.3% 5 33 Nebraska 52,556 5.1% 23 34 Nevada 48,595 3.3% 41 35 Louisiana 48,186 2.5% 47 36 Idaho 39,897 4.8% 30 37 Arkansas 39,896 3.0% 44 38 New Mexico 35,043 4.1% 33 39 Mississippi 28,609 2.5% 48 40 Rhode Island 27,806 5.6% 16 41 Delaware 24,792 5.3% 21 42 Maine 24,769 3.9% 37 43 West Virginia 20,506 2.9% 46 44 Hawaii 20,410 3.3% 42 45 Montana 16,971 3.3% 45 46 Vermont 16,687 5.5% 22 47 South Dakota 15,855 3.5% 38 48 North Dakota 13,272 3.1% 50 49 Alaska 9,525 3.0% 42 50 Wyoming 6,348 2.2% 49 Dist. of Columbia 70,554 9.2% United States 9,156,390 6.0%

Median Wage $ $119,568 $89,833 $105,767 $81,533 $109,646 $129,955 $90,986 $112,912 $86,082 $96,197 $98,640 $113,345 $84,810 $103,946 $109,357 $85,010 $88,355 $93,196 $78,245 $80,564 $97,171 $74,837 $83,891 $77,140 $99,809 $85,764 $78,480 $83,728 $78,880 $71,339 $73,830 $95,179 $81,479 $75,778 $68,661 $70,490 $71,525 $78,426 $66,901 $94,860 $103,329 $79,878 $68,862 $86,864 $72,873 $78,290 $65,877 $71,205 $84,063 $67,175 $122,889 $100,615

Rank 2 18 7 28 5 1 17 4 21 13 11 3 24 8 6 23 19 16 36 30 12 39 26 37 10 22 33 27 32 43 40 14 29 38 47 45 42 34 49 15 9 31 46 20 41 35 50 44 25 48

In 2023, Maryland continued to rank 15th for net tech employment and 5th for share of total employment. Our state’s rank in median high-tech wage declined one position, down from 5th.

Wages and Productivity of Production Workers in Manufacturing (2021) Value Added Per Hour $282.40 $405.09 $234.01 $117.34 $191.52 $167.08 $158.60 $139.24 $203.12 $141.49 $169.13 $216.97 $206.33 $160.98 $144.93 $199.50 $145.60 $189.45 $258.32 $139.53 $175.52 $156.32 $155.89 $192.62 $156.44 $168.90 $159.46 $200.38 $186.66 $166.96 $140.11 $196.74 $168.37 $130.01 $186.77 $195.17 $173.30 $167.93 $183.49 $161.70 $164.94 $190.77 $160.90 $245.81 $181.69 $179.71 $126.47 $143.95 $167.89 $99.92 $113.14 $180.44

Rank 2 1 5 49 14 29 36 46 8 43 24 6 7 33 41 10 40 16 3 45 22 38 39 13 37 25 35 9 18 30 44 11 26 47 17 12 23 27 19 32 31 15 34 4 20 21 48 42 28 50

In 2021, Maryland ranked 13th in wages per hour for production workers in manufacturing, down two positions from last year. Our state ranked 7th in value added per hour, also down two places from last year.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Wages Per Hour $34.96 $32.96 $31.63 $31.06 $30.21 $29.82 $29.47 $29.27 $29.09 $28.96 $28.80 $28.69 $28.46 $28.26 $28.07 $27.98 $27.81 $27.70 $27.67 $27.40 $27.33 $27.26 $27.21 $27.16 $27.07 $26.99 $26.94 $26.94 $26.91 $26.85 $26.69 $26.68 $26.63 $26.58 $26.54 $26.51 $26.34 $26.02 $25.89 $25.75 $25.55 $25.12 $24.91 $24.79 $24.74 $24.50 $23.97 $23.93 $23.90 $23.43 $27.01 $27.21

TABLE 20

Rank 1 Wyoming 2 Louisiana 3 Connecticut 4 Washington 5 West Virginia 6 Nevada 7 Colorado 8 Idaho 9 Massachusetts 10 Maine 11 Oregon 12 California 13 Maryland 14 Missouri 15 Rhode Island 16 New York 17 New Hampshire 18 New Jersey 19 Texas 20 Michigan 21 Indiana 22 Minnesota 23 Kentucky 24 Virginia 25 Kansas 26 Illinois 27 Ohio 28 South Carolina 29 Montana 30 Pennsylvania 31 Wisconsin 32 North Dakota 33 Oklahoma 34 Vermont 35 Iowa 36 Arizona 37 Utah 38 Tennessee 39 New Mexico 40 Florida 41 Alabama 42 Hawaii 43 Georgia 44 Delaware 45 Nebraska 46 North Carolina 47 South Dakota 48 Arkansas 49 Mississippi 50 Alaska Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

TABLE 21

Annual Average Investment Per Employee in Manufacturing (2021) Rank 1 Louisiana 2 Wyoming 3 Alaska 4 New Mexico 5 Texas 6 Alabama 7 Montana 8 Delaware 9 Tennessee 10 Kentucky 11 Iowa 12 Idaho 13 West Virginia 14 Oklahoma 15 North Carolina 16 Illinois 17 Arkansas 18 Ohio 19 Arizona 20 Oregon 21 South Carolina 22 Kansas 23 Utah 24 Virginia 25 Wisconsin 26 New Jersey 27 Georgia 28 Indiana 29 California 30 Maryland 31 Minnesota 32 Mississippi 33 Nebraska 34 Michigan 35 South Dakota 36 Massachusetts 37 Colorado 38 Pennsylvania 39 North Dakota 40 Florida 41 Connecticut 42 Rhode Island 43 Maine 44 Missouri 45 New Hampshire 46 New York 47 Washington 48 Nevada 49 Vermont 50 Hawaii Dist. of Columbia United States

$/Employee $49,980 $44,141 $41,687 $25,575 $22,827 $22,341 $21,813 $21,016 $20,009 $19,909 $19,682 $18,514 $17,966 $16,255 $16,067 $15,863 $15,636 $15,397 $15,176 $15,171 $15,137 $15,104 $14,765 $14,682 $14,681 $14,667 $14,570 $14,232 $14,102 $14,027 $13,892 $13,833 $13,820 $12,739 $12,259 $12,211 $12,201 $12,199 $11,929 $11,908 $11,826 $11,493 $11,226 $11,199 $11,090 $10,995 $10,918 $10,252 $8,046 $6,803 $3,020 $15,523

Employees 109,188 9,548 11,079 23,357 759,565 252,670 18,017 25,265 317,973 231,746 210,469 60,842 43,791 114,815 418,556 496,131 149,202 637,736 146,821 166,028 220,967 152,916 131,590 229,018 451,577 203,285 359,176 486,431 1,081,500 93,461 297,876 139,113 94,225 557,086 43,947 228,720 122,103 512,076 25,600 305,166 144,162 37,236 48,579 263,469 63,366 373,231 249,525 47,164 28,912 10,501 1,203 11,205,980

Machinery and Equipment Expenditures (thousands) $5,457,219 $421,462 $461,845 $597,364 $17,338,879 $5,644,930 $393,003 $530,964 $6,362,163 $4,613,792 $4,142,488 $1,126,399 $786,754 $1,866,369 $6,725,054 $7,870,243 $2,332,870 $9,818,916 $2,228,174 $2,518,837 $3,344,682 $2,309,672 $1,942,888 $3,362,490 $6,629,670 $2,981,681 $5,233,277 $6,922,929 $15,251,576 $1,310,977 $4,137,948 $1,924,334 $1,302,179 $7,096,899 $538,742 $2,792,833 $1,489,811 $6,246,716 $305,374 $3,633,848 $1,704,887 $427,964 $545,371 $2,950,524 $702,754 $4,103,688 $2,724,191 $483,516 $232,626 $71,434 $3,633 $173,946,839

Maryland manufacturers invested $14,027 per employee in 2021, down from a rank of 17th in 2020.

Union Members as a Share of Employment (2022) 2021 Percent 22.4% 22.2% 19.0% 15.9% 15.7% 15.8% 17.8% 16.2% 16.0% 14.6% 13.3% 13.9% 12.0% 12.9% 12.6% 12.3% 11.0% 12.2% 11.2% 10.1% 9.2% 9.0% 12.4% 9.6% 7.5% 9.7% 7.2% 9.0% 5.9% 7.9% 6.5% 6.5% 6.8% 5.4% 5.7% 5.5% 5.6% 5.4% 5.2% 3.9% 4.7% 5.2% 4.8% 4.7% 3.8% 3.5% 4.8% 4.0% 2.6% 1.7% 8.9% 10.1%

2021 Rank 1 2 3 7 9 8 4 5 6 10 12 11 18 13 14 16 20 17 19 21 24 25 15 23 28 22 29 25 33 27 31 31 30 37 34 36 35 37 39 46 43 39 41 43 47 48 41 45 49 50

Union membership rose to 11.6% of employment in 2022 from 11% in 2021.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

2022 Percent 21.9% 20.7% 18.0% 16.1% 16.1% 16.0% 15.5% 14.9% 14.2% 14.2% 14.0% 13.1% 12.8% 12.7% 12.7% 12.1% 11.6% 11.3% 11.2% 10.1% 9.8% 9.6% 9.2% 9.2% 8.8% 8.5% 7.9% 7.4% 7.2% 7.1% 7.0% 6.7% 6.5% 6.4% 5.6% 5.6% 5.5% 5.5% 5.5% 4.9% 4.7% 4.5% 4.4% 4.2% 4.1% 3.9% 3.7% 3.1% 2.8% 1.7% 9.1% 10.3%

TABLE 22

Rank 1 Hawaii 2 New York 3 Washington 4 California 4 Rhode Island 6 Alaska 7 Oregon 8 New Jersey 9 Minnesota 9 Connecticut 11 Michigan 12 Illinois 13 Ohio 14 Pennsylvania 14 Massachusetts 16 Vermont 17 Maryland 18 Nevada 19 Montana 20 New Hampshire 21 Kansas 22 Missouri 23 Maine 23 West Virginia 25 New Mexico 26 Delaware 27 Kentucky 28 Indiana 29 Alabama 30 Wisconsin 31 Iowa 32 Colorado 33 Nebraska 34 North Dakota 35 Wyoming 35 Mississippi 37 Oklahoma 37 Arizona 37 Tennessee 40 Arkansas 41 Idaho 42 Florida 43 Georgia 44 Louisiana 45 Texas 46 Utah 47 Virginia 48 South Dakota 49 North Carolina 50 South Carolina Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: Barry T. Hirsch and David A. Macpherson

TABLE 23

Union Membership – Public vs. Private (2022) Rank 1 North Carolina 2 South Carolina 3 Connecticut 4 New Mexico 5 Michigan 6 Pennsylvania 7 California 8 Idaho 9 Rhode Island 10 Indiana 11 West Virginia 12 Mississippi 13 New Jersey 14 Minnesota 15 Oklahoma 16 Virginia 17 Maryland 18 New Hampshire 19 Nebraska 20 Delaware 21 Alaska 22 Massachusetts 23 New York 24 Montana 25 Texas 26 Alabama 27 Georgia 28 Iowa 29 Kansas 30 Kentucky 31 Ohio 32 Wisconsin 33 Florida 34 Nevada 35 Wyoming 36 Colorado 37 Vermont 38 Arizona 39 Louisiana 40 Oregon 41 Utah 42 Tennessee 43 Illinois 44 Hawaii 45 Maine 46 Missouri 47 Washington 48 North Dakota 49 Arkansas 50 South Dakota Dist. of Columbia United States

Public Percent 65.9% 61.0% 58.2% 57.4% 56.4% 56.4% 53.5% 52.3% 50.5% 49.2% 49.1% 47.5% 46.5% 45.0% 44.6% 42.4% 42.2% 36.2% 35.1% 34.4% 33.9% 28.8% 22.6% 22.0% 21.9% 21.8% 21.7% 21.0% 20.9% 20.5% 20.1% 19.8% 19.3% 19.1% 18.8% 18.1% 17.8% 17.4% 16.6% 16.4% 16.3% 16.2% 13.9% 13.4% 12.9% 12.6% 9.0% 8.2% 8.1% 3.8% 12.7% 33.2%

Private Percent 1.8% 1.3% 6.9% 4.6% 10.6% 7.4% 9.3% 3.0% 9.5% 5.6% 6.7% 4.0% 8.4% 8.9% 2.6% 2.2% 5.8% 3.7% 4.5% 3.9% 9.0% 6.6% 12.2% 5.4% 2.2% 4.5% 2.9% 4.8% 7.2% 6.3% 7.5% 5.2% 2.2% 8.0% 3.1% 4.3% 5.9% 3.7% 2.4% 8.1% 1.5% 2.8% 7.6% 13.3% 3.2% 7.5% 10.7% 3.6% 4.2% 1.4% 5.3% 6.0%

Rank 47 50 17 27 4 15 6 39 5 23 18 32 9 8 42 44 22 34 29 33 7 19 2 24 45 28 40 26 16 20 13 25 46 11 38 30 21 35 43 10 48 41 12 1 37 14 3 36 31 49

The percentage of public sector union membership rose from 28.4% in 2021 to 42.2% in 2022.

Maryland ranks 17th in the percent of public sector union membership and 22nd in the percent of private sector union membership.

Unemployment Insurance Taxes (2021) Rank 7 9 8 12 13 6 22 10 18 11 16 23 4 21 20 3 15 24 25 19 14 30 28 27 37 1 5 38 35 42 17 2 29 31 39 44 40 41 26 34 45 32 43 47 33 50 46 48 49 36

In 2021, Maryland ranked as having the second highest average unemployment insurance tax per employee at $864. Our state ranks 31st in tax paid as a percentage of total wages at 0.37%.

