2023 Competitiveness Redbook

2023

Competitiveness REDBOOK

Key Indicators of Maryland’s Business Climate

Presented by:

2023 Competitiveness

REDBOOK The 2023 Competitiveness Redbook is produced by the Maryland Chamber of Commerce, the leading voice for business in Maryland that advocates on behalf of more than 6,400 members and partner to develop strong public policy ensuring sustained economic growth for Maryland businesses, employees and families.

The 2023 Redbook is published with support from the following organizations: • Presenting Sponsor: Comcast • Touchstone Sponsor: Verizon • Supporting Sponsors: Giant Food Maryland Bankers Association McCormick & Company To order additional copies of the 2023 Redbook, contact the Maryland Chamber of Commerce at 410.269.0642 or mdchamber@mdchamber.org.

Our Mission The mission of the Maryland Chamber of Commerce is to advance inclusive partnerships for a Maryland where all businesses and their communities thrive.

Introduction The 2023 Competitiveness Redbook is a data-driven snapshot of Maryland’s economic health, comparing the state to the rest of the nation in a variety of key indicators, including population change, employment growth, opening and closing rates of establishments, wages, taxation and economic, fiscal and regulatory freedom.

As you’ll see in the data, while there are areas of strength, our state and our businesses are struggling with issues including inflation, a crippling workforce shortage, high rates of taxation, and burdensome economic, fiscal and regulatory policies that are making it difficult to attract and retain businesses, support growth, and ensure Marylanders have plentiful opportunities to secure great jobs.

Some top insights from the data include: •

Maryland ranked 27th overall in CNBC’s Top States for Business, and 44th overall for cost of business.

•

Maryland’s economic, fiscal policy and regulatory freedom ranked 44th, 24th and 47th, respectively, among all states in 2021.

•

Maryland is ranked as the 19th most populous state, but ranks 40th for population growth, with a population loss of -0.12%.

•

Maryland’s estimated net domestic migration was significantly negative, ranking 44th in this area.

•

Maryland gained 68,800 non-agricultural jobs from August 2021 to August 2022, ranking 22nd in the number of jobs gained and 34th in percentage gained. When looking at job growth over the last 10 years, non-agricultural employment growth in Maryland ranks 28th in the nation with 155,000 jobs added in this period.

•

In 2021, Maryland was ranked 32nd for the rate of establishments opening and 19th for closings.

•

Maryland ranks 8th in the nation for state and local taxes, and 35th in the nation for business taxes per employee as a share of all taxes and GSP.

•

As of January 2022, Maryland had the 10th highest statewide minimum wage rate.

We encourage you to use this data to understand the realities facing Maryland’s economy and business community. By working collaboratively to remove obstacles, update polices and create a pro-business atmosphere where both businesses and communities thrive, we can make Maryland a top competitor for business with an economy that leaves no one behind.

Contents State Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Age Group by Percentage of Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Net Migration by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Non-Agricultural Employment Growth (1 yr.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Non-Agricultural Employment Growth (10 yr.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Per Capita Personal Income by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Gross Domestic Product by State in Current Dollars . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Exports Per Capita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Opening and Closing Rates of Establishments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Census Estimates of State and Local Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Business Taxes per Employee as a Share of All Taxes and GSP . . . 11 Gas Tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 CNBC Top States for Business Rankings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Effective Property Tax Rate on a Primary Residence in the State’s Largest City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Effective Property Tax Rate on a Commercial Property in the State’s Largest City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Effective Property Tax Rate on an Industrial Property in the State’s Largest City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 State and Local Government Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 State and Local FTE Average Annual Pay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 High Tech Employment and Wages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Wages and Productivity of Production Workers in Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Annual Average Investment Per Employee in Manufacturing. . . . . . 21 Union Members as a Share of Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Union Membership - Public vs. Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Unemployment Insurance Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Regular Unemployment Insurance Payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Workers’ Compensation - Benefits Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 State Minimum Wage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Economic, Fiscal, and Regulatory Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Ranking State Liability Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Venture Capital Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Overall R&D Spending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 R&D Per Capita by Performing Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Science, Engineering and Health Doctorates Awarded . . . . . . . . . 33 Educational Attainment of Population 25 and Older . . . . . . . . . . 34 Higher Education Total Fall Enrollment as Percentage of Population: Public vs. Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Fall Enrollment as Percentage of Population: Public . . . . . . . . . . 36 Fall Enrollment as Percentage of Population: Private . . . . . . . . . . 37 Fall Enrollment in Private For-Profit and Non-Profit Colleges . . . . . . 38 Import/Export Ratio of College-Bound High School Graduates . . . . . 39 National Assessment of Educational Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Estimated Public School Spending Per Pupil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Average Retail Price Per KwH for Industrial Customers . . . . . . . . . 42 Average Retail Price Per KwH for Commercial Customers . . . . . . . 43 Average Retail Price Per KwH for Residential Customers . . . . . . . . 44 Generation of Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 A/B Metropolitan Commuting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 A/B Airport On-Time Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 State Expenditures on Roadways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Health Care Expenditures Per Capita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Percentage Without Health Insurance by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Percent of Privately Insured Persons with Employment-Based Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 State and Local Government Health and Hospital Spending . . . . . 52 Occupational Injury and Illness Incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Partisan Composition of State Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Housing Price Appreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Home Ownership Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

TABLE 1

State Populations (July 1, 2021) Change (July 1, 2020 – July 1, 2021)

Rank 1 California 2 Texas 3 Florida 4 New York 5 Pennsylvania 6 Illinois 7 Ohio 8 Georgia 9 North Carolina 10 Michigan 11 New Jersey 12 Virginia 13 Washington 14 Arizona 15 Massachusetts 16 Tennessee 17 Indiana 18 Missouri 19 Maryland 20 Wisconsin 21 Colorado 22 Minnesota 23 South Carolina 24 Alabama 25 Louisiana 26 Kentucky 27 Oregon 28 Oklahoma 29 Connecticut 30 Utah 31 Iowa 32 Nevada 33 Arkansas 34 Mississippi 35 Kansas 36 New Mexico 37 Nebraska 38 Idaho 39 West Virginia 40 Hawaii 41 New Hampshire 42 Maine 43 Montana 44 Rhode Island 45 Delaware 46 South Dakota 47 North Dakota 48 Alaska 49 Vermont 50 Wyoming Dist. of Columbia United States

Population Pop. Change 39,237,836 -261,902 29,527,941 310,288 21,781,128 211,196 19,835,913 -319,020 12,964,056 -25,569 12,671,469 -113,776 11,780,017 -10,570 10,799,566 73,766 10,551,162 93,985 10,050,811 -16,853 9,267,130 -12,613 8,642,274 10,230 7,738,692 19,907 7,276,316 98,330 6,984,723 -37,497 6,975,218 55,099 6,805,985 20,341 6,168,187 13,706 6,165,129 -7,550 5,895,908 3,585 5,812,069 27,761 5,707,390 225 5,190,705 59,976 5,039,877 15,074 4,624,047 -27,156 4,509,394 5,436 4,246,155 4,611 3,986,639 24,608 3,605,597 5,337 3,337,975 56,291 3,193,079 4,410 3,143,991 29,920 3,025,891 13,659 2,949,965 -6,905 2,934,582 -1,298 2,115,877 -1,689 1,963,692 2,237 1,900,923 53,151 1,782,959 -6,839 1,441,553 -10,358 1,388,992 11,144 1,372,247 9,967 1,104,271 18,078 1,095,610 -619 1,003,384 11,498 895,376 8,277 774,948 -4,014 732,673 232 645,570 3,075 578,803 1,536 670,050 -20,043 331,893,745 392,665

Rank % 49 -0.66% 1 1.06% 2 0.98% 50 -1.58% 45 -0.21% 48 -0.89% 42 -0.09% 5 0.69% 4 0.90% 44 -0.17% 43 -0.14% 21 0.12% 14 0.26% 3 1.37% 47 -0.53% 8 0.80% 13 0.30% 17 0.22% 40 -0.12% 28 0.06% 11 0.48% 33 0.00% 6 1.17% 16 0.30% 46 -0.58% 24 0.12% 26 0.11% 12 0.62% 25 0.15% 7 1.72% 27 0.14% 10 0.96% 18 0.45% 39 -0.23% 35 0.00% 36 -0.08% 30 0.11% 9 2.88% 38 -0.38% 41 -0.71% 20 0.81% 22 0.73% 15 1.66% 34 -0.06% 19 1.16% 23 0.93% 37 -0.52% 32 0.00% 29 0.48% 31 0.27% -2.90% 0.12%

Rank 47 7 8 50 41 49 37 15 11 40 39 28 23 4 45 13 21 24 38 31 17 33 5 20 46 27 30 16 25 2 26 9 19 42 34 36 29 1 43 48 12 14 3 35 6 10 44 32 18 22

Age Group by Percentage of Population (2021) %>64 15.1% 15.2% 16.2% 19.3% 17.4% 16.5% 13.3% 16.3% 17.5% 16.9% 18.6% 18.1% 16.3% 14.7% 18.0% 16.6% 21.7% 17.0% 13.1% 17.0% 19.0% 16.7% 21.1% 17.1% 18.1% 16.5% 17.8% 17.9% 19.6% 17.6% 20.6% 17.6% 18.6% 20.1% 16.4% 20.7% 16.8% 17.9% 17.5% 16.2% 18.3% 19.6% 18.5% 16.6% 16.7% 17.7% 16.4% 16.1% 17.5% 11.7% 12.8% 16.8%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

%<18 %18–24 %25–44 %45–64 21.4% 9.1% 30.1% 24.3% 22.4% 9.1% 28.7% 24.7% 21.7% 8.4% 29.3% 24.4% 18.5% 8.9% 24.9% 28.5% 19.5% 9.8% 26.9% 26.4% 22.2% 8.0% 28.2% 25.1% 24.5% 9.1% 29.4% 23.7% 22.1% 8.6% 26.7% 26.3% 20.7% 8.8% 27.0% 26.0% 21.8% 8.3% 26.0% 27.0% 20.3% 8.4% 28.0% 24.7% 19.1% 10.1% 26.4% 26.4% 21.8% 9.3% 27.1% 25.6% 23.4% 9.5% 27.1% 25.4% 20.2% 9.5% 25.1% 27.2% 22.1% 9.0% 26.8% 25.5% 18.4% 7.8% 24.2% 28.0% 22.1% 8.8% 26.5% 25.6% 25.3% 9.7% 28.4% 23.5% 21.8% 9.4% 26.0% 25.8% 20.6% 8.7% 25.5% 26.1% 23.1% 8.7% 26.6% 24.9% 19.7% 7.9% 25.2% 26.1% 22.5% 9.2% 25.6% 25.6% 21.4% 9.3% 25.1% 26.1% 23.4% 8.9% 26.7% 24.4% 22.1% 8.9% 25.6% 25.6% 21.6% 9.3% 25.2% 26.0% 21.1% 8.2% 26.7% 24.4% 22.3% 9.1% 25.4% 25.7% 18.1% 10.3% 24.0% 26.9% 22.4% 9.0% 25.9% 25.0% 21.5% 8.9% 25.3% 25.6% 20.8% 8.4% 24.8% 25.9% 23.3% 9.7% 25.7% 24.9% 20.1% 8.6% 23.9% 26.6% 23.5% 9.4% 25.4% 25.0% 22.9% 9.0% 26.0% 24.2% 23.2% 9.2% 25.5% 24.6% 24.1% 9.6% 26.5% 23.6% 22.2% 9.4% 26.3% 23.7% 21.3% 9.0% 25.7% 24.4% 22.4% 9.3% 26.0% 23.8% 24.7% 9.1% 26.2% 23.4% 24.0% 10.0% 25.7% 23.6% 23.1% 9.9% 25.1% 24.2% 24.6% 9.8% 25.9% 23.4% 24.0% 10.8% 27.2% 22.0% 24.6% 9.3% 25.1% 23.5% 28.4% 11.4% 28.6% 20.0% 18.8% 9.8% 38.2% 20.4% 22.2% 9.1% 26.8% 25.2%

TABLE 2

Prime Working Age

Rank 1 Colorado 2 California 3 Washington 4 New Hampshire 5 Massachusetts 6 Nevada 7 Alaska 8 Maryland 9 New York 10 New Jersey 11 Oregon 12 Rhode Island 13 Virginia 14 Georgia 15 Connecticut 16 Illinois 17 Maine 18 Tennessee 19 Texas 20 North Carolina 21 Pennsylvania 22 Minnesota 23 Florida 24 Kentucky 25 Michigan 26 Louisiana 27 Ohio 28 Wisconsin 29 Hawaii 30 Alabama 31 Vermont 32 Missouri 33 South Carolina 34 Delaware 35 Indiana 36 West Virginia 37 Mississippi 38 Wyoming 39 Arkansas 40 Oklahoma 41 Arizona 42 Montana 43 New Mexico 44 Idaho 45 Kansas 46 Iowa 47 Nebraska 48 North Dakota 49 South Dakota 50 Utah Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

TABLE 3

Net Migration by State (July 1, 2020 – July 1, 2021) Net Domestic Migration

Rank 1 Florida 2 Texas 3 Arizona 4 North Carolina 5 South Carolina 6 Tennessee 7 Georgia 8 Idaho 9 Utah 10 Nevada 11 Oklahoma 12 Alabama 13 Montana 14 Arkansas 15 Maine 16 Missouri 17 Indiana 18 New Hampshire 19 Colorado 20 Delaware 21 Kentucky 22 Oregon 23 South Dakota 24 Connecticut 25 Vermont 26 Wisconsin 27 West Virginia 28 Wyoming 29 Rhode Island 30 Iowa 31 Washington 32 New Mexico 33 Ohio 34 Pennsylvania 35 Nebraska 36 Alaska 37 Mississippi 38 Kansas 39 North Dakota 40 Michigan 41 Virginia 42 Hawaii 43 Minnesota 44 Maryland 45 New Jersey 46 Louisiana 47 Massachusetts 48 Illinois 49 New York 50 California Dist. of Columbia United States

Number 220,890 170,307 93,026 88,673 64,833 61,390 50,632 48,876 32,200 25,327 24,687 22,136 19,240 16,016 15,473 14,861 14,280 13,608 13,054 12,207 10,022 8,080 5,564 5,134 4,589 3,307 2,343 1,252 890 833 -29 -2,186 -3,128 -3,194 -3,313 -3,879 -4,246 -5,241 -6,460 -7,893 -8,995 -12,603 -13,453 -19,871 -27,766 -30,312 -46,187 -122,460 -352,185 -367,299 -23,030 0

Net International Migration

Number 38,590 27,185 4,478 6,756 3,138 1,751 6,997 413 1,180 2,189 1,523 1,244 551 824 867 2,942 4,756 1,243 1,677 619 1,182 1,101 1,039 4,583 275 2,268 556 116 615 3,078 9,233 1,467 7,084 7,467 1,044 526 441 1,355 294 4,167 10,930 1,077 4,042 6,838 10,014 2,692 12,675 5,766 18,307 14,339 1,128 244,622

Rank 1 2 17 13 20 26 11 47 34 25 28 31 44 40 39 22 15 32 27 41 33 35 38 16 49 24 43 50 42 21 8 29 10 9 37 45 46 30 48 18 6 36 19 12 7 23 5 14 3 4

Non-Agricultural Employment Growth (August 2021 – August 2022) % Growth 5.6% 4.0% 5.1% 4.8% 4.0% 4.7% 5.3% 3.6% 3.8% 4.3% 4.0% 3.3% 2.9% 3.6% 3.6% 3.8% 4.7% 1.6% 3.7% 2.6% 2.7% 2.6% 3.3% 4.5% 2.2% 3.3% 1.8% 3.0% 2.4% 2.7% 2.5% 1.9% 3.0% 3.5% 3.1% 3.9% 1.4% 2.9% 2.6% 2.6% 1.4% 1.6% 2.6% 2.9% 2.6% 3.1% 2.7% 2.9% 2.2% 1.8% 2.5% 3.7%

Rank 1 9 3 4 9 5 2 16 13 8 9 20 27 16 16 13 5 47 15 34 31 34 20 7 42 20 45 25 41 31 40 44 25 19 23 12 49 27 34 34 49 47 34 27 34 23 31 27 42 45

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Jobs Added (Lost) 709,000 680,500 460,200 435,800 232,600 216,000 214,800 209,600 175,200 145,800 143,800 140,700 113,600 112,000 107,500 106,200 88,500 88,100 80,900 80,700 77,700 68,800 63,600 62,300 61,400 53,600 52,800 48,700 44,900 41,000 40,600 39,100 37,900 28,700 24,900 18,700 18,600 18,600 17,800 17,500 15,800 15,800 15,300 13,200 12,900 12,900 12,300 8,300 6,600 5,900 18,600 5,516,300

TABLE 4

Rank 1 Texas 2 California 3 Florida 4 New York 5 Illinois 6 Georgia 7 New Jersey 8 Pennsylvania 9 North Carolina 10 Washington 11 Massachusetts 12 Michigan 13 Virginia 14 Tennessee 15 Arizona 16 Colorado 17 Oregon 18 Ohio 19 South Carolina 20 Indiana 21 Minnesota 22 Maryland 23 Kentucky 24 Nevada 25 Missouri 26 Utah 27 Wisconsin 28 Oklahoma 29 Louisiana 30 Iowa 31 Connecticut 32 Alabama 33 Arkansas 34 New Mexico 35 Idaho 36 Rhode Island 37 Kansas 37 Maine 39 West Virginia 40 New Hampshire 41 Mississippi 41 Nebraska 43 Hawaii 44 Delaware 45 Montana 45 North Dakota 47 South Dakota 48 Wyoming 49 Vermont 50 Alaska Dist. of Columbia United States

Non-Agricultural Employment Growth (10 year)

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

TABLE 5

(August 2012 – August 2022) Rank 1 California 2 Texas 3 Florida 4 Georgia 5 North Carolina 6 New York 7 Arizona 8 Washington 9 Colorado 10 Tennessee 11 Utah 12 South Carolina 13 Massachusetts 14 Virginia 15 New Jersey 16 Oregon 17 Nevada 18 Illinois 19 Michigan 20 Indiana 21 Ohio 22 Pennsylvania 23 Missouri 24 Minnesota 25 Idaho 26 Alabama 27 Wisconsin 28 Maryland 29 Arkansas 30 Kentucky 31 Oklahoma 32 Montana 33 Iowa 34 Nebraska 35 Mississippi 36 New Hampshire 37 New Mexico 38 Kansas 39 Delaware 40 Maine 40 South Dakota 42 Rhode Island 43 Connecticut 44 Hawaii 45 North Dakota 46 Vermont 47 Louisiana 48 Wyoming 49 Alaska 50 West Virginia Dist. of Columbia United States

Aug-22 Jobs Added

%

(thousands)

(thousands)

14,737.5 10,932.9 7,366.6 3,961.1 3,977.3 8,780.0 2,445.3 2,928.1 2,327.6 2,718.1 1,249.2 1,866.9 3,318.7 3,737.9 3,883.5 1,643.2 1,145.6 5,764.8 4,031.8 2,920.2 5,223.7 5,688.4 2,684.6 2,740.1 628.2 1,903.5 2,796.5 2,582.0 1,170.9 1,813.2 1,608.3 450.1 1,505.5 969.3 1,101.9 631.1 800.2 1,344.8 421.6 613.4 419.5 469.3 1,632.9 607.1 431.2 301.3 1,920.3 299.2 357.3 727.6 726.4 134,306

17,599.3 2,843,700 13,468.2 2,590,100 9,408.6 2,026,200 4,813.0 859,100 4,790.7 815,600 9,504.3 700,800 3,069.5 631,700 3,544.8 586,500 2,888.5 549,100 3,235.2 522,500 1,672.4 423,100 2,243.8 369,700 3,719.4 367,200 4,081.0 349,600 4,257.6 343,600 1,977.7 324,400 1,456.3 319,500 6,077.8 315,900 4,368.2 309,400 3,193.0 290,200 5,513.9 281,700 5,973.5 259,700 2,910.9 232,300 2,960.9 218,400 830.0 200,800 2,082.0 186,000 2,968.9 160,000 2,737.9 155,000 1,316.6 148,900 1,969.2 128,300 1,682.9 80,600 514.4 66,000 1,577.1 64,700 1,028.4 61,500 1,152.2 57,400 687.9 50,700 851.9 48,800 1,394.2 47,300 467.4 43,300 658.2 37,600 459.8 37,600 503.3 29,000 1,653.9 14,500 607.0 2,500 430.6 -2,500 301.5 -3,100 1,921.6 -3,700 292.3 -7,100 334.2 -22,100 706.4 -24,000 763.0 39,000 152,621 18,127,000

19.2% 23.7% 27.4% 21.8% 20.5% 8.0% 25.7% 20.1% 23.7% 19.2% 33.8% 19.8% 11.1% 9.4% 8.9% 19.7% 27.9% 5.5% 7.7% 10.0% 5.4% 4.5% 8.6% 8.0% 32.3% 9.8% 5.8% 6.0% 12.7% 7.1% 5.0% 15.0% 4.3% 6.3% 5.2% 8.0% 6.1% 3.5% 10.3% 6.3% 9.1% 6.2% 0.9% 0.4% -0.6% -1.0% -0.2% -2.4% -6.6% -3.3% 5.3% 13.5%

