01#UNTAGGED. A year in Collective Housing

a year in collective housing

issue 01 | 2023 Anne Lacaton Elli Mosayebi Dietmar Eberle Hrvoje Njiriç Alison Brooks Andrés Cánovas Atxu Amann Nicolás Maruri Andrea Deplazes Sacha Menz Javier García Germán Ignacio Fernández Solla Jonathan Benhamu Carmen Espegel Fernando Altozano Daniel Sorando Cristiane Muniz Fernando Veigas José Ma Ezquiaga

MCH MAS in Collective Housing

the best of the MCH 2022 edition...

#untagged presents a selection of the best works produced by students in the

Master of Collective Housing – MCH 2022 edition.

The knowledge produced in the MCH through the projects in its Workshops and Specialty courses is at the forefront of the body of thought related to collective housing architecture.

The teachers, juries and guest lecturers are amongst the most recognized in the field, contributing to the quality of the discussions and production made during the one year master.

This first issue lays out the structure for the following numbers, opening up on display the entire year and its contents.

https://www.mchmaster.com/

MCH Directors José Ma de Lapuerta - UPM Andrea Deplazes - ETH MCH Manager Nuria Muruais

a year in collective housing

MCH MAS in Collective Housing

ISBN 978-84-09-50596-8 © 2023 Master in Collective Housing. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. ETH Zurich.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher.

MCH Directors José María de Lapuerta- UPM Andrea Deplazes - ETH MCH Manager Nuria Muruais Concept Nuria Muruais Edition Andrés Solano Cover image by Andrés Solano selected by Dietmar Eberle from Workshop final submission Printed and bound by Omán Impresores.

issue 01 | 2023

8

4

Notes from the Editor

5

Letter from the Director

6 32 42 50 58 60 76 82

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture Housing Practice Sociology, Economy & Politics Construction & Technology Leadership & Entrepreneurship Urban Design & City Science Low Cost & Emergency Housing Hybrid Techniques for Architecture Design

84 86

One house, one building, one public space Snapshots of collective life

88 94 102 108 114 124 128

W1 | Reload with Work | Canovas, Amann, Maruri W2 | Housing and Reuse | Lacaton W3 | Domestic Fragments | Mosayebi W4 | Working + Living Structures | Deplazes W5 | Ordinariness and Life | Njiric W6 | La Corrala Futura | Brooks W7 | Madrid: 3 histories, 3 scales | Eberle

134 136

One house, one building, one public space Snapshots of collective life

138

Appendix

Specialties

86

Madrid

90 Workshops

136

Zürich

Notes from the editor Andrés Solano, alumni - 2022 edition When reviewing the projects and work produced by my fellow classmates and exposed by our teachers and guest lecturers during the 2022 edition, I was impressed at the amount of high quality knowledge that had been produced.

It is only with the distance of time that one realizes what has been achieved in the months of duration of the MCH. Many of the ideas that are being discussed, designed and displayed in the Specialties and Workshops will undoubtedly be on the frontline of the discipline in the following years.

The knowledge portrayed in this first issue is still raw, in the melting pot. It is thus impossible to organize it outside the encasing frame of the courses. In this sense, the name #untagged makes reference to this myriad of ideas that flourish during the intense weeks of the Master but cannot be “tagged” as they flow freely in-between the classes. However, we believe the effort must be made to publish and externalise it, enabling to become raw material for something new.

“Only an idea has the power to spread itself so far.”

- Mies Van der Rohe

The name is a tribute to HOUSETAG, the first publication developed entirely by the MCH that catalogs and “tags” existing European collective housing buildings of the last two decades. The next decades, and the next HOUSETAG will hopefully involve the projects of our former students participating as architects, builders or promoters. Others will take what is being learned to infiltrate academia somewhere else, as the network of alumni grows ever more with each edition.

4

Letter from the Director - UPM Career development & housing research.

They are not exclusive for the MCH. Jose Maria de Lapuerta

Is the Master in Collective Housing ETH-UPM a professional or research postgraduate?

For the MCH it is very important that students, when they finish, have a professional profile, knowledge and skills that are different from when they started. And that this can be measured, that it is not something subjective. Also different job and salary aspirations.

Non graduate program in the world, at any discipline, “contractually” guarantees a certain job position upon completion. However, much of the prestige and the reasons for investing in tuition depend on that Career Development.

At the MCH, two months before the end of the classes and four months before the delivery of the Master’s thesis, we begin with the Career Advise work.

Both in common talks for all students, as well as by groups with the same interest, as well as with individual interviews, as a director, I explain the different job and salary options, from different offices and countries. The differences are explained, the ways of approaching, the possible difficulties of visas depending on the country of origin, the “friendly” studies that usually employ MCH graduates, the total support for those who return to their country of origin and what the work that the director and the MCH team will do for each one.