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration

Tax Paid as % of Avg. Amount Total Wages Per Employee 1.37% $694 1.19% $632 0.99% $668 0.97% $525 0.90% $522 0.84% $701 0.76% $326 0.70% $568 0.67% $353 0.64% $526 0.62% $466 0.58% $296 0.58% $752 0.54% $333 0.52% $343 0.52% $781 0.50% $467 0.49% $294 0.47% $292 0.47% $343 0.47% $500 0.44% $262 0.44% $266 0.41% $279 0.40% $200 0.40% $968 0.39% $751 0.38% $192 0.38% $206 0.38% $154 0.37% $364 0.37% $864 0.36% $265 0.34% $243 0.33% $190 0.30% $139 0.29% $178 0.27% $164 0.26% $288 0.24% $207 0.24% $136 0.24% $231 0.23% $141 0.22% $121 0.21% $218 0.19% $92 0.17% $131 0.15% $108 0.15% $98 0.12% $200 0.25% $323 0.41% $361

TABLE 24

Rank 1 Alaska 2 Oregon 3 Rhode Island 4 Nevada 5 Hawaii 6 New Jersey 7 Montana 8 Washington 9 Iowa 10 Connecticut 11 Pennsylvania 12 Maine 12 West Virginia 14 Michigan 15 Illinois 15 Massachusetts 17 Delaware 18 Vermont 19 Colorado 19 Minnesota 19 New York 22 Kansas 22 Ohio 24 Oklahoma 25 Idaho 25 Wyoming 27 Kentucky 28 New Mexico 28 North Dakota 28 Utah 31 California 31 Maryland 33 New Hampshire 34 Texas 35 Wisconsin 36 South Carolina 37 Indiana 38 North Carolina 39 Missouri 40 Alabama 40 Louisiana 40 South Dakota 43 Georgia 44 Arkansas 45 Arizona 46 Nebraska 47 Virginia 48 Mississippi 48 Tennessee 50 Florida Dist. of Columbia United States

Regular Unemployment Insurance Payments

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration

TABLE 25

(2nd Quarter 2023) Rank 1 Washington 2 Massachusetts 3 Hawaii 4 Colorado 5 New Jersey 6 Minnesota 7 Utah 8 Oregon 9 North Dakota 10 Montana 11 Illinois 12 Vermont 13 Iowa 14 Texas 15 Connecticut 16 Ohio 17 Wyoming 18 Pennsylvania 19 Maine 20 Rhode Island 21 Kentucky 22 Nevada 23 Idaho 24 South Dakota 25 New York 26 Kansas 27 New Mexico 28 Nebraska 29 West Virginia 30 Oklahoma 31 Maryland 32 California 33 New Hampshire 34 Michigan 35 Wisconsin 36 Virginia 37 Georgia 38 Delaware 39 Indiana 40 Arizona 41 Arkansas 42 North Carolina 43 South Carolina 44 Alaska 45 Missouri 46 Florida 47 Tennessee 48 Alabama 49 Louisiana 50 Mississippi Dist. of Columbia United States

Avg. Weekly Benefit Amount $709.18 $692.47 $613.30 $578.98 $577.19 $555.68 $541.84 $539.47 $515.38 $497.06 $493.16 $487.89 $482.99 $475.98 $474.27 $453.97 $453.16 $450.69 $450.63 $446.93 $445.16 $440.79 $440.02 $428.45 $418.62 $417.44 $416.09 $410.86 $389.55 $388.97 $385.60 $366.97 $364.12 $344.80 $340.73 $338.59 $337.61 $329.12 $313.44 $306.91 $304.41 $297.33 $296.45 $288.08 $284.60 $260.80 $253.68 $251.63 $243.55 $220.83 $406.76 $436.00

Avg. Duration (weeks) 13.2 15.5 14.3 11.5 17.2 14.5 11.4 14.4 12.0 11.8 14.4 11.2 10.0 13.7 13.4 12.5 12.7 13.4 13.5 14.0 15.1 12.9 9.3 13.4 16.9 8.4 15.9 11.0 12.9 12.8 16.1 16.2 9.6 11.0 11.3 NA 8.6 15.7 10.3 13.2 9.6 8.9 10.2 16.3 11.8 8.9 11.5 7.2 14.1 10.7 15.1 14.0

Rank 21 8 13 32 1 10 33 12 28 30 11 35 41 16 19 27 26 19 17 15 9 23 44 18 2 48 6 36 24 25 5 4 43 37 34 NA 47 7 39 22 42 46 40 3 29 45 31 49 14 38

For the second quarter of 2023, Maryland ranked 31st in average weekly regular unemployment benefits paid, and ranked as having the 5th highest average duration of benefit weeks.

Workers’ Compensation – Benefits Paid (2020) % of Covered Wages 1.08% 1.60% 0.93% 0.84% 1.23% 1.11% 0.82% 1.24% 1.10% 0.72% 1.12% 0.82% 0.94% 0.73% 0.86% 0.78% 0.82% 0.84% 0.76% 0.73% 0.73% 0.80% 0.61% 0.64% 0.43% 0.54% 0.52% 0.70% 0.66% 0.56% 0.51% 0.55% 0.58% 0.63% 0.57% 0.47% 0.59% 0.69% 0.53% 0.53% 0.54% 0.43% 0.42% 0.35% 0.38% 0.34% 0.39% 0.34% 0.33% 0.22% 0.20% 0.66%

Data not updated by source. Most recent data available is from 2020.

Rank 7 1 9 12 3 5 15 2 6 22 4 13 8 21 10 17 14 11 18 19 20 16 28 26 41 35 38 23 25 32 39 33 30 27 31 40 29 24 36 37 34 42 43 46 45 47 44 48 49 50

Source: National Academy of Social Insurance

Dollars Per Covered Worker $824.53 $804.30 $736.08 $696.46 $690.92 $674.04 $605.13 $590.43 $539.55 $539.05 $533.36 $506.79 $501.06 $456.41 $443.31 $430.17 $419.61 $396.62 $395.18 $394.05 $393.98 $391.80 $391.22 $382.10 $362.97 $354.34 $343.90 $342.55 $335.52 $334.33 $327.27 $322.46 $320.58 $317.64 $316.50 $310.95 $302.68 $292.81 $290.96 $269.44 $264.17 $246.55 $237.42 $219.23 $205.56 $204.07 $202.46 $187.37 $158.81 $140.32 $197.81 $419.62

TABLE 26

Rank 1 Washington 2 Wyoming 3 California 4 New York 5 Hawaii 6 Alaska 7 New Jersey 8 West Virginia 9 South Carolina 10 Connecticut 11 Montana 12 Pennsylvania 13 Vermont 14 Delaware 15 Louisiana 16 Florida 17 Maine 18 Idaho 19 Iowa 20 Wisconsin 21 Missouri 22 New Mexico 23 Minnesota 24 Oregon 25 Massachusetts 26 Illinois 27 Maryland 28 Oklahoma 29 Nebraska 30 Rhode Island 31 New Hampshire 32 Georgia 33 Ohio 34 Kentucky 35 Nevada 36 Colorado 37 Kansas 38 Mississippi 39 North Dakota 40 Alabama 41 South Dakota 42 Arizona 43 North Carolina 44 Virginia 45 Tennessee 46 Michigan 47 Indiana 48 Utah 49 Arkansas 50 Texas Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: U.S. Department of Labor

TABLE 27

State Minimum Wage (July 1, 2023) 1 2 3 3 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 12 15 15 15 18 19 20 20 22 23 24 24 26 26 28 29 30 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31

Rank Washington California Connecticut Massachusetts New York Oregon Arizona Maine Colorado Maryland Vermont Illinois New Jersey Rhode Island Hawaii New Mexico Virginia Delaware Missouri Arkansas Florida Alaska South Dakota Nebraska Nevada Michigan Ohio Minnesota Montana West Virginia Alabama Georgia Idaho Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi New Hampshire North Carolina North Dakota Oklahoma Pennsylvania South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Federal Minimum Wage

Minimum Wage $15.74 $15.50 $15.00 $15.00 $15.00/$14.20 $15.45/$14.20/$13.20 $13.85 $13.80 $13.65 $13.25/$12.80 $13.18 $13.00 $14.13/$11.90/$10.90 $13.00 $12.00 $12.00 $12.00 $11.75 $12.00/$7.25 $11.00 $11.00 $10.85 $10.80 $10.50 $11.25/$10.25 $10.10 $10.10/$7.25 $10.59/$8.63 $9.95/$7.25 $8.75 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $17.00 $7.25

*** ***

*** ***

***

** *** *** * **

* * *

* *

**

*No state minimum wage **State minimum less than federal minimum ***State minimum varies based on location, size of employer or industry Effective Jan. 1, 2024, Maryland’s minimum wage is $15.00 for all businesses, regardless of number of employees, ranking Maryland as having the 5th highest minimum wage in the nation.

Economic, Fiscal, and Regulatory Freedom (2021) Regulatory Rank Policy Score 1 0.02 2 0.05 3 0.01 4 0.07 11 0.10 6 0.07 9 0.06 13 0.04 10 0.01 12 0.01 15 0.04 7 -0.03 18 0.04 16 -0.02 22 0.05 23 0.06 5 -0.12 19 0.01 30 0.06 36 0.08 35 0.07 21 0.01 31 0.05 33 0.05 29 0.03 14 -0.09 38 0.13 20 -0.06 34 0.00 8 -0.18 26 -0.05 17 -0.15 43 0.11 47 0.12 25 -0.13 40 -0.02 45 0.05 32 -0.16 39 -0.07 27 -0.20 37 -0.14 44 -0.06 48 -0.07 24 -0.40 46 -0.21 28 -0.48 42 -0.37 40 -0.49 50 -0.23 49 -0.45

Data not updated by source. Most recent data available is from 2021.

Rank 21 16 24 6 4 7 9 17 23 22 18 30 19 28 14 11 37 25 9 5 7 26 12 13 20 36 1 32 27 42 31 40 3 2 38 29 15 41 34 43 39 33 34 47 44 49 46 50 45 48

Source: Cato Institute

Fiscal Policy Score 0.43 0.37 0.36 0.26 0.20 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.20 0.19 0.16 0.21 0.13 0.16 0.09 0.08 0.25 0.12 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.09 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.17 -0.05 0.11 0.04 0.21 0.06 0.16 -0.11 -0.14 0.06 -0.06 -0.13 0.04 -0.05 0.06 -0.02 -0.13 -0.21 0.07 -0.14 0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.37 -0.31

TABLE 28

Economic Freedom Rank Score 1 Florida 0.45 2 Tennessee 0.42 3 New Hampshire 0.37 4 South Dakota 0.33 5 Idaho 0.30 6 Georgia 0.29 7 Indiana 0.26 8 Michigan 0.23 9 Nevada 0.21 10 Texas 0.20 10 Virginia 0.20 12 Missouri 0.17 13 Arizona 0.17 14 Colorado 0.14 15 Arkansas 0.14 15 Kentucky 0.14 17 Pennsylvania 0.13 18 Alabama 0.13 19 Wisconsin 0.11 20 Wyoming 0.11 21 Utah 0.10 22 North Carolina 0.10 23 North Dakota 0.09 24 South Carolina 0.09 25 Oklahoma 0.09 26 Montana 0.08 27 Kansas 0.08 28 Ohio 0.06 29 Alaska 0.03 30 Massachusetts 0.03 31 Louisiana 0.01 32 Connecticut 0.01 33 Iowa 0.00 34 Nebraska -0.02 35 Illinois -0.06 36 West Virginia -0.08 37 Mississippi -0.09 38 Washington -0.12 39 Minnesota -0.12 40 Rhode Island -0.14 41 Maine -0.16 42 Delaware -0.20 43 New Mexico -0.28 44 Maryland -0.33 45 Vermont -0.34 46 New Jersey -0.42 47 Oregon -0.43 48 California -0.54 49 Hawaii -0.60 50 New York -0.76

Source: U.S. Chamber Institute for Legal Reform

TABLE 29

Ranking State Liability Systems (2019) Rank 1 Delaware 2 Maine 2 Connecticut 4 Alaska 4 Wyoming 6 North Dakota 7 Montana 8 Nebraska 9 Idaho 10 South Dakota 11 Virginia 12 Wisconsin 12 Oklahoma 14 Vermont 14 Hawaii 16 North Carolina 17 Arizona 18 Minnesota 18 New Hampshire 18 Utah 18 Colorado 22 Iowa 22 New Mexico 24 Rhode Island 25 Oregon 26 Washington 27 Maryland 28 Massachusetts 29 Arkansas 29 Nevada 31 Indiana 32 Kansas 32 Michigan 34 Tennessee 35 Ohio 35 New York 37 South Carolina 38 Texas 39 Pennsylvania 40 Kentucky 41 Georgia 42 Alabama 43 New Jersey 44 Missouri 45 West Virginia 46 Florida 47 Mississippi 48 California 49 Louisiana 50 Illinois

Overall Score 76.3 73.8 73.8 73.1 73.1 72.6 72.5 72.3 72.2 72 71.3 71.2 71.2 71.1 71.1 70.9 70.8 70.7 70.7 70.7 70.7 70.6 70.6 70.5 69.9 69.8 69.7 69.6 69.5 69.5 68.9 68.8 68.8 68.3 67.7 67.7 67.6 67.1 66.6 66.5 66.1 65.6 65.4 64.4 63.3 62.3 61.9 60.2 60 59.6

Judge’s Competence 1 3 2 8 4 16 10 13 20 18 22 15 26 11 9 14 12 6 7 31 17 22 32 28 5 21 38 34 29 35 25 24 19 30 36 33 39 41 27 40 42 45 37 43 44 47 46 48 49 50

Data not updated by source. Most recent data available is from 2019.

Jury Fairness 12 9 2 11 19 3 6 8 4 10 28 16 1 14 25 17 20 15 30 7 24 26 23 21 13 5 31 29 18 34 27 22 32 36 33 41 35 38 40 37 43 39 42 44 45 47 49 50 46 48

Venture Capital Investment (2022) Per Capita $2,629 $1,515 $3,180 $355 $825 $420 $1,076 $958 $448 $365 $872 $349 $772 $2,505 $226 $197 $372 $209 $292 $191 $430 $117 $163 $255 $156 $1,306 $101 $125 $213 $100 $860 $251 $199 $91 $245 $79 $58 $111 $98 $170 $38 $33 $64 $17 $97 $93 $23 $42 $6 $5 $2,216 $739

Rank 2 4 1 17 10 14 6 7 12 16 8 18 11 3 23 27 15 25 19 28 13 33 30 20 31 5 35 32 24 36 9 21 26 40 22 41 43 34 37 29 45 46 42 48 38 39 47 44 49 50

Maryland ranked 19th in both total venture capital investment and per capita investment.