Aug-12

(Lost) Growth

Rank 13 7 4 8 9 27 5 10 6 14 1 11 17 21 23 12 3 36 28 19 37 40 24 25 2 20 35 34 16 29 39 15 41 30 38 26 33 42 18 31 22 32 43 44 46 47 45 48 50 49

Per Capita Personal Income by State (2021) % Change from 2020 7.08% 5.69% 6.95% 9.19% 6.39% 8.22% 7.45% 5.69% 7.78% 5.91% 8.29% 5.18% 8.43% 6.54% 6.08% 8.49% 5.49% 9.19% 5.60% 8.32% 7.75% 6.24% 3.97% 7.72% 6.55% 5.72% 6.42% 7.57% 6.39% 7.38% 6.76% 6.18% 8.63% 5.36% 7.15% 6.93% 6.75% 7.94% 8.02% 7.13% 5.78% 6.07% 6.63% 6.58% 7.63% 7.74% 7.00% 6.77% 6.57% 7.49% 8.34% 7.26%

Rank 22 44 24 1 35 8 18 44 11 41 7 49 5 33 39 4 47 1 46 6 12 37 50 14 32 43 34 16 35 19 27 38 3 48 20 25 28 10 9 21 42 40 29 30 15 13 23 26 31 17

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of Economic Analysis

Per Capita Personal Income (2021) 82,475 82,082 76,415 76,386 74,805 72,003 71,889 69,266 69,016 67,138 67,095 65,627 65,544 65,486 65,408 64,720 64,054 62,095 61,942 60,761 60,676 60,389 59,704 59,674 59,324 59,002 58,564 58,233 57,159 56,973 56,672 56,483 56,153 55,551 55,392 55,289 55,159 55,043 54,873 54,435 54,301 53,156 52,074 51,379 51,148 50,699 49,320 48,608 47,817 45,438 96,873 63,444

TABLE 6

Rank 1 Massachusetts 2 Connecticut 3 New York 4 California 5 New Jersey 6 New Hampshire 7 Washington 8 Maryland 9 Colorado 10 Alaska 11 Illinois 12 Wyoming 13 North Dakota 14 Minnesota 15 Virginia 16 South Dakota 17 Pennsylvania 18 Nebraska 19 Rhode Island 20 Florida 21 Oregon 22 Hawaii 23 Vermont 24 Texas 25 Kansas 26 Delaware 27 Wisconsin 28 Nevada 29 Maine 30 Iowa 31 Montana 32 Ohio 33 Indiana 34 Michigan 35 Utah 36 Georgia 37 Missouri 38 North Carolina 39 Tennessee 40 Louisiana 41 Arizona 42 Oklahoma 43 South Carolina 44 Idaho 45 Arkansas 46 Kentucky 47 New Mexico 48 Alabama 49 West Virginia 50 Mississippi Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of Economic Analysis

TABLE 7

Gross Domestic Product by State in Current Dollars (2021) 2021 GDP Rank (in millions) 1 California $3,356,631 2 Texas $1,985,319 3 New York $1,853,926 4 Florida $1,226,298 5 Illinois $938,347 6 Pennsylvania $839,437 7 Ohio $736,450 8 Georgia $683,302 9 New Jersey $672,089 10 Washington $667,577 11 North Carolina $654,986 12 Massachusetts $636,514 13 Virginia $591,851 14 Michigan $568,413 15 Maryland $438,235 16 Colorado $421,941 17 Indiana $420,339 18 Tennessee $418,294 19 Minnesota $412,001 20 Arizona $411,192 21 Wisconsin $365,931 22 Missouri $359,952 23 Connecticut $296,498 24 South Carolina $270,079 25 Oregon $266,943 26 Louisiana $255,307 27 Alabama $247,093 28 Kentucky $234,498 29 Utah $220,342 30 Iowa $219,842 31 Oklahoma $206,751 32 Nevada $192,964 33 Kansas $192,304 34 Nebraska $150,388 35 Arkansas $144,545 36 Mississippi $125,110 37 New Mexico $108,928 38 New Hampshire $98,242 39 Idaho $94,317 40 Hawaii $90,059 41 West Virginia $87,395 42 Delaware $80,718 43 Maine $76,057 44 Rhode Island $65,939 45 North Dakota $63,387 46 South Dakota $61,206 47 Montana $59,303 48 Alaska $54,970 49 Wyoming $41,622 50 Vermont $36,170 Dist. of Columbia $152,008 United States $22,996,086

% US GDP 2020 GDP 2021 (in millions) 14.6% 3,007,188 8.6% 1,775,588 8.1% 1,724,759 5.3% 1,106,036 4.1% 858,367 3.7% 771,898 3.2% 677,561 3.0% 622,628 2.9% 618,579 2.9% 604,254 2.8% 589,829 2.8% 582,477 2.6% 549,536 2.5% 515,120 1.9% 410,675 1.8% 382,585 1.8% 375,337 1.8% 369,574 1.8% 373,739 1.8% 373,719 1.6% 337,714 1.6% 329,367 1.3% 276,423 1.2% 244,882 1.2% 243,777 1.1% 235,437 1.1% 226,897 1.0% 212,540 1.0% 197,562 1.0% 194,268 0.9% 188,057 0.8% 170,944 0.8% 175,142 0.7% 133,439 0.6% 130,751 0.5% 113,846 0.5% 98,472 0.4% 87,621 0.4% 83,822 0.4% 82,885 0.4% 75,855 0.4% 75,787 0.3% 69,272 0.3% 60,556 0.3% 54,854 0.3% 54,789 0.3% 51,509 0.2% 49,820 0.2% 36,324 0.2% 33,435 0.7% 144,555 100% 20,893,746

% Change

(2020–21)

11.6% 11.8% 7.5% 10.9% 9.3% 8.7% 8.7% 9.7% 8.7% 10.5% 11.0% 9.3% 7.7% 10.3% 6.7% 10.3% 12.0% 13.2% 10.2% 10.0% 8.4% 9.3% 7.3% 10.3% 9.5% 8.4% 8.9% 10.3% 11.5% 13.2% 9.9% 12.9% 9.8% 12.7% 10.6% 9.9% 10.6% 12.1% 12.5% 8.7% 15.2% 6.5% 9.8% 8.9% 15.6% 11.7% 15.1% 10.3% 14.6% 8.2% 5.2% 10.1%

Rank

14 12 47 17 34 39 40 32 42 20 16 36 46 21 49 25 11 5 26 27 44 35 48 24 33 43 37 23 15 6 28 7 30 8 19 29 18 10 9 41 2 50 31 38 1 13 3 22 4 45

Exports Per Capita (2021) Total (in millions) 76,821 375,324 6,000 29,556 53,645 5,209 29,530 41,140 29,673 55,534 18,060 49,528 65,904 34,655 15,837 4,724 32,453 6,368 175,126 12,933 12,580 50,422 84,874 24,823 20,897 23,538 8,000 14,569 2,582 42,366 6,282 44,725 10,551 24,083 33,446 2,963 16,428 55,462 5,379 15,507 1,425 20,140 3,089 1,859 3,778 5,616 1,974 9,136 6,203 339 1,503 1,672,557

Rank 4 1 38 18 8 41 19 13 17 6 25 10 5 14 27 42 16 35 2 30 31 9 3 20 23 22 34 29 46 12 36 11 32 21 15 45 26 7 40 28 49 24 44 48 43 39 47 33 37 50

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Per Capita $16,613 $12,711 $8,189 $6,961 $6,932 $6,722 $6,549 $6,045 $5,717 $5,525 $5,410 $5,345 $5,201 $4,968 $4,960 $4,708 $4,646 $4,585 $4,463 $4,384 $4,287 $4,280 $4,279 $4,210 $4,146 $4,124 $4,074 $4,041 $3,999 $3,923 $3,523 $3,450 $3,356 $3,310 $3,170 $2,704 $2,665 $2,546 $2,542 $2,514 $2,462 $2,330 $2,251 $2,077 $1,987 $1,856 $1,788 $1,572 $1,556 $235 $2,243 $4,976

TABLE 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Rank Louisiana Texas Alaska Oregon Washington North Dakota Kentucky Indiana South Carolina Michigan Utah New Jersey Illinois Tennessee Iowa Delaware Massachusetts New Hampshire California Mississippi Kansas Ohio New York Wisconsin Alabama Minnesota Nebraska Connecticut Vermont Georgia West Virginia Pennsylvania Nevada Arizona North Carolina Rhode Island Maryland Florida New Mexico Missouri Wyoming Virginia Maine South Dakota Idaho Arkansas Montana Colorado Oklahoma Hawaii Dist. of Columbia United States

Opening and Closing Rates of Establishments

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

TABLE 9

(Q1 2021 – Q4 2021) Rank 1 Alaska 2 Wyoming 3 Montana 4 Nevada 5 Hawaii 6 Rhode Island 7 Maine 8 Vermont 9 Colorado 10 California 11 Florida 11 Idaho 13 New Mexico 14 New Jersey 15 North Dakota 16 Louisiana 16 Oregon 18 Washington 19 New Hampshire 19 New York 21 Georgia 22 Minnesota 23 Utah 24 Michigan 25 Delaware 26 West Virginia 27 North Carolina 27 South Dakota 29 Kentucky 29 Massachusetts 31 South Carolina 32 Maryland 33 Mississippi 34 Texas 35 Oklahoma 36 Illinois 37 Arizona 38 Connecticut 38 Kansas 40 Missouri 41 Alabama 42 Virginia 43 Tennessee 44 Arkansas 44 Nebraska 46 Indiana 47 Ohio 48 Pennsylvania 49 Iowa 50 Wisconsin Dist. of Columbia United States

Average Quarterly Entry Rate 10.7% 9.2% 8.9% 8.5% 8.3% 8.2% 8.2% 8.2% 8.0% 8.0% 7.9% 7.9% 7.9% 7.6% 7.5% 7.5% 7.5% 7.4% 7.3% 7.3% 7.3% 7.3% 7.2% 7.2% 7.2% 7.1% 7.0% 7.0% 6.9% 6.9% 6.9% 6.9% 6.9% 6.8% 6.8% 6.8% 6.7% 6.7% 6.7% 6.6% 6.6% 6.5% 6.4% 6.4% 6.4% 6.3% 6.3% 6.3% 6.2% 5.9% 6.9% 7.1%

Average Quarterly Exit Rate 9.2% 8.3% 7.6% 5.5% 5.7% 6.3% 7.3% 6.8% 6.3% 6.0% 6.0% 6.6% 6.2% 5.7% 6.6% 6.6% 6.2% 5.5% 6.3% 5.7% 6.0% 5.6% 6.2% 5.5% 6.4% 6.2% 5.7% 6.1% 5.8% 5.6% 6.1% 6.1% 6.3% 5.1% 6.4% 5.4% 5.6% 5.7% 5.9% 5.8% 6.0% 5.7% 5.3% 5.3% 6.1% 5.4% 5.5% 5.0% 5.7% 5.3% 5.1% 5.7%

Rank 1 2 3 43 30 13 4 5 12 23 23 6 15 33 8 7 16 40 11 34 26 37 17 42 9 18 32 22 29 39 19 19 13 49 9 45 37 34 27 28 25 31 47 48 21 44 40 50 36 46

Census Estimates of State and Local Taxes (2020) Burden Per $1000 PI $147.23 $112.54 $113.59 $132.32 $138.33 $100.70 $108.70 $110.21 $112.70 $119.88 $128.89 $109.27 $99.02 $110.61 $104.88 $93.57 $106.16 $96.12 $97.86 $108.52 $87.23 $100.73 $98.71 $99.76 $81.45 $116.86 $97.52 $94.06 $89.78 $96.88 $73.14 $90.57 $93.17 $81.60 $92.37 $96.53 $99.34 $100.35 $87.22 $87.94 $86.24 $88.88 $84.33 $91.99 $88.79 $76.59 $100.90 $81.23 $87.41 $76.88 $145.60 $101.16

Rank 1 9 7 3 2 19 13 11 8 5 4 12 23 10 16 31 15 29 25 14 41 18 24 21 46 6 26 30 36 27 50 35 32 45 33 28 22 20 42 39 43 37 44 34 38 49 17 47 40 48

Source: Federation of Tax Administrators

Per Capita Burden $9,945 $8,448 $7,578 $7,545 $7,480 $7,265 $7,001 $6,810 $6,507 $6,450 $6,420 $6,400 $6,155 $5,859 $5,732 $5,668 $5,652 $5,597 $5,554 $5,434 $5,353 $5,369 $5,210 $5,202 $5,131 $4,997 $4,857 $4,800 $4,744 $4,707 $4,523 $4,471 $4,467 $4,466 $4,410 $4,336 $4,329 $4,278 $4,263 $4,209 $4,165 $4,136 $4,075 $4,074 $4,057 $4,047 $3,970 $3,967 $3,756 $3,719 $12,077 $5,616

TABLE 10

Rank 1 New York 2 Connecticut 3 New Jersey 4 North Dakota 5 Hawaii 6 Massachusetts 7 California 8 Maryland 9 Minnesota 10 Vermont 11 Maine 12 Illinois 13 Washington 14 Delaware 15 Rhode Island 16 Colorado 17 Nebraska 18 Virginia 19 Pennsylvania 20 Iowa 21 Wyoming 22 Wisconsin 23 Kansas 24 Oregon 25 New Hampshire 26 New Mexico 27 Ohio 28 Nevada 29 Texas 30 Indiana 31 Alaska 32 Montana 33 Utah 34 South Dakota 35 Louisiana 36 Arkansas 37 Kentucky 38 West Virginia 39 Michigan 40 North Carolina 41 Oklahoma 42 Arizona 43 Georgia 44 Idaho 45 South Carolina 46 Florida 47 Mississippi 48 Missouri 49 Alabama 50 Tennessee Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: Council on State Taxation (COST): State and Local Business Taxes Report

TABLE 11

Business Taxes per Employee as a Share of All Taxes and GSP (FY 2021) Rank 1 North Dakota 2 New York 3 New Jersey 4 Wyoming 5 New Mexico 6 Vermont 7 California 7 Hawaii 7 Maine 10 Delaware 10 Washington 12 Alaska 13 Illinois 13 Texas 15 Connecticut 16 West Virginia 17 Colorado 17 Mississippi 17 Nevada 20 Nebraska 21 Oregon 21 South Dakota 23 Rhode Island 24 Massachusetts 24 Montana 24 Pennsylvania 24 Virginia 28 Iowa 28 Louisiana 28 Oklahoma 31 Florida 31 New Hampshire 33 Kansas 33 Minnesota 35 Maryland 36 Alabama 36 Tennessee 38 Kentucky 38 South Carolina 40 Arkansas 40 Idaho 42 Wisconsin 43 Arizona 43 Georgia 43 Ohio 46 Indiana 46 Utah 48 North Carolina 49 Michigan 50 Missouri Dist. of Columbia United States

Business Taxes per Employee

% of Private Sect. GSP

$12,600 $12,100 $11,000 $10,900 $10,800 $10,300 $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 $9,500 $9,500 $8,900 $8,600 $8,600 $8,400 $8,000 $7,800 $7,800 $7,800 $7,600 $7,400 $7,400 $7,300 $7,200 $7,200 $7,200 $7,200 $7,000 $7,000 $7,000 $6,900 $6,900 $6,700 $6,700 $6,600 $6,300 $6,300 $6,200 $6,200 $6,000 $6,000 $5,800 $5,700 $5,700 $5,700 $5,600 $5,600 $5,200 $5,100 $4,800 $9,800 $7,800

8.1% 5.6% 6.3% 6.9% 8.6% 8.4% 5.1% 6.6% 8.0% 5.1% 4.7% 5.1% 5.3% 5.4% 4.5% 6.2% 5.0% 7.1% 5.5% 5.0% 5.3% 5.1% 5.4% 4.0% 5.9% 5.0% 4.9% 4.9% 5.0% 5.5% 5.0% 4.7% 4.7% 4.6% 4.2% 5.2% 4.7% 5.0% 4.9% 5.1% 4.9% 4.5% 4.1% 3.8% 4.1% 4.1% 4.0% 3.6% 3.7% 3.8% 5.0% 4.9%

Rank

3 11 8 6 1 2 19 7 4 19 34 19 16 14 39 9 24 5 12 24 16 19 14 45 10 24 30 30 24 12 24 34 34 38 41 18 34 24 30 19 30 39 42 47 42 42 45 50 49 47

% Of All Taxes

70.9% 42.9% 44.7% 69.3% 60.1% 49.9% 38.8% 38.1% 50.6% 51.1% 48.4% 61.6% 44.3% 59.3% 32.6% 48.8% 45.2% 50.7% 52.3% 47.9% 40.4% 59.6% 38.5% 36.7% 46.6% 42.4% 41.5% 45.4% 48.3% 48.8% 53.0% 47.9% 41.7% 37.0% 31.3% 46.1% 54.5% 44.6% 45.5% 40.8% 40.9% 40.5% 41.0% 43.2% 39.8% 39.1% 37.9% 36.8% 34.7% 39.8% 54.3% 43.6%

Rank

1 29 25 2 4 13 41 43 12 10 16 3 27 6 49 14 24 11 9 18 37 5 42 47 20 30 32 23 17 14 8 18 31 45 50 21 7 26 22 35 34 36 33 28 38 40 44 46 48 38

Gas Tax (January 2022) Excise Tax (cents/gal) 51.10 39.20 0.00 16.00 10.50 23.00 32.00 49.40 8.05 27.17 4.00 36.00 38.50 38.50 28.70 0.00 25.00 20.50 34.00 26.20 32.50 32.00 30.90 12.10 31.90 28.00 28.50 30.00 30.00 28.00 26.00 26.00 24.00 24.60 24.80 24.50 24.00 23.00 22.20 23.00 23.00 22.00 20.00 19.00 20.00 19.50 18.00 17.00 18.00 8.95 23.50 26.16

Other State Taxes (in cents) 17.05 20.40 58.70 35.69 40.20 27.48 17.79 0.00 40.17 18.00 39.55 2.83 0.25 0.01 8.85 9.00 10.75 15.20 1.00 8.20 0.75 1.00 2.00 20.04 0.01 3.31 2.10 0.01 0.00 2.00 1.40 0.75 2.54 1.40 0.90 0.30 0.03 1.00 1.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 1.00 0.00 0.42 1.00 1.88 0.79 6.18 10.30 12.53

Source: American Petroleum Institute

Total Tax (cents/gal) 68.15 59.60 58.70 51.69 50.70 50.48 49.79 49.40 48.22 45.17 43.55 38.83 38.75 38.51 37.55 36.10 35.75 35.70 35.00 34.40 33.25 33.00 32.90 32.14 31.91 31.31 30.60 30.01 30.00 30.00 27.40 26.75 26.54 26.00 25.70 24.80 24.03 24.00 23.83 23.00 23.00 22.00 20.01 20.00 20.00 19.92 19.00 18.88 18.79 15.13 33.80 38.69

TABLE 12

Rank 1 California 2 Illinois 3 Pennsylvania 4 Hawaii 5 New Jersey 6 Nevada 7 Indiana 8 Washington 9 New York 10 Michigan 11 Florida 12 Oregon 13 North Carolina 14 Ohio 15 Georgia 16 Maryland 17 Connecticut 18 West Virginia 19 Rhode Island 20 Virginia 21 Montana 22 Idaho 23 Wisconsin 24 Vermont 25 Utah 26 Alabama 27 Minnesota 28 Maine 29 Iowa 30 South Dakota 31 Tennessee 32 South Carolina 33 Massachusetts 34 Kentucky 35 Nebraska 36 Arkansas 37 Kansas 38 Wyoming 39 New Hampshire 40 Delaware 41 North Dakota 42 Colorado 43 Louisiana 44 Oklahoma 45 Texas 46 Missouri 47 Arizona 48 New Mexico 49 Mississippi 50 Alaska Dist. of Columbia United States

Economy

Quality of Life

Tech. & Innovation

Education

Cost of Living

Access to Capital

Rank 1 North Carolina 2 Washington 3 Virginia 4 Colorado 5 Texas 6 Tennessee 7 Nebraska 8 Utah 9 Minnesota 10 Georgia 11 Florida 12 Iowa 13 North Dakota 14 Indiana 15 Ohio 16 Michigan 17 Pennsylvania 18 Oregon 19 Illinois 20 Idaho 21 Kansas 22 South Dakota 23 Wisconsin 24 Massachusetts 25 Missouri 26 Kentucky 27 Maryland 28 Delaware 29 California 30 Montana 31 Vermont 32 Wyoming 33 Alabama 34 Arizona 35 New Hampshire 36 New York 37 South Carolina 38 Oklahoma 39 Connecticut 40 Nevada 41 Arkansas 42 New Jersey 43 Maine 44 West Virginia 45 Rhode Island 46 Hawaii 47 New Mexico 48 Louisiana 49 Alaska 50 Mississippi