Access is also given to the specific job bank for participants in the MCH.

Finally, the alumni association is supported, its connections around the world, its exchanges of opportunities. The culminating moment of this was the MCH FEST where all the participants of 15 editions and their partners were invited to the Parador de la Granja de San Ildefonso. Throughout the day and before the gala dinner, the former participants were grouped into

large classrooms according to their profiles. The day was exciting. The class that was working in large offices, those who had founded their own study, those who worked for the public administration and those who dedicated themselves to teaching and research.

The other side of the MCH coin, with a clearly professional profile, is that it does not renounce the investigation.

It seems difficult for us to talk about teaching if it is not linked to research. Every year a book or research is promoted. The TC Cuadernos publishing house, with international distribution and one of the most active in architecture, has an agreement with us and, in addition to publishing monographs for professors who pass through the MCH (Wiel Arets, Fritz Van Donguen, Felix Claus,...) believe in any proposal of the management of MCH ETH-UPM. Thus, the idea of ​​any participating teacher is analyzed and the selected one will be published with a significant stake. In recent months, we have published two books: PATRIMONIO ACCESIBLE: LA INTERVENCIÓN EN EL PATRIMONIO Y EL PROYECTO DE ACCESIBILIDAD

HOUSETAG: VIVIENDA COLECTIVA EN EUROPA 20002021 10/2021, this one developed entirely in the MCH classrooms and with the participation of MCH students, it has led to the most serious and important research in housing in Europe in recent years. It has already had its first consequences in an exhibition with a catalog at the ICO museum “Domestic Sunrises”. It will be a traveling exhibition throughout Europe.

The Master in Collective Housing knows that the success and future of our postgraduate course depends to a large extent on the professional future of its participants. But also that it is research that builds a chair, high, to see beyond the near horizon, to look into the future.

5

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture.

Towards Post-Sustainability Specialties

Javier García-Germán Specialty Leader

Emiliano López Jury

Renata Sentkiewicz Jury

This module explores the design opportunities which the field of thermodynamics and ecology are opening to architecture, and specifically to the field of collective housing. It focuses on climatic questions and on the metabolic dimension of architecture, with the objective of finding design strategies which bridge the void between quantitative and qualitative approaches.

As a result, special attention is given to questions which in rare occasions are addressed in mainstream sustainability courses. The workshop immerses in the quotidian implications of sustainability, connecting everyday life to architecture, which introduces to the specialty the ethnological dimension of architecture.

This question opens the experiential realm, introducing the human body in its physiological and psychological dimensions to architecture. Under this perspective, the history of architecture —which offers a rich variety of climatic and metabolic references— is a powerful design tool.

This workshop departs from the structural connection that exists between the climate of a given location and the culture unfolded by its inhabitants. This question, which has been rarely addressed by architects, underpins a wide array of questions which connect climate to social patterns, local lifestyles, how people dress themselves or how architecture is inhabited.

From this perspective, a thermodynamic approach to architecture needs to explore the interactions between the local climate, the spatial and material particularities of architecture, and the lifestyle of its users.

Contrary to typical design procedures which deploy a topdown approach which proceeds from outdoor massing to indoor space, this studio explores the potential to conceive architecture from the interior. The objective is to design a building starting from the particular atmospheres demanded by its users. As a result, departing from the specific ambient conditions needed by users, students will define the set of sources and skills required to induce specific atmospheric situations.

6

Urban, landscape and building typologies will be a useful tool during the module as it offers the possibility to bridge the gulf between local climate and specific everyday life patterns. Climatic typologies show how architecture can interact between a given climate and the way people live and socialize, offering the potential to connect the spatial and material lineaments with the specific physiological and psychological behaviors, bridging the gulf between the thermodynamic processes induced by architecture and the quotidian behavior of its inhabitants.

On atmospheres, constructed space Silvia Benedito | 2022 | 03 | 04

Silvia Benedito puts into question the necessity to design for comfort standards. Using examples of built work from pre-air-conditioning times such as Le Corbusier and Lina Bo Bardi, the presentation explored the possibilities of designing for different and chaging atmospheric conditions in opposition to the homoestatis convention.

Already there, on reuse and deconstruction Renaud Haerlinger | 2022 | 03 | 15

Renaud Haerlinger presents us Rotor DC, a cooperative design practice related to material resources, waste and obsoloscene with both a research and practical operation. Through the work of Rotor and satellite organizations such as Opalis, Renaud explains the possibilities of reuse of construction materiales through dismantling and deconstruction.

A new concept of beauty, aesthetics and tectonics for the building environment, that takes into consideration the characteristics of already existing materials, is discussed.