Source: PitchBook-NVCA Venture Monitor

Total Millions $102,602 $29,818 $22,203 $10,660 $10,383 $9,346 $8,375 $5,596 $4,795 $4,739 $3,163 $3,029 $2,609 $2,551 $2,465 $2,317 $2,128 $1,933 $1,799 $1,405 $1,367 $1,177 $1,149 $1,081 $963 $759 $690 $663 $626 $587 $556 $495 $277 $277 $275 $251 $232 $216 $207 $186 $177 $166 $89 $76 $76 $68 $68 $60 $10 $5 $1,489 $246,234

TABLE 30

Rank 1 California 2 New York 3 Massachusetts 4 Texas 5 Illinois 6 Florida 7 Washington 8 Colorado 9 North Carolina 10 Pennsylvania 11 Connecticut 12 Virginia 13 Utah 14 Delaware 15 Georgia 16 Ohio 17 Minnesota 18 New Jersey 19 Maryland 20 Arizona 21 Nevada 22 Michigan 23 Tennessee 24 Oregon 25 Missouri 26 Wyoming 27 Indiana 28 South Carolina 29 Kansas 30 Wisconsin 31 Vermont 32 Nebraska 33 New Hampshire 34 Arkansas 35 Montana 36 Iowa 37 Oklahoma 38 Idaho 39 New Mexico 40 Rhode Island 41 Louisiana 42 Alabama 43 Maine 44 Kentucky 45 North Dakota 46 Alaska 47 Mississippi 48 Hawaii 49 West Virginia 50 South Dakota Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: National Science Foundation

TABLE 31

Overall R&D Spending (2020) Rank 1 California 2 Washington 3 Massachusetts 4 New York 5 Texas 6 Maryland 7 Michigan 8 New Jersey 9 Pennsylvania 10 Illinois 11 North Carolina 12 Ohio 13 Virginia 14 Florida 15 Oregon 16 Indiana 17 Minnesota 18 Colorado 19 Connecticut 20 Arizona 21 Georgia 22 New Mexico 23 Wisconsin 24 Missouri 25 Tennessee 26 Alabama 27 Iowa 28 Utah 29 Kansas 30 New Hampshire 31 Idaho 32 Delaware 33 South Carolina 34 Kentucky 35 Oklahoma 36 Rhode Island 37 Nebraska 38 Louisiana 39 Nevada 40 Wyoming 41 Mississippi 42 Arkansas 43 Hawaii 44 Maine 45 North Dakota 46 Montana 47 Vermont 48 West Virginia 49 South Dakota 50 Alaska Dist. of Columbia United States

Millions of Dollars $217,976 $46,392 $44,907 $36,559 $34,589 $27,853 $24,898 $24,121 $21,687 $19,203 $18,064 $16,647 $13,317 $11,888 $11,537 $10,303 $10,301 $10,297 $9,486 $9,056 $8,455 $8,438 $8,346 $8,229 $6,187 $5,701 $4,480 $4,452 $3,616 $3,332 $2,929 $2,749 $2,628 $1,911 $1,892 $1,638 $1,492 $1,453 $1,252 $1,169 $1,098 $892 $794 $769 $679 $608 $574 $556 $344 $339 $7,440 $716,955

Dollars Per Capita $5,518 $6,006 $6,419 $1,818 $1,183 $4,512 $2,473 $2,602 $1,669 $1,502 $1,729 $1,411 $1,542 $551 $2,718 $1,518 $1,804 $1,780 $2,637 $1,261 $788 $3,983 $1,415 $1,337 $893 $1,133 $1,404 $1,356 $1,231 $2,417 $1,584 $2,771 $512 $424 $477 $1,494 $760 $312 $402 $2,024 $371 $296 $547 $564 $871 $559 $893 $310 $387 $463 $11,090 $2,163

Rank 3 2 1 13 30 4 10 9 17 21 16 24 19 39 7 20 14 15 8 28 35 5 23 27 32 31 25 26 29 11 18 6 41 44 42 22 36 48 45 12 47 50 40 37 34 38 33 49 46 43

Maryland ranked 6th in total R&D spending in 2020, up two positions from 2019. Our state continued to rank 4th in R&D spending per capita.

R&D Per Capita by Performing Sector (2021) Rank 26 2 17 23 41 33 3 8 18 9 36 25 12 7 6 30 34 14 50 11 22 1 27 29 16 31 21 32 5 10 19 24 15 46 4 28 47 43 42 49 44 35 20 40 48 13 45 39 38 37

Maryland continued to rank first in Academic R&D spending and 22nd in Industrial R&D spending.

Source: National Science Foundation

Academic R&D Dollars Per Capita FY 2021 $243 $654 $287 $254 $146 $218 $412 $359 $283 $332 $195 $249 $301 $379 $382 $230 $209 $298 $87 $301 $257 $796 $237 $232 $291 $224 $267 $223 $388 $306 $273 $252 $293 $127 $395 $234 $120 $145 $145 $98 $130 $204 $268 $156 $112 $298 $128 $161 $167 $180 $1,073 $270

TABLE 32

Rank 1 Washington 2 Massachusetts 3 California 4 Delaware 5 New Jersey 6 Oregon 7 Connecticut 8 New Hampshire 9 Michigan 10 North Carolina 11 Minnesota 12 Indiana 13 Colorado 14 Pennsylvania 15 New York 16 Illinois 17 Arizona 18 Utah 19 Idaho 20 Wisconsin 21 Missouri 22 Maryland 23 Ohio 24 Texas 25 Iowa 26 Virginia 27 Kansas 28 New Mexico 29 Rhode Island 30 Vermont 31 Georgia 32 Alabama 33 Nebraska 34 Florida 35 North Dakota 36 Tennessee 37 Maine 38 South Carolina 39 Kentucky 40 Nevada 41 West Virginia 42 Hawaii 43 Alaska 44 Oklahoma 45 South Dakota 46 Montana 47 Arkansas 48 Wyoming 49 Mississippi 50 Louisiana Dist. of Columbia United States

Industrial R&D Dollars Per Capita 2020 $6,341 $5,687 $5,406 $3,575 $2,703 $2,653 $2,326 $2,294 $2,230 $1,466 $1,444 $1,396 $1,393 $1,349 $1,325 $1,299 $1,292 $1,187 $1,186 $1,153 $1,144 $1,042 $981 $956 $952 $945 $935 $800 $763 $705 $598 $576 $543 $444 $441 $398 $362 $358 $330 $328 $292 $283 $282 $265 $247 $236 $164 $160 $116 $115 $1,112 $1,815

Source: National Science Foundation

TABLE 33

Science, Engineering and Health Doctorates (2021) Rank 1 California 2 Texas 3 New York 4 Massachusetts 5 Illinois 6 Pennsylvania 7 Florida 8 Minnesota 9 Michigan 10 North Carolina 11 Ohio 12 Indiana 13 Georgia 14 Virginia 15 Arizona 16 Maryland 17 Colorado 18 New Jersey 19 Washington 20 Wisconsin 21 Missouri 22 Tennessee 23 Connecticut 24 Iowa 25 Alabama 26 Oregon 27 Louisiana 28 Kansas 29 Utah 30 South Carolina 31 Oklahoma 32 Kentucky 33 Mississippi 34 Nebraska 35 New Mexico 36 Delaware 37 Rhode Island 38 Arkansas 39 Nevada 40 West Virginia 41 New Hampshire 42 Idaho 43 North Dakota 44 South Dakota 45 Hawaii 46 Montana 47 Wyoming 48 Maine 48 Vermont 50 Alaska Dist. of Columbia United States

Doctorates Awarded 5,030 2,888 2,876 2,031 1,775 1,766 1,645 1,306 1,289 1,251 1,225 1,173 1,131 1,114 950 906 779 755 688 661 593 584 551 453 448 426 417 359 357 328 307 298 265 239 194 193 188 186 165 141 136 113 112 106 91 87 76 60 60 39 354 39,373

Doctorates % of Workforce Employed with Doctorates 145,600 0.87% 51,350 0.40% 59,150 0.65% 55,450 1.57% 29,200 0.50% 35,750 0.62% 24,950 0.28% 16,950 0.59% 22,450 0.53% 27,800 0.60% 24,800 0.46% 13,100 0.42% 19,200 0.42% 26,200 0.66% 12,650 0.43% 38,000 1.43% 18,550 0.67% 22,250 0.55% 27,550 0.82% 12,100 0.42% 12,600 0.44% 11,700 0.38% 12,650 0.78% 6,900 0.45% 8,750 0.43% 15,300 0.82% 6,050 0.32% 5,350 0.39% 9,000 0.56% 6,600 0.31% 5,150 0.31% 6,000 0.32% 3,550 0.31% 4,100 0.41% 8,800 1.08% 3,800 0.84% 3,650 0.76% 4,300 0.33% 3,150 0.23% 2,200 0.32% 3,800 0.57% 3,250 0.41% 1,200 0.29% 1,750 0.40% 3,050 0.52% 2,900 0.59% 1,000 0.36% 3,350 0.54% 2,450 0.83% 1,500 0.48% 18,500 2.51% 865,400 0.59%

Rank 4 36 13 1 24 14 49 16 22 15 26 31 33 12 30 2 11 20 7 32 28 39 9 27 12 8 43 38 19 47 45 44 46 35 3 5 10 41 50 42 18 34 48 37 23 17 40 21 6 25

Maryland ranked 16th in science, engineering and health doctorates awarded in 2021 and 2nd in the percentage of workforce with such doctorates.

Educational Attainment of Population 25 and Older (2022)

Maryland ranks 27th for high school diplomas; 4th for bachelor’s degrees/higher; 2nd for advanced degrees.

Source: American Community Survey

Rank 3 18 9 33 19 49 34 35 41 38 45 8 23 22 32 15 11 20 40 12 27 28 16 30 5 4 2 1 7 10 26 13 36 42 24 25 44 17 29 47 46 37 39 21 6 48 50 43 31 14

TABLE 34

Completed Bachelor’s H.S. (or EQ.) Degree Advanced Rank or Higher or Higher Rank Degree 1 Vermont 95.0% 44.2% 3 19.7% 2 Maine 94.6% 36.1% 18 13.8% 3 New Hampshire 94.5% 41.3% 8 16.7% 4 Montana 94.0% 34.6% 25 11.7% 5 Minnesota 94.0% 39.1% 12 13.7% 6 North Dakota 93.9% 31.8% 36 9.5% 7 Wyoming 93.7% 29.6% 42 11.6% 8 Wisconsin 93.5% 33.2% 28 11.6% 9 Iowa 93.5% 32.3% 31 10.8% 10 Alaska 93.3% 30.6% 39 11.3% 11 South Dakota 93.2% 31.6% 37 9.9% 12 Colorado 93.0% 45.9% 2 17.1% 13 Utah 93.0% 37.9% 13 13.2% 14 Hawaii 92.9% 35.4% 21 13.3% 15 Nebraska 92.8% 34.7% 24 12.1% 16 Pennsylvania 92.2% 35.1% 22 14.3% 17 Washington 92.2% 39.5% 11 15.7% 18 Kansas 92.1% 35.6% 20 13.7% 19 Idaho 92.0% 32.3% 32 10.8% 20 Delaware 92.0% 36.5% 16 15.5% 21 Michigan 91.8% 32.1% 34 12.6% 22 Ohio 91.8% 32.0% 35 12.6% 23 Oregon 91.6% 36.3% 17 14.1% 24 Missouri 91.6% 32.2% 33 12.5% 25 Virginia 91.5% 42.2% 6 18.6% 26 Connecticut 91.5% 41.9% 7 18.9% 27 Maryland 91.4% 43.8% 4 20.6% 28 Massachusetts 91.3% 46.6% 1 21.3% 29 New Jersey 90.7% 43.5% 5 17.6% 30 Rhode Island 90.5% 39.6% 10 15.7% 31 South Carolina 90.5% 32.6% 30 12.8% 32 Illinois 90.4% 37.7% 14 15.2% 33 Tennessee 90.4% 31.1% 38 11.4% 34 Indiana 90.2% 29.6% 41 10.6% 35 North Carolina 90.2% 35.9% 19 13.2% 36 Florida 89.9% 34.3% 26 12.9% 37 Oklahoma 89.6% 28.5% 44 9.9% 38 Georgia 89.5% 34.7% 23 14.0% 39 Arizona 89.2% 33.0% 29 12.5% 40 Arkansas 89.1% 25.4% 48 9.7% 41 West Virginia 89.1% 24.8% 49 9.8% 42 Kentucky 89.0% 27.9% 45 11.4% 43 Alabama 88.8% 28.8% 43 11.3% 44 New Mexico 88.0% 30.5% 40 13.5% 45 New York 87.9% 40.0% 9 17.7% 46 Mississippi 87.6% 24.8% 50 9.6% 47 Nevada 87.4% 27.0% 47 9.5% 48 Louisiana 87.3% 27.1% 46 10.2% 49 Texas 86.1% 33.9% 27 12.3% 50 California 84.7% 37.0% 15 14.4% Dist. of Columbia 93.7% 65.4% 38.9% United States 89.6% 35.7% 14.0%

Source: U.S. Department of Education

TABLE 35

Higher Education Total Fall Enrollment as Percentage of Population: Public vs. Private (Fall 2020) Rank 1 New Hampshire 2 Utah 3 Arizona 4 West Virginia 5 Rhode Island 6 Minnesota 7 Nebraska 8 Massachusetts 9 Idaho 10 North Dakota 11 Kansas 12 California 13 Iowa 14 Virginia 15 Colorado 16 Vermont 17 Indiana 18 Delaware 19 New York 20 Alabama 21 Kentucky 22 South Dakota 23 Maryland 24 Missouri 25 Ohio 26 Mississippi 27 Texas 28 Wisconsin 29 Wyoming 30 Illinois 31 North Carolina 32 Louisiana 33 New Mexico 34 Connecticut 35 Pennsylvania 36 Maine 37 Georgia 38 Arkansas 39 Michigan 40 Oregon 41 Oklahoma 42 Florida 43 South Carolina 44 Tennessee 45 Washington 46 New Jersey 47 Montana 48 Hawaii 49 Nevada 50 Alaska Dist. of Columbia United States

Total % 13.68% 12.05% 8.36% 7.70% 7.03% 6.93% 6.88% 6.75% 6.66% 6.59% 6.58% 6.53% 6.53% 6.44% 6.26% 6.17% 6.06% 5.92% 5.87% 5.81% 5.80% 5.73% 5.64% 5.57% 5.55% 5.51% 5.48% 5.41% 5.36% 5.33% 5.33% 5.24% 5.20% 5.19% 5.14% 5.13% 5.10% 4.96% 4.87% 4.80% 4.78% 4.76% 4.58% 4.57% 4.33% 4.23% 4.19% 4.11% 3.75% 3.02% 14.13% 5.73%

% 2.56% 5.76% 5.00% 4.19% 3.50% 4.10% 4.96% 2.73% 4.03% 5.72% 5.58% 5.38% 4.87% 4.37% 4.67% 3.75% 4.76% 4.16% 3.21% 4.91% 4.26% 4.78% 4.66% 3.46% 4.35% 4.86% 4.86% 4.44% 5.26% 3.26% 4.35% 4.54% 5.02% 2.86% 2.85% 3.42% 4.13% 4.41% 4.21% 4.12% 4.16% 3.54% 3.76% 3.14% 3.74% 3.32% 3.85% 3.42% 3.42% 2.88% 0.57% 4.18%

Public Rank 50 1 7 25 37 30 8 49 31 2 3 4 10 20 15 34 14 26 44 9 23 13 16 38 21 11 12 18 5 43 22 17 6 47 48 40 28 19 24 29 27 36 33 45 35 42 32 41 39 46

Private % Rank 11.13% 1 6.29% 2 3.36% 6 3.50% 5 3.53% 4 2.84% 7 1.92% 16 4.02% 3 2.62% 9 0.86% 35 1.00% 27 1.16% 26 1.66% 19 2.07% 15 1.60% 20 2.42% 10 1.30% 23 1.75% 17 2.66% 8 0.91% 34 1.55% 21 0.95% 32 0.98% 29 2.11% 13 1.20% 25 0.66% 41 0.63% 42 0.97% 31 0.10% 50 2.08% 14 0.99% 28 0.69% 38 0.18% 48 2.33% 11 2.29% 12 1.71% 18 0.97% 30 0.54% 45 0.66% 40 0.68% 39 0.62% 43 1.22% 24 0.82% 36 1.43% 22 0.59% 44 0.91% 33 0.34% 46 0.70% 37 0.32% 47 0.14% 49 13.55% 1.55%

Data not updated by source. Most recent data available is from 2020.