Cost of Business

Source: CNBC

TABLE 13

CNBC Top States for Business Rankings (July 2022)

26 33 25 36 12 8 16 17 41 38 30 19 21 2 4 9 22 34 31 15 6 11 13 49 1 6 44 37 48 27 39 23 24 35 32 42 28 2 45 20 13 43 40 10 47 50 29 5 46 17

1 3 20 11 8 2 13 6 16 7 4 17 37 10 27 21 45 15 44 5 43 12 30 26 17 34 31 22 17 9 33 40 27 22 29 36 13 34 47 25 24 50 32 39 41 48 42 45 38 49

28 6 13 12 49 42 7 29 5 39 39 10 4 43 29 29 22 8 23 20 29 27 35 13 46 36 18 24 26 24 1 20 38 50 15 19 47 48 17 41 37 8 2 34 16 3 44 45 11 33

5 2 17 9 4 28 24 26 6 12 16 18 35 23 11 15 7 13 8 34 38 36 19 10 19 22 14 32 1 46 37 40 21 29 39 2 31 30 25 47 40 27 44 49 33 40 43 45 50 48

14 17 2 11 21 11 24 41 15 10 19 24 26 35 22 27 5 32 6 48 20 39 15 1 27 39 18 42 11 33 8 29 34 42 6 4 29 47 8 50 37 3 23 44 29 38 45 35 49 46

22 38 30 34 14 5 19 25 26 4 27 7 24 9 12 12 32 46 20 31 2 29 23 47 6 17 44 36 48 28 41 20 3 33 37 49 18 14 43 35 10 40 39 8 42 50 11 16 45 1

2 20 6 22 3 22 32 12 13 13 22 29 34 13 3 11 9 26 8 34 19 10 32 6 29 38 13 13 1 38 45 45 34 41 48 5 41 22 26 26 20 13 47 38 29 49 41 37 49 41

Effective Property Tax Rate on a Primary Residence in the State’s Largest City (Payable 2021) Tax on Median $2,035 $9,119 $12,287 $3,566 $4,515 $3,507 $4,117 $3,684 $3,539 $3,001 $4,635 $4,417 $3,398 $2,476 $2,426 $4,268 $2,333 $3,487 $2,814 $2,712 $3,176 $3,720 $2,108 $1,172 $4,244 $8,501 $3,473 $1,786 $2,814 $8,470 $1,867 $3,636 $1,997 $2,448 $1,899 $3,473 $2,780 $2,207 $2,310 $2,503 $6,694 $698 $1,396 $2,273 $2,632 $775 $2,503 $3,346 $1,888 $2,149 $4,943 $3,455

Rank 41 2 1 15 7 17 11 13 16 24 6 8 21 32 34 9 35 18 25 28 23 12 40 48 10 3 19 46 25 4 45 14 42 33 43 19 27 38 36 30 5 50 47 37 29 49 30 22 44 39

Source: Minnesota Taxpayers Association/Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

Effective 2021 Median Tax Rate Home Value 3.265% $62,338 3.227% $282,625 2.620% $468,929 2.476% $144,033 2.263% $199,519 2.262% $155,021 2.217% $185,671 1.990% $185,165 1.689% $209,479 1.660% $180,796 1.617% $286,696 1.566% $282,044 1.520% $223,515 1.365% $181,397 1.331% $182,310 1.324% $322,320 1.322% $176,419 1.298% $268,697 1.278% $220,113 1.270% $213,596 1.254% $253,293 1.235% $301,189 1.226% $171,900 1.221% $96,003 1.207% $351,702 1.198% $709,745 1.197% $290,041 1.195% $149,397 1.190% $236,569 1.164% $727,737 1.146% $162,871 1.134% $320,531 1.117% $178,760 0.997% $245,582 0.980% $193,853 0.895% $388,082 0.888% $312,918 0.882% $250,134 0.854% $270,499 0.822% $304,517 0.806% $830,125 0.670% $104,125 0.647% $215,576 0.643% $353,783 0.637% $413,232 0.594% $130,500 0.531% $471,429 0.508% $658,754 0.493% $383,216 0.300% $716,267 0.735% $672,700 1.293% $299,916

TABLE 14

Rank 1 Detroit, MI 2 Newark, NJ 3 Portland, OR 4 Milwaukee, WI 5 Bridgeport, CT 6 Des Moines, IA 7 Baltimore, MD 8 Omaha, NE 9 Houston, TX 10 Columbus, OH 11 Burlington, VT 12 Chicago, IL 13 Sioux Falls, SD 14 Wilmington, DE 15 Louisville, KY 16 Anchorage, AK 17 Kansas City, MO 18 Manchester, NH 19 Albuquerque, NM 20 Jacksonville, FL 21 Providence, RI 22 Minneapolis, MN 23 Oklahoma City, OK 24 Jackson, MS 25 Portland, ME 26 New York City, NY 27 Phoenix, AZ 28 Wichita, KS 29 Fargo, ND 30 Los Angeles, CA 31 Indianapolis, IN 32 Las Vegas, NV 33 Little Rock, AR 34 New Orleans, LA 35 Philadelphia, PA 36 Atlanta, GA 37 Virginia Beach, VA 38 Billings, MT 39 Charlotte, NC 40 Nashville, TN 41 Seattle, WA 42 Birmingham, AL 43 Cheyenne, WY 44 Boise, ID 45 Salt Lake City, UT 46 Charleston, WV 47 Denver, CO 48 Boston, MA 49 Charleston, SC 50 Honolulu, HI Washington, DC U.S. Average

Source: Minnesota Taxpayers Association/Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

TABLE 15

Effective Property Tax Rate on a Commercial Property* in the State’s Largest City (Payable 2021) Rank 1 Detroit, MI 2 Chicago, IL 3 Providence, RI 4 Des Moines, IA 5 Kansas City, MO 6 Indianapolis, IN 7 Baltimore, MD 8 Jackson, MS 9 Newark, NJ 10 Phoenix, AZ 11 Milwaukee, WI 12 Minneapolis, MN 13 Bridgeport, CT 14 Portland, OR 15 Wichita, KS 16 Houston, TX 17 Denver, CO 18 Omaha, NE 19 New Orleans, LA 20 Philadelphia, PA 21 Burlington, VT 22 Charleston, WV 23 Boston, MA 24 Columbus, OH 25 Charleston, SC 26 Anchorage, AK 27 Jacksonville, FL 28 Atlanta, GA 29 Albuquerque, NM 30 Louisville, KY 31 Little Rock, AR 32 Sioux Falls, SD 33 Oklahoma City, OK 34 New York City, NY 35 Portland, ME 36 Nashville, TN 37 Wilmington, DE 38 Billings, MT 39 Los Angeles, CA 40 Honolulu, HI 41 Las Vegas, NV 42 Salt Lake City, UT 43 Manchester, NH 44 Fargo, ND 45 Boise, ID 46 Virginia Beach, VA 47 Birmingham, AL 48 Charlotte, NC 49 Seattle, WA 50 Cheyenne, WY Washington, DC U.S. Average

Effective Tax Rate 4.212% 3.783% 3.532% 3.134% 2.842% 2.816% 2.805% 2.732% 2.689% 2.656% 2.655% 2.637% 2.636% 2.620% 2.541% 2.203% 2.119% 2.028% 2.025% 2.000% 1.901% 1.875% 1.862% 1.859% 1.781% 1.636% 1.610% 1.533% 1.498% 1.449% 1.398% 1.378% 1.349% 1.344% 1.299% 1.260% 1.251% 1.199% 1.175% 1.157% 1.131% 1.108% 1.081% 1.066% 1.056% 1.016% 0.882% 0.872% 0.818% 0.693% 1.935% 1.900%

*$25 million, land and structures; $5 million, fixtures

Net Tax $1,263,712 $1,135,009 $1,059,609 $940,228 $852,747 $844,796 $841,536 $819,560 $806,637 $796,807 $796,456 $791,218 $790,714 $786,064 $762,182 $660,917 $635,814 $608,378 $607,374 $600,023 $570,337 $562,513 $558,513 $557,703 $534,315 $490,685 $483,022 $459,991 $449,334 $434,835 $419,475 $413,437 $404,594 $403,313 $389,700 $378,120 $375,430 $359,617 $352,562 $347,200 $339,294 $332,265 $324,428 $319,876 $316,825 $304,780 $264,734 $261,732 $245,443 $207,887 $580,468 $569,930

Effective Property Tax Rate on an Industrial Property* in the State’s Largest City (Payable 2021) Effective Tax Rate 2.794% 2.564% 2.445% 2.438% 2.291% 2.267% 2.252% 2.173% 2.096% 2.078% 1.875% 1.840% 1.808% 1.702% 1.702% 1.662% 1.613% 1.582% 1.460% 1.457% 1.429% 1.410% 1.403% 1.399% 1.379% 1.304% 1.302% 1.211% 1.200% 1.162% 1.151% 1.117% 1.111% 1.109% 0.940% 0.908% 0.897% 0.852% 0.827% 0.816% 0.751% 0.716% 0.714% 0.694% 0.682% 0.666% 0.649% 0.640% 0.538% 0.530% 1.841% 1.400%

*Value: $25 million land & structures; $12.5M, Machinery & Equipment; $10M, Inventories; $2.5M, Fixtures

Net Tax $1,396,817 $1,282,037 $1,222,400 $1,218,817 $1,145,320 $1,133,576 $1,126,001 $1,086,512 $1,048,085 $1,039,224 $937,521 $920,109 $904,196 $851,085 $850,980 $830,790 $806,637 $791,218 $730,078 $728,269 $714,676 $704,991 $701,738 $699,475 $689,593 $651,917 $651,030 $605,421 $600,023 $581,088 $575,400 $558,513 $555,255 $554,312 $470,083 $454,031 $448,645 $426,161 $413,437 $407,860 $375,430 $358,232 $357,225 $347,200 $341,083 $333,155 $324,428 $319,876 $268,875 $264,780 $920,468 $699,777

Source: Minnesota Taxpayers Association/Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

Rank Jackson, MS Charlotte, NC Cheyenne, WY Houston, TX Philadelphia, PA Portland, OR Jacksonville, FL Atlanta, GA Newark, NJ Des Moines, IA Virginia Beach, VA Omaha, NE Chicago, IL Anchorage, AK Birmingham, AL Las Vegas, NV Louisville, KY Indianapolis, IN Wichita, KS New York City, NY Boise, ID Burlington, VT Fargo, ND Baltimore, MD Columbus, OH Salt Lake City, UT Bridgeport, CT Manchester, NH Oklahoma City, OK Albuquerque, NM Portland, ME Honolulu, HI New Orleans, LA Kansas City, MO Billings, MT Little Rock, AR Providence, RI Charleston, WV Phoenix, AZ Denver, CO Boston, MA Minneapolis, MN Detroit, MI Charleston, SC Wilmington, DE Sioux Falls, SD Los Angeles, CA Nashville, TN Milwaukee, WI Seattle, WA Washington, DC U.S. Average

TABLE 16

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

TABLE 17

State and Local Government Employment (March 2021) Rank 1 Wyoming 2 Alaska 3 Kansas 4 Nebraska 5 North Dakota 6 Mississippi 7 New York 8 Iowa 9 Vermont 10 New Mexico 11 Alabama 12 Louisiana 13 West Virginia 14 Arkansas 15 Montana 16 Colorado 17 South Dakota 18 South Carolina 19 Minnesota 20 Kentucky 21 Texas 22 North Carolina 23 Oklahoma 24 Virginia 25 Maine 26 Hawaii 27 Maryland 28 Missouri 29 Delaware 30 Washington 31 New Jersey 32 Connecticut 33 Utah 34 Oregon 35 New Hampshire 36 Ohio 37 Indiana 38 Tennessee 39 Illinois 40 Georgia 41 Massachusetts 42 Wisconsin 43 California 44 Idaho 45 Rhode Island 46 Pennsylvania 47 Michigan 48 Florida 49 Arizona 50 Nevada Dist. of Columbia United States

FTE’s/1,000 Residents 86.3 68.7 67.8 63.6 62.5 60.7 59.4 58.7 57.6 56.7 56.3 56.1 55.2 54.7 53.9 53.4 52.6 52.3 52.3 52.1 51.9 51.8 51.4 51.4 51.1 50.9 50.1 50.0 50.0 49.9 49.8 49.2 49.1 48.9 48.7 47.7 47.5 47.4 47.3 47.3 47.2 47.1 46.7 45.4 42.6 41.8 41.8 40.9 38.4 36.2 75.7 49.4

2020 Annual Payroll/FTE $58,391 $72,188 $53,090 $59,050 $58,579 $46,657 $78,452 $60,946 $66,148 $55,077 $53,096 $49,412 $49,762 $48,221 $53,756 $65,480 $52,927 $52,966 $68,053 $49,614 $57,337 $57,226 $50,847 $61,251 $54,615 $67,967 $71,031 $50,775 $62,742 $84,317 $77,586 $73,609 $62,386 $72,148 $59,439 $61,093 $53,360 $52,107 $71,165 $55,146 $75,302 $62,523 $89,936 $54,263 $74,031 $66,844 $65,163 $57,296 $61,209 $67,965 $90,381 $65,695

Rank 29 8 40 27 28 50 3 25 16 34 39 48 46 49 37 17 42 41 12 47 30 32 44 22 35 13 11 45 19 2 4 7 21 9 26 24 38 43 10 33 5 20 1 36 6 15 18 31 23 14

State and Local FTE Average Annual Pay (March 2021)

$59,064

Local Avg FTE Salary $88,754 $77,823 $76,960 $72,618 $69,819 $86,399 $71,396 $59,803 $69,092 $70,868 $63,188 $69,602 $64,354 $59,069 $72,710 $63,084 $54,551 $67,465 $78,475 $55,740 $54,211 $57,869 $50,444 $61,952 $49,385 $57,938 $56,234 $58,893 $59,076 $57,481 $49,583 $60,502 $57,072 $43,765 $45,813 $49,796 $49,597 $55,473 $51,544 $59,719 $52,132 $46,490 $53,080 $43,516 $45,475 $48,306 $50,950 $50,186 $52,327 $50,162 $90,381 $63,823

Rank 1 4 5 7 10 2 8 19 12 9 15 11 14 22 6 16 31 13 3 29 32 25 38 17 44 24 28 23 21 26 43 18 27 49 47 41 42 30 36 20 35 46 33 50 48 45 37 39 34 40

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

State Avg FTE Salary $78,072 $73,396 $71,406 $69,758 $67,120 $65,778 $65,404 $65,353 $64,862 $64,389 $63,620 $62,943 $62,740 $62,325 $61,227 $59,651 $58,735 $56,519 $55,886 $55,651 $55,527 $54,958 $54,243 $54,130 $54,101 $53,224 $52,354 $52,322 $52,286 $51,935 $51,235 $50,441 $49,968 $49,821 $49,679 $49,679 $49,535 $49,211 $48,974 $48,949 $48,612 $48,348 $48,264 $47,723 $47,360 $46,019 $45,889 $45,876 $45,739 $44,048

TABLE 18

Rank 1 California 2 New York 3 New Jersey 4 Massachusetts 5 Connecticut 6 Washington 7 Alaska 8 Vermont 9 Illinois 10 Rhode Island 11 Pennsylvania 12 Oregon 13 Minnesota 14 Michigan 15 Maryland 16 Colorado 17 Texas 18 Nevada 19 Hawaii 20 Iowa 21 North Carolina 22 Virginia 23 New Mexico 24 Delaware 25 Idaho 26 Utah 27 New Hampshire 28 Ohio 29 Wisconsin 30 Wyoming 31 Kansas 32 Arizona 33 Florida 34 Arkansas 35 Kentucky 36 Tennessee 37 Alabama 38 North Dakota 39 South Carolina 40 Nebraska 41 Maine 42 Louisiana 43 Georgia 44 Mississippi 45 West Virginia 46 Oklahoma 47 Indiana 48 South Dakota 49 Montana 50 Missouri Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: CompTIA: Cyberstates 2021 Report

TABLE 19

High Tech Employment and Wages (2021) Net Tech Share of Total Rank Employment Employment Rank 1 California 1,411,447 7.8% 5 2 Texas 790,981 5.9% 14 3 New York 506,529 5.5% 16 4 Florida 446,266 4.8% 24 5 Virginia 351,449 8.7% 2 6 Washington 333,391 9.4% 1 7 Illinois 318,662 5.4% 19 8 Massachusetts 307,926 8.6% 3 9 Pennsylvania 285,376 4.8% 24 10 Georgia 281,666 6.0% 13 11 North Carolina 274,167 5.8% 15 12 Ohio 252,910 4.6% 27 13 New Jersey 251,437 6.2% 10 14 Colorado 236,158 8.3% 4 15 Maryland 211,435 7.8% 5 16 Arizona 192,768 6.2% 10 17 Michigan 190,133 4.4% 29 18 Minnesota 181,825 6.2% 10 19 Missouri 153,517 5.3% 20 20 Wisconsin 137,887 4.7% 26 21 Oregon 127,790 6.3% 9 22 Tennessee 116,384 3.6% 35 23 Utah 113,646 6.9% 8 24 Indiana 112,567 3.6% 35 25 Connecticut 92,420 5.5% 16 26 Alabama 83,860 4.1% 31 27 South Carolina 81,755 3.7% 34 28 Kansas 65,750 4.6% 27 29 Iowa 65,613 4.1% 31 30 Kentucky 64,672 3.3% 38 31 Oklahoma 56,315 3.3% 39 32 New Hampshire 54,284 7.8% 5 33 Nebraska 50,330 4.9% 23 34 Louisiana 45,705 2.4% 47 35 Nevada 43,978 3.2% 41 36 Arkansas 38,826 3.0% 44 37 Idaho 36,696 4.3% 30 38 New Mexico 32,667 3.9% 33 39 Mississippi 27,124 2.3% 48 40 Rhode Island 26,635 5.5% 16 41 Maine 23,275 3.5% 37 42 Delaware 23,191 5.1% 21 43 West Virginia 19,426 2.8% 46 44 Hawaii 18,791 3.1% 42 45 Vermont 15,961 5.0% 22 46 Montana 15,388 2.9% 45 47 South Dakota 15,228 3.3% 38 48 North Dakota 12,264 2.0% 50 49 Alaska 10,011 3.1% 42 50 Wyoming 5,937 2.1% 49 Dist. of Columbia 67,454 9.2% United States 8,679,198 5.7%

Median Wage $ $116,729 $91,885 $98,956 $79,397 $105,412 $124,653 $93,724 $105,721 $85,900 $92,001 $89,449 $83,248 $104,692 $99,300 $105,280 $86,201 $81,122 $94,715 $80,852 $80,041 $90,639 $75,065 $82,534 $76,254 $95,971 $82,811 $73,885 $74,262 $81,898 $71,743 $73,140 $94,358 $81,095 $69,617 $75,964 $71,712 $72,775 $76,851 $66,397 $90,765 $78,318 $99,067 $69,467 $81,625 $76,943 $67,293 $67,233 $71,429 $85,061 $64,075 $117,329 $94,058

Rank 2 15 9 31 4 1 13 3 20 14 18 22 6 7 5 19 27 11 29 30 17 37 24 35 10 23 39 38 26 42 40 12 28 45 36 43 41 34 49 16 32 8 46 26 33 47 48 44 21 50

Wages and Productivity of Production Workers in Manufacturing (2020) Value Added Per Hour $223.59 $196.77 $231.55 $115.32 $168.71 $155.61 $142.82 $181.17 $125.11 $149.92 $199.24 $132.60 $163.31 $201.11 $160.91 $171.91 $140.79 $203.31 $129.72 $198.22 $142.16 $141.76 $188.87 $127.99 $136.55 $185.93 $137.43 $135.98 $151.76 $136.05 $160.18 $168.82 $164.33 $144.65 $156.31 $125.87 $134.77 $160.68 $154.06 $149.56 $122.50 $130.21 $170.58 $90.06 $104.05 $144.10 $172.58 $141.36 $118.08 $112.64 $130.20 $156.84

Rank 2 7 1 47 15 22 29 10 44 25 5 39 17 4 18 12 33 3 41 6 30 31 8 42 35 9 34 37 24 36 20 14 16 27 21 43 38 19 23 26 45 40 13 50 49 28 11 32 46 48

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Wages Per Hour $33.11 $32.38 $31.81 $30.80 $29.89 $29.13 $28.40 $28.39 $27.99 $27.92 $27.91 $27.66 $27.61 $27.56 $27.23 $27.11 $26.97 $26.97 $26.60 $26.60 $26.54 $26.50 $26.47 $26.41 $26.37 $26.30 $26.30 $26.30 $26.25 $26.17 $26.06 $26.00 $25.96 $25.95 $25.79 $25.48 $25.42 $25.29 $25.01 $24.99 $24.99 $24.71 $24.16 $24.15 $23.88 $23.81 $23.71 $23.43 $22.75 $22.74 $27.57 $26.42