7

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture.

Towards Post-Sustainability Specialties

Reinforcing feedback loops Daniel Ibañez | 2022 | 03 | 18

The notion of energy landscape

The lecture focused on teaching how to think on the whole cycle of a project, not just what is related to its own construction, but how the materials, energy and resources are organised to make it happen. This is called the material metabolic interdependence. A way of designing by engaging into the complex and material relations of a project.

Sascha Roesler | 2022 | 04 | 01

Prof Sascha Roesler presents us a lecture focused on relating the concerns of energy to design concerns. With so many demands for energy and water sources in our cities, our idea of landscape is going to include more and more the infraestructure needed to obtain it.

8

Resources Jaume Mayol, Ted’A Arquitectes | 2022 | 04 | 01

“WE ARE WHERE WE ARE. The sentence plays demonically with the be/be and the stay/be. [...]

No place is repeatable and, therefore, any corner of the world is worthy of reverence.

All the stones are valuable, all. And places, too.”

“PARAULES LOCALS” Perejaume

9

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture.

Towards Post-Sustainability Specialties

Proyectos López-Rivera Arquitectos Emiliano López | 2022 | 04 | 22

Emiliano López presents the projects of his studio López Rivera Arquitectos, a very interesting selection of projects designed taking into consideration locally sourced construction techniques and materials.

Architecture is thought from the physical and climatic conditions of the location, up to the program and use.

10

Seasonal migration in Barcelona: climate and territorial atmospheres SEASONAL MIGRATION IN BARCELONA Juanita Gómez, Suzane Kteich, Andrés Solano, Alexia Valtadorou CLIMATE AND TERRITORIAL ATMOSPHERES 11 / A Post-Sustainable Commune for Barcelona Our proposal not only takes into consideration climatic conditions for design, but also proposes a new way of living in connection with nature and changing seasons. It is also easy to understand and replicate with local materials, which will have a low metabolic impact on the environment.

winter

winter

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY PROFESSOR JAVIER GARCÍA-GERMÁN

08

A post-sustainable commune for Barcelona. Our project proposes a new way of living in connection with natural and changing seasons. It is also easy to understand and replicate with local materials, which have a low metabolic impact on the environment.

summer

summer

JUANITA GÓMEZ / ALEXIA VALTADOROU / SUZANE KTEICH / ANDRÉS SOLANO MASTER IN COLLECTIVE HOUSING 2022. ETH ZÜRICH, ETSAM, UPM

11

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture.

Towards Post-Sustainability SEASONAL MIGRATION IN BARCELONA

01

CLIMATE AND TERRITORIAL ATMOSPHERES

01 / Meteorology and Climate

spain

catalunya

barcelon a

comfort conditions

wind

geography

s

ntain

mou

HIGH TEMP ERAT HIGH URE HUMI DITY

ins

ta

un

mo

ne

li st

a co

city

july (summer)

s

in

ta

n ou

lat / 41.28° N long / 2.07° E January (coldest) July (hottest)

m

winter wind summer wind NO

COM

FOR

T

LO HIG W T H EM HU PE MID RA IT TUR Y E

Barcelona, a mediterranean city / The city has a mild climate, with not very extreme conditions in winter or in summer. However, it is very humid and that affects the comfort ratio during the year. The exterior is comfortable only during a small percentage of time, so that Architecture needs to think of ways of creating comfortable spaces using the climate. The geography of the city, a plain area between the sea and mountains create this particular conditions.

january (winter)

02 / Thermodynamic Life

outdoors

indoors

BREATHING

G

THIN BREA

BREATHING

WA R

COLD BEVERAGES

MP

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY PROFESSOR JAVIER GARCÍA-GERMÁN

12

HEA T ST RES S

OF RS SE VE RA CL OT LL HI AY NG E

CO M

FO

RT AB L

E

LIGHT CLOTHING

ET

JUANITA GÓMEZ / ALEXIA VALTADOROU / SUZANE KTEICH / ANDRÉS SOLANO MASTER IN COLLECTIVE HOUSING 2022. ETH ZÜRICH, ETSAM, UPM

02

SEASONAL MIGRATION IN BARCELONA CLIMATE AND TERRITORIAL ATMOSPHERES

03 / Built Atmospheres

José Hevia - studio in Barcelona, working space combining indoor and outdoor spaces.

Refurbishment of catalan Masia, maintaining the original conditions José Coderch - House for an Artist in Barcelona, interior garden. of materiality and incorporating contemporary elements.

Bringing light and heat during winter using glass and louvres.

Plaza with outdoor eating. Many restaurants in Barcelona use neighbouring outdoor spaces to extend their space with more seating area. During the summer it is just a canopy, and during winter, the spaces close with plastic transparent sheeting and artificial heating.