Fall Enrollment as Percentage of Population: Public (Fall 2020) 4-yr Undergrad % Rank 2.21% 29 1.80% 39 1.88% 37 2.50% 22 2.04% 32 2.59% 19 2.31% 25 1.84% 38 2.31% 26 1.78% 41 1.01% 50 2.02% 33 1.92% 34 2.25% 28 2.12% 30 1.51% 47 2.59% 18 2.66% 15 3.00% 10 2.49% 23 2.29% 27 1.60% 45 2.04% 31 2.62% 16 1.91% 36 2.36% 24 1.62% 43 1.79% 40 1.91% 35 2.68% 14 1.62% 44 1.42% 48 2.50% 21 1.33% 49 3.04% 9 2.70% 13 4.00% 2 4.49% 1 1.65% 42 3.37% 5 2.50% 20 1.52% 46 2.84% 11 2.73% 12 3.63% 4 3.09% 8 3.09% 7 2.62% 17 3.67% 3 3.13% 6 0.50% 2.30%

Post-Baccalaureate % Rank 0.31% 47 0.45% 26 0.60% 12 0.79% 3 0.55% 18 0.43% 32 0.55% 17 0.48% 24 0.71% 5 0.42% 35 0.42% 36 0.58% 15 0.44% 30 0.65% 7 0.57% 16 0.37% 40 0.43% 33 0.83% 2 0.53% 20 0.60% 11 0.55% 19 0.43% 31 0.44% 29 0.64% 8 0.35% 45 0.61% 10 0.36% 42 0.44% 27 0.33% 46 0.49% 23 0.38% 39 0.36% 41 0.58% 14 0.39% 37 0.78% 4 0.43% 34 0.85% 1 0.44% 28 0.38% 38 0.60% 13 0.45% 25 0.30% 48 0.63% 9 0.50% 21 0.70% 6 0.35% 44 0.35% 43 0.25% 50 0.49% 22 0.30% 49 0.08% 0.47%

Data not updated by source. Most recent data available is from 2020.

Source: U.S. Department of Education

2-yr % 2.85% 2.62% 2.54% 2.29% 2.27% 2.24% 2.13% 2.02% 1.93% 1.90% 1.83% 1.77% 1.76% 1.75% 1.56% 1.54% 1.42% 1.41% 1.32% 1.32% 1.32% 1.29% 1.28% 1.27% 1.25% 1.24% 1.24% 1.22% 1.17% 1.17% 1.14% 1.08% 1.04% 1.01% 0.94% 0.91% 0.87% 0.83% 0.81% 0.81% 0.79% 0.74% 0.72% 0.61% 0.34% 0.30% 0.09% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 1.42%

TABLE 36

Total Public Rank 1 California 2 Iowa 3 New Mexico 4 Kansas 5 Mississippi 6 Wyoming 7 Arizona 8 North Carolina 9 Nebraska 10 Minnesota 11 Illinois 12 Virginia 13 Oregon 14 Maryland 15 Kentucky 16 Hawaii 17 Wisconsin 18 Alabama 19 Texas 20 Arkansas 21 Oklahoma 22 New Jersey 23 South Carolina 24 Louisiana 25 Rhode Island 26 Michigan 27 New York 28 Missouri 29 Maine 30 Ohio 31 Tennessee 32 Connecticut 33 Georgia 34 Massachusetts 35 Indiana 36 Idaho 37 North Dakota 38 Utah 39 Pennsylvania 40 South Dakota 41 Vermont 42 New Hampshire 43 West Virginia 44 Montana 45 Colorado 46 Washington 47 Florida 48 Alaska 48 Delaware 48 Nevada Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: U.S. Department of Education

TABLE 37

Fall Enrollment as Percentage of Population: Private (Fall 2020) Total Private Rank 1 Colorado 2 West Virginia 3 Arizona 4 Nevada 5 Florida 6 Ohio 7 Pennsylvania 8 Wyoming 9 Tennessee 10 Louisiana 11 California 12 Texas 13 Utah 14 Georgia 15 Alaska 16 Oklahoma 17 New Mexico 18 New Jersey 19 New York 20 Kansas 21 Montana 22 Virginia 23 Indiana 24 Washington 25 Arkansas 26 South Carolina 27 Illinois 28 Idaho 29 Kentucky 30 Maryland 31 Missouri 32 Michigan 33 Massachusetts 34 Mississippi 35 North Carolina 36 Oregon 37 Alabama 38 Delaware 39 Hawaii 40 New Hampshire 41 Wisconsin 42 Maine 43 Minnesota 44 Nebraska 45 Iowa 46 Connecticut 46 North Dakota 46 Rhode Island 46 South Dakota 46 Vermont Dist. of Columbia United States

2-yr

4-yr Undergrad

Post-Baccalaureate

%

%

Rank

%

Rank

0.24% 0.16% 0.16% 0.15% 0.14% 0.11% 0.10% 0.10% 0.09% 0.08% 0.08% 0.08% 0.07% 0.07% 0.07% 0.06% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.04% 0.04% 0.04% 0.04% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.09% 0.06%

0.94% 2.70% 2.24% 0.07% 0.83% 0.86% 1.45% 0.00% 0.97% 0.43% 0.60% 0.40% 4.76% 0.66% 0.05% 0.44% 0.06% 0.59% 1.75% 0.77% 0.26% 1.27% 0.98% 0.40% 0.43% 0.65% 1.24% 2.55% 0.82% 0.44% 1.32% 0.50% 2.36% 0.39% 0.71% 0.44% 0.68% 1.14% 0.61% 8.95% 0.72% 1.33% 1.27% 1.31% 1.22% 1.67% 0.66% 2.83% 0.75% 1.94% 6.99% 1.00%

22 4 7 47 24 23 11 50 21 42 35 44 2 31 49 40 48 36 9 26 46 15 20 43 41 33 17 5 25 38 13 37 6 45 29 39 30 19 34 1 28 12 16 14 18 10 32 3 27 8

0.42% 0.64% 0.96% 0.10% 0.26% 0.23% 0.73% 0.00% 0.37% 0.18% 0.47% 0.15% 1.46% 0.24% 0.02% 0.12% 0.07% 0.26% 0.86% 0.19% 0.04% 0.76% 0.27% 0.15% 0.08% 0.14% 0.81% 0.04% 0.70% 0.52% 0.76% 0.14% 1.65% 0.25% 0.26% 0.24% 0.22% 0.60% 0.08% 2.17% 0.24% 0.37% 1.57% 0.61% 0.43% 0.66% 0.20% 0.70% 0.20% 0.48% 6.47% 0.48%

21 14 5 43 27 32 10 50 23 37 19 39 4 30 49 42 46 25 6 36 48 9 24 38 44 41 7 47 11 17 8 40 2 28 26 31 33 16 45 1 29 22 3 15 20 13 34 12 35 18

Data not updated by source. Most recent data available is from 2020.

Fall Enrollment in Private For-Profit and Non-Profit Colleges (Fall 2020) Total Non-Profit 11,734 320,308 69,018 190,180 33,014 208,362 7,786 142,779 499,265 148,685 80,318 24,513 82,578 125,919 69,755 284,249 73,721 93,844 61,324 20,883 200,052 3,903 36,347 40,412 56,213 125,952 28,776 49,654 63,667 85,113 1,423 54,685 22,324 27,240 6,880 18,420 281,575 6,089 0 47,882 15,813 22,777 626 16,977 9,778 37,646 3,601 15,500 153,293 38,682 81,484 4,101,019

Data not updated by source. Most recent data available is from 2020.

Rank 41 2 19 7 30 5 43 10 1 9 16 33 15 12 18 3 17 13 21 36 6 46 29 26 22 11 31 24 20 14 48 23 35 32 44 37 4 45 50 25 39 34 49 38 42 28 47 40 8 27

Source: U.S. Department of Education

Total For-Profit 229,568 136,125 92,865 73,975 59,347 57,262 54,897 40,069 36,433 29,940 23,925 21,171 16,207 15,982 13,972 12,787 10,754 9,330 8,445 8,419 6,498 6,123 5,690 5,140 4,342 3,848 3,529 3,207 2,831 2,776 2,407 2,389 2,081 1,786 1,558 958 791 628 585 572 519 493 412 394 321 66 50 22 0 0 12,051 1,023,540

TABLE 38

Rank 1 Arizona 2 California 3 Minnesota 4 Florida 5 Colorado 6 Illinois 7 West Virginia 8 Texas 9 New York 10 Virginia 11 Georgia 12 Alabama 13 Tennessee 14 Ohio 15 Connecticut 16 Pennsylvania 17 New Jersey 18 North Carolina 19 Kentucky 20 Kansas 21 Utah 22 Nevada 23 South Carolina 24 Washington 25 Maryland 26 Missouri 27 Louisiana 28 Iowa 29 Michigan 30 Indiana 31 New Mexico 32 Wisconsin 33 Oklahoma 34 Oregon 35 South Dakota 36 Mississippi 37 Massachusetts 38 North Dakota 39 Wyoming 40 Idaho 41 Arkansas 42 Maine 43 Alaska 44 Delaware 45 Hawaii 46 Nebraska 47 Montana 48 Vermont 49 New Hampshire 49 Rhode Island Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: U.S. Department of Education

TABLE 39

Import/Export Ratio of College-Bound High School Graduates (Fall 2020) Rank 1 Utah 2 New Hampshire 3 West Virginia 4 Arizona 5 Iowa 6 Rhode Island 7 North Dakota 8 Alabama 9 Indiana 10 Vermont 11 Mississippi 12 Kansas 13 Idaho 14 Montana 15 South Dakota 16 Ohio 17 South Carolina 18 Oklahoma 19 Pennsylvania 20 Kentucky 21 Arkansas 22 Maine 23 Oregon 24 Wyoming 25 Nebraska 26 Wisconsin 27 Delaware 28 Louisiana 29 North Carolina 30 Tennessee 31 Massachusetts 32 Florida 33 Virginia 34 Missouri 35 New York 36 Colorado 37 Michigan 38 New Mexico 39 California 40 Connecticut 41 Georgia 42 Washington 43 Hawaii 44 Minnesota 45 Maryland 46 Texas 47 Illinois 48 Nevada 49 New Jersey 50 Alaska Dist. of Columbia United States

Migration Out of Into State State

Freshmen in Institutions Inside State

4.87 2,600 12,650 4.20 4,601 19,306 4.13 1,718 7,089 3.46 6,771 23,418 3.18 3,406 10,838 3.09 2,752 8,496 2.62 1,492 3,902 2.51 5,193 13,025 2.36 7,619 17,998 2.30 1,853 4,266 2.07 2,742 5,669 1.92 4,274 8,198 1.90 3,319 6,311 1.88 1,607 3,017 1.87 1,639 3,064 1.84 13,817 25,464 1.84 5,740 10,566 1.78 4,133 7,349 1.63 19,905 32,418 1.55 5,034 7,794 1.54 3,586 5,509 1.49 2,644 3,933 1.46 5,444 7,936 1.43 1,044 1,497 1.40 3,130 4,394 1.39 8,677 12,048 1.37 2,699 3,710 1.34 5,087 6,821 1.32 11,478 15,155 1.30 9,218 12,025 1.28 20,239 25,973 1.22 19,913 24,347 1.22 13,977 16,997 1.21 9,195 11,168 1.20 32,712 39,272 1.19 11,385 13,530 1.10 9,428 10,408 0.84 2,897 2,446 0.83 42,669 35,612 0.82 13,958 11,454 0.79 17,368 13,798 0.60 12,380 7,489 0.60 3,810 2,281 0.57 14,461 8,171 0.49 17,051 8,293 0.46 32,605 14,858 0.45 33,543 14,994 0.39 4,671 1,837 0.17 33,066 5,510 0.09 1,949 185 3.56 2,488 8,847 1.16 502,987 581,336

36,613 25,252 16,811 60,043 32,541 14,593 8,043 43,184 59,867 6,132 25,463 27,681 15,382 7,795 8,060 96,576 41,317 32,224 105,386 35,624 23,812 10,631 28,134 4,603 18,006 47,662 8,750 38,577 81,625 52,941 63,403 141,207 73,716 45,810 168,769 43,199 73,869 14,652 332,126 30,349 83,076 42,843 8,157 39,320 40,065 218,202 83,662 15,647 56,010 2,258 9,493 2,599,161

Imp/Exp Ratio (<1=Exporter, >1=Importer)

Data not updated by source. Most recent data available is from 2020.