TABLE 20

Rank 1 Wyoming 2 Connecticut 3 Louisiana 4 Washington 5 West Virginia 6 Nevada 7 Oregon 8 Massachusetts 9 Idaho 10 Colorado 11 Maryland 12 Maine 13 New York 14 California 15 Missouri 16 New Jersey 17 Kentucky 18 Texas 19 Kansas 20 Montana 21 Minnesota 22 Rhode Island 23 Arizona 24 Michigan 25 Ohio 26 Virginia 27 Indiana 28 Oklahoma 29 Pennsylvania 30 New Hampshire 31 Iowa 32 New Mexico 33 South Carolina 34 Illinois 35 Utah 36 Wisconsin 37 Hawaii 38 North Dakota 39 Tennessee 40 Florida 41 Vermont 42 Alabama 43 Delaware 44 Alaska 45 South Dakota 46 Georgia 47 North Carolina 48 Nebraska 49 Mississippi 50 Arkansas Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

TABLE 21

Annual Average Investment Per Employee in Manufacturing (2020) Rank 1 North Dakota 2 Louisiana 3 New Mexico 4 Arizona 5 Texas 6 Wyoming 7 Alabama 8 South Carolina 9 Kentucky 10 Idaho 11 Georgia 12 Arkansas 13 Montana 14 Oregon 15 Oklahoma 16 Mississippi 17 Maryland 18 West Virginia 19 Kansas 20 Indiana 21 Tennessee 22 Iowa 23 Delaware 24 Wisconsin 25 Ohio 26 Illinois 27 Nevada 28 Minnesota 29 New Jersey 30 California 31 North Carolina 32 Florida 33 Nebraska 34 Virginia 35 Utah 36 Washington 37 Colorado 38 Michigan 39 Missouri 40 Maine 41 Rhode Island 42 Pennsylvania 43 Massachusetts 44 Connecticut 45 New York 46 South Dakota 47 Vermont 48 New Hampshire Alaska Hawaii Dist. of Columbia United States

$/Employee $38,645 $34,936 $28,630 $20,254 $18,540 $17,048 $16,541 $15,023 $13,911 $13,394 $13,263 $13,058 $13,050 $12,095 $11,986 $11,605 $11,560 $11,499 $11,359 $11,294 $10,994 $10,858 $10,673 $10,658 $10,623 $9,999 $9,985 $9,933 $9,794 $9,738 $9,705 $9,654 $9,374 $9,307 $9,243 $8,821 $8,624 $8,523 $8,501 $8,243 $8,230 $8,152 $8,108 $8,045 $7,773 $7,288 $6,550 $6,353 N/A N/A N/A $11,334

Employees 25,429 114,449 23,326 146,842 768,509 9,444 254,749 228,787 226,647 58,528 360,686 154,593 17,524 182,759 121,627 136,210 95,612 45,968 156,329 484,739 323,497 208,448 26,948 453,794 644,274 513,220 45,767 301,734 212,835 1,097,427 414,423 297,380 95,750 228,452 125,864 257,019 122,353 564,121 263,007 49,473 36,273 521,337 240,693 152,586 382,628 44,022 29,723 63,585 11,605 10,365 1,231 11,329,390

Machinery and Equipment Expenditures (thousands) $982,700 $3,998,370 $667,827 $2,974,138 $14,248,489 $161,001 $4,213,737 $3,437,008 $3,152,810 $783,927 $4,783,628 $2,018,678 $228,688 $2,210,408 $1,457,790 $1,580,726 $1,105,258 $528,577 $1,775,705 $5,474,795 $3,556,445 $2,263,424 $287,615 $4,836,325 $6,844,083 $5,131,542 $456,962 $2,997,198 $2,084,404 $10,686,816 $4,022,178 $2,870,799 $897,563 $2,126,140 $1,163,405 $2,267,119 $1,055,218 $4,808,279 $2,235,883 $407,803 $298,515 $4,249,720 $1,951,593 $1,227,518 $2,974,357 $320,842 $194,677 $403,963 N/A N/A N/A $128,404,646

Union Members as a Share of Employment (2021) 2020 Percent 2.9% 3.1% 3.7% 4.9% 4.7% 4.3% 5.6% 5.9% 4.4% 4.6% 6.4% 4.4% 5.3% 6.2% 7.1% 6.0% 7.6% 8.0% 7.4% 6.6% 9.6% 7.5% 7.1% 16.2% 8.7% 8.3% 9.4% 8.9% 10.7% 9.7% 9.8% 13.1% 12.0% 13.2% 13.4% 11.8% 14.7% 12.0% 13.5% 15.2% 14.3% 17.1% 17.8% 17.7% 16.2% 15.8% 16.1% 17.4% 22.0% 23.7% 8.6% 10.8%

2020 Rank 1 2 3 9 8 4 11 12 6 7 15 5 10 14 17 13 21 22 19 16 27 20 18 44 24 23 26 25 30 28 29 34 33 35 36 31 39 32 37 40 38 45 48 47 43 41 42 46 49 50

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

2021 Percent 1.7% 2.6% 3.5% 3.8% 3.9% 4.0% 4.7% 4.7% 4.8% 4.8% 5.2% 5.2% 5.4% 5.4% 5.5% 5.6% 5.7% 5.9% 6.5% 6.5% 6.8% 7.2% 7.5% 7.8% 7.9% 9.0% 9.0% 9.2% 9.6% 9.7% 10.1% 11.0% 11.2% 12.0% 12.2% 12.3% 12.4% 12.6% 12.9% 13.3% 13.9% 14.6% 15.7% 15.8% 15.9% 16.0% 16.2% 19.0% 22.2% 22.4% 8.9% 10.3%

TABLE 22

Rank 1 South Carolina 2 North Carolina 3 Utah 4 Texas 5 Arkansas 6 South Dakota 7 Idaho 8 Louisiana 9 Virginia 10 Georgia 11 Florida 12 Tennessee 13 Arizona 14 North Dakota 15 Mississippi 16 Oklahoma 17 Wyoming 18 Alabama 19 Colorado 20 Iowa 21 Nebraska 22 Kentucky 23 New Mexico 24 Oregon 25 Wisconsin 26 Indiana 27 Missouri 28 Kansas 29 West Virginia 30 Delaware 31 New Hampshire 32 Maryland 33 Montana 34 Ohio 35 Nevada 36 Vermont 37 Maine 38 Massachusetts 39 Pennsylvania 40 Michigan 41 Illinois 42 Connecticut 43 Rhode Island 44 Alaska 45 California 46 Minnesota 47 New Jersey 48 Washington 49 New York 50 Hawaii Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: Barry T. Hirsch and David A. Macpherson

TABLE 23

Union Membership – Public vs. Private (2021) Rank 1 Connecticut 2 New York 3 Rhode Island 4 New Jersey 5 Oregon 6 Minnesota 7 California 8 Pennsylvania 9 Washington 10 Massachusetts 11 Illinois 12 New Hampshire 13 Hawaii 14 Maine 15 Ohio 16 Michigan 17 Nevada 18 Vermont 19 Alaska 20 Montana 21 Delaware 22 Maryland 23 Indiana 24 Missouri 25 West Virginia 26 Nebraska 27 Florida 28 Wisconsin 29 Arizona 30 Iowa 31 Kansas 32 Oklahoma 33 Colorado 34 Tennessee 35 New Mexico 36 North Dakota 37 Alabama 38 Georgia 39 Idaho 40 Texas 41 Utah 42 Louisiana 43 Virginia 44 Kentucky 45 Mississippi 46 South Dakota 47 Wyoming 48 North Carolina 49 Arkansas 50 South Carolina Dist. of Columbia United States

Public Percent 68.3% 66.7% 62.4% 59.3% 57.7% 54.7% 54.5% 53.3% 52.7% 51.3% 48.7% 47.0% 46.5% 45.3% 45.3% 45.1% 40.1% 39.9% 37.9% 32.3% 29.6% 28.4% 27.5% 23.4% 23.2% 22.9% 22.5% 21.5% 20.7% 20.1% 20.0% 19.9% 18.2% 18.1% 17.3% 16.9% 15.7% 15.4% 14.7% 13.4% 13.3% 13.2% 12.5% 12.2% 12.1% 12.1% 10.3% 9.1% 7.0% 4.6% 19.4% 33.9%

Private Percent 7.3% 13.1% 8.7% 9.0% 9.4% 9.0% 9.3% 7.3% 10.9% 7.2% 8.6% 4.3% 14.5% 5.9% 6.5% 9.1% 8.3% 6.0% 7.5% 6.3% 6.0% 5.5% 6.2% 6.6% 6.1% 4.1% 2.8% 5.7% 3.0% 4.1% 6.9% 2.7% 4.1% 3.0% 4.2% 3.0% 4.0% 2.8% 3.0% 2.2% 1.7% 2.9% 2.4% 6.3% 4.1% 2.5% 4.1% 1.5% 3.3% 1.1% 5.0% 6.1%

Rank 13 2 9 7 4 8 5 14 3 15 10 28 1 25 18 6 11 24 12 20 23 27 21 17 22 34 43 26 37 31 16 44 32 39 29 40 35 42 38 47 48 41 46 19 33 45 30 49 36 50

Unemployment Insurance Taxes (2021) Avg. Amount Per Employee $800 $706 $659 $596 $561 $527 $372 $506 $288 $559 $437 $557 $356 $596 $207 $594 $323 $878 $349 $282 $264 $246 $325 $299 $344 $236 $358 $399 $223 $161 $248 $210 $200 $187 $250 $239 $149 $112 $144 $128 $182 $135 $143 $158 $113 $91 $95 $68 $78 $66 $250

Rank 2 3 4 5 8 11 15 12 23 9 13 10 17 5 33 7 21 1 18 24 25 28 20 22 19 30 16 14 31 37 27 32 34 35 26 29 39 45 40 43 36 42 41 38 44 47 46 49 48 50

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration

Tax Paid as % of Total Wages 1.29% 1.22% 1.05% 1.01% 1.01% 0.93% 0.75% 0.74% 0.74% 0.74% 0.67% 0.66% 0.66% 0.65% 0.62% 0.59% 0.58% 0.57% 0.56% 0.53% 0.52% 0.52% 0.51% 0.48% 0.47% 0.44% 0.43% 0.42% 0.41% 0.39% 0.39% 0.38% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.32% 0.29% 0.28% 0.27% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.20% 0.19% 0.18% 0.16% 0.16% 0.12% 0.28%

TABLE 24

Rank 1 Oregon 2 Alaska 3 Rhode Island 4 Hawaii 4 Wyoming 6 Nevada 7 West Virginia 8 Delaware 8 Montana 8 New Jersey 11 Pennsylvania 12 Connecticut 12 Iowa 14 Massachusetts 15 Maryland 16 New York 17 Maine 18 Washington 19 Michigan 20 Vermont 21 Kansas 21 Oklahoma 23 Minnesota 24 Ohio 25 Illinois 26 Kentucky 27 Colorado 28 California 29 Idaho 30 New Hampshire 30 New Mexico 32 Wisconsin 33 Arizona 33 Indiana 33 North Dakota 33 Texas 37 Alabama 38 Arkansas 39 Utah 40 South Carolina 41 Georgia 41 Louisiana 41 Missouri 41 North Carolina 45 Virginia 46 South Dakota 47 Nebraska 48 Mississippi 48 Tennessee 50 Florida Dist. of Columbia

Regular Unemployment Insurance Payments

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration

TABLE 25

(2nd Quarter 2022) Rank 1 Massachusetts 2 Washington 3 Hawaii 4 New Jersey 5 Minnesota 6 North Dakota 7 Utah 8 Oregon 9 Iowa 10 Colorado 11 Montana 12 Illinois 13 Texas 14 Pennsylvania 15 Wyoming 16 Connecticut 17 Kansas 18 Rhode Island 19 Vermont 20 Ohio 21 Maine 22 South Dakota 23 New York 24 Idaho 25 New Mexico 26 Kentucky 27 Nevada 28 Nebraska 29 Maryland 30 Oklahoma 31 Michigan 32 California 33 New Hampshire 34 Virginia 35 Wisconsin 36 Georgia 37 Delaware 38 West Virginia 39 Indiana 40 Alaska 41 South Carolina 42 North Carolina 43 Arkansas 44 Missouri 45 Florida 46 Alabama 47 Tennessee 48 Arizona 49 Louisiana 50 Mississippi Dist. of Columbia United States

Avg. Weekly Benefit Amount $614.65 $588.57 $540.90 $534.15 $518.36 $500.12 $489.43 $473.61 $471.29 $466.61 $458.87 $446.37 $445.28 $436.12 $434.30 $433.98 $427.38 $425.45 $421.80 $418.74 $408.26 $401.26 $397.98 $392.92 $389.57 $389.44 $388.16 $375.89 $364.21 $360.74 $356.57 $339.57 $338.14 $332.60 $329.72 $320.54 $301.20 $297.05 $288.66 $285.21 $282.57 $277.26 $276.83 $274.59 $252.30 $248.60 $241.55 $237.09 $225.25 $214.12 $404.18 $398.71

Avg. Duration (weeks) 17.4 15.1 17.4 21.3 17.1 12.9 11.6 15.5 11.8 18.9 12.0 18.4 14.9 17.0 12.7 15.4 14.4 14.8 13.4 14.6 15.4 13.6 22.6 9.2 17.8 21.9 18.4 12.9 19.1 18.1 12.5 19.5 11.8 7.0 16.0 13.5 16.7 14.2 15.0 16.7 11.7 11.6 9.9 15.6 12.2 8.0 16.0 16.0 20.3 16.2 17.5 17.0

Rank 13 26 12 3 14 36 46 23 43 7 41 8 28 15 38 25 31 29 35 30 24 33 1 48 11 2 8 37 6 10 39 5 42 50 20 34 17 32 27 16 44 45 47 22 40 49 21 19 4 18

Workers’ Compensation – Benefits Paid (2020) % of Covered Wages 1.08% 1.60% 0.93% 0.84% 1.23% 1.11% 0.82% 1.24% 1.10% 0.72% 1.12% 0.82% 0.94% 0.73% 0.86% 0.78% 0.82% 0.84% 0.76% 0.73% 0.73% 0.80% 0.61% 0.64% 0.43% 0.54% 0.52% 0.70% 0.66% 0.56% 0.51% 0.55% 0.58% 0.63% 0.57% 0.47% 0.59% 0.69% 0.53% 0.53% 0.54% 0.43% 0.42% 0.35% 0.38% 0.34% 0.39% 0.34% 0.33% 0.22% 0.20% 0.66%

Rank 7 1 9 12 3 5 15 2 6 22 4 13 8 21 10 17 14 11 18 19 20 16 28 26 41 35 38 23 25 32 39 33 30 27 31 40 29 24 36 37 34 42 43 46 45 47 44 48 49 50

Source: National Academy of Social Insurance

Dollars Per Covered Worker $824.53 $804.30 $736.08 $696.46 $690.92 $674.04 $605.13 $590.43 $539.55 $539.05 $533.36 $506.79 $501.06 $456.41 $443.31 $430.17 $419.61 $396.62 $395.18 $394.05 $393.98 $391.80 $391.22 $382.10 $362.97 $354.34 $343.90 $342.55 $335.52 $334.33 $327.27 $322.46 $320.58 $317.64 $316.50 $310.95 $302.68 $292.81 $290.96 $269.44 $264.17 $246.55 $237.42 $219.23 $205.56 $204.07 $202.46 $187.37 $158.81 $140.32 $197.81 $419.62

TABLE 26

Rank 1 Washington 2 Wyoming 3 California 4 New York 5 Hawaii 6 Alaska 7 New Jersey 8 West Virginia 9 South Carolina 10 Connecticut 11 Montana 12 Pennsylvania 13 Vermont 14 Delaware 15 Louisiana 16 Florida 17 Maine 18 Idaho 19 Iowa 20 Wisconsin 21 Missouri 22 New Mexico 23 Minnesota 24 Oregon 25 Massachusetts 26 Illinois 27 Maryland 28 Oklahoma 29 Nebraska 30 Rhode Island 31 New Hampshire 32 Georgia 33 Ohio 34 Kentucky 35 Nevada 36 Colorado 37 Kansas 38 Mississippi 39 North Dakota 40 Alabama 41 South Dakota 42 Arizona 43 North Carolina 44 Virginia 45 Tennessee 46 Michigan 47 Indiana 48 Utah 49 Arkansas 50 Texas Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: U.S. Department of Labor

TABLE 27

State Minimum Wage (January 1, 2022) 1 2 3 3 5 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 12 15 15 15 18 19 20 20 22 23 24 24 26 27 28 29 30 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31

Rank Washington California New York Massachusetts Oregon Connecticut Arizona Maine Colorado Maryland Vermont New Jersey Rhode Island Illinois New Mexico Virginia Hawaii Delaware Missouri Arkansas Florida Alaska South Dakota Nevada Nebraska Ohio Minnesota Michigan Montana West Virginia Alabama Georgia Idaho Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi New Hampshire North Carolina North Dakota Oklahoma Pennsylvania South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Federal Minimum Wage

Minimum Wage $15.74 $15.50 $15.00/$14.20 $15.00 $14.75/$13.50/$12.50 $14.00 $13.85 $13.80 $13.65 $13.25/$12.80 $13.18 $13.00/$11.90/$10.90 $13.00 $13.00 $12.00 $12.00 $12.00 $11.75 $12.00/$7.25 $11.00 $11.00 $10.85 $10.80 $10.50/$9.50 $10.50 $10.10/$7.25 $10.59/$8.63 $9.87 $9.95/$7.25 $8.75 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $16.10 $7.25

*No state minimum wage **State minimum less than federal minimum ***State minimum varies based on location, size of employer or industry

*** ***

*** ***

***

** *** *** * **

* *

* *

**

Economic, Fiscal, and Regulatory Freedom (2021) Regulatory Rank Policy Score 1 0.02 2 0.05 3 0.01 4 0.07 11 0.10 6 0.07 9 0.06 13 0.04 10 0.01 12 0.01 15 0.04 7 -0.03 18 0.04 16 -0.02 22 0.05 23 0.06 5 -0.12 19 0.01 30 0.06 36 0.08 35 0.07 21 0.01 31 0.05 33 0.05 29 0.03 14 -0.09 38 0.13 20 -0.06 34 0.00 8 -0.18 26 -0.05 17 -0.15 43 0.11 47 0.12 25 -0.13 40 -0.02 45 0.05 32 -0.16 39 -0.07 27 -0.20 37 -0.14 44 -0.06 48 -0.07 24 -0.40 46 -0.21 28 -0.48 42 -0.37 40 -0.49 50 -0.23 49 -0.45

Rank 21 16 24 6 4 7 9 17 23 22 18 30 19 28 14 11 37 25 9 5 7 26 12 13 20 36 1 32 27 42 31 40 3 2 38 29 15 41 34 43 39 33 34 47 44 49 46 50 45 48

Source: Mercatus Center, George Mason University

Fiscal Policy Score 0.43 0.37 0.36 0.26 0.20 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.20 0.19 0.16 0.21 0.13 0.16 0.09 0.08 0.25 0.12 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.09 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.17 -0.05 0.11 0.04 0.21 0.06 0.16 -0.11 -0.14 0.06 -0.06 -0.13 0.04 -0.05 0.06 -0.02 -0.13 -0.21 0.07 -0.14 0.06 -0.06 -0.06 -0.37 -0.31

TABLE 28

Economic Freedom Rank Score 1 Florida 0.45 2 Tennessee 0.42 3 New Hampshire 0.37 4 South Dakota 0.33 5 Idaho 0.30 6 Georgia 0.29 7 Indiana 0.26 8 Michigan 0.23 9 Nevada 0.21 10 Texas 0.20 10 Virginia 0.20 12 Missouri 0.17 13 Arizona 0.17 14 Colorado 0.14 15 Arkansas 0.14 15 Kentucky 0.14 17 Pennsylvania 0.13 18 Alabama 0.13 19 Wisconsin 0.11 20 Wyoming 0.11 21 Utah 0.10 22 North Carolina 0.10 23 North Dakota 0.09 24 South Carolina 0.09 25 Oklahoma 0.09 26 Montana 0.08 27 Kansas 0.08 28 Ohio 0.06 29 Alaska 0.03 30 Massachusetts 0.03 31 Louisiana 0.01 32 Connecticut 0.01 33 Iowa 0.00 34 Nebraska -0.02 35 Illinois -0.06 36 West Virginia -0.08 37 Mississippi -0.09 38 Washington -0.12 39 Minnesota -0.12 40 Rhode Island -0.14 41 Maine -0.16 42 Delaware -0.20 43 New Mexico -0.28 44 Maryland -0.33 45 Vermont -0.34 46 New Jersey -0.42 47 Oregon -0.43 48 California -0.54 49 Hawaii -0.60 50 New York -0.76