José Coderch - Ugalde House. This project is represantive of Catalan Masia. The massive walls and small openings, oriented to Simple roofing at the beach. At summer the best space is outdoors a Barcelona way of life, incorporating nature and diluting the the South makes this type of traditional architecture the best for near the beach with a simple roofing for protecting agains the sun. relationship between inside and outside spaces. the winter.

04 / Environments

Public Spaces / Barcelona’s public spaces are really important for people´s lives. They are very used in summer and in winter. It is surprising to see people at the beach even in the coldest months, and using parks and plazas. Whenever the climate is good, the inhabitants of the city use the outdoors.

Catalan Culture / Barcelona has a very particular culture different from the rest of Spain, related to its Catalan origins.

That is a very important part of the inhabitants way of life and its identity.

Protest and rights / Barcelona`s inhabitants are very keen on protecting and demanding their rights. Protest is part of the life and culture of the city, which is done using the public spaces.

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY PROFESSOR JAVIER GARCÍA-GERMÁN

Urban Life / The city and its buildings projects itself to the outdoors, something that is not very common in other more northern European cities. Many commerces and stores extend their use outside whenever it is possible.

JUANITA GÓMEZ / ALEXIA VALTADOROU / SUZANE KTEICH / ANDRÉS SOLANO MASTER IN COLLECTIVE HOUSING 2022. ETH ZÜRICH, ETSAM, UPM

13

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture.

Towards Post-Sustainability SEASONAL MIGRATION IN BARCELONA

03

CLIMATE AND TERRITORIAL ATMOSPHERES

05 / Strategies

work

11:00hrs / During the morning, the best working space would be under a roof, protected from the prevailing wind, but still well ventilated with a lattice on the facade that helps also reduce too much sunlight exposure.

lunch

00 :0

23

0

:0 0

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2

22

0 :0 22 1:00

0

0

0

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18

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19

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15

0 :0 16 :00

0

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12

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10

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09 :0

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lunch

HUMID

0

03

:0

11:00hrs / For working during cold mornings, the best conditions would have to let sun in from the top protected by louvres and glazing.

In that way the sun can let heat in warming the room but stop distubirng sunlight.

a ry

:0

04

ja n u

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07

ua ry

05

fe br

MAX. HUMIDITY.

MIN.

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80% 60%

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17

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work

5°C

m ay

0

03

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ju ne

ju ly

% 60

MIN

ju ly

fe br

ITY.

UMID

.H MAX

sleep

22:00hrs / At night, the best location for sleeping would be in a ventilated space with openings to the exterior. This can occur inside or outside the built space.

08

05 04

80%

:0

MP.

:0

13

11

r summe

MAX. TE

16:00hrs / During the afternoon, when it is really hot, and there is plenty of sun radiation, the best way to have a siesta is outside with a shade from a light roof canopy to protect from the sun. The sleeping or relaxing time can be done in a hammock. The fabric can be of a breathable mesh to promote ventilation.

siesta

17

14

27°C

14:00hrs / Lunch time in summer can be done outside like a picnic if the proper space is found. A perfect space would be under trees with a big canopy, close to a body of water so that the wind can lower its temperature as it approaches.

14:00hrs / At lunch time, the big facade is oriented to the South which allows for plenty of sunlight to be harnessed through glazed enclosure. The glazing also extends in angle to the roof so that more sunlight is allowed in, warming the room.

siesta

16:00hrs / For Siesta, the temperature at this time of the day is not as cold, but still the room needs to warm. A trombe wall is used to heat the room, whilst opening a window in the East-West direction for indirect ventilation.

sleep

22:00hrs / During night time, a high room is proposed connected to another lower room on the ground floor. During the day this lower room will harness heat through sunlight exposure, so that at night this will create a flow of warm air to the sleeping area.

y da y da

night

orientation /

the prototype is separated in two seasonal spaces /

summ

the summer space gets higher /

the prevailing wind influences the orienation of some partitions /

the winter space is smaller but gets a vertical tower, like a chimney /

er su

n

wi

nt er

su

n

winter day

21.07 11.00hs

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY PROFESSOR JAVIER GARCÍA-GERMÁN 14

winter

summer

summer

21.12 21.00hs

21.07 11.00hs

21.07 21.00hs

night

day

JUANITA GÓMEZ / ALEXIA VALTADOROU / SUZANE KTEICH / ANDRÉS SOLANO MASTER IN COLLECTIVE HOUSING 2022. ETH ZÜRICH, ETSAM, UPM

night

04

SEASONAL MIGRATION IN BARCELONA CLIMATE AND TERRITORIAL ATMOSPHERES

06/ Material Metabolic Interdependencies

timber

brick

panel

Structural timber from certified forests for linear elements.