Rank

26 34 37 13 28 41 46 20 14 48 33 32 39 47 45 6 22 29 5 27 35 42 31 49 36 17 43 25 9 16 12 4 11 18 3 19 10 40 1 30 8 21 44 24 23 2 7 38 15 50

National Assessment of Educational Progress (2022)

Source: U.S. Department of Education

Data not updated by source. Most recent data available is from 2022.

TABLE 40

4th Grade 8th Grade 4th Grade 8th Grade Reading Reading Math Math Overall Rank Scores Scores Rank Scores Rank Scores Rank 1 Massachusetts 227 269 2 242 2 284 1 2 Florida 225 260 18 241 4 271 31 2 Wyoming 225 261 15 243 1 281 4 4 Colorado 223 263 7 236 20 275 20 4 New Hampshire 223 263 7 239 9 279 9 4 New Jersey 223 270 1 239 9 281 4 7 Utah 221 265 3 240 5 282 2 8 Connecticut 219 264 4 236 20 276 16 8 Hawaii 219 259 23 237 18 270 34 8 Montana 219 261 15 239 9 277 14 8 Nebraska 219 259 23 242 2 279 9 8 Ohio 219 262 9 238 16 276 16 8 Pennsylvania 219 259 23 238 16 274 22 14 Illinois 218 262 9 237 18 275 20 14 Iowa 218 260 18 240 5 277 14 14 North Dakota 218 258 32 240 5 278 13 14 South Dakota 218 262 9 239 9 281 4 18 Indiana 217 261 15 239 9 279 9 18 Kentucky 217 258 32 234 29 269 39 18 Mississippi 217 253 44 234 29 266 44 18 Rhode Island 217 259 23 234 29 270 34 18 Vermont 217 264 4 234 29 276 16 18 Washington 217 262 9 235 26 276 16 18 Wisconsin 217 262 9 240 5 281 4 25 Georgia 216 260 18 235 26 271 31 25 North Carolina 216 256 39 236 20 274 22 25 South Carolina 216 254 43 234 29 269 39 28 Arizona 215 259 23 232 35 271 31 28 Idaho 215 264 4 236 20 282 2 28 Kansas 215 256 39 235 26 272 28 28 Minnesota 215 260 18 239 9 280 8 32 California 214 259 23 230 38 270 34 32 New York 214 262 9 227 46 274 22 32 Tennessee 214 258 32 236 20 272 28 32 Texas 214 255 41 239 9 273 25 32 Virginia 214 260 18 236 20 279 9 37 Alabama 213 251 47 230 38 264 46 37 Maine 213 257 36 233 34 273 25 37 Missouri 213 258 32 232 35 272 28 40 Arkansas 212 255 41 228 44 267 43 40 Louisiana 212 257 36 229 40 266 44 40 Maryland 212 259 23 229 40 269 39 40 Michigan 212 259 23 232 35 273 25 259 23 229 40 269 39 40 Nevada 212 45 Oregon 210 257 36 228 44 270 34 46 Delaware 208 253 44 226 47 264 46 46 Oklahoma 208 251 47 229 40 264 46 48 West Virginia 205 249 49 226 47 260 49 49 Alaska 204 253 44 226 47 270 34 50 New Mexico 202 248 50 221 50 259 50 Dist. of Columbia 207 250 223 260 United States 216 259 235 273

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

TABLE 41

Estimated Public School Spending Per Pupil (SY 2020-21) Total Spending Rank Dollars 1 New York 26,571 2 Vermont 23,586 3 Connecticut 22,769 4 New Jersey 22,160 5 Massachusetts 20,376 6 Alaska 19,540 7 New Hampshire 19,443 8 Rhode Island 18,366 9 Illinois 18,316 10 Wyoming 18,144 11 Pennsylvania 17,884 12 Maine 17,671 13 Delaware 17,448 14 Hawaii 16,550 15 Maryland 16,417 16 Washington 15,570 17 North Dakota 15,140 18 California 14,985 19 Ohio 14,613 20 Minnesota 14,378 21 Michigan 14,085 22 Oregon 13,875 23 Virginia 13,835 24 Nebraska 13,826 25 Wisconsin 13,597 26 Kansas 13,449 27 Louisiana 13,397 28 Montana 13,299 29 West Virginia 13,059 30 Iowa 12,695 31 South Carolina 12,496 32 Colorado 12,255 33 Georgia 12,145 34 New Mexico 12,127 35 Kentucky 12,126 36 Missouri 11,865 37 Indiana 11,538 38 Arkansas 11,266 39 Texas 11,005 40 South Dakota 10,952 41 Alabama 10,683 42 North Carolina 10,655 43 Tennessee 10,507 44 Oklahoma 10,498 45 Nevada 10,450 46 Florida 10,401 47 Mississippi 10,170 48 Arizona 9,611 49 Utah 9,095 50 Idaho 9,053 Dist. of Columbia 24,535 United States 14,347

Instruction Dollars Rank 18,402 1 13,675 3 13,784 2 13,223 4 12,725 5 10,413 12 12,134 6 10,830 9 11,215 7 10,677 10 11,167 8 10,034 13 9,970 15 9,997 14 10,644 11 9,370 16 9,280 18 8,882 19 8,759 20 9,320 17 8,075 24 8,016 26 8,432 22 8,591 21 8,029 25 8,260 23 7,461 31 7,867 27 7,607 28 7,564 29 7,069 34 6,645 37 7,464 30 7,072 33 7,221 32 6,771 36 6,572 39 6,262 45 6,598 38 6,472 40 6,348 42 6,816 35 6,397 41 5,964 46 6,295 44 6,301 43 5,853 47 5,294 50 5,778 48 5,484 49 12,342 8,728

Support Services Dollars Rank 7,713 5 9,198 1 8,350 4 8,433 3 7,200 6 8,486 2 6,942 10 7,181 7 6,690 12 6,870 11 6,175 13 7,125 8 6,998 9 5,907 14 5,455 19 5,838 15 4,887 26 5,604 16 5,442 20 4,513 35 5,575 17 5,499 18 4,965 24 4,690 29 5,148 23 4,681 30 5,245 22 4,882 27 4,660 31 4,632 32 4,912 25 5,256 21 4,150 38 4,627 33 4,218 37 4,738 28 4,525 34 4,453 36 4,014 39 3,908 43 4,013 40 3,419 48 3,634 47 3,957 41 3,847 44 3,643 46 3,782 45 3,929 42 2,921 50 3,212 49 11,711 5,160

Maryland ranked 15th in total public education spending per pupil, 11th in instruction spending and 19th in spending on support services.

Average Retail Price Per KwH for Industrial Customers (2021 – 2022) Change from 2021 to 2022 (cents) 0.36 0.40 1.04 0.40 0.32 0.76 0.67 0.84 0.65 0.06 1.46 0.43 1.06 1.01 -0.05 -0.09 0.81 1.46 0.90 1.25 1.33 1.21 0.56 1.39 1.07 1.50 0.02 1.67 0.92 0.64 0.86 2.48 1.27 0.62 2.16 1.26 1.19 1.51 0.96 1.55 1.48 0.50 1.42 5.44 1.34 1.88 2.27 1.90 1.58 9.59 -0.13 1.14

In 2022, Maryland had the 10th highest average retail price of electricity per KwH for industrial customers at 10.01 cents/KwH. This represents an increase of 1.55 cents/KwH from 2021.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy

Cents/KwH (2021) 5.81 6.14 5.51 6.16 6.39 5.95 6.07 5.97 6.19 6.83 5.50 6.63 6.07 6.12 7.26 7.37 6.57 5.95 6.55 6.24 6.21 6.34 7.11 6.33 6.79 6.49 8.02 6.54 7.38 7.69 7.63 6.02 7.30 8.01 6.49 7.39 7.60 7.65 8.29 8.46 9.55 11.38 10.70 9.63 13.81 15.18 14.82 16.06 16.85 27.12 7.87 7.18

TABLE 42

Rank 1 Washington 2 North Carolina 3 Tennessee 4 New Mexico 5 Idaho 5 Mississippi 7 West Virginia 8 Oregon 9 Utah 10 Wyoming 11 Oklahoma 12 Iowa 13 South Carolina 13 Texas 15 Nebraska 16 North Dakota 17 Arkansas 18 Kentucky 19 Ohio 20 Montana 21 Louisiana 22 New York 23 Missouri 24 Alabama 25 Arizona 26 Virginia 27 South Dakota 28 Pennsylvania 29 Kansas 30 Michigan 31 Wisconsin 32 Nevada 33 Illinois 34 Colorado 35 Georgia 35 Indiana 37 Delaware 38 Florida 39 Minnesota 40 Maryland 41 Maine 42 Vermont 43 New Jersey 44 Connecticut 45 New Hampshire 46 Massachusetts 47 California 48 Rhode Island 49 Alaska 50 Hawaii Dist. of Columbia United States

Cents/KwH (2022) 6.17 6.54 6.55 6.56 6.71 6.71 6.74 6.81 6.84 6.89 6.96 7.06 7.13 7.13 7.21 7.28 7.38 7.41 7.45 7.49 7.54 7.55 7.67 7.72 7.86 7.99 8.04 8.21 8.30 8.33 8.49 8.50 8.57 8.63 8.65 8.65 8.79 9.16 9.25 10.01 11.03 11.88 12.12 15.07 15.15 17.06 17.09 17.96 18.43 36.71 7.74 8.32

Source: U.S. Department of Energy

TABLE 43

Average Retail Price Per KwH for Commercial Customers (2021 – 2022) Rank 1 Idaho 2 Utah 3 North Dakota 4 North Carolina 5 Nebraska 6 Texas 7 Oregon 8 Washington 9 Missouri 9 Wyoming 11 Virginia 12 Nevada 13 South Dakota 14 Arkansas 15 Oklahoma 16 Ohio 17 West Virginia 18 Iowa 19 Montana 20 Pennsylvania 21 Arizona 22 South Carolina 23 Delaware 24 New Mexico 25 Florida 26 Illinois 27 Kansas 28 Colorado 29 Mississippi 30 Kentucky 31 Wisconsin 32 Louisiana 33 Tennessee 34 Georgia 35 Minnesota 36 Michigan 37 Maryland 38 Indiana 39 Alabama 40 New Jersey 41 Maine 42 Rhode Island 43 Vermont 44 New York 45 Connecticut 46 Massachusetts 47 New Hampshire 48 Alaska 49 California 50 Hawaii Dist. of Columbia United States

Cents/KwH (2022) 8.27 8.39 8.45 8.75 8.82 9.05 9.35 9.49 9.55 9.55 9.66 10.14 10.21 10.26 10.34 10.39 10.42 10.55 10.68 10.73 10.80 10.86 10.98 11.07 11.19 11.32 11.51 11.58 11.76 11.78 11.85 11.93 12.02 12.10 12.30 12.55 12.65 12.86 13.16 13.75 15.40 16.23 17.29 18.19 18.54 18.67 18.69 20.06 21.81 40.18 15.60 12.41

Cents/KwH (2021) 7.89 8.13 9.17 8.5 8.81 8.72 9.1 9.14 9.17 9.68 7.79 7.77 10.15 9.56 8.7 9.75 9.5 10.17 10.54 8.91 10.33 10.67 9.48 10.8 9.51 9.65 10.52 10.84 10.81 10.75 10.95 10.23 10.87 10.61 11.22 12.31 10.26 11.58 11.84 12.69 12.9 15.51 16.59 16.07 16.46 16.99 16.13 19.61 19.18 30.88 13 11.22

Change from 2021 to 2022 (cents) 0.38 0.26 -0.72 0.25 0.01 0.33 0.25 0.35 0.38 -0.13 1.87 2.37 0.06 0.70 1.64 0.64 0.92 0.38 0.14 1.82 0.47 0.19 1.50 0.27 1.68 1.67 0.99 0.74 0.95 1.03 0.90 1.70 1.15 1.49 1.08 0.24 2.39 1.28 1.32 1.06 2.50 0.72 0.70 2.12 2.08 1.68 2.56 0.45 2.63 9.30 2.60 1.19

In 2022, Maryland had the 13th highest average retail price of electricity per KwH for commercial customers. This represents an increase of 2.39 cents/KwH from 2021, and 2.93 cents/KwH from 2020.

Average Retail Price Per KwH for Residential Customers (2021 – 2022) Change from 2021 to 2022 (cents) -0.35 0.08 -0.09 -1.01 0.13 -1.78 0.00 -0.22 0.01 0.26 0.14 0.52 1.83 0.01 0.43 -0.43 -0.05 0.04 0.07 1.30 0.28 -1.08 -0.07 0.42 0.14 0.61 -0.11 0.25 0.11 -0.10 -0.13 0.16 -0.16 0.55 -0.04 0.05 -0.66 0.14 0.18 -0.09 0.84 -0.21 -0.04 0.06 0.18 -0.11 0.05 0.03 0.20 0.16 -0.35 0.14

In 2022, Maryland had the 16th highest average retail price of electricity per KwH for residential customers. This represents an increase of 0.55 cents/KwH from 2021.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy

Cents/KwH (2021) 10.11 10.16 10.75 10.43 10.85 11.17 11.22 11.37 11.32 11.41 11.27 12.22 11.07 11.56 11.00 11.50 11.02 12.54 12.73 12.15 11.96 12.86 12.52 12.11 11.49 12.51 13.52 12.77 11.90 12.98 13.07 12.96 13.50 13.12 13.37 14.52 13.18 13.76 16.35 17.54 19.26 19.48 17.02 22.55 22.30 21.91 19.85 22.82 22.89 33.49 13.09 13.66

TABLE 44

Rank 1 Washington 2 Idaho 3 Nebraska 4 Utah 5 North Dakota 6 Wyoming 7 Montana 8 Oregon 9 North Carolina 10 Missouri 11 Arkansas 12 South Dakota 13 Tennessee 14 Mississippi 15 Oklahoma 16 Kentucky 17 Louisiana 18 Arizona 19 Iowa 20 West Virginia 21 Virginia 22 South Carolina 23 Delaware 24 Texas 25 Nevada 26 Georgia 27 New Mexico 28 Ohio 29 Florida 30 Kansas 31 Colorado 32 Alabama 32 Minnesota 34 Maryland 35 Indiana 36 Wisconsin 37 Illinois 38 Pennsylvania 39 New Jersey 40 Michigan 41 Vermont 42 New York 43 Maine 44 Alaska 45 Rhode Island 46 Connecticut 47 New Hampshire 48 California 49 Massachusetts 50 Hawaii Dist. of Columbia United States