Source: Institute for Legal Reform, Pacific Research Institute

TABLE 29

Ranking State Liability Systems (2019) Rank 1 Delaware 2 Maine 2 Connecticut 4 Alaska 4 Wyoming 6 North Dakota 7 Montana 8 Nebraska 9 Idaho 10 South Dakota 11 Virginia 12 Wisconsin 12 Oklahoma 14 Vermont 14 Hawaii 16 North Carolina 17 Arizona 18 Minnesota 18 New Hampshire 18 Utah 18 Colorado 22 Iowa 22 New Mexico 24 Rhode Island 25 Oregon 26 Washington 27 Maryland 28 Massachusetts 29 Arkansas 29 Nevada 31 Indiana 32 Kansas 32 Michigan 34 Tennessee 35 Ohio 35 New York 37 South Carolina 38 Texas 39 Pennsylvania 40 Kentucky 41 Georgia 42 Alabama 43 New Jersey 44 Missouri 45 West Virginia 46 Florida 47 Mississippi 48 California 49 Louisiana 50 Illinois

Overall Score 76.3 73.8 73.8 73.1 73.1 72.6 72.5 72.3 72.2 72 71.3 71.2 71.2 71.1 71.1 70.9 70.8 70.7 70.7 70.7 70.7 70.6 70.6 70.5 69.9 69.8 69.7 69.6 69.5 69.5 68.9 68.8 68.8 68.3 67.7 67.7 67.6 67.1 66.6 66.5 66.1 65.6 65.4 64.4 63.3 62.3 61.9 60.2 60 59.6

Judge’s Competence 1 3 2 8 4 16 10 13 20 18 22 15 26 11 9 14 12 6 7 31 17 22 32 28 5 21 38 34 29 35 25 24 19 30 36 33 39 41 27 40 42 45 37 43 44 47 46 48 49 50

Jury Fairness 12 9 2 11 19 3 6 8 4 10 28 16 1 14 25 17 20 15 30 7 24 26 23 21 13 5 31 29 18 34 27 22 32 36 33 41 35 38 40 37 43 39 42 44 45 47 49 50 46 48

Venture Capital Investment (1st Quarter 2022 – 3rd Quarter 2022; 2021 Population) Amount Per Capita $2,317.19 $1,219.89 $2,354.58 $261.35 $821.22 $265.53 $721.64 $312.17 $375.37 $280.16 $259.40 $641.75 $184.34 $207.03 $155.56 $1,752.29 $215.55 $199.25 $145.75 $286.70 $96.60 $292.12 $117.02 $187.64 $1,106.62 $111.49 $75.32 $777.84 $84.41 $250.73 $66.03 $161.22 $101.43 $54.62 $78.00 $168.05 $45.52 $55.15 $57.15 $98.96 $93.51 $47.92 $15.49 $49.21 $13.79 $34.56 $50.33 $5.52 $3.18 $2.02 $1,964.26 $592.22

Rank 2 4 1 16 6 15 8 11 10 14 17 9 23 20 26 3 19 21 27 13 32 12 28 22 5 29 36 7 34 18 37 25 30 40 35 24 44 39 38 31 33 43 46 42 47 45 41 48 49 50

Source: PitchBook-NVCA Venture Monitor

Amount $90,921,560,513 $24,197,696,221 $16,446,056,814 $7,717,135,213 $6,355,195,241 $5,783,528,248 $4,194,243,269 $4,046,991,684 $3,960,559,943 $3,550,046,741 $2,241,822,062 $2,142,141,556 $1,990,799,214 $1,918,534,454 $1,832,488,534 $1,758,222,277 $1,230,244,306 $1,228,386,773 $1,060,511,872 $1,033,712,422 $970,937,394 $918,418,271 $816,253,469 $796,768,306 $640,512,990 $578,687,366 $512,631,579 $502,149,849 $497,686,201 $492,356,237 $407,258,702 $306,457,454 $297,651,306 $275,273,621 $236,009,200 $185,572,009 $181,485,530 $176,086,073 $168,603,946 $137,453,361 $102,447,582 $101,391,841 $71,635,272 $67,530,755 $62,168,405 $49,822,188 $39,002,502 $9,839,651 $2,328,500 $1,807,117 $1,316,154,089 $196,554,258,123

TABLE 30

Rank 1 California 2 New York 3 Massachusetts 4 Texas 5 Washington 6 Florida 7 Colorado 8 Pennsylvania 9 North Carolina 10 Illinois 11 Virginia 12 Utah 13 Georgia 14 New Jersey 15 Ohio 16 Delaware 17 Minnesota 18 Maryland 19 Arizona 20 Connecticut 21 Michigan 22 Nevada 23 Tennessee 24 Oregon 25 Wyoming 26 South Carolina 27 Indiana 28 Vermont 29 Wisconsin 30 Nebraska 31 Missouri 32 Idaho 33 Kansas 34 Alabama 35 Arkansas 36 Montana 37 Oklahoma 38 Iowa 39 Mississippi 40 New Hampshire 41 Rhode Island 42 New Mexico 43 Louisiana 44 Maine 45 Kentucky 46 Hawaii 47 North Dakota 48 West Virginia 49 Alaska 50 South Dakota Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: National Science Foundation

TABLE 31

Overall R&D Spending (2019) Rank 1 California 2 Washington 3 Massachusetts 4 Texas 5 New York 6 Michigan 7 New Jersey 8 Maryland 9 Pennsylvania 10 Illinois 11 North Carolina 12 Ohio 13 Virginia 14 Florida 15 Colorado 16 Indiana 17 Minnesota 18 Connecticut 19 Oregon 20 Wisconsin 21 Arizona 22 Missouri 23 Georgia 24 New Mexico 25 Tennessee 26 Alabama 27 Iowa 28 Utah 29 Kansas 30 Idaho 31 New Hampshire 32 South Carolina 33 Delaware 34 Kentucky 35 Oklahoma 36 Louisiana 37 Rhode Island 38 Nebraska 39 Nevada 40 Mississippi 41 Arkansas 42 Wyoming 43 Maine 44 Hawaii 45 North Dakota 46 Montana 47 West Virginia 48 Vermont 49 Alaska 50 South Dakota Dist. of Columbia United States

Millions of Dollars $193,095 $41,085 $39,315 $30,921 $28,717 $24,502 $23,386 $22,692 $20,788 $18,254 $17,159 $15,687 $11,693 $11,296 $9,842 $9,765 $9,436 $8,885 $8,871 $8,269 $8,076 $7,856 $7,823 $7,614 $5,920 $5,148 $4,075 $3,962 $3,518 $3,391 $3,063 $2,894 $2,397 $2,103 $1,845 $1,554 $1,473 $1,421 $1,342 $1,120 $860 $792 $685 $647 $643 $543 $521 $392 $354 $347 $5,968 $666,875

Dollars Per Capita $4,887 $5,395 $5,704 $1,066 $1,476 $2,453 $2,633 $3,753 $1,624 $1,441 $1,636 $1,342 $1,370 $526 $1,709 $1,450 $1,673 $2,492 $2,103 $1,420 $1,110 $1,280 $737 $3,631 $867 $1,050 $1,292 $1,236 $1,208 $1,898 $2,253 $562 $2,462 $471 $466 $334 $1,390 $735 $436 $376 $285 $1,368 $510 $457 $844 $508 $291 $628 $484 $392 $8,456 $2,032

Rank 3 2 1 30 17 9 6 4 16 19 15 24 22 38 13 18 14 7 11 20 29 26 34 5 32 31 25 27 28 12 10 37 8 42 43 48 21 35 45 47 50 23 39 44 33 40 49 36 41 46

R&D Per Capita by Performing Sector (2019, 2020) Rank 24 2 17 41 22 16 3 31 7 50 35 9 4 39 20 12 29 14 6 26 15 1 21 30 13 32 27 28 5 25 8 19 11 10 42 49 44 43 48 36 40 34 45 18 46 37 47 33 38 23

Source: National Science Foundation

Academic R&D Dollars Per Capita 2020 $237 $621 $276 $149 $246 $285 $389 $211 $351 $92 $190 $324 $371 $161 $255 $296 $216 $288 $355 $235 $288 $769 $252 $214 $290 $209 $227 $223 $361 $236 $343 $259 $299 $302 $145 $95 $126 $142 $111 $178 $152 $202 $125 $267 $123 $172 $122 $205 $171 $242 $992 $260

TABLE 32

Rank 1 Washington 2 Massachusetts 3 California 4 New Jersey 5 Delaware 6 Michigan 7 Connecticut 8 Oregon 9 New Hampshire 10 Idaho 11 Minnesota 12 North Carolina 13 Pennsylvania 14 Wyoming 15 Indiana 16 Wisconsin 17 Illinois 18 Colorado 19 New York 20 Missouri 21 Iowa 22 Maryland 23 Kansas 24 Ohio 25 Utah 26 Arizona 27 Texas 28 Virginia 29 Rhode Island 30 Alabama 31 North Dakota 32 Georgia 33 Nebraska 34 Vermont 35 South Carolina 36 Nevada 37 Florida 38 Kentucky 39 Maine 40 New Mexico 41 Oklahoma 42 Tennessee 43 South Dakota 44 Montana 45 Arkansas 46 Louisiana 47 West Virginia 48 Hawaii 49 Mississippi 50 Alaska Dist. of Columbia United States

Industrial R&D Dollars Per Capita 2019 $4,902 $4,475 $4,352 $2,296 $2,214 $2,131 $2,081 $1,871 $1,869 $1,509 $1,423 $1,263 $1,191 $1,185 $1,181 $1,119 $1,114 $1,054 $1,037 $1,034 $978 $968 $943 $910 $891 $880 $824 $710 $675 $494 $458 $456 $411 $391 $346 $339 $338 $331 $310 $304 $270 $244 $219 $192 $153 $151 $137 $112 $109 $67 $584 $1,499

Source: National Science Foundation

TABLE 33

Science, Engineering and Health Doctorates (2019, 2020) Rank 1 California 2 Texas 3 New York 4 Massachusetts 5 Pennsylvania 6 Florida 7 Illinois 8 Michigan 9 North Carolina 10 Ohio 11 Indiana 12 Georgia 13 Maryland 14 Virginia 15 Colorado 16 Washington 17 Minnesota 18 Tennessee 19 Arizona 20 Wisconsin 21 Missouri 22 New Jersey 23 Iowa 24 Connecticut 25 Alabama 26 South Carolina 27 Oregon 28 Louisiana 29 Utah 30 Kansas 31 Oklahoma 32 Kentucky 33 Mississippi 34 Nebraska 35 Rhode Island 36 Arkansas 37 New Hampshire 38 Delaware 39 New Mexico 40 North Dakota 41 Nevada 42 South Dakota 43 West Virginia 44 Hawaii 44 Idaho 46 Montana 47 Wyoming 48 Alaska 49 Maine 50 Vermont Dist. of Columbia United States

Doctorates Awarded (2020) 3,841 2,610 2,285 1,822 1,618 1,445 1,437 1,243 1,211 1,202 1,013 983 903 871 710 706 619 604 603 595 584 567 489 450 428 380 373 368 358 322 280 273 215 210 191 168 140 137 131 121 118 87 86 75 75 68 65 34 22 19 229 33,672

Doctorates % of Workforce Employed with Doctorates (2019) (2019) 140,650 0.76 52,650 0.39 59,150 0.62 52,350 1.41 34,600 0.55 23,000 0.23 28,900 0.46 21,450 0.45 26,100 0.54 24,950 0.44 13,450 0.41 20,050 0.40 36,150 1.13 26,800 0.62 19,050 0.63 24,200 0.64 16,100 0.53 11,500 0.36 13,100 0.40 12,150 0.40 12,650 0.42 23,700 0.52 6,850 0.40 12,900 0.69 8,250 0.38 7,350 0.33 16,600 0.82 6,300 0.31 7,850 0.50 5,500 0.38 5,650 0.32 6,700 0.34 4,100 0.34 4,500 0.44 3,400 0.62 4,200 0.32 3,450 0.46 4,050 0.87 8,200 0.90 1,350 0.33 3,200 0.22 1,700 0.38 2,450 0.32 3,100 0.46 3,450 0.40 2,600 0.50 800 0.28 1,450 0.43 2,750 0.40 2,300 0.66 17,600 4.64 854,800 0.54

Rank 6 35 11 1 14 49 21 23 15 24 28 29 2 12 10 9 16 39 33 31 27 17 32 7 38 43 5 47 18 36 46 41 40 25 13 45 22 4 3 42 50 37 44 20 34 19 48 26 30 8

Educational Attainment of Population 25 and Older (2021)

Source: American Community Survey

Rank 18 4 28 9 21 49 39 31 43 37 24 42 23 8 11 29 27 20 16 17 34 30 12 5 40 3 2 1 7 41 13 26 22 35 32 10 25 19 44 48 47 36 6 38 14 46 45 50 33 15

TABLE 34

Completed Bachelor’s H.S. (or EQ.) Degree Advanced Rank or higher or higher Rank Degree 1 Maine 94.5% 36.0% 17 13.8% 2 Vermont 94.5% 44.4% 3 18.4% 3 Montana 94.4% 34.8% 22 12.4% 4 New Hampshire 94.4% 40.2% 8 15.7% 5 Minnesota 94.1% 38.9% 11 13.4% 6 North Dakota 93.6% 31.7% 33 9.4% 7 Wyoming 93.6% 29.2% 41 10.7% 8 Alaska 93.3% 32.8% 28 11.9% 9 Iowa 93.3% 30.5% 38 9.9% 10 Wisconsin 93.3% 32.5% 29 11.0% 11 Utah 93.2% 36.8% 13 12.7% 12 South Dakota 93.1% 31.7% 34 10.1% 13 Hawaii 92.9% 35.4% 20 13.1% 14 Colorado 92.4% 44.4% 2 17.0% 15 Washington 92.3% 39.0% 10 15.1% 16 Nebraska 92.2% 34.4% 25 12.3% 17 Michigan 92.0% 31.7% 31 12.5% 18 Kansas 91.9% 35.4% 19 13.4% 19 Oregon 91.9% 36.3% 15 13.9% 20 Pennsylvania 91.9% 34.5% 24 13.9% 21 Ohio 91.7% 30.7% 37 11.8% 22 Missouri 91.6% 31.7% 32 12.2% 23 Delaware 91.4% 35.6% 18 15.0% 24 Virginia 91.4% 41.8% 7 18.3% 25 Idaho 91.3% 30.7% 36 10.5% 26 Connecticut 91.1% 42.1% 6 18.9% 27 Maryland 91.1% 42.5% 5 20.2% 28 Massachusetts 91.1% 46.6% 1 21.3% 29 New Jersey 91.0% 43.1% 4 17.4% 30 Indiana 90.6% 28.9% 42 10.4% 31 Illinois 90.2% 37.1% 12 15.0% 32 Florida 89.8% 33.2% 26 12.6% 33 North Carolina 89.7% 34.9% 21 13.2% 34 Tennessee 89.7% 30.5% 39 11.3% 35 South Carolina 89.6% 31.5% 35 11.9% 36 Rhode Island 89.1% 36.5% 14 15.6% 37 Arizona 89.0% 32.4% 30 12.6% 38 Georgia 89.0% 34.6% 23 13.7% 39 West Virginia 88.8% 24.1% 50 9.9% 40 Arkansas 88.7% 25.3% 48 9.5% 41 Oklahoma 88.7% 27.9% 43 9.6% 42 Kentucky 88.0% 27.0% 46 11.1% 43 New York 88.0% 39.9% 9 17.7% 44 Alabama 87.9% 27.4% 45 10.9% 45 New Mexico 87.5% 30.1% 40 14.1% 46 Nevada 87.2% 27.6% 44 9.6% 47 Louisiana 86.7% 26.4% 47 9.7% 48 Mississippi 86.5% 24.8% 49 9.3% 49 Texas 85.4% 33.1% 27 11.9% 50 California 84.4% 36.2% 16 14.0% Dist. of Columbia 92.8% 63.0% 37.8% United States 89.4% 35.0% 13.8%

Source: U.S. Department of Education

TABLE 35

Higher Education Total Fall Enrollment as Percentage of Population: Public vs. Private (Fall 2020) Rank 1 New Hampshire 2 Utah 3 Arizona 4 West Virginia 5 Rhode Island 6 Minnesota 7 Nebraska 8 Massachusetts 9 Idaho 10 North Dakota 11 Kansas 12 California 13 Iowa 14 Virginia 15 Colorado 16 Vermont 17 Indiana 18 Delaware 19 New York 20 Alabama 21 Kentucky 22 South Dakota 23 Maryland 24 Missouri 25 Ohio 26 Mississippi 27 Texas 28 Wisconsin 29 Wyoming 30 Illinois 31 North Carolina 32 Louisiana 33 New Mexico 34 Connecticut 35 Pennsylvania 36 Maine 37 Georgia 38 Arkansas 39 Michigan 40 Oregon 41 Oklahoma 42 Florida 43 South Carolina 44 Tennessee 45 Washington 46 New Jersey 47 Montana 48 Hawaii 49 Nevada 50 Alaska Dist. of Columbia United States

Total % 13.68% 12.05% 8.36% 7.70% 7.03% 6.93% 6.88% 6.75% 6.66% 6.59% 6.58% 6.53% 6.53% 6.44% 6.26% 6.17% 6.06% 5.92% 5.87% 5.81% 5.80% 5.73% 5.64% 5.57% 5.55% 5.51% 5.48% 5.41% 5.36% 5.33% 5.33% 5.24% 5.20% 5.19% 5.14% 5.13% 5.10% 4.96% 4.87% 4.80% 4.78% 4.76% 4.58% 4.57% 4.33% 4.23% 4.19% 4.11% 3.75% 3.02% 14.13% 5.73%

% 2.56% 5.76% 5.00% 4.19% 3.50% 4.10% 4.96% 2.73% 4.03% 5.72% 5.58% 5.38% 4.87% 4.37% 4.67% 3.75% 4.76% 4.16% 3.21% 4.91% 4.26% 4.78% 4.66% 3.46% 4.35% 4.86% 4.86% 4.44% 5.26% 3.26% 4.35% 4.54% 5.02% 2.86% 2.85% 3.42% 4.13% 4.41% 4.21% 4.12% 4.16% 3.54% 3.76% 3.14% 3.74% 3.32% 3.85% 3.42% 3.42% 2.88% 0.57% 4.18%

Public Rank 50 1 7 25 37 30 8 49 31 2 3 4 10 20 15 34 14 26 44 9 23 13 16 38 21 11 12 18 5 43 22 17 6 47 48 40 28 19 24 29 27 36 33 45 35 42 32 41 39 46

Private % Rank 11.13% 1 6.29% 2 3.36% 6 3.50% 5 3.53% 4 2.84% 7 1.92% 16 4.02% 3 2.62% 9 0.86% 35 1.00% 27 1.16% 26 1.66% 19 2.07% 15 1.60% 20 2.42% 10 1.30% 23 1.75% 17 2.66% 8 0.91% 34 1.55% 21 0.95% 32 0.98% 29 2.11% 13 1.20% 25 0.66% 41 0.63% 42 0.97% 31 0.10% 50 2.08% 14 0.99% 28 0.69% 38 0.18% 48 2.33% 11 2.29% 12 1.71% 18 0.97% 30 0.54% 45 0.66% 40 0.68% 39 0.62% 43 1.22% 24 0.82% 36 1.43% 22 0.59% 44 0.91% 33 0.34% 46 0.70% 37 0.32% 47 0.14% 49 13.55% 1.55%

Fall Enrollment as Percentage of Population: Public (Fall 2019) 4-yr Undergrad % Rank 2.21% 29 1.80% 39 1.88% 37 2.50% 22 2.04% 32 2.59% 19 2.31% 26 1.84% 38 2.31% 25 1.78% 41 1.01% 50 2.02% 33 1.92% 34 2.25% 28 2.12% 30 1.51% 47 2.59% 18 2.66% 15 3.00% 10 2.49% 23 2.30% 27 1.60% 45 2.04% 31 2.62% 16 1.91% 36 2.36% 24 1.62% 44 1.79% 40 1.92% 35 2.69% 14 1.62% 43 1.42% 48 2.50% 21 1.32% 49 3.04% 9 2.70% 13 4.00% 2 4.49% 1 1.65% 42 3.38% 5 2.51% 20 1.52% 46 2.85% 11 2.74% 12 3.63% 4 3.09% 8 3.09% 7 2.62% 17 3.67% 3 3.13% 6 0.49% 2.30%

Post-Baccalaureate % Rank 0.31% 47 0.45% 26 0.60% 12 0.79% 3 0.55% 18 0.43% 32 0.55% 17 0.48% 24 0.71% 5 0.42% 35 0.42% 36 0.58% 15 0.44% 30 0.65% 7 0.57% 16 0.37% 40 0.43% 33 0.83% 2 0.54% 20 0.60% 11 0.55% 19 0.43% 31 0.44% 29 0.64% 8 0.35% 45 0.61% 10 0.36% 42 0.44% 27 0.33% 46 0.49% 23 0.38% 39 0.36% 41 0.58% 14 0.39% 37 0.78% 4 0.43% 34 0.85% 1 0.44% 28 0.38% 38 0.60% 13 0.45% 25 0.30% 48 0.63% 9 0.50% 21 0.70% 6 0.35% 44 0.35% 43 0.25% 50 0.49% 22 0.30% 49 0.08% 0.47%