Reused bricks from demolitions or deconstruction processes in the city for masonry in lattice walls.

A natural Compound Earth Panel made from a timber frame, a wooden mesh, filled and plastered with earth, for walls.

Photographic Essay

Certified Timber / 1 / Timber woods with CATFOREST certification 2/ Log extraction in forest 3/ Process of milling when all the sections of the timber log are used 4/ Construction of the structure using timber 5/ Afterlife - timber can be reused into making furniture 01

02

03

04

05

Reused Brick / 1 / Demolition in the outskirts of Barcelona 2/ Cleaning process of the used bricks 3/ Clean bricks ready to be used 4/ Lattice work. Casa Intermedia - Equipo de Arquitectura Photo by Federico Carioli 5/ Afterlife - bricks can be milled and converted into surfaces for paving of urban surfaces 01

02

03

04

05

Compound Earth Panel/ 1 / Tests with soil from Castellbisbal - Casa S-Low Project Congreso Internacional de Arquitectura en Tierra 2013 - UPC Catalunya - Arq. Montserrat Bosch 2 / Moli de Rafelet at Delta Del Ebro - Tarragona 3 y 4 / Construction process for “light quincha” - Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos - RomanBauer + Enrique Santillana Arquitectos - Lima 5 / Afterlife - green cover and urban agriculture at calle Balcells Gracia - Paisatge Urbà, Ajuntament de Barcelona y Comunidad de vecinas 01

02

03

04

05

Material Geographies

Key /

Certified Timber A / La Garrotxa, Girona - Certified Forest B/ Las Guillerías - Diseminado Afueras, 33, 17166 Susqueda, Giron - Certified Forest C/ Sebastia - Industries de la Fusta - C-13, km 133, 25594 Rialp, Lérida - Sawmill Reused Brick F/ Demolition of existing buildings at PobleNou, Barcelona G/ COM-CAL - lime mortar for assembling bricks H/ Grup Tort - Carrer de Priora Xixilona, 64 - Factory that manages construction waste for converting bricks into roads Compound Earth Panel D/ Extraction of earth at Castellbisbal E/ Valley of the Ebro - Rice husk for earth mixture SITE X/ Montjuic mountain I/ Landfill

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY PROFESSOR JAVIER GARCÍA-GERMÁN

JUANITA GÓMEZ / ALEXIA VALTADOROU / SUZANE KTEICH / ANDRÉS SOLANO MASTER IN COLLECTIVE HOUSING 2022. ETH ZÜRICH, ETSAM, UPM

15

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture.

Towards Post-Sustainability

07

SEASONAL MIGRATION IN BARCELONA CLIMATE AND TERRITORIAL ATMOSPHERES

08 / Elements of the Commune System

Wood and brick lattice / The thermal properties of reused brick are beneficial for the project. Because the structure of the units is made up of wood, a special wooden shelving design is proposed where bricks are placed like books. This allows for more contact with the sun and wind allowing the lattice to enhance its thermal capacities.

W 1a

W 1b

W 1c

C1 stair

S 2a

S 2b

S 2c

E1 canopy

S 3b

S 3c

Units. Conectors. Expansions / The system is composed of a series of elements that can be used to assemble together and create a commune. There are winter (W) and summer (S) units which can be used according to the season and placed according to a manual. There are also many smaller elements like conectors (stairs, stands and lattice walls) that can be used to articulate the different units between each other. The expansions are wooden structures used for canopies that can serve to create covered areas for temporary uses.

C2 stands

C3 lattice

09 / Self-built affordable units.

How to assemble.

Because these units are made of simple locally available materials of small size, they can be easily assembled by the users using a manual. In this case, the commune can grow organically simply by following simple instructions on how to locate them in relation to each other, for them to work climatically. A new aesthetic of architecture is endorsed giving value to the accumulation of small scale buildings, whose shape con change in time, instead of formally complex finalized design.

summer sun winter sun

1

year

10

5

year

year

10 / Seasonal migration between units Birds migrate, people too / The project proposes a system of seasonal migration, similar to that of birds that travel each year to warmer areas of the planet during winter. In the commune proposed, different areas are used in different times of the year, according to climatic comfort.

wi

nte

r

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY 16 PROFESSOR JAVIER GARCÍA-GERMÁN

sum

me

15

year

r

JUANITA GÓMEZ / ALEXIA VALTADOROU / SUZANE KTEICH / ANDRÉS SOLANO MASTER IN COLLECTIVE HOUSING 2022. ETH ZÜRICH, ETSAM, UPM

06

SEASONAL MIGRATION IN BARCELONA CLIMATE AND TERRITORIAL ATMOSPHERES

07 / Prototype Tectonics

Q

W

Wood panels To protect the Quincha panels on the East and West facade.