Cents/KwH (2022) 10.26 10.37 10.79 10.84 10.92 11.09 11.33 11.42 11.62 11.74 12.05 12.09 12.25 12.41 12.44 12.91 12.93 13.02 13.15 13.23 13.34 13.59 13.71 13.76 13.78 13.80 13.84 13.85 13.90 13.99 14.19 14.25 14.25 14.46 14.59 15.62 15.65 15.94 16.74 17.86 19.93 22.08 22.44 23.10 23.21 24.61 25.46 25.84 25.97 43.03 14.18 15.04

Source: U.S. Department of Energy

TABLE 45A

Generation of Energy Resources (2022) State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia United States

% Coal 17.9% 10.9% 12.8% 30.9% 0.1% 37.4% 0.0% 2.0% 6.0% 13.3% 6.9% 0.0% 21.9% 52.4% 24.9% 32.5% 68.0% 7.7% 0.3% 12.5% 0.0% 29.3% 27.4% 8.3% 66.6% 43.0% 49.0% 6.4% 1.6% 0.8% 32.5% 0.0% 10.9% 55.9% 31.7% 10.6% 0.0% 10.0% 0.0% 14.4% 10.5% 20.4% 16.2% 56.8% 0.0% 3.7% 3.1% 89.5% 35.8% 72.3% 0.0% 19.7%

Rank 21 28 25 15 43 10 45 39 36 24 34 44 19 7 18 12 3 33 42 26 45 16 17 32 4 9 8 35 40 41 13 45 27 6 14 29 45 31 45 23 30 20 22 5 45 37 38 1 11 2

% Gases Rank % Nuclear 43.0% 20 29.2% 48.2% 14 0.0% 43.0% 19 30.5% 39.5% 22 21.7% 48.1% 16 8.7% 26.6% 32 0.0% 57.0% 8 38.2% 93.2% 1 0.0% 74.7% 5 11.9% 47.3% 17 26.9% 0.0% 50 0.0% 26.6% 31 0.0% 10.8% 39 53.4% 34.9% 26 0.0% 10.1% 41 0.0% 5.4% 43 14.4% 24.5% 33 0.0% 70.3% 6 15.3% 32.5% 27 0.0% 37.6% 24 39.9% 75.0% 4 0.0% 36.2% 25 22.1% 14.8% 37 24.9% 76.3% 3 12.7% 10.3% 40 11.2% 2.7% 48 0.0% 3.1% 47 13.8% 58.3% 7 0.0% 24.0% 35 58.2% 51.5% 11 43.5% 26.8% 30 0.0% 48.2% 15 21.4% 43.3% 18 31.8% 3.3% 46 0.0% 51.3% 12 12.4% 42.6% 21 0.0% 31.1% 28 0.0% 54.6% 9 31.8% 89.1% 2 0.0% 24.5% 34 55.1% 8.0% 42 0.0% 21.2% 36 45.7% 49.2% 13 7.9% 28.2% 29 0.0% 0.0% 49 0.0% 54.5% 10 31.5% 12.7% 38 8.4% 3.8% 45 0.0% 38.0% 23 16.5% 4.3% 44 0.0% 50.0% 0.0% 38.7% 18.2%

Rank 12 29 11 16 26 29 7 29 24 13 29 29 3 29 29 20 29 19 29 6 29 15 14 22 25 29 21 29 1 5 29 17 9 29 23 29 29 8 29 2 29 4 28 29 29 10 27 29 18 29

In 2022, Maryland generated 12.5% of its energy from coal, ranking 26th in the nation. Our state generated 37.6% of its energy from gases, ranking 24th, and 39.9% of our energy from nuclear sources, ranking 6th. Maryland generated 8.9% of its energy from renewable sources, ranking 38th.

Generation of Energy Resources cont. (2022)

Source: U.S. Department of Energy

Rank 38 44 22 21 31 27 4 35 6 46 1 14 19 11 39 34 23 8 3 7 2 47 10 35 16 5 40 32 15 9 41 12 18 30 33 45 26 28 42 49 35 48 24 13 20 50 25 43 29 17

TABLE 45B

% Pumped % Storage Renewable % State Sources Rank Petroleum Rank and Other Alabama 9.9% 36 0.0% 43 0.0% Alaska 28.3% 19 12.7% 2 0.0% Arizona 13.5% 28 0.0% 42 0.1% Arkansas 7.7% 39 0.1% 31 0.1% California 43.1% 11 0.1% 35 0.0% Colorado 35.9% 14 0.0% 38 0.0% Connecticut 2.9% 48 0.7% 13 1.1% Delaware 2.8% 49 2.0% 7 0.0% Florida 6.0% 43 0.5% 15 0.9% Georgia 12.5% 30 0.4% 16 -0.5% Hawaii 19.0% 22 71.3% 1 2.8% Idaho 73.0% 4 0.0% 48 0.3% Illinois 13.7% 25 0.0% 45 0.1% Indiana 12.1% 31 0.1% 29 0.5% Iowa 64.9% 6 0.1% 28 0.0% Kansas 48.0% 9 -0.4% 50 0.0% Kentucky 7.3% 40 0.1% 26 0.1% Louisiana 3.0% 47 2.9% 4 0.7% Maine 62.9% 7 2.1% 6 2.2% Maryland 8.9% 38 0.4% 17 0.8% Massachusetts 18.9% 23 3.6% 3 2.5% Michigan 11.6% 32 1.3% 10 -0.6% Minnesota 32.4% 17 -0.1% 49 0.5% Mississippi 2.7% 50 0.0% 46 0.0% Missouri 11.6% 33 0.2% 23 0.2% Montana 51.6% 8 1.7% 8 1.0% Nebraska 34.0% 16 0.1% 33 0.0% Nevada 35.2% 15 0.0% 44 0.0% New Hampshire 13.5% 27 2.4% 5 0.3% New Jersey 3.4% 45 0.2% 21 0.6% New Mexico 40.6% 13 0.0% 39 0.0% New York 28.5% 18 1.5% 9 0.4% North Carolina 13.6% 26 0.2% 22 0.2% North Dakota 40.6% 12 0.1% 37 0.0% Ohio 3.8% 44 0.9% 11 0.0% Oklahoma 46.9% 10 0.0% 41 -0.1% Oregon 68.9% 5 0.0% 47 0.1% Pennsylvania 3.4% 46 0.1% 27 0.0% Rhode Island 10.2% 35 0.8% 12 0.0% South Carolina 6.7% 41 0.2% 24 -0.8% South Dakota 81.5% 2 0.1% 32 0.0% Tennessee 13.2% 29 0.2% 25 -0.6% Texas 26.5% 20 0.1% 36 0.1% Utah 14.5% 24 0.1% 34 0.4% Vermont 99.6% 1 0.2% 20 0.1% Virginia 10.6% 34 0.7% 14 -1.1% Washington 75.7% 3 0.0% 40 0.1% West Virginia 6.5% 42 0.3% 19 0.0% Wisconsin 9.4% 37 0.3% 18 0.0% Wyoming 23.1% 21 0.1% 30 0.2% Dist. of Columbia 50.0% 0.0% 0.0% United States 21.3% 0.5% 0.1%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

TABLE 46A

Metropolitan Commuting (2022) Rank 1 New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA Metro Area 2 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA Metro Area 3 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metro Area 4 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Alpharetta, GA Metro Area 5 Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI Metro Area 5 San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA Metro Area 7 Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH Metro Area 8 Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX Metro Area 9 San Juan-Bayamon-Caguas, PR Metro Area 10 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL Metro Area 11 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA Metro Area 12 Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD Metro Area 13 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metro Area 14 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA Metro Area 14 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL Metro Area 16 Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL Metro Area 17 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Metro Area 18 Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN Metro Area 19 San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX Metro Area 20 Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metro Area 20 Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom, CA Metro Area 22 Raleigh-Cary, NC Metro Area 23 Austin-Round Rock-Georgetown, TX Metro Area 23 Providence-Warwick, RI-MA Metro Area 23 New Orleans-Metairie, LA Metro Area 26 Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC Metro Area 26 Pittsburgh, PA Metro Area 28 Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI Metro Area 29 Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ Metro Area 29 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metro Area 29 Jacksonville, FL Metro Area 32 Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN Metro Area 33 San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA Metro Area 34 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Metro Area 35 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metro Area 36 St. Louis, MO-IL Metro Area 36 Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA Metro Area 36 Richmond, VA Metro Area 39 Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV Metro Area 40 Hartford-East Hartford-Middletown, CT Metro Area 41 Cleveland-Elyria, OH Metro Area 42 Oklahoma City, OK Metro Area 43 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Metro Area 44 Memphis, TN-MS-AR Metro Area 45 Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN Metro Area 46 Columbus, OH Metro Area 47 Kansas City, MO-KS Metro Area 47 Salt Lake City, UT Metro Area 49 Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI Metro Area 50 Buffalo-Cheektowaga, NY Metro Area In 2022, Maryland’s metro areas ranked as having high commute times. Our state’s metro areas also ranked highly for the percentage of public transit use.

Metropolitan Commuting, cont. (2021) Rank 50 27 47 24 46 49 48 34 6 36 43 29 44 45 21 26 19 7 39 32 33 4 25 20 30 17 31 3 35 42 10 11 37 14 8 2 41 18 40 22 15 5 23 9 13 12 1 38 16 28

% Public Transit Use 28.5% 0.8% 8.1% 1.7% 8.5% 10.6% 10.1% 1.6% 1.1% 2.8% 3.8% 3.9% 7.0% 6.1% 0.9% 1.3% 0.7% 0.9% 1.7% 2.9% 1.1% 0.6% 1.6% 1.6% 1.8% 1.0% 3.7% 1.0% 1.1% 2.7% 0.6% 0.7% 2.5% 1.5% 0.8% 1.5% 3.8% 0.9% 2.7% 2.9% 2.0% 0.4% 2.5% 0.3% 0.8% 1.5% 0.6% 2.0% 2.1% 3.0%

Rank 1 42 5 24 4 2 3 26 33 15 9 8 6 7 38 32 44 39 25 13 34 48 27 28 23 36 11 37 35 16 46 45 18 29 43 31 10 40 17 14 21 49 19 50 41 30 47 22 20 12

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

% Single Occ. Vehicle Use 53.4% 83.4% 74.6% 83.7% 76.2% 68.2% 72.5% 82.0% 86.3% 80.9% 78.7% 82.9% 77.9% 76.4% 84.2% 83.5% 84.6% 86.2% 80.7% 82.7% 82.3% 86.5% 83.6% 84.3% 82.8% 85.0% 82.7% 86.9% 81.5% 79.0% 85.6% 85.5% 80.9% 85.4% 85.7% 87.6% 79.2% 84.9% 80.4% 84.1% 85.3% 86.4% 84.0% 85.6% 85.4% 85.5% 88.8% 80.9% 85.1% 83.0%

TABLE 46B

Average Commute Time 35.8 32.6 32.3 30.9 30.2 30.2 30.1 30.0 29.7 29.5 29.2 29.0 28.6 28.5 28.5 28.4 27.7 27.1 27.0 26.8 26.8 26.6 26.4 26.4 26.4 26.3 26.3 26.0 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.6 25.5 25.2 24.9 24.8 24.8 24.8 24.6 24.5 24.2 24.1 24.0 23.9 23.8 23.5 22.8 22.8 22.5 21.8

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation

TABLE 47

Airport On-Time Performance (June 2022 – May 2023) Rank 1 Philadelphia, PA (PHL) 2 Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN (MSP) 3 Salt Lake City, UT (SLC) 4 Seattle, WA (SEA) 5 Washington, DC (IAD) 6 Detroit, MI (DTW) 7 Los Angeles, CA (LAX) 8 Washington, DC (DCA) 9 San Francisco, CA (SFO) 10 Atlanta, GA (ATL) 11 San Diego, CA (SAN) 12 Boston, MA (BOS) 13 Houston, TX (IAH) 14 Phoenix, AZ (PHX) 15 Tampa, FL (TPA) 16 Chicago, IL (MDW) 17 Nashville, TN (BNA) 18 New York, NY (LGA) 19 Baltimore, MD (BWI) 20 New York, NY (JFK) 21 Dallas/Fort Worth, TX (DFW) 22 Miami, FL (MIA) 23 Newark, NJ (EWR) 24 Chicago, IL (ORD) 25 Fort Lauderdale, FL (FLL) 26 Denver, CO (DEN) 27 Orlando, FL (MCO) 28 Las Vegas, NV (LAS) 29 Austin, TX (AUS) 30 Charlotte, NC (CLT)

Departure Arrival On-Time % On-Time % 82 80 82 83 82 83 82 81 82 82 82 82 80 78 79 77 79 77 79 82 78 75 78 80 77 80 77 77 77 73 76 81 76 77 76 74 75 77 74 73 74 76 74 75 73 72 72 75 72 73 71 77 70 71 69 71 69 75 69 76

Rank 8 2 1 6 4 5 11 13 12 3 20 10 9 16 27 7 17 24 15 25 18 23 28 21 26 14 30 29 22 19

From June 2022 to May 2023, Maryland’s Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport ranked 19th among major airports for on-time departures and 15th for on-time arrivals.

State Expenditures on Roadways (2021) Rank 1 6 3 7 2 10 8 13 5 4 9 11 21 12 17 14 20 15 31 16 18 25 22 19 23 32 27 26 29 28 24 36 35 30 46 39 38 37 33 41 34 42 40 43 44 45 47 48 49 50

Maint.

Per Capita $305 $478 $168 $329 $94 $251 $166 $201 $123 $39 $104 $86 $149 $78 $100 $74 $120 $64 $189 $64 $69 $127 $86 $44 $67 $130 $89 $64 $77 $54 $20 $105 $104 $50 $143 $91 $77 $62 $48 $80 $45 $59 $44 $60 $53 $59 $46 $53 $25 $29 $229 $81

Rank 3 1 7 2 19 4 8 5 13 47 16 23 9 25 18 28 14 33 6 32 29 12 22 46 30 11 21 31 27 38 50 15 17 41 10 20 26 34 42 24 44 37 45 35 39 36 43 40 49 48

In 2021, Maryland ranked 37th in total per capita state expenditures on roadways. Our state ranked 38th for capital per capita and 26th for maintenance per capita.