Source: U.S. Department of Education

2-yr % 2.85% 2.63% 2.54% 2.29% 2.27% 2.24% 2.13% 2.02% 1.94% 1.90% 1.83% 1.77% 1.76% 1.75% 1.56% 1.54% 1.43% 1.41% 1.32% 1.32% 1.32% 1.29% 1.28% 1.27% 1.25% 1.24% 1.23% 1.22% 1.17% 1.17% 1.14% 1.08% 1.04% 1.01% 0.94% 0.91% 0.87% 0.83% 0.81% 0.81% 0.79% 0.74% 0.72% 0.61% 0.34% 0.30% 0.09% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 1.42%

TABLE 36

Total Public Rank 1 California 2 Iowa 3 New Mexico 4 Kansas 5 Mississippi 6 Wyoming 7 Arizona 8 North Carolina 9 Nebraska 10 Minnesota 11 Illinois 12 Virginia 13 Oregon 14 Maryland 15 Kentucky 16 Hawaii 17 Wisconsin 18 Alabama 19 Texas 20 Arkansas 21 Oklahoma 22 New Jersey 23 South Carolina 24 Louisiana 25 Rhode Island 26 Michigan 27 New York 28 Missouri 29 Maine 30 Ohio 31 Tennessee 32 Connecticut 33 Georgia 34 Massachusetts 35 Indiana 36 Idaho 37 North Dakota 38 Utah 39 Pennsylvania 40 South Dakota 41 Vermont 42 New Hampshire 43 West Virginia 44 Montana 45 Colorado 46 Washington 47 Florida 48 Alaska 48 Delaware 48 Nevada Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: U.S. Department of Education

TABLE 37

Fall Enrollment as Percentage of Population: Private (Fall 2020) Total Private Rank 1 Colorado 2 West Virginia 3 Arizona 4 Nevada 5 Florida 6 Ohio 7 Pennsylvania 8 Wyoming 9 Tennessee 10 Louisiana 11 California 12 Texas 13 Utah 14 Georgia 15 Alaska 16 Oklahoma 17 New Mexico 18 New Jersey 19 New York 20 Kansas 21 Montana 22 Virginia 23 Indiana 24 Washington 25 Arkansas 26 South Carolina 27 Illinois 28 Idaho 29 Kentucky 30 Maryland 31 Missouri 32 Michigan 33 Massachusetts 34 Mississippi 35 North Carolina 36 Oregon 37 Alabama 38 Delaware 39 Hawaii 40 New Hampshire 41 Wisconsin 42 Maine 43 Minnesota 44 Nebraska 45 Iowa 46 Connecticut 46 North Dakota 46 Rhode Island 46 South Dakota 46 Vermont Dist. of Columbia United States

2-yr

4-yr Undergrad

Post-Baccalaureate

%

%

Rank

%

Rank

0.24% 0.16% 0.16% 0.15% 0.14% 0.11% 0.10% 0.10% 0.09% 0.08% 0.08% 0.08% 0.07% 0.07% 0.07% 0.06% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.04% 0.04% 0.04% 0.04% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.09% 0.06%

0.94% 2.70% 2.24% 0.07% 0.83% 0.86% 1.45% 0.00% 0.97% 0.43% 0.60% 0.40% 4.76% 0.66% 0.05% 0.44% 0.06% 0.59% 1.75% 0.77% 0.26% 1.27% 0.98% 0.40% 0.43% 0.65% 1.24% 2.55% 0.82% 0.44% 1.32% 0.50% 2.36% 0.39% 0.71% 0.44% 0.68% 1.14% 0.61% 8.95% 0.72% 1.33% 1.27% 1.31% 1.22% 1.67% 0.66% 2.83% 0.75% 1.94% 6.99% 1.00%

22 4 7 47 24 23 11 50 21 42 35 44 2 31 49 40 48 36 9 26 46 15 20 43 41 33 17 5 25 38 13 37 6 45 29 39 30 19 34 1 28 12 16 14 18 10 32 3 27 8

0.42% 0.64% 0.96% 0.10% 0.26% 0.23% 0.73% 0.00% 0.37% 0.18% 0.47% 0.15% 1.46% 0.24% 0.02% 0.12% 0.07% 0.26% 0.86% 0.19% 0.04% 0.76% 0.27% 0.15% 0.08% 0.14% 0.81% 0.04% 0.70% 0.52% 0.76% 0.14% 1.65% 0.25% 0.26% 0.24% 0.22% 0.60% 0.08% 2.17% 0.24% 0.37% 1.57% 0.61% 0.43% 0.66% 0.20% 0.70% 0.20% 0.48% 6.47% 0.48%

21 14 5 43 27 32 10 50 23 37 19 39 4 30 49 42 46 25 6 36 48 9 24 38 44 41 7 47 11 17 8 40 2 28 26 31 33 16 45 1 29 22 3 15 20 13 34 12 35 18

Fall Enrollment in Private For-Profit and Non-Profit Colleges (Fall 2020) Total Non-Profit 11,734 320,308 69,018 190,180 33,014 208,362 7,786 142,779 499,265 148,685 80,318 24,513 82,578 125,919 69,755 284,249 73,721 93,844 61,324 20,883 200,052 3,903 36,347 40,412 56,213 125,952 28,776 49,654 63,667 85,113 1,423 54,685 22,324 27,240 6,880 18,420 281,575 6,089 0 47,882 15,813 22,777 626 16,977 9,778 37,646 3,601 15,500 153,293 38,682 81,484 4,101,019

Rank 41 2 19 7 30 5 43 10 1 9 16 33 15 12 18 3 17 13 21 36 6 46 29 26 22 11 31 24 20 14 48 23 35 32 44 37 4 45 50 25 39 34 49 38 42 28 47 40 8 27

Source: U.S. Department of Education

Total For-Profit 229,568 136,125 92,865 73,975 59,347 57,262 54,897 40,069 36,433 29,940 23,925 21,171 16,207 15,982 13,972 12,787 10,754 9,330 8,445 8,419 6,498 6,123 5,690 5,140 4,342 3,848 3,529 3,207 2,831 2,776 2,407 2,389 2,081 1,786 1,558 958 791 628 585 572 519 493 412 394 321 66 50 22 0 0 12,051 1,023,540

TABLE 38

Rank 1 Arizona 2 California 3 Minnesota 4 Florida 5 Colorado 6 Illinois 7 West Virginia 8 Texas 9 New York 10 Virginia 11 Georgia 12 Alabama 13 Tennessee 14 Ohio 15 Connecticut 16 Pennsylvania 17 New Jersey 18 North Carolina 19 Kentucky 20 Kansas 21 Utah 22 Nevada 23 South Carolina 24 Washington 25 Maryland 26 Missouri 27 Louisiana 28 Iowa 29 Michigan 30 Indiana 31 New Mexico 32 Wisconsin 33 Oklahoma 34 Oregon 35 South Dakota 36 Mississippi 37 Massachusetts 38 North Dakota 39 Wyoming 40 Idaho 41 Arkansas 42 Maine 43 Alaska 44 Delaware 45 Hawaii 46 Nebraska 47 Montana 48 Vermont 49 New Hampshire 49 Rhode Island Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: U.S. Department of Education

TABLE 39

Import/Export Ratio of College-Bound High School Graduates (Fall 2020) Rank 1 Utah 2 New Hampshire 3 West Virginia 4 Arizona 5 Iowa 6 Rhode Island 7 North Dakota 8 Alabama 9 Indiana 10 Vermont 11 Mississippi 12 Kansas 13 Idaho 14 Montana 15 South Dakota 16 Ohio 17 South Carolina 18 Oklahoma 19 Pennsylvania 20 Kentucky 21 Arkansas 22 Maine 23 Oregon 24 Wyoming 25 Nebraska 26 Wisconsin 27 Delaware 28 Louisiana 29 North Carolina 30 Tennessee 31 Massachusetts 32 Florida 33 Virginia 34 Missouri 35 New York 36 Colorado 37 Michigan 38 New Mexico 39 California 40 Connecticut 41 Georgia 42 Washington 43 Hawaii 44 Minnesota 45 Maryland 46 Texas 47 Illinois 48 Nevada 49 New Jersey 50 Alaska Dist. of Columbia United States

Migration Out of Into State State

Freshmen in Institutions Inside State

4.87 2,600 12,650 4.20 4,601 19,306 4.13 1,718 7,089 3.46 6,771 23,418 3.18 3,406 10,838 3.09 2,752 8,496 2.62 1,492 3,902 2.51 5,193 13,025 2.36 7,619 17,998 2.30 1,853 4,266 2.07 2,742 5,669 1.92 4,274 8,198 1.90 3,319 6,311 1.88 1,607 3,017 1.87 1,639 3,064 1.84 13,817 25,464 1.84 5,740 10,566 1.78 4,133 7,349 1.63 19,905 32,418 1.55 5,034 7,794 1.54 3,586 5,509 1.49 2,644 3,933 1.46 5,444 7,936 1.43 1,044 1,497 1.40 3,130 4,394 1.39 8,677 12,048 1.37 2,699 3,710 1.34 5,087 6,821 1.32 11,478 15,155 1.30 9,218 12,025 1.28 20,239 25,973 1.22 19,913 24,347 1.22 13,977 16,997 1.21 9,195 11,168 1.20 32,712 39,272 1.19 11,385 13,530 1.10 9,428 10,408 0.84 2,897 2,446 0.83 42,669 35,612 0.82 13,958 11,454 0.79 17,368 13,798 0.60 12,380 7,489 0.60 3,810 2,281 0.57 14,461 8,171 0.49 17,051 8,293 0.46 32,605 14,858 0.45 33,543 14,994 0.39 4,671 1,837 0.17 33,066 5,510 0.09 1,949 185 3.56 2,488 8,847 1.16 502,987 581,336

36,613 25,252 16,811 60,043 32,541 14,593 8,043 43,184 59,867 6,132 25,463 27,681 15,382 7,795 8,060 96,576 41,317 32,224 105,386 35,624 23,812 10,631 28,134 4,603 18,006 47,662 8,750 38,577 81,625 52,941 63,403 141,207 73,716 45,810 168,769 43,199 73,869 14,652 332,126 30,349 83,076 42,843 8,157 39,320 40,065 218,202 83,662 15,647 56,010 2,258 9,493 2,599,161

Imp/Exp Ratio (<1=Exporter, >1=Importer)

Rank

26 34 37 13 28 41 46 20 14 48 33 32 39 47 45 6 22 29 5 27 35 42 31 49 36 17 43 25 9 16 12 4 11 18 3 19 10 40 1 30 8 21 44 24 23 2 7 38 15 50

National Assessment of Educational Progress (2022) TABLE 40 Source: U.S. Department of Education

4th Grade 8th Grade 4th Grade 8th Grade Reading Reading Math Math Overall Rank Scores Scores Rank Scores Rank Scores Rank 1 Massachusetts 227 269 2 242 2 284 1 2 Florida 225 260 18 241 4 271 31 2 Wyoming 225 261 15 243 1 281 4 4 Colorado 223 263 7 236 20 275 20 4 New Hampshire 223 263 7 239 9 279 9 4 New Jersey 223 270 1 239 9 281 4 7 Utah 221 265 3 240 5 282 2 8 Connecticut 219 264 4 236 20 276 16 8 Hawaii 219 259 23 237 18 270 34 8 Montana 219 261 15 239 9 277 14 8 Nebraska 219 259 23 242 2 279 9 8 Ohio 219 262 9 238 16 276 16 8 Pennsylvania 219 259 23 238 16 274 22 14 Illinois 218 262 9 237 18 275 20 14 Iowa 218 260 18 240 5 277 14 14 North Dakota 218 258 32 240 5 278 13 14 South Dakota 218 262 9 239 9 281 4 18 Indiana 217 261 15 239 9 279 9 18 Kentucky 217 258 32 234 29 269 39 18 Mississippi 217 253 44 234 29 266 44 18 Rhode Island 217 259 23 234 29 270 34 18 Vermont 217 264 4 234 29 276 16 18 Washington 217 262 9 235 26 276 16 18 Wisconsin 217 262 9 240 5 281 4 25 Georgia 216 260 18 235 26 271 31 25 North Carolina 216 256 39 236 20 274 22 25 South Carolina 216 254 43 234 29 269 39 28 Arizona 215 259 23 232 35 271 31 28 Idaho 215 264 4 236 20 282 2 28 Kansas 215 256 39 235 26 272 28 28 Minnesota 215 260 18 239 9 280 8 32 California 214 259 23 230 38 270 34 32 New York 214 262 9 227 46 274 22 32 Tennessee 214 258 32 236 20 272 28 32 Texas 214 255 41 239 9 273 25 32 Virginia 214 260 18 236 20 279 9 37 Alabama 213 251 47 230 38 264 46 37 Maine 213 257 36 233 34 273 25 37 Missouri 213 258 32 232 35 272 28 40 Arkansas 212 255 41 228 44 267 43 40 Louisiana 212 257 36 229 40 266 44 40 Maryland 212 259 23 229 40 269 39 40 Michigan 212 259 23 232 35 273 25 259 23 229 40 269 39 40 Nevada 212 45 Oregon 210 257 36 228 44 270 34 46 Delaware 208 253 44 226 47 264 46 46 Oklahoma 208 251 47 229 40 264 46 48 West Virginia 205 249 49 226 47 260 49 49 Alaska 204 253 44 226 47 270 34 50 New Mexico 202 248 50 221 50 259 50 Dist. of Columbia 207 250 223 260 United States 216 259 235 273

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

TABLE 41

Estimated Public School Spending Per Pupil (2021) Total Spending Rank Dollars 1 New York 25,519 2 Connecticut 21,346 3 Vermont 20,838 4 New Jersey 20,670 5 Massachusetts 18,733 6 Alaska 18,313 7 New Hampshire 17,900 8 Illinois 17,293 9 Delaware 17,235 10 Pennsylvania 17,142 11 Rhode Island 16,857 12 Wyoming 16,698 13 Hawaii 16,564 14 Maryland 15,489 15 Maine 14,892 16 Washington 14,556 17 North Dakota 14,242 18 California 14,031 19 Ohio 13,805 20 Minnesota 13,603 21 Michigan 13,072 22 Nebraska 12,939 23 Virginia 12,905 24 Oregon 12,855 25 Wisconsin 12,740 26 Kansas 12,697 27 West Virginia 12,375 28 Montana 12,101 29 Iowa 11,958 30 Louisiana 11,843 31 Georgia 11,707 32 Colorado 11,602 33 South Carolina 11,532 34 Kentucky 11,397 35 New Mexico 11,332 36 Missouri 11,239 37 Indiana 10,935 38 Arkansas 10,345 39 Texas 10,342 40 South Dakota 10,208 41 Alabama 10,116 42 North Carolina 9,958 43 Florida 9,937 44 Tennessee 9,896 45 Nevada 9,814 46 Mississippi 9,653 47 Oklahoma 9,508 48 Arizona 8,785 49 Utah 8,366 50 Idaho 8,272 Dist. of Columbia 22,856 United States 13,494

Instruction Dollars Rank 17,813 1 12,880 2 12,292 3 12,073 4 11,648 5 9,753 14 11,228 6 10,455 8 9,827 11 10,576 7 10,023 9 9,899 10 9,806 12 9,783 13 8,480 18 8,592 17 8,616 16 8,316 19 8,213 20 8,885 15 7,535 25 8,007 21 7,828 22 7,460 26 7,560 24 7,782 23 7,138 28 7,131 29 7,194 27 6,626 32 7,111 30 6,351 36 6,393 34 6,665 31 6,580 33 6,364 35 6,213 38 5,810 44 6,147 39 6,031 41 5,883 43 6,270 37 6,082 40 5,977 42 5,748 45 5,546 46 5,424 47 4,801 50 5,281 48 4,975 49 11,520 8,176

Support Services Dollars Rank 7,213 5 7,827 4 7,895 2 8,027 1 6,570 7 7,894 3 6,280 11 6,379 9 6,826 6 5,967 13 6,446 8 6,283 10 6,001 12 5,296 16 5,948 14 5,590 15 4,647 23 5,190 17 5,173 18 4,142 35 5,059 19 4,397 30 4,607 24 4,995 20 4,731 22 4,394 31 4,410 29 4,468 27 4,287 32 4,555 26 4,010 36 4,878 21 4,576 25 3,995 37 4,215 34 4,435 28 4,237 33 3,992 38 3,719 39 3,637 42 3,700 40 3,190 48 3,377 47 3,418 46 3,691 41 3,547 44 3,481 45 3,563 43 2,690 50 2,924 49 10,729 4,815

Average Retail Price Per KwH for Industrial Customers (2020 – 2021) Change from 2020 to 2021 (cents) 0.70 0.29 0.73 0.67 0.45 0.03 0.53 0.46 1.30 -0.10 0.25 0.67 0.36 1.09 1.20 0.79 0.51 0.16 0.61 0.42 0.45 0.36 0.24 0.92 0.71 -0.05 -0.25 0.26 0.66 -0.01 0.40 0.08 0.37 1.01 0.53 0.66 0.57 0.30 0.76 0.68 0.90 0.78 0.21 0.17 0.73 0.87 0.80 0.34 1.12 2.69 -0.24 0.59

Source: U.S. Department of Energy

Cents/KwH (2020) 4.61 5.33 5.08 5.31 5.63 6.09 5.61 5.70 4.88 6.31 5.98 5.58 5.90 5.18 5.07 5.54 5.87 6.23 5.89 6.16 6.16 6.28 6.43 5.77 6.07 6.88 7.26 6.84 6.70 7.38 6.98 7.30 7.29 6.70 7.24 7.15 7.48 7.79 7.67 7.81 8.86 10.01 11.20 13.07 13.11 14.27 14.51 15.76 15.88 24.45 7.99 6.67

TABLE 42

Rank 1 Oklahoma 2 Tennessee 3 Washington 4 Kentucky 5 Mississippi 6 West Virginia 7 Nevada 8 Oregon 9 Louisiana 10 North Carolina 11 South Carolina 12 New Mexico 13 Utah 14 Montana 14 Texas 16 New York 17 Alabama 18 Idaho 19 Arkansas 20 Pennsylvania 21 Ohio 22 Virginia 23 Iowa 24 Georgia 25 Arizona 26 Wyoming 27 North Dakota 28 Missouri 29 Illinois 30 Nebraska 31 Indiana 31 Kansas 33 Wisconsin 34 Delaware 35 Michigan 36 Florida 37 Colorado 38 South Dakota 39 Minnesota 40 Maryland 41 Maine 42 New Jersey 43 Vermont 44 Connecticut 45 New Hampshire 46 California 47 Massachusetts 48 Rhode Island 49 Alaska 50 Hawaii Dist. of Columbia United States

Cents/KwH (2021) 5.31 5.62 5.81 5.98 6.08 6.12 6.14 6.16 6.18 6.21 6.23 6.25 6.26 6.27 6.27 6.33 6.38 6.39 6.50 6.58 6.61 6.64 6.67 6.69 6.78 6.83 7.01 7.10 7.36 7.37 7.38 7.38 7.66 7.71 7.77 7.81 8.05 8.09 8.43 8.49 9.76 10.79 11.41 13.24 13.84 15.14 15.31 16.10 17.00 27.14 7.75 7.26

Source: U.S. Department of Energy

TABLE 43

Average Retail Price Per KwH for Commercial Customers (2020 – 2021) Rank 1 Nevada 2 Virginia 3 Idaho 4 Utah 5 Oklahoma 6 North Carolina 7 Nebraska 8 Texas 9 Pennsylvania 10 Oregon 11 North Dakota 12 Missouri 13 Washington 14 Arkansas 14 West Virginia 16 Delaware 17 Florida 18 Wyoming 19 Illinois 20 Ohio 21 South Dakota 22 Iowa 23 Maryland 24 Louisiana 25 Arizona 26 Kansas 27 Montana 28 South Carolina 29 Georgia 29 Kentucky 31 New Mexico 32 Colorado 33 Wisconsin 34 Tennessee 35 Mississippi 36 Minnesota 37 Indiana 38 Alabama 39 Michigan 40 New Jersey 41 Maine 42 Rhode Island 43 New York 44 New Hampshire 45 Vermont 46 Connecticut 47 Massachusetts 48 California 49 Alaska 50 Hawaii Dist. of Columbia United States

Cents/KwH (2021) 7.77 7.82 7.90 8.14 8.51 8.65 8.85 8.89 8.92 9.05 9.17 9.20 9.23 9.50 9.50 9.53 9.55 9.67 9.70 9.77 10.16 10.17 10.26 10.28 10.30 10.50 10.62 10.77 10.79 10.79 10.83 10.86 10.92 10.95 11.03 11.16 11.63 12.03 12.27 12.81 12.95 15.62 16.14 16.23 16.62 16.71 17.16 19.21 19.59 31.16 13.02 11.27