C

CLT Structure Cross Laminated Timber structure for columns, beams and slabs.

L

Lattice Made out of a wooden shelving structure, contains reclaimed bricks.

Quincha Panels

Q Made out of a wooden frame,

filled with small wood parts and covered in adobe mud.

Finished like a stucco with the own earth mixture.

P

Policarbonate To protect the Quincha panels on the North and South facade.

R

Planted roof To enchance thermal inertia during summer.

Y

Canopy Can be put in place during summer to give extra shadow on the summer part of the unit.

P

timber

4.70m

W

panel

brick

4.70m

R 6.60m

Y C C

C

Level + 0.00m Groundfloor winter + summer areas

L

Q

Level + 3.000m Terrace and roof garden C 3.00m

L

3.00m

L

Level + 6.60m Sleeping area in mezzanine

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY PROFESSOR JAVIER GARCÍA-GERMÁN

JUANITA GÓMEZ / ALEXIA VALTADOROU / SUZANE KTEICH / ANDRÉS SOLANO MASTER IN COLLECTIVE HOUSING 2022. ETH ZÜRICH, ETSAM, UPM

17

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture.

Towards Post-Sustainability

12

INHABITING THE THRESHOLD

FINAL PROPOSAL. EVERYDAY LIFE ATMOSPHERES. COLLECTIVE HOUSING. COMMUNE

Inhabiting the threshold: Climate and territorial atmospheres Paloma Allende, Francisco Heredia, Androniki Petrou, Jorge Sánchez The proposal starts by analysing the traditional Catalonyan barraca, transfering its climatic qualities to a prototype.

The project then transfers this investigation onto a multistory collective housing building on the coast of Barcelona.

18

01

INHABITING THE THRESHOLD CLIMATE AND TERRITORIAL ATMOSPHERES

Llevant Beach Mar Bella Beach Bogatell Beach Nova Icària Beach

Barcelona

W

E

Somorrostro Beach Barceloneta Beach

Mediterranean sea

S Mediterranean Climate

Psychrometric chart (January) - Months of January, February and March - Cold and humid climate.

- Average temperature of 9ºC. - Maximum temperatures during the day of 19ºC. - Minimum temperatures during the night of 2ºC. - Average relative humidity of 79%.

Barcelona and its surroundings

Psychrometric chart (July) - Months of July, August and September.

- Hot and humid climate.

- Average temperature of 24ºC. - Maximum temperatures during the day of 30ºC. - Minimum temperatures during the night of 16ºC. - Average relative humidity of 70%.

Barcelona Beaches

Relative humidity (annual) - The city has a high relative humidity throughout the year.

- More than 60% of relative humidity = discomfort.

- 64% of the year, the relative humidity is between 60% and 80%.

- 31% of the year, the relative humidity is higher than 80%.

- We can find peaks of almost 90%.

- We only have from 55% to 60% of r. humiduty in 6% of the year.

- We can find the lowest measurment during January noon of almost 55%.

Wind wheel Winter (January-March): - Prevalining humid, cold, strong, North wind.

- Wind temperature less than 20ºC. - Average wind speed of 6 m/s with peaks of 16 m/s.

Summer (July-September): - Prevaling humid, cool, light North breezes.

- Wind temperature betwwen 20ºC and 24ºC. - Average wind speed of 4 m/s with peaks not stronger than 8 m/s.

Everyday Life Atmospheres

SUPER HOT

HOT

COLD

SUPER COLD

A QUESTION OF LAYERING

Who is a barcelonean guy?

Working in a big and multicultural city like Barcelona raises a question for us: Who is Barcelonean person? What sort of person is?.

But the climate, in this case, Mediterranean climate is the same for all of them, but not everybody feel the same confort zone.

On the basis of this questioning, the research is focused on the beach as a meeting public space of different sort of people. The only place in the city where clothing doesn’t clearly show people’s economic status.

As a consequence, our next approach is to look at clothing as the primary form of climate control by people. As simple as if you are hot you take off a garment or if you are cold you put on another.

CLIMATE, METABOLISM AND ARCHITECTURE PROFESSOR JAVIER GARCÍA - GERMÁN

FRANCISCO HEREDIA | PALOMA ALLENDE | ANDRONIKI PETROU | JORGE SÁNCHEZ MASTER IN COLLECTIVE HOUSING 2022. ETH ZÜRICH, ETSAM, UPM

19

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture.