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation

Capital Per Capita $987 $458 $664 $448 $677 $431 $447 $398 $467 $532 $437 $412 $335 $400 $372 $395 $338 $394 $260 $378 $369 $309 $320 $353 $315 $247 $285 $298 $269 $281 $314 $221 $222 $266 $166 $212 $213 $216 $229 $196 $229 $192 $199 $182 $177 $170 $157 $143 $126 $95 $656 $272

TABLE 48

Rank 1 Alaska 2 Delaware 3 Wyoming 4 Maine 5 South Dakota 6 West Virginia 7 Vermont 8 Oklahoma 9 Montana 10 North Dakota 11 Arkansas 12 Utah 13 Indiana 14 Iowa 15 Rhode Island 16 Texas 17 Kentucky 18 Illinois 19 Virginia 20 Idaho 21 North Carolina 22 Pennsylvania 23 Nebraska 24 Michigan 25 Kansas 26 Washington 27 South Carolina 28 Florida 29 Connecticut 30 Mississippi 31 New Mexico 32 Minnesota 33 Louisiana 34 New Jersey 35 Oregon 36 New York 37 Maryland 38 Colorado 39 Wisconsin 40 Missouri 41 Ohio 42 Tennessee 43 Alabama 44 Georgia 45 Nevada 46 New Hampshire 47 Massachusetts 48 California 49 Arizona 50 Hawaii Dist. of Columbia United States

Total Per Capita $1,291 $935 $832 $777 $771 $682 $613 $599 $590 $571 $541 $497 $484 $478 $472 $468 $458 $457 $449 $442 $438 $436 $405 $396 $382 $377 $373 $362 $346 $334 $334 $326 $326 $316 $309 $303 $290 $279 $278 $276 $275 $251 $242 $242 $229 $229 $203 $195 $151 $124 $848 $335

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of Economic Analysis

TABLE 49

Health Care Expenditures Per Capita (2022) Rank 1 Alaska 2 South Dakota 3 North Dakota 4 Massachusetts 5 Delaware 6 New York 7 West Virginia 8 Vermont 9 Indiana 10 California 11 Connecticut 12 New Hampshire 13 Maine 14 Minnesota 15 Pennsylvania 16 New Jersey 17 Nebraska 18 Ohio 19 Wisconsin 20 Louisiana 21 Kentucky 22 Montana 23 Rhode Island 24 Wyoming 25 Oregon 26 Illinois 27 Missouri 28 Hawaii 29 Washington 30 Florida 31 Maryland 32 Kansas 33 Michigan 34 Iowa 35 Colorado 36 Oklahoma 37 Virginia 38 Tennessee 39 Arkansas 40 North Carolina 41 New Mexico 42 Georgia 43 Arizona 44 Mississippi 45 Alabama 46 Idaho 47 Texas 48 Nevada 49 South Carolina 50 Utah Dist. of Columbia United States

Total Per Capita $11,813 $10,881 $10,494 $10,491 $10,301 $10,124 $10,030 $9,683 $9,437 $9,335 $9,243 $9,231 $9,222 $8,976 $8,944 $8,929 $8,908 $8,770 $8,766 $8,739 $8,559 $8,519 $8,452 $8,373 $8,372 $8,362 $8,323 $8,189 $8,186 $8,174 $8,166 $7,807 $7,765 $7,761 $7,695 $7,627 $7,566 $7,535 $7,482 $7,481 $7,304 $7,260 $7,188 $7,174 $7,032 $6,882 $6,793 $6,703 $6,677 $6,213 $12,239 $8,331

Total (billions) $8.7 $9.9 $8.2 $73.2 $10.5 $199.2 $17.8 $6.3 $64.5 $364.3 $33.5 $12.9 $12.8 $51.3 $116.0 $82.7 $17.5 $103.1 $51.7 $40.1 $38.6 $9.6 $9.2 $4.9 $35.5 $105.2 $51.4 $11.8 $63.7 $181.8 $50.3 $22.9 $77.9 $24.8 $44.9 $30.7 $65.7 $53.1 $22.8 $80.0 $15.4 $79.2 $52.9 $21.1 $35.7 $13.3 $204.0 $21.3 $35.3 $21.0 $8.2 $2,776.7

Total as % of Personal Income 17.2% 16.0% 14.9% 12.4% 16.3% 13.4% 20.1% 15.4% 16.2% 12.1% 11.1% 12.5% 15.2% 13.0% 13.9% 11.6% 13.9% 15.2% 14.3% 16.0% 16.5% 14.0% 13.3% 11.4% 13.4% 12.4% 14.4% 13.3% 10.9% 12.6% 11.6% 12.9% 13.6% 12.9% 10.2% 13.5% 11.0% 12.9% 14.2% 12.9% 14.0% 12.8% 12.3% 15.5% 13.8% 12.2% 10.9% 10.8% 12.5% 10.4% 12.8% 12.7%

Rank 2 7 12 36 4 24 1 9 5 40 44 34 10 27 18 42 19 11 14 6 3 17 25 43 23 37 13 26 46 33 41 29 21 30 50 22 45 28 15 31 16 32 38 8 20 39 47 48 35 49

In 2022, Marylander’s spending on healthcare services ranked 31st on a per capita basis and 41st as a share of personal income.

Percentage Without Health Insurance

by State (2022)

In 2022, 6.1% of Maryland residents did not have health insurance, down from 11.3% in 2010.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

%Uninsured %Uninsured Rank %Uninsured Rank 2022 2021 2021 2010 2010 2.4% 2.5% 1 4.4% 1 3.5% 3.9% 3 7.9% 2 3.9% 3.7% 2 8.0% 3 4.2% 4.3% 4 12.2% 16 4.5% 4.8% 6 9.3% 6 4.5% 5.0% 7 12.4% 18 4.5% 4.5% 5 9.1% 4 4.9% 5.1% 8 11.1% 12 4.9% 5.2% 9 11.9% 15 5.2% 5.2% 9 9.1% 4 5.2% 5.4% 11 9.4% 7 5.3% 5.5% 12 10.2% 11 5.6% 5.7% 13 9.7% 8 5.6% 5.7% 13 15.3% 31 5.9% 6.5% 20 12.3% 17 5.9% 6.1% 16 14.6% 27 6.0% 6.1% 16 17.1% 36 6.1% 6.1% 16 11.3% 13 6.1% 6.4% 19 14.2% 25 6.4% 7.9% 28 9.8% 9 6.5% 7.0% 22 18.5% 43 6.5% 6.8% 21 13.1% 20 6.6% 7.0% 22 13.8% 23 6.6% 5.7% 13 10.1% 10 6.7% 7.1% 24 11.5% 14 6.8% 7.2% 25 13.2% 21 6.9% 7.6% 27 17.8% 41 7.0% 7.5% 26 14.8% 29 7.1% 8.0% 29 15.9% 33 8.1% 9.5% 36 12.4% 18 8.1% 9.0% 32 15.3% 31 8.2% 8.8% 31 17.7% 40 8.2% 10.0% 38 19.6% 45 8.3% 8.2% 30 17.3% 37 8.4% 9.2% 33 17.5% 38 8.6% 9.2% 33 13.9% 24 8.6% 9.4% 35 13.2% 21 8.8% 9.9% 37 14.6% 27 9.1% 10.0% 38 17.5% 38 9.3% 10.4% 41 16.8% 34 9.3% 10.0% 38 14.4% 26 10.3% 10.7% 42 16.9% 35 10.8% 11.9% 45 18.2% 42 11.0% 11.4% 43 19.9% 47 11.1% 11.6% 44 22.6% 49 11.2% 12.1% 46 21.3% 48 11.5% 12.2% 47 14.9% 30 11.7% 12.6% 48 19.7% 46 11.7% 13.8% 49 18.9% 44 16.6% 18.0% 50 23.7% 50 2.9% 3.7% 7.6% 8.0% 8.6% 15.5%

TABLE 50

Rank 1 Massachusetts 2 Hawaii 3 Vermont 4 Rhode Island 5 Iowa 5 Michigan 5 Minnesota 8 New Hampshire 8 New York 10 Connecticut 10 Wisconsin 12 Pennsylvania 13 Delaware 13 Kentucky 15 Ohio 15 West Virginia 17 Oregon 18 Maryland 18 Washington 20 North Dakota 21 California 21 Virginia 23 Illinois 23 Maine 25 Nebraska 26 New Jersey 27 Louisiana 28 Indiana 29 Colorado 30 South Dakota 30 Utah 32 Idaho 32 New Mexico 34 Montana 35 Arkansas 36 Kansas 36 Missouri 38 Alabama 39 South Carolina 40 North Carolina 40 Tennessee 42 Arizona 43 Mississippi 44 Alaska 45 Nevada 46 Florida 47 Wyoming 48 Georgia 48 Oklahoma 50 Texas Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

TABLE 51

Percent of Privately Insured Persons with Employment-Based Insurance (2022) Rank 1 New Jersey 2 West Virginia 3 Connecticut 4 Ohio 5 Massachusetts 6 Michigan 7 Illinois 8 Maryland 9 New York 10 Kentucky 11 Indiana 12 Delaware 13 Alaska 14 Washington 15 Pennsylvania 16 Wisconsin 17 Nevada 18 California 19 Utah 20 New Hampshire 21 Missouri 22 Texas 23 Hawaii 24 Minnesota 25 Colorado 26 Louisiana 27 Iowa 28 Oregon 29 Virginia 30 Georgia 31 New Mexico 32 Arizona 33 Alabama 34 Rhode Island 35 Tennessee 36 Vermont 37 Kansas 38 Oklahoma 39 Nebraska 40 Arkansas 41 Maine 42 South Carolina 43 North Dakota 44 Idaho 45 North Carolina 46 Mississippi 47 Wyoming 48 South Dakota 49 Montana 50 Florida Dist. of Columbia United States

2022 86.0% 85.6% 85.5% 85.3% 85.0% 84.9% 84.8% 84.8% 84.3% 84.2% 83.9% 83.8% 83.4% 82.8% 82.7% 82.7% 82.3% 82.3% 82.1% 82.0% 82.0% 81.8% 81.7% 81.7% 81.4% 81.4% 81.2% 81.1% 81.0% 80.9% 80.5% 80.1% 80.0% 80.0% 79.3% 79.1% 79.0% 78.9% 78.5% 78.5% 78.5% 77.9% 77.7% 77.6% 77.6% 76.9% 76.8% 75.7% 73.8% 71.5% 85.9% 81.5%

2021 86.0% 84.7% 84.8% 85.2% 84.7% 85.0% 84.7% 84.2% 83.8% 83.1% 84.3% 82.3% 82.7% 82.6% 82.4% 82.4% 81.8% 82.4% 81.9% 83.6% 81.7% 82.1% 81.2% 81.0% 80.5% 82.1% 81.1% 80.7% 81.1% 81.5% 79.4% 80.5% 80.0% 81.4% 80.4% 79.9% 79.8% 78.8% 80.1% 78.0% 78.3% 77.7% 77.4% 77.5% 77.6% 78.4% 76.0% 75.6% 73.5% 72.1% 85.1% 81.6%

Change 0.0% 0.9% 0.7% 0.1% 0.3% 0.0% 0.1% 0.5% 0.5% 1.1% -0.4% 1.5% 0.7% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.5% -0.1% 0.3% -1.5% 0.3% -0.2% 0.5% 0.6% 1.0% -0.7% 0.1% 0.3% -0.1% -0.6% 1.2% -0.4% 0.0% -1.4% -1.0% -0.7% -0.8% 0.2% -1.5% 0.5% 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.1% 0.0% -1.5% 0.7% 0.1% 0.2% -0.6% 0.8% -0.1%

Rank 34 5 8 30 18 35 28 13 14 3 40 1 6 23 19 22 12 37 20 49 17 38 11 9 4 44 29 15 36 42 2 39 32 47 46 43 45 25 50 10 27 24 16 31 33 48 7 26 21 41

In 2022, 84.8% of Marylanders with private health insurance received said coverage through an employer. Maryland is ranked 8th highest in percentage of residents with employer-sponsored coverage.

State and Local Government Health and Hospital Spending (2021) Total Total % of (millions) Personal Income $1,972 5.2% $9,946 3.9% $9,158 3.9% $5,195 3.2% $18,466 3.4% $68,177 2.4% $13,185 2.5% $5,395 3.2% $4,835 3.8% $1,104 2.4% $28,703 2.0% $8,274 2.6% $4,457 2.6% $5,506 2.3% $37,590 2.3% $2,475 2.5% $7,550 2.1% $11,001 2.0% $6,704 1.9% $4,296 2.0% $8,234 1.5% $20,628 1.7% $11,055 1.8% $12,225 1.6% $1,290 1.6% $4,118 1.7% $5,116 1.4% $2,965 1.0% $8,807 1.6% $4,752 1.4% $883 1.3% $3,178 1.6% $478 1.3% $4,100 1.2% $1,305 1.4% $2,008 1.4% $665 1.2% $2,023 1.2% $7,951 1.0% $1,189 1.1% $4,104 0.7% $455 1.0% $5,308 0.8% $3,527 0.9% $610 1.0% $949 1.2% $326 0.6% $493 0.7% $2,492 0.7% $293 0.3% $1,638 2.6% $377,151 1.9%

Rank 1 2 3 7 5 12 11 6 4 13 19 9 8 15 14 10 16 17 20 18 28 23 21 27 26 22 32 40 25 29 33 24 34 38 30 31 35 37 42 39 46 43 45 44 41 36 49 48 47 50

Maryland ranked 44th among states for state and local government spending on healthcare and hospitals in 2022 when measured both on a per capita basis and as a share of personal income.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Total Per Capita $3,404 $1,915 $1,813 $1,768 $1,748 $1,742 $1,703 $1,687 $1,639 $1,504 $1,445 $1,341 $1,335 $1,293 $1,272 $1,169 $1,108 $1,096 $962 $953 $951 $945 $940 $940 $891 $890 $880 $818 $816 $808 $805 $796 $739 $718 $685 $663 $662 $643 $627 $606 $587 $584 $573 $571 $551 $532 $364 $358 $343 $211 $2,449 $1,136

TABLE 52

Rank 1 Wyoming 2 South Carolina 3 Alabama 4 Kansas 5 North Carolina 6 California 7 Washington 8 Iowa 9 Mississippi 10 Alaska 11 New York 12 Missouri 13 Utah 14 Oregon 15 Texas 16 New Mexico 17 Indiana 18 Michigan 19 Tennessee 20 Kentucky 21 Virginia 22 Florida 23 Ohio 24 Pennsylvania 25 Hawaii 26 Louisiana 27 Colorado 28 Connecticut 29 Georgia 30 Wisconsin 31 Rhode Island 32 Oklahoma 33 Vermont 34 Minnesota 35 Idaho 36 Arkansas 37 Delaware 38 Nevada 39 Illinois 40 Nebraska 41 Massachusetts 42 North Dakota 43 New Jersey 44 Maryland 45 Montana 46 West Virginia 47 South Dakota 48 Maine 49 Arizona 50 New Hampshire Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, United Health Foundation