Cents/KwH (2020) 7.45 7.63 7.75 8.27 7.82 8.69 8.89 7.6 8.5 9 9.02 8.93 8.92 8.61 9.4 9.18 8.85 9.65 9.15 9.53 9.65 9.96 9.72 8.85 10.11 10.4 10.51 10.35 10.08 10.34 10.28 10.29 10.75 10.56 10.38 10.43 11.21 11.55 11.71 12.35 12.56 15.94 14.56 15.41 16.39 16.58 16.03 17.53 19.58 28.41 11.85 10.59

Change from 2020 to 2021 (cents) 0.32 0.19 0.15 -0.13 0.69 -0.04 -0.04 1.29 0.42 0.05 0.15 0.27 0.31 0.89 0.10 0.35 0.70 0.02 0.55 0.24 0.51 0.21 0.54 1.43 0.19 0.10 0.11 0.42 0.71 0.45 0.55 0.57 0.17 0.39 0.65 0.73 0.42 0.48 0.56 0.46 0.39 -0.32 1.58 0.82 0.23 0.13 1.13 1.68 0.01 2.75 1.17 0.68

Average Retail Price Per KwH for Residential Customers (2020 – 2021) Change from 2020 to 2021 (cents) 0.22 0.23 0.06 0.39 0.05 1.37 0.39 0.09 0.01 0.91 0.16 0.27 0.16 0.12 0.64 0.56 0.74 0.35 0.11 0.36 0.50 2.15 0.28 0.00 0.58 0.29 0.49 0.08 0.50 0.77 0.13 0.40 0.20 0.25 0.63 0.68 0.21 0.23 0.34 0.22 1.27 -0.27 1.08 0.82 -0.85 0.29 0.01 2.40 0.94 3.02 0.50 0.57

Source: U.S. Department of Energy

Cents/KwH (2020) 9.87 9.95 10.44 10.44 10.80 9.67 10.76 11.11 11.24 10.41 11.17 11.22 11.34 11.38 10.87 11.17 11.27 11.71 12.03 11.80 11.75 10.12 12.27 12.56 12.02 12.46 12.29 12.85 12.58 12.36 13.01 12.78 13.04 13.17 12.83 12.94 13.58 14.32 16.03 16.81 16.26 19.54 18.36 19.04 22.71 22.01 22.57 20.45 21.97 30.28 12.63 13.15

TABLE 44

Rank 1 Washington 2 Idaho 3 Utah 4 North Dakota 5 Nebraska 6 Louisiana 7 Tennessee 8 Wyoming 9 Montana 10 Arkansas 11 Oregon 12 Missouri 13 Nevada 13 North Carolina 15 Kentucky 16 Mississippi 17 Florida 18 Texas 19 Virginia 20 West Virginia 21 South Dakota 22 Oklahoma 23 Arizona 24 Delaware 25 Georgia 26 Iowa 27 Ohio 28 Kansas 29 Alabama 30 Colorado 31 Maryland 32 South Carolina 33 Illinois 34 Minnesota 35 Indiana 36 New Mexico 37 Pennsylvania 38 Wisconsin 39 New Jersey 40 Maine 41 Michigan 42 Vermont 43 New York 44 New Hampshire 45 Connecticut 46 Rhode Island 47 Alaska 48 California 49 Massachusetts 50 Hawaii Dist. of Columbia United States

Cents/KwH (2021) 10.09 10.18 10.50 10.83 10.85 11.04 11.15 11.20 11.25 11.32 11.33 11.49 11.50 11.50 11.51 11.73 12.01 12.06 12.14 12.16 12.25 12.27 12.55 12.56 12.60 12.75 12.78 12.93 13.08 13.13 13.14 13.18 13.24 13.42 13.46 13.62 13.79 14.55 16.37 17.03 17.53 19.27 19.44 19.86 21.86 22.30 22.58 22.85 22.91 33.30 13.13 13.72

Source: U.S. Department of Energy

TABLE 45A

Generation of Energy Resources (2021) State Alabama* Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont** Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia United States

% Coal 18.8% 11.4% 13.2% 35.1% 0.1% 41.5% 0.6% 6.4% 7.5% 15.4% 11.8% 0.1% 23.8% 57.8% 32.9% 34.3% 71.3% 8.0% 0.5% 13.5% 0.0% 32.1% 26.6% 8.2% 75.2% 43.6% 49.9% 6.6% 1.7% 1.7% 35.6% 0.0% 15.7% 56.7% 36.3% 13.9% 0.0% 12.1% 0.0% 15.4% 9.5% 23.1% 18.4% 62.0% 0.0% 3.5% 2.8% 90.6% 42.7% 73.7% 0.0% 21.9%

Rank 21 31 28 14 44 11 42 37 35 25 30 45 19 6 16 15 4 34 43 27 46 17 18 33 2 9 8 36 41 40 13 46 23 7 12 26 46 29 46 24 32 20 22 5 46 38 39 1 10 3

% Gases Rank % Nuclear 38.1% 20 32.3% 46.8% 14 0.0% 44.2% 18 29.1% 33.8% 24 22.2% 50.1% 11 8.4% 25.6% 32 0.0% 55.6% 9 39.1% 90.0% 2 0.0% 74.1% 4 11.4% 45.6% 15 27.3% 0.0% 50 0.0% 29.3% 28 0.0% 11.5% 39 53.4% 31.7% 26 0.0% 9.6% 40 0.0% 4.7% 43 15.1% 20.8% 36 0.0% 66.6% 6 17.5% 30.7% 27 0.0% 36.6% 21 39.2% 77.1% 3 0.0% 27.5% 30 29.7% 21.6% 35 23.9% 71.8% 5 17.4% 7.9% 41 5.6% 2.2% 48 0.0% 3.1% 47 18.1% 62.6% 7 0.0% 26.0% 31 57.3% 48.2% 13 45.8% 28.7% 29 0.0% 45.2% 17 25.0% 36.5% 22 33.2% 3.8% 46 0.0% 45.4% 16 13.9% 41.9% 19 0.0% 34.9% 23 0.0% 52.7% 10 31.5% 92.7% 1 0.0% 23.6% 34 54.7% 7.6% 42 0.0% 17.7% 37 44.7% 48.8% 12 8.3% 25.1% 33 0.0% 0.1% 49 0.0% 57.4% 8 30.6% 15.2% 38 7.7% 4.1% 45 0.0% 33.2% 25 15.5% 4.3% 44 0.0% 64.9% 0.0% 38.7% 18.9%

Rank 9 29 13 17 25 29 7 29 24 14 29 29 3 29 29 22 29 19 29 6 29 12 16 20 28 29 18 29 1 4 29 15 8 29 23 29 29 10 29 2 29 5 26 29 29 11 27 29 21 29

Generation of Energy Resources cont. (2021)

Source: U.S. Department of Energy

Rank 36 45 26 18 20 31 4 35 6 44 3 14 19 11 41 32 23 9 2 7 1 47 10 39 34 5 40 27 15 8 42 12 16 21 33 46 29 24 37 50 38 49 25 13 22 48 28 43 30 17

TABLE 45B

% Pumped % Storage Renewable % State Sources Rank Petroleum Rank and Other Alabama 10.7% 32 0.0% 47 0.0% Alaska 28.2% 18 13.7% 2 -0.1% Arizona 13.3% 27 0.0% 42 0.1% Arkansas 8.8% 37 0.1% 33 0.1% California 41.2% 11 0.0% 43 0.1% Colorado 32.8% 14 0.0% 40 0.0% Connecticut 3.4% 48 0.1% 30 1.3% Delaware 3.2% 49 0.4% 12 0.0% Florida 5.5% 42 0.5% 9 1.1% Georgia 11.6% 29 0.1% 24 0.0% Hawaii 19.0% 23 67.0% 1 2.1% Idaho 70.2% 4 0.0% 49 0.4% Illinois 11.1% 30 0.0% 44 0.1% Indiana 9.8% 34 0.1% 27 0.5% Iowa 57.3% 7 0.2% 19 0.0% Kansas 45.6% 9 0.3% 16 0.0% Kentucky 7.6% 39 0.1% 31 0.1% Louisiana 3.4% 47 3.9% 3 0.6% Maine 66.1% 5 0.3% 15 2.5% Maryland 9.5% 35 0.2% 20 1.0% Massachusetts 20.0% 22 0.4% 10 2.6% Michigan 10.2% 33 1.0% 5 -0.5% Minnesota 27.2% 19 0.2% 21 0.5% Mississippi 2.6% 50 0.0% 48 0.0% Missouri 11.0% 31 0.3% 14 0.0% Montana 51.3% 8 1.8% 4 1.1% Nebraska 28.7% 17 0.1% 23 0.0% Nevada 30.7% 15 0.0% 46 0.1% New Hampshire 14.3% 25 0.4% 11 0.3% New Jersey 3.5% 46 0.1% 38 0.8% New Mexico 35.6% 13 0.1% 32 0.0% New York 28.8% 16 0.6% 7 0.5% North Carolina 14.2% 26 0.1% 22 0.2% North Dakota 39.3% 12 0.1% 36 0.1% Ohio 3.6% 44 0.9% 6 0.0% Oklahoma 44.2% 10 0.0% 41 -0.1% Oregon 65.0% 6 0.0% 50 0.1% Pennsylvania 3.6% 45 0.1% 39 0.1% Rhode Island 7.2% 40 0.1% 28 0.0% South Carolina 6.9% 41 0.1% 35 -0.7% South Dakota 82.7% 2 0.2% 18 0.0% Tennessee 15.1% 24 0.1% 29 -0.7% Texas 24.2% 20 0.1% 37 0.1% Utah 12.4% 28 0.1% 34 0.4% Vermont 99.7% 1 0.1% 26 0.1% Virginia 8.8% 36 0.4% 13 -0.5% Washington 74.2% 3 0.0% 45 0.1% West Virginia 5.1% 43 0.3% 17 0.0% Wisconsin 8.1% 38 0.5% 8 0.0% Wyoming 21.7% 21 0.1% 25 0.2% Dist. of Columbia 35.1% 0.0% 0.0% United States 19.8% 0.5% 0.2%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

TABLE 46A

Metropolitan Commuting (2021) Rank 1 New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA Metro Area 2 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metro Area 3 San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA Metro Area 4 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Alpharetta, GA Metro Area 5 Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH Metro Area 6 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA Metro Area 7 Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL Metro Area 8 Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI Metro Area 9 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA Metro Area 10 Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX Metro Area 11 San Juan-Bayamón-Caguas, PR Metro Area 12 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL Metro Area 13 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA Metro Area 14 Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN Metro Area 15 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metro Area 16 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Metro Area 17 Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD Metro Area 18 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metro Area 18 Raleigh-Cary, NC Metro Area 20 Austin-Round Rock-Georgetown, TX Metro Area 20 Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metro Area 22 New Orleans-Metairie, LA Metro Area 23 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL Metro Area 24 Pittsburgh, PA Metro Area 25 Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC Metro Area 26 Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI Metro Area 26 Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom, CA Metro Area 28 Richmond, VA Metro Area 29 Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN Metro Area 30 Jacksonville, FL Metro Area 30 Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ Metro Area 30 San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX Metro Area 30 San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA Metro Area 34 Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA Metro Area 35 Memphis, TN-MS-AR Metro Area 36 St. Louis, MO-IL Metro Area 37 Cleveland-Elyria, OH Metro Area 38 Columbus, OH Metro Area 38 Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV Metro Area 40 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Metro Area 40 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metro Area 42 Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN Metro Area 43 Hartford-East Hartford-Middletown, CT Metro Area 44 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Metro Area 45 Salt Lake City, UT Metro Area 46 Kansas City, MO-KS Metro Area 46 Providence-Warwick, RI-MA Metro Area 48 Oklahoma City, OK Metro Area 49 Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI Metro Area 50 Grand Rapids-Kentwood, MI Metro Area

Metropolitan Commuting, cont. (2021) Rank 50 47 49 23 48 43 21 46 44 33 12 36 25 6 42 22 34 45 5 28 31 27 18 26 10 9 32 1 7 16 35 38 39 41 4 2 19 11 40 8 24 13 20 29 37 3 30 15 17 14

% Public Transit Use 24.5% 6.1% 7.4% 1.3% 7.3% 3.5% 1.0% 6.1% 4.4% 1.5% 1.0% 2.3% 0.6% 0.6% 1.8% 0.7% 3.1% 6.2% 0.6% 1.0% 2.3% 1.6% 0.8% 3.0% 0.8% 1.1% 1.0% 1.1% 0.8% 0.9% 1.2% 1.2% 2.2% 3.1% 0.3% 1.5% 1.6% 1.2% 2.1% 1.1% 1.2% 0.8% 2.2% 2.2% 2.3% 0.6% 1.3% 0.3% 2.0% 0.9%

Rank 1 6 2 25 3 8 37 5 7 23 34 13 48 45 20 44 10 4 47 36 14 22 42 11 40 31 35 32 43 39 28 27 16 9 49 24 21 30 18 33 29 41 17 15 12 46 26 50 19 38

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

% Single Occ. Vehicle Use 57.2% 77.4% 72.7% 84.8% 76.0% 80.5% 85.3% 78.2% 79.7% 83.7% 86.9% 82.6% 84.7% 87.5% 81.2% 85.2% 83.7% 79.3% 87.8% 84.4% 83.9% 84.5% 86.3% 84.6% 87.2% 87.2% 83.8% 88.5% 87.4% 86.4% 82.9% 82.2% 81.7% 81.4% 88.1% 88.4% 85.5% 86.9% 81.7% 87.3% 84.8% 86.8% 85.4% 84.1% 82.4% 88.2% 84.0% 86.5% 86.3% 86.6%

TABLE 46B

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 18 20 20 22 23 24 25 26 26 28 29 30 30 30 30 34 35 36 37 38 38 40 40 42 43 44 45 46 46 48 49 50

Average Commute Time 34.9 31.9 31.2 29.8 29.7 29.6 29.4 29.3 29.2 28.9 28.6 28.4 28.2 28.1 27.9 27.7 27.6 27.5 27.5 26.9 26.9 26.8 26.7 26.3 26.2 25.9 25.9 25.6 25.5 25.4 25.4 25.4 25.4 25.0 24.9 24.7 24.6 24.5 24.5 24.3 24.3 24.1 23.9 23.8 23.7 23.4 23.4 23.2 22.6 22.3

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation

TABLE 47

Airport On-Time Performance (Sep. 2021 – Aug. 2022) Rank 1 Salt Lake City, UT (SLC) 2 Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN (MSP) 3 Detroit, MI (DTW) 3 San Francisco, CA (SFO) 3 Seattle, WA (SEA) 6 Atlanta, GA (ATL) 6 Charlotte, NC (CLT) 6 Philadelphia, PA (PHL) 6 San Diego, CA (SAN) 10 Los Angeles, CA (LAX) 10 Washington, DC (IAD) 12 Chicago, IL (ORD) 12 Houston, TX (IAH) 14 Boston, MA (BOS) 15 Dallas/Fort Worth, TX (DFW) 15 Tampa, FL (TPA) 15 Washington, DC (DCA) 18 Nashville, TN (BNA) 18 New York, NY (LGA) 18 Phoenix, AZ (PHX) 21 Miami, FL (MIA) 21 New York, NY (JFK) 23 Fort Lauderdale, FL (FLL) 24 Las Vegas, NV (LAS) 24 Orlando, FL (MCO) 26 Denver, CO (DEN) 27 Newark, NJ (EWR) 28 Baltimore, MD (BWI) 29 Chicago, IL (MDW) 30 Dallas, TX (DAL)

Departure Arrival On-Time % On-Time % 83 84 82 82 81 82 81 81 81 81 80 83 80 81 80 78 80 79 79 79 79 80 78 79 78 81 77 76 76 79 76 73 76 75 75 77 75 74 75 79 73 74 73 73 72 73 71 74 71 71 69 78 67 69 64 76 62 74 61 70

Rank 1 3 3 5 5 2 5 15 10 10 9 10 5 18 10 25 20 17 21 10 21 25 25 21 28 15 30 18 21 29

State Expenditures on Roadways (2020) Rank 2 1 3 7 4 8 5 9 12 6 11 10 17 13 14 15 16 18 29 19 20 41 23 22 32 21 24 25 28 26 31 27 34 40 38 35 30 33 36 42 37 46 44 39 43 45 48 50 47 49

Maint.

Per Capita $269 $108 $93 $251 $67 $153 $77 $152 $171 $11 $108 $59 $98 $62 $71 $69 $72 $90 $138 $52 $46 $164 $53 $46 $104 $29 $44 $44 $58 $30 $59 $30 $67 $91 $72 $53 $14 $35 $21 $53 $23 $64 $49 $17 $24 $32 $43 $50 $18 $30 $195 $59

Rank 1 9 12 2 21 5 15 6 3 49 8 25 11 23 18 19 17 14 7 30 34 4 28 33 10 42 35 36 26 40 24 41 20 13 16 27 48 38 45 29 44 22 32 47 43 39 37 31 46 42

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation

Capital Per Capita $778 $831 $745 $504 $612 $502 $539 $445 $404 $539 $411 $436 $367 $400 $384 $382 $374 $341 $272 $338 $336 $208 $312 $313 $245 $319 $297 $297 $272 $297 $262 $281 $243 $210 $222 $241 $271 $244 $240 $206 $224 $182 $188 $220 $206 $183 $156 $132 $162 $133 $653 $277

TABLE 48

Rank 1 West Virginia 2 Alaska 3 Wyoming 4 Maine 5 South Dakota 6 Delaware 7 Montana 8 Vermont 9 Oklahoma 10 North Dakota 11 South Carolina 12 North Carolina 13 Kentucky 14 Texas 15 Iowa 16 Utah 17 Rhode Island 18 Arkansas 19 Indiana 20 Nebraska 21 Illinois 22 Virginia 23 Idaho 24 Florida 25 Washington 26 Michigan 27 New Jersey 28 Pennsylvania 29 Kansas 30 Wisconsin 31 Connecticut 32 Mississippi 33 Colorado 34 Louisiana 35 Minnesota 36 Oregon 37 Maryland 38 Alabama 39 New York 40 Tennessee 41 New Mexico 42 Missouri 43 Georgia 44 Ohio 45 New Hampshire 46 Hawaii 47 Nevada 48 California 49 Arizona 50 Massachusetts Dist. of Columbia United States

Total Per Capita $1,048 $939 $838 $755 $679 $654 $616 $597 $575 $550 $519 $495 $466 $462 $455 $451 $446 $430 $410 $390 $382 $371 $365 $359 $349 $348 $342 $341 $330 $327 $321 $311 $310 $301 $294 $294 $285 $279 $260 $258 $247 $245 $238 $237 $230 $215 $199 $182 $180 $163 $848 $335

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of Economic Analysis

TABLE 49

Health Care Expenditures Per Capita (2021) Rank 1 South Dakota 2 Alaska 3 North Dakota 4 Massachusetts 5 West Virginia 6 New Hampshire 7 Delaware 8 New York 9 Vermont 10 Minnesota 11 Maine 12 Pennsylvania 13 Connecticut 14 California 15 Indiana 16 Ohio 17 Wisconsin 18 Montana 19 New Jersey 20 Nebraska 21 Washington 22 Oregon 23 Rhode Island 24 Missouri 25 Maryland 26 Louisiana 27 Florida 28 Wyoming 29 Kansas 30 Hawaii 31 Illinois 32 Kentucky 33 Colorado 34 Michigan 35 New Mexico 36 North Carolina 37 Virginia 38 Tennessee 39 Arkansas 40 Iowa 41 Oklahoma 42 Arizona 43 Mississippi 44 Idaho 45 Georgia 46 Texas 47 Alabama 48 South Carolina 49 Nevada 50 Utah Dist. of Columbia United States

Total Per Capita $11,493 $11,473 $9,947 $9,876 $9,552 $9,526 $9,064 $9,006 $8,859 $8,687 $8,670 $8,641 $8,606 $8,501 $8,494 $8,326 $8,313 $8,289 $8,266 $8,193 $8,126 $7,956 $7,916 $7,892 $7,846 $7,679 $7,676 $7,562 $7,495 $7,449 $7,449 $7,430 $7,364 $7,325 $7,311 $7,179 $7,178 $6,946 $6,943 $6,894 $6,878 $6,828 $6,794 $6,714 $6,595 $6,593 $6,545 $6,429 $5,976 $5,735 $12,201 $7,784

Total (billions) $10.3 $8.4 $7.7 $69.0 $17.0 $13.2 $9.1 $178.6 $5.7 $49.6 $11.9 $112.0 $31.0 $333.6 $57.8 $98.1 $49.0 $9.2 $76.6 $16.1 $62.9 $33.8 $8.7 $48.7 $48.4 $35.5 $167.2 $4.4 $22.0 $10.7 $94.4 $33.5 $42.8 $73.6 $15.5 $75.7 $62.0 $48.5 $21.0 $22.0 $27.4 $49.7 $20.0 $12.8 $71.2 $194.7 $33.0 $33.4 $18.8 $19.1 $8.2 $2,583.5