Towards Post-Sustainability 02

INHABITING THE THRESHOLD CLIMATE AND TERRITORIAL ATMOSPHERES

01 Montjuic

04 Rere el Cementiri

07 La Perona

02 Somorrostro

05 Mar Bella

08 Turó de la Rovira

03 Bogatell

06 Camp de la Bota

09 Diagonal

Barceloneta , 1955 (Barcelona)

Barcelona plan 1961 (9.919 barrascas)

Barceloneta , 2022 (Barcelona)

The evolution of Barracas

La Barraca, a vernacular informal house from Barceloneta On studying the history of Barceloneta Beach in depth, we find the existence of informal, self-built dwellings that were demolished in the 1950s, mainly in the Somorrostro area.

These dwellings belonged to humble people, such as fishermen or farmers, as shown by the quality and lightness of their materials, which generated many problems not only of a structural nature but also of a bioclimatic nature.

Even so, they are basic housing typologies based on the intuition of their owners.

Finally, it is important to highlight the relationship or rather the absence of limits with the public space, since in these areas the street is just another room, as well as the private outdoor areas, a place for animals and goods.

01. Land Demilitation

02. Fenced Plot

03. Built Acommodation

04. Appropriating public space

05. Outdoor space requirement

06.Extended House

Barraca Development Process Absence of a floor generates heat losses.

Trying to get as much shade as possible.

Problems with overheating of the roof. Attempt to massify the cover.

Appropriation of public space as a search for thresholds.

Ground Floor Plan

summer Absence of a thermal mass.

Spaces are collected and compressed.

Front Elevation

Lateral Elevation

Cross Section e: 1. 100

0

1

2

Attempt to use curtains and furniture to obtain warmth.

Canopys are stripped to achieve the maximum light.

Longitudinal Section

winter

5

Analysis of Barracas

CLIMATE, METABOLISM AND ARCHITECTURE

20

PROFESSOR JAVIER GARCÍA - GERMÁN

FRANCISCO HEREDIA | PALOMA ALLENDE | ANDRONIKI PETROU | JORGE SÁNCHEZ MASTER IN COLLECTIVE HOUSING 2022. ETH ZÜRICH, ETSAM, UPM

03

INHABITING THE THRESHOLD EVERYDAY LIFE ATMOSPHERES. CLIMATIC TYPOLOGIES

summer (2022) Natural sun heating

Natural sun heating

Natural sun heating

Summer exterior temperature 36°C Shaded Chiringuito temperature 30°C

Summer exterior temperature 35°C

Natural wind cooling through east-west sea breeze

Natural wind cooling through east-west sea breeze

Body temperature 36.5°C

Summer exterior temperature 40°C

Natural wind cooling through east-west sea breeze

Summer exterior temperature 40°C

Loosing Temperature through sweating

Loosing Temperature through sweating Natural wind cooling through east-west sea breeze

Body temperature 36.5°C

Water surface temperature 15°C Body temperature 36.5°C

Evergreen vegetation

Body under umbrella temperature 36.5 °C

Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 40°C

Seasonal spaces

chiringuito

Water depth temperature 15°C

Bench temperature in surface 40 °C

seafront promenade 01

Temporary shading structures

seafront promenade 02

Summer 21/07/2022 Azimut : 229 º Elevation : 61 º Sunrise : 04.35 Sunset : 19.20

beach

Mediterranean Sea

summer (1955) Natural sun heating Natural sun heating

Natural sun heating

Summer exterior temperature 35°C Loosing Temperature through sweating

Shaded Chiringuito temperature 30°C

Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 40°C

Summer exterior temperature 35°C

Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 40°C

Natural sun heating

Summer exterior temperature 35°C

Summer exterior temperature 35°C

Natural wind cooling through east-west sea breeze

Natural wind cooling through east-west sea breeze

Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 30°C

Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 30°C

Natural wind cooling through east-west sea breeze

Body temperature 36.5°C

Natural wind cooling through east-west sea breeze

Loosing Temperature through sweating

Loosing Temperature through sweating

Concrete surface temperature 40°C

Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 40°C

Cross ventilation try

Use of the public space

barraca

barracas

Temporary shading structures

Open indoors spaces

barraca

barracas

Summer 21/07/1955 Azimut : 229 º Elevation : 61 º Sunrise : 04.35 Sunset : 19.20

barraca

beach

Mediterranean Sea

winter (2022) Natural sun heating

Winter exterior temperature 5°C

Winter exterior temperature 5°C

Natural sun heating

Natural sun heating

Natural sun heating

Winter exterior temperature 5°C

Winter exterior temperature 10°C

Natural wind cooling through east-west sea breeze

Body temperature 36.5°C

Body temperature 36.5°C

Evergreen vegetation

Water surface temperature 0°C

Natural wind cooling through east-west sea breeze

Body temperature 36.5°C

Water depth temperature 5°C

Bench temperature in surface 20 °C

Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 10°C

Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 10°C

Seasonal spaces

chiringuito

Natural wind cooling through east-west sea breeze

seafront promenade 01

Winter 21/12/2022 Azimut : 204 º Elevation : 21 º Sunrise : 07.15 Sunset : 16.25

seafront promenade 02

beach

Mediterranean Sea

winter (1955)