TABLE 53

Occupational Injury and Illness Incidence (2021, 2022) Rank 1 Wyoming 2 North Dakota 3 Montana 4 Louisiana 5 Alaska 5 New Mexico 7 Arkansas 8 Alabama 9 Missouri 10 Indiana 10 Kentucky 10 West Virginia 13 Oklahoma 14 South Carolina 15 South Dakota 16 Kansas 17 Tennessee 18 Texas 19 Nebraska 20 Georgia 21 North Carolina 22 Mississippi 23 Colorado 23 Florida 23 Ohio 23 Utah 23 Wisconsin 28 Idaho 28 Iowa 28 Michigan 28 Nevada 28 Oregon 28 Vermont 34 New Hampshire 34 Virginia 36 Illinois 37 Maine 37 Massachusetts 37 New York 37 Pennsylvania 41 California 41 Delaware 41 Maryland 41 Minnesota 45 New Jersey 46 Hawaii 47 Arizona 47 Washington 49 Connecticut 50 Rhode Island Dist. of Columbia United States

Fatalities Per 100K Injury/Illness Per 100 Workers 2021 Private Workers 2022 10.4 3.0 9.0 No Data Available 8.0 3.6 7.7 1.6 6.2 3.3 6.2 3.2 5.8 2.5 5.5 2.3 5.4 2.8 5.2 2.9 5.2 3.0 5.2 3.3 5.1 2.8 5.0 2.3 4.7 No Data Available 4.6 2.9 4.4 2.4 4.2 1.9 4.1 3.1 4.0 No Data Available 3.9 2.2 3.5 No Data Available 3.4 2.8 3.4 No Data Available 3.4 2.3 3.4 2.5 3.4 3.0 3.3 No Data Available 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.8 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.9 3.3 3.9 3.2 No Data Available 3.2 2.3 3.1 2.7 2.9 5.0 2.9 2.7 2.9 2.3 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.6 2.8 2.6 2.8 2.4 2.8 3.7 2.7 2.4 2.2 3.2 2.1 3.1 2.1 3.9 1.4 3.2 1.0 No Data Available 3.8 1.1 3.6 2.7

Rank 17 N/A 6 42 9 12 30 35 23 20 17 9 N/A 35 N/A 20 32 41 15 N/A 40 N/A N/A 35 30 17 N/A 9 23 8 2 2 N/A 35 27 1 27 35 20 6 29 32 5 32 12 15 2 12 N/A

Maryland is ranked as having the 41st lowest fatality rate per 100,000 workers, and the 32nd lowest rate of reported injury/illnesses per 100 private workers.

Partisan Composition of State Governments (Dec. 10, 2022)

np = nonpartisan; v = vacant Data not updated by source. Most recent data available is from 2022.

Gov. Party Rep Rep Dem Rep Dem Dem Dem Dem Rep Rep Dem Rep Dem Rep Rep Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Dem Dem Dem Dem Rep Rep Rep Dem Dem Dem Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Dem Rep Dem Rep

Source: National Conference of State Legislators

Senate Senate Senate House House House Dem. Rep. Other Dem. Rep. Other 8 27 27 76 2v 9 11 13 21 6 14 16 29 31 6 29 18 82 32 8 62 18 23 12 46 19 24 12 98 53 15 6 26 15 12 28 35 83 2v 23 33 78 102 23 2 45 6 7 28 11 59 40 19 78 40 10 40 30 70 16 34 36 64 11 28 1np 40 85 7 31 19 80 1v 12 27 33 71 1np 22 13 80 68 2np;1v 34 13 102 39 36 3 1v 134 25 1 20 18 56 54 34 33 70 64 16 36 40 77 3np;2v 10 24 51 111 1v 16 34 32 68 49np Unicameral/Nonpartisan 13 8 28 14 10 14 197 199 2np;2v 25 15 46 34 27 14 1v 44 25 1v 42 21 101 48 1v 20 30 48 72 4 43 12 82 7 26 32 67 8 40 20 81 17 12 1np 35 25 22 28 101 101 1v 32 5 1v 65 9 1np 14 30 1np;1v 36 88 4 31 7 63 6 27 24 75 12 19 64 86 6 23 14 61 22 7 1 104 37 9np 22 18 46 50 4v 29 20 58 40 3 31 11 89 11 22 35 64 2 29 5 57

TABLE 54

State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Source: Federal Housing Finance Agency

TABLE 55

Housing Price Appreciation (2nd Quarter 2023) 25-year 5-year Rank Annualized Annualized 1 Florida 6.3% 12.7% 2 Hawaii 6.1% 9.1% 3 California 6.1% 8.3% 4 Idaho 6.0% 14.1% 5 Montana 6.0% 12.5% 6 Washington 5.9% 9.6% 7 Maine 5.9% 13.0% 8 Colorado 5.8% 8.8% 9 Arizona 5.7% 12.1% 10 Rhode Island 5.6% 10.2% 11 New Hampshire 5.6% 11.6% 12 Utah 5.4% 11.5% 13 Massachusetts 5.4% 8.7% 14 Oregon 5.3% 8.3% 15 Texas 5.3% 9.3% 16 Vermont 5.2% 10.5% 17 New York 5.1% 8.9% 18 Virginia 5.1% 8.9% 19 New Jersey 5.0% 9.6% 20 Maryland 4.9% 7.1% 21 Tennessee 4.9% 12.0% 22 Nevada 4.9% 9.0% 23 Wyoming 4.9% 8.6% 24 South Dakota 4.8% 10.0% 25 South Carolina 4.7% 11.3% 26 North Carolina 4.7% 12.0% 27 Georgia 4.6% 11.3% 28 North Dakota 4.6% 5.7% 29 Minnesota 4.6% 7.7% 30 Pennsylvania 4.6% 8.6% 31 Delaware 4.4% 8.3% 32 Missouri 4.3% 9.8% 33 Oklahoma 4.2% 9.2% 34 Connecticut 4.2% 9.5% 35 Wisconsin 4.2% 9.6% 36 Alaska 4.1% 6.5% 37 Nebraska 4.1% 9.0% 38 Kansas 4.1% 9.0% 39 New Mexico 4.1% 9.9% 40 Kentucky 4.0% 9.2% 41 Arkansas 3.9% 9.8% 42 Alabama 3.9% 9.8% 43 Indiana 3.8% 10.2% 44 Louisiana 3.7% 5.7% 45 Iowa 3.6% 7.2% 46 Michigan 3.5% 9.4% 47 Ohio 3.5% 9.9% 48 Mississippi 3.4% 8.0% 49 Illinois 3.3% 7.1% 50 West Virginia 3.2% 6.7% Dist. of Columbia 7.7% 3.3% United States 4.9% 9.6%

Rank 3 29 41 1 4 21 2 35 5 14 8 9 36 39 26 12 33 34 22 45 6 31 38 15 11 7 10 50 43 37 40 18 28 24 23 48 30 32 17 27 19 20 13 49 44 25 16 42 46 47

1-year 3.6% 5.3% -2.0% -4.0% 4.0% -3.3% 7.9% -2.4% -2.5% 3.8% 7.2% -4.4% 3.2% -1.5% 1.6% 6.9% 4.0% 4.7% 7.1% 4.4% 3.3% -5.2% 2.5% 5.5% 6.6% 5.1% 4.7% 3.9% 2.5% 5.2% 2.7% 5.8% 6.5% 7.7% 6.5% 5.2% 4.9% 5.1% 4.9% 6.1% 7.0% 4.4% 6.2% 2.1% 4.2% 4.7% 5.7% 5.1% 5.2% 2.1% -4.9% 3.1%

Rank 34 15 44 48 31 47 1 45 46 33 3 49 36 43 42 6 30 25 4 27 35 50 38 14 7 21 24 32 39 18 37 12 9 2 8 16 23 19 22 11 5 28 10 40 29 26 13 20 17 41

Over the last 25 years, Maryland’s housing prices appreciated by 4.9% per year on average, ranking our state 20th in the nation in this area. Over the last 5 years, Maryland’s housing prices appreciated by 7.1%, ranking 45th, and in the past year our state’s housing prices appreciated by 4.4%, ranking 27th.

Home Ownership Rates (2nd Quarter 2018 – 2nd Quarter 2023) 2018 70.1% 68.4% 69.9% 71.9% 73.1% 67.8% 74.6% 71.9% 72.5% 72.9% 69.3% 74.1% 73.6% 72.5% 69.0% 64.4% 64.9% 65.9% 66.5% 66.2% 70.8% 66.7% 65.2% 68.7% 66.8% 66.9% 65.1% 66.4% 70.6% 67.5% 67.1% 70.6% 65.9% 69.1% 66.5% 65.5% 64.9% 60.1% 62.1% 64.4% 62.9% 64.0% 63.2% 62.9% 66.0% 62.1% 57.4% 56.0% 54.3% 50.2% 40.1% 64.3%

Change 9.0% 10.4% 5.6% 3.4% 2.2% 7.0% 0.1% 2.1% 1.5% 1.0% 4.5% -0.6% -0.2% -1.1% 1.9% 6.5% 5.8% 4.3% 3.4% 3.5% -1.2% 2.8% 4.1% 0.4% 1.9% 1.7% 2.9% 1.5% -2.8% 0.3% 0.6% -3.2% 1.4% -2.1% 0.3% 0.6% 0.9% 5.0% 2.8% -0.3% 0.8% -0.5% 0.2% 0.4% -3.0% -0.2% 3.9% 4.4% 1.0% 4.1% 3.8% 1.6%

Rank 2 1 6 16 20 3 39 21 26 29 8 44 40 45 23 4 5 10 15 14 46 18 11 35 22 24 17 25 48 36 32 50 27 47 37 33 30 7 18 42 31 43 38 34 49 40 13 9 28 12

In the second quarter of 2023, Maryland ranked 15th in the rate of home ownership, down four positions from our rank of 11th in 2022.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

2023 79.1% 78.8% 75.5% 75.3% 75.3% 74.8% 74.7% 74.0% 74.0% 73.9% 73.8% 73.5% 73.4% 71.4% 70.9% 70.9% 70.7% 70.2% 69.9% 69.7% 69.6% 69.5% 69.3% 69.1% 68.7% 68.6% 68.0% 67.9% 67.8% 67.8% 67.7% 67.4% 67.3% 67.0% 66.8% 66.1% 65.8% 65.1% 64.9% 64.1% 63.7% 63.5% 63.4% 63.3% 63.0% 61.9% 61.3% 60.4% 55.3% 54.3% 43.9% 65.9%

TABLE 56

Rank 1 Delaware 2 Maine 3 Wyoming 4 Mississippi 4 Vermont 6 Iowa 7 West Virginia 8 Alabama 8 Michigan 10 Indiana 11 Minnesota 12 South Carolina 13 New Hampshire 14 Utah 15 Idaho 15 Maryland 17 Arizona 18 Colorado 19 Virginia 20 Nebraska 21 Pennsylvania 22 South Dakota 23 North Carolina 24 Kansas 25 Wisconsin 26 Montana 27 Florida 28 Illinois 29 Kentucky 29 New Mexico 31 Missouri 32 Tennessee 33 Ohio 34 Oklahoma 35 Connecticut 36 Washington 37 Louisiana 38 Rhode Island 39 Georgia 40 Arkansas 41 Oregon 42 Alaska 43 North Dakota 44 Texas 45 New Jersey 46 Massachusetts 47 Hawaii 48 Nevada 49 California 50 New York Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University

TABLE 57

Metropolitan Median House Price to Median Income Ratio (1990 – 2022) Rank 1 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 2 San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA 3 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA 4 San Diego-Carlsbad, CA 5 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL 6 Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV 7 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 8 Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO 9 New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA 10 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA 11 Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA 12 Salt Lake City, UT 13 Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH 14 Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL 15 Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT 16 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 17 Austin-Round Rock, TX 18 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ 19 Sacramento-Roseville-Arden-Arcade, CA 20 Providence-Warwick, RI-MA 21 Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro-Franklin, TN 22 Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC 23 Jacksonville, FL 24 Raleigh, NC 25 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV 26 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 27 Memphis, TN-MS-AR 28 Richmond, VA 29 New Orleans-Metairie, LA 30 San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX 31 Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI 32 Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX 33 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA 34 Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI 35 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 36 Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN 37 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC 38 Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD 39 Kansas City, MO-KS 40 Columbus, OH 41 Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN 42 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD 43 Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI 44 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN 45 Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT 46 Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY 47 Oklahoma City, OK 48 St. Louis, MO-IL 49 Cleveland-Elyria, OH 50 Pittsburgh, PA United States

2022 Ratio 12.02 11.34 10.89 9.52 8.67 7.36 7.28 7.12 7.08 6.98 6.78 6.75 6.51 6.42 6.28 6.22 6.12 6.07 6.06 5.87 5.77 5.70 5.58 5.25 5.07 5.00 4.97 4.96 4.91 4.90 4.89 4.76 4.66 4.34 4.26 4.24 4.21 4.18 4.15 4.14 4.11 4.04 3.80 3.78 3.78 3.54 3.50 3.47 3.42 3.06 5.56

1990 Ratio 6.21 6.25 6.04 5.15 3.07 2.94 3.41 2.52 4.33 3.93 2.44 2.21 4.04 2.70 5.94 2.68 2.39 2.75 4.03 4.19 2.70 2.21 2.66 2.76 3.07 2.67 2.87 2.56 2.67 2.37 2.56 2.16 2.44 2.99 2.39 2.30 2.64 2.37 2.28 2.61 2.16 2.95 2.11 2.55 3.82 2.69 1.88 2.59 2.58 1.97 3.11

In 2022, the Washington D.C. metro area ranked 25th and the Baltimore metro area ranked 38th among the 50 most highly populated metro areas for the ratio of median house price to median income.

NOTES

NOTES

Presented by

Giant Food Maryland Bankers Association Maryland Tech Council McCormick & Company Salisbury Area Chamber of Commerce W. L. Gore & Associates

© 2024 Maryland Chamber of Commerce mdchamber.org/competitiveness 60 West St, Suite 100 Annapolis, Maryland 21401