Total as % of Personal Income 17.8% 17.4% 15.4% 11.8% 19.7% 13.0% 15.1% 11.7% 14.3% 13.1% 14.8% 13.4% 10.3% 11.1% 15.0% 14.6% 13.9% 14.6% 10.7% 13.4% 11.0% 12.9% 12.3% 14.3% 11.2% 14.2% 12.3% 10.9% 12.7% 12.2% 11.1% 14.5% 10.4% 13.0% 14.5% 12.8% 10.8% 12.3% 13.7% 12.1% 12.8% 12.3% 14.8% 12.8% 11.8% 11.0% 13.2% 12.3% 9.9% 10.2% 12.6% 12.1%

Rank 2 3 4 37 1 22 5 38 13 21 7 18 48 40 6 9 16 10 46 19 42 24 31 14 39 15 29 44 28 34 41 12 47 23 11 26 45 32 17 35 27 30 8 25 36 43 20 33 50 49

Percentage Without Health Insurance

by State (2021) Rank 49 41 42 13 36 37 17 28 45 21 43 35 44 5 40 31 2 10 15 29 23 1 20 38 27 18 4 49 13 8 9 23 12 33 46 47 33 5 16 38 22 26 11 3 25 7 48 19 32 30

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

% Uninsured % Uninsured Rank 2021 2010 2010 Change 2.5% 4.4% 1 -1.9% 3.7% 8.0% 3 -4.3% 3.9% 7.9% 2 -4.0% 4.3% 12.2% 16 -7.9% 4.5% 9.1% 4 -4.6% 4.8% 9.3% 6 -4.5% 5.0% 12.4% 18 -7.4% 5.1% 11.1% 12 -6.0% 5.2% 9.1% 4 -3.9% 5.2% 11.9% 15 -6.7% 5.4% 9.4% 7 -4.0% 5.5% 10.2% 11 -4.7% 5.7% 9.7% 8 -4.0% 5.7% 15.3% 31 -9.6% 5.7% 10.1% 10 -4.4% 6.1% 11.3% 13 -5.2% 6.1% 17.1% 36 -11.0% 6.1% 14.6% 27 -8.5% 6.4% 14.2% 25 -7.8% 6.5% 12.3% 17 -5.8% 6.8% 13.1% 20 -6.3% 7.0% 18.5% 43 -11.5% 7.0% 13.8% 23 -6.8% 7.1% 11.5% 14 -4.4% 7.2% 13.2% 21 -6.0% 7.5% 14.8% 29 -7.3% 7.6% 17.8% 41 -10.2% 7.9% 9.8% 9 -1.9% 8.0% 15.9% 33 -7.9% 8.2% 17.3% 37 -9.1% 8.8% 17.7% 40 -8.9% 9.0% 15.3% 31 -6.3% 9.2% 17.5% 38 -8.3% 9.2% 13.9% 24 -4.7% 9.4% 13.2% 21 -3.8% 9.5% 12.4% 18 -2.9% 9.9% 14.6% 27 -4.7% 10.0% 19.6% 45 -9.6% 10.0% 17.5% 38 -7.5% 10.0% 14.4% 26 -4.4% 10.4% 16.8% 34 -6.4% 10.7% 16.9% 35 -6.2% 11.4% 19.9% 47 -8.5% 11.6% 22.6% 49 -11.0% 11.9% 18.2% 42 -6.3% 12.1% 21.3% 48 -9.2% 12.2% 14.9% 30 -2.7% 12.6% 19.7% 46 -7.1% 13.8% 18.9% 44 -5.1% 18.0% 23.7% 50 -5.7% 3.7% 7.6% -3.9% 8.60% 15.50% -6.9%

TABLE 50

Rank 1 Massachusetts 2 Vermont 3 Hawaii 4 Rhode Island 5 Minnesota 6 Iowa 7 Michigan 8 New Hampshire 9 Connecticut 9 New York 11 Wisconsin 12 Pennsylvania 13 Delaware 13 Kentucky 13 Maine 16 Maryland 16 Oregon 16 West Virginia 19 Washington 20 Ohio 21 Virginia 22 California 22 Illinois 24 Nebraska 25 New Jersey 26 Indiana 27 Louisiana 28 North Dakota 29 Colorado 30 Montana 31 Idaho 32 Utah 33 Arkansas 33 Kansas 35 Missouri 36 South Dakota 37 Alabama 38 New Mexico 38 South Carolina 38 Tennessee 41 North Carolina 42 Arizona 43 Alaska 44 Nevada 45 Mississippi 46 Florida 47 Wyoming 48 Georgia 49 Oklahoma 50 Texas Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

TABLE 51

Percent of Privately Insured Persons with Employment-Based Insurance (2021) Rank 1 New Mexico 2 Oklahoma 3 Florida 4 Minnesota 5 Connecticut 6 Indiana 7 Michigan 8 Wisconsin 9 Iowa 10 Massachusetts 11 North Carolina 12 New Jersey 13 Louisiana 14 Alaska 15 West Virginia 16 Wyoming 17 Rhode Island 18 California 19 Delaware 20 Maine 21 Utah 22 Vermont 23 New Hampshire 24 Montana 25 Hawaii 26 South Carolina 27 Idaho 28 Washington 29 Kansas 30 Mississippi 31 Pennsylvania 32 Arizona 33 Colorado 34 Texas 35 Nevada 36 Alabama 37 Virginia 38 Kentucky 39 New York 40 Oregon 41 Missouri 42 Maryland 43 Arkansas 44 South Dakota 45 North Dakota 46 Illinois 47 Ohio 48 Tennessee 49 Nebraska 50 Georgia Dist. of Columbia United States

2021 86.0% 85.2% 85.1% 85.0% 84.8% 84.7% 84.7% 84.7% 84.3% 84.2% 83.8% 83.6% 83.1% 82.7% 82.6% 82.4% 82.4% 82.4% 82.3% 82.1% 82.1% 81.9% 81.8% 81.7% 81.5% 81.4% 81.2% 81.1% 81.1% 81.0% 80.7% 80.5% 80.5% 80.4% 80.1% 80.0% 79.9% 79.8% 79.4% 78.8% 78.4% 78.3% 78.0% 77.7% 77.6% 77.5% 77.4% 75.6% 73.5% 72.1% 76.0% 82.4%

2019 81.4% 79.5% 73.3% 82.5% 85.3% 84.6% 85.2% 83.1% 82.1% 84.9% 78.4% 86.4% 82.3% 83.6% 86.3% 78.1% 82.7% 83.0% 83.8% 78.9% 82.3% 79.5% 82.7% 73.4% 84.0% 79.2% 76.0% 82.4% 80.2% 78.5% 82.3% 80.8% 80.9% 83.2% 82.8% 80.8% 80.6% 83.0% 84.2% 80.9% 81.9% 85.3% 78.9% 75.7% 77.7% 85.2% 85.8% 80.3% 80.0% 82.4% 84.4% 82.1%

Change 4.6% 5.7% 11.9% 2.4% -0.5% 0.1% -0.5% 1.6% 2.3% -0.7% 5.3% -2.9% 0.8% -0.9% -3.8% 4.3% -0.3% -0.6% -1.5% 3.3% -0.2% 2.3% -0.8% 8.3% -2.5% 2.2% 5.2% -1.3% 0.9% 2.6% -1.5% -0.3% -0.4% -2.8% -2.7% -0.8% -0.7% -3.3% -4.9% -2.1% -3.5% -7.0% -0.9% 2.0% -0.1% -7.7% -8.4% -4.7% -6.4% -10.3% -8.3% 0.3%

Rank 6 3 1 10 24 18 25 15 12 28 4 40 17 31 43 7 22 26 34 8 20 11 30 2 37 13 5 33 16 9 35 21 23 39 38 29 27 41 45 36 42 47 32 14 19 48 49 44 46 50

State and Local Government Health and Hospital Spending (2020) Total Total % of (millions) Personal Income $1,709 4.6% $9,327 3.9% $17,651 3.5% $66,029 2.6% $8,302 3.8% $12,487 2.5% $4,737 4.0% $4,548 2.9% $4,926 3.1% $26,347 1.9% $4,191 2.7% $7,432 2.5% $5,110 2.3% $10,748 2.2% $2,251 2.5% $9,112 1.8% $29,753 1.9% $6,748 2.0% $676 1.5% $1,313 1.6% $19,089 1.6% $10,212 1.7% $11,241 1.5% $3,692 1.9% $3,779 1.7% $5,605 1.7% $8,225 1.6% $4,196 1.2% $2,602 1.0% $4,085 1.2% $455 1.3% $2,746 1.4% $3,946 1.3% $1,187 1.4% $610 1.1% $1,805 1.4% $1,145 1.1% $5,217 0.8% $3,408 0.9% $1,675 1.0% $3,760 0.7% $575 1.1% $6,743 0.9% $860 1.1% $472 0.8% $334 0.7% $490 0.7% $271 0.6% $2,014 0.6% $224 0.3% $947 1.6% $345,009 1.9%

Rank 1 3 5 9 4 10 2 7 6 16 8 11 13 14 12 19 17 15 27 23 24 20 26 18 21 22 25 34 40 33 31 28 32 29 35 30 37 43 42 39 45 38 41 36 44 47 46 48 49 50

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Total Per Capita $2,961 $1,818 $1,688 $1,672 $1,652 $1,618 $1,602 $1,549 $1,545 $1,307 $1,277 $1,208 $1,205 $1,068 $1,063 $1,056 $1,018 $994 $923 $904 $885 $866 $865 $820 $812 $810 $767 $725 $723 $716 $708 $693 $670 $643 $615 $599 $584 $562 $552 $538 $535 $530 $527 $481 $431 $377 $360 $348 $281 $163 $1,373 $1,041

TABLE 52

Rank 1 Wyoming 2 South Carolina 3 North Carolina 4 California 5 Alabama 6 Washington 7 Mississippi 8 Kansas 9 Iowa 10 New York 11 Utah 12 Missouri 13 Oregon 14 Michigan 15 New Mexico 16 Virginia 17 Texas 18 Indiana 19 Alaska 20 Hawaii 21 Florida 22 Ohio 23 Pennsylvania 24 Kentucky 25 Louisiana 26 Tennessee 27 Georgia 28 Colorado 29 Connecticut 30 Minnesota 31 Vermont 32 Oklahoma 33 Wisconsin 34 Idaho 35 Delaware 36 Arkansas 37 Nebraska 38 New Jersey 39 Maryland 40 Nevada 41 Massachusetts 42 Montana 43 Illinois 44 West Virginia 45 Rhode Island 46 South Dakota 47 Maine 48 North Dakota 49 Arizona 50 New Hampshire Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, United Health Foundation

TABLE 53

Occupational Injury and Illness Incidence (2021) Rank 1 Wyoming 2 North Dakota 3 Montana 4 Louisiana 5 Alaska 5 New Mexico 7 Arkansas 8 Alabama 9 Missouri 10 Indiana 10 Kentucky 10 West Virginia 13 Oklahoma 14 South Carolina 15 South Dakota 16 Kansas 17 Tennessee 18 Texas 19 Nebraska 20 Georgia 21 North Carolina 22 Mississippi 23 Colorado 23 Florida 23 Ohio 23 Utah 23 Wisconsin 28 Idaho 28 Iowa 28 Michigan 28 Nevada 28 Oregon 28 Vermont 34 New Hampshire 34 Virginia 36 Illinois 37 Maine 37 Massachusetts 37 New York 37 Pennsylvania 41 California 41 Delaware 41 Maryland 41 Minnesota 45 New Jersey 46 Hawaii 47 Arizona 47 Washington 49 Connecticut 50 Rhode Island Dist. of Columbia United States

Fatalities Per 100K Injury/Illness Per 100 Workers 2020 Private Workers 2021 10.4 2.9 9.0 No Data Available 8.0 3.4 7.7 1.9 6.2 3.3 6.2 2.8 5.8 2.4 5.5 2.4 5.4 2.6 5.2 3.1 5.2 3.1 5.2 2.9 5.1 No Data Available 5.0 2.2 4.7 No Data Available 4.6 2.7 4.4 2.5 4.2 2.1 4.1 3.0 4.0 No Data Available 3.9 2.2 3.5 No Data Available 3.4 No Data Available 3.4 No Data Available 3.4 2.2 3.4 2.6 3.4 3.2 3.3 No Data Available 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.8 3.3 3.8 3.2 No Data Available 3.2 2.1 3.1 2.6 2.9 4.7 2.9 2.4 2.9 2.2 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.2 2.8 2.2 2.8 2.7 2.8 3.3 2.7 2.6 2.2 3.3 2.1 2.8 2.1 3.5 1.4 3.0 1.0 No Data Available 3.8 1.0 3.6 2.7

Rank 18 N/A 5 39 6 20 29 30 24 13 13 18 N/A 32 N/A 22 28 37 15 N/A 32 N/A N/A N/A 32 24 11 N/A 6 15 6 2 2 N/A 37 24 1 29 32 18 11 32 22 6 24 6 20 4 15 N/A

Partisan Composition of State Governments (Dec. 10, 2022) Gov. Party Rep Rep Dem Rep Dem Dem Dem Dem Rep Rep Dem Rep Dem Rep Rep Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Dem Dem Dem Dem Rep Rep Rep Dem Dem Dem Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Dem Rep Dem Rep

Source: National Conference of State Legislators

Senate Senate Senate House House House Dem. Rep. Other Dem. Rep. Other 8 27 28 77 9 11 13 21 6 14 16 29 31 6 29 18 82 31 9 62 18 23 12 46 19 24 12 98 53 15 6 26 15 12 28 35 85 23 33 79 101 23 2 45 6 7 28 11 59 40 19 78 40 10 40 30 70 16 34 37 63 11 29 40 85 7 31 20 80 11 28 34 68 3 22 13 82 67 2 34 13 102 39 37 3 133 26 1 20 18 56 54 34 33 70 64 16 36 43 77 2 10 24 52 111 16 34 32 68 49 Unicameral/Nonpartisan 13 8 28 14 10 14 198 201 1 Tie 24 16 46 34 26 15 1 45 25 42 21 100 50 20 30 49 71 4 43 12 82 7 26 31 68 8 40 20 81 17 12 1 35 25 22 28 102 101 33 5 65 9 1 16 30 36 88 4 31 7 63 6 27 24 75 12 19 64 86 6 23 14 61 23 7 106 36 8 21 19 48 52 29 20 58 40 4 30 12 88 11 22 35 64 2 29 5 57

TABLE 54

State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Source: Federal Housing Finance Agency

TABLE 55

Housing Price Appreciation (2nd Quarter 2022) 25-year 5-year Rank Annualized Annualized 1 California 6.5% 10.3% 2 Washington 6.3% 12.6% 3 Colorado 6.3% 17.9% 4 Idaho 6.3% 13.7% 5 Oregon 6.1% 11.2% 6 Florida 6.1% 9.2% 7 Arizona 6.1% 14.6% 8 Massachusetts 5.9% 13.1% 9 Montana 5.8% 15.0% 10 Utah 5.7% 12.5% 11 New Hampshire 5.7% 11.1% 12 Texas 5.6% 9.4% 13 Maine 5.6% 11.4% 14 Rhode Island 5.6% 10.2% 15 New York 5.5% 10.3% 16 Wyoming 5.2% 13.7% 17 North Dakota 5.1% 9.9% 18 Hawaii 5.1% 9.4% 19 Virginia 5.0% 8.8% 20 Nevada 5.0% 12.9% 21 Minnesota 4.9% 8.9% 22 South Dakota 4.9% 8.8% 23 Vermont 4.9% 7.0% 24 New Jersey 4.7% 9.8% 25 Maryland 4.7% 8.6% 26 Tennessee 4.7% 12.0% 27 South Carolina 4.6% 12.4% 28 Georgia 4.6% 11.5% 29 Pennsylvania 4.6% 5.1% 30 Delaware 4.5% 8.7% 31 North Carolina 4.4% 9.0% 32 Alaska 4.2% 9.8% 33 Louisiana 4.2% 8.6% 34 Nebraska 4.1% 9.7% 35 Kansas 4.1% 8.4% 36 Oklahoma 4.1% 9.0% 37 Missouri 4.1% 9.4% 38 Wisconsin 4.0% 6.0% 39 Kentucky 4.0% 8.9% 40 Iowa 3.9% 10.1% 41 New Mexico 3.9% 9.8% 42 Connecticut 3.8% 5.8% 43 Alabama 3.7% 9.3% 44 Michigan 3.7% 10.7% 45 Arkansas 3.6% 7.4% 46 Indiana 3.6% 10.0% 47 Mississippi 3.4% 10.0% 48 West Virginia 3.3% 7.9% 49 Ohio 3.2% 6.8% 50 Illinois 3.2% 6.8% Dist. of Columbia 8.2% 6.7% United States 4.9% 10.3%

Rank 18 8 1 5 14 32 3 6 2 9 15 29 13 19 17 4 23 30 38 7 36 37 45 25 41 11 10 12 50 39 34 24 40 27 42 33 28 48 35 20 26 49 31 16 44 22 21 43 47 46

1-year 16.0% 17.3% 19.2% 29.8% 17.6% 17.9% 25.5% 24.9% 21.1% 21.0% 17.2% 14.0% 17.6% 14.1% 20.5% 22.5% 15.7% 15.1% 14.5% 24.3% 14.5% 17.2% 11.9% 19.2% 11.4% 23.7% 25.2% 21.1% 10.5% 12.9% 16.3% 15.8% 16.9% 14.2% 14.4% 13.7% 14.5% 12.1% 14.6% 17.8% 17.9% 10.7% 17.7% 15.9% 13.4% 14.1% 14.6% 16.3% 15.0% 12.8% 5.2% 17.7%

Rank 26 20 13 1 19 14 2 4 9 10 22 41 18 39 11 7 29 30 34 5 36 21 47 12 48 6 3 8 50 44 25 28 23 38 37 42 35 46 32 16 15 49 17 27 43 40 33 24 31 45

Home Ownership Rates (2nd Quarter 2017 – 2nd Quarter 2022) 2017 75.1% 69.9% 75.9% 70.3% 73.8% 69.1% 72.3% 68.9% 72.6% 70.7% 66.2% 68.7% 68.9% 72.0% 69.9% 70.1% 70.7% 69.2% 67.1% 67.4% 67.1% 71.6% 67.5% 64.6% 65.6% 67.0% 66.5% 63.6% 67.5% 66.4% 60.4% 62.6% 67.3% 65.2% 64.2% 66.6% 64.2% 61.6% 66.5% 65.2% 61.4% 54.4% 61.5% 63.8% 66.4% 59.2% 56.2% 53.7% 53.8% 50.7% 39.2% 63.7%

Change 2.7% 6.9% 0.7% 5.9% 1.5% 4.7% 1.4% 4.4% 0.7% 2.6% 6.7% 3.9% 3.4% 0.1% 1.4% 0.6% -0.1% 0.7% 2.7% 2.3% 2.6% -2.0% 1.9% 4.7% 3.7% 2.2% 2.0% 4.3% 0.4% 1.4% 6.9% 4.6% -0.2% 1.8% 2.6% -0.3% 2.0% 4.3% -1.0% -0.7% 2.6% 9.6% 1.9% -0.5% -3.4% 2.4% 3.5% 4.6% 0.8% 2.9% 5.5% 2.1%

Rank 19 2 39 5 32 6 33 10 37 22 4 13 16 42 35 40 43 37 18 25 20 49 29 6 14 26 27 11 41 33 2 8 44 31 22 45 28 12 48 47 21 1 30 46 50 24 15 8 36 17

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

2022 77.8% 76.8% 76.6% 76.2% 75.3% 73.8% 73.7% 73.3% 73.3% 73.3% 72.9% 72.6% 72.3% 72.1% 71.3% 70.7% 70.6% 69.9% 69.8% 69.7% 69.7% 69.6% 69.4% 69.3% 69.3% 69.2% 68.5% 67.9% 67.9% 67.8% 67.3% 67.2% 67.1% 67.0% 66.8% 66.3% 66.2% 65.9% 65.5% 64.5% 64.0% 64.0% 63.4% 63.3% 63.0% 61.6% 59.7% 58.3% 54.6% 53.6% 44.7% 65.8%

TABLE 56

Rank 1 West Virginia 2 Iowa 3 South Carolina 4 Maine 5 Minnesota 6 Wyoming 7 New Hampshire 8 Idaho 8 Michigan 8 Vermont 11 Maryland 12 Delaware 13 Mississippi 14 Indiana 15 Alabama 16 Pennsylvania 17 Utah 18 Kentucky 19 Louisiana 20 Kansas 20 Missouri 22 Oklahoma 23 Virginia 24 South Dakota 24 Wisconsin 26 New Mexico 27 Nebraska 28 Florida 28 North Carolina 30 Tennessee 31 Oregon 32 Arizona 33 Montana 34 Ohio 35 Illinois 36 Colorado 37 Washington 38 Georgia 39 Alaska 40 Arkansas 41 North Dakota 41 Rhode Island 43 Texas 44 New Jersey 45 Connecticut 46 Massachusetts 47 Nevada 48 Hawaii 49 California 50 New York Dist. of Columbia United States

NOTES

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