Natural sun heating

Natural sun heating

Natural sun heating

Winter exterior temperature 5°C

Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 20°C

Shaded temperature 0°C

Winter exterior temperature 5°C

Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 10°C

Natural sun heating

Winter exterior temperature 5°C

Summer exterior temperature 35°C

Natural wind cooling through east-west sea breeze

Natural wind cooling through east-west sea breeze

Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 10°C

Natural wind cooling through east-west sea breeze

Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 20°C

Natural wind cooling through east-west sea breeze

Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 15°C

Enclosing external spaces

barraca

barracas

e: 1. 200

0

1

2

5

Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 10°C

Concrete surface temperature 5°C

Problems of maintaining thermal inertia

barracas

barraca

Winter 21/12/1955 Azimut : 204 º Elevation : 21 º Sunrise : 07.15 Sunset : 16.25

Use of the sun

barraca

beach

Mediterranean Sea

10

CLIMATE, METABOLISM AND ARCHITECTURE PROFESSOR JAVIER GARCÍA - GERMÁN

FRANCISCO HEREDIA | PALOMA ALLENDE | ANDRONIKI PETROU | JORGE SÁNCHEZ MASTER IN COLLECTIVE HOUSING 2022. ETH ZÜRICH, ETSAM, UPM

21

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture.

Towards Post-Sustainability 04

INHABITING THE THRESHOLD EVERYDAY LIFE ATMOSPHERES. CLIMATIC TYPOLOGIES Shaded Chiringuito temperature 30°C

Summer exterior temperature 35°C

Winter exterior temperature 5°C

Natural sun heating

Natural wind cooling through east-west sea breeze

Body temperature 36.5°C

Body temperature 36.5°C

SUMMER In the chiringuito near the beach the temperature under the shading is lower than the rest of the beach. The shading and low roof also keeps the coold east-west breeze near to the human body.

Natural sun heating

WINTER Eating and sitting in a chiringuito in wintertime is more comfortable in the morning hours where the sun heats the sitting surface and the human body.

Natural sun heating

Summer exterior temperature 40°C

Winter exterior temperature 5°C Loosing Temperature through sweating

Natural wind cooling through east-west sea breeze

Body under umbrella temperature 36.5 °C

Natural wind cooling through east-west sea breeze

Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 40°C

SUMMER The open umbrella is mandatory in order for the human body to cool and be in a more comfortable situation .The umbrella keeps part of the west-east sea breeze under it, makes the surface of the sand colder and protect the human body from the direct radiation of the sun.Additionally the body loses temperature throught sweating.

Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 10°C

Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 10°C

WINTER During the day the sand absorbs the heat from the morning sun with the result of keeping the temperature of the human body higher when in touch with it. Until the afternoon the sun heats the human body and make a more comfortable situation than in the afternoon, as well as balances the cool breeze from the sea.

Natural sun heating

Shaded Chiringuito temperature 30°C

Summer exterior temperature 35°C

Natural sun heating

Shaded temperature 0°C

Natural wind cooling through east-west sea breeze

Body temperature 36.5°C

Natural wind cooling through east-west sea breeze

Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 15°C

Loosing Temperature through sweating

SUMMER The temperature under the shading of chringuito is lower than the outdoor temperature. The chiringuito roof creates a shadow and keeps the cool east-west breeze from the sea. The human body loses temperature through sweating and the sand is getting hotter because it absorbs all the heat from the sun.

Natural sun heating

Winter exterior temperature 5°C

WINTER The space under the roof of chiringuito is not comfortable for the human body on the winter because the shade and the breeze make the space too cool. The east south part of the beach is comfortable and heated in the first hours of the day.

Natural sun heating

Summer exterior temperature 35°C

Winter exterior temperature 5°C

Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 40°C

Loosing Temperature through sweating

Natural wind cooling through east-west sea breeze

Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 20°C

Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 20°C

Natural wind cooling through east-west sea breeze

Body temp 36.5°C Skin temperature 40°C

SUMMER The outdoor temperature is too high because of the high radiation of the sun. The cool breeze slowly cools the south part of the facade of barracas and make the space more comfortable especially the night. The facade absorbs the heat alla day and this side of the building is more heated in the evening.

CLIMATE, METABOLISM AND ARCHITECTURE

22PROFESSOR JAVIER GARCÍA - GERMÁN

WINTER The outdoor sitting is pleasant in the morning due to the straight natural heating from the sun. As the human goes near to the facade, the temperature becomes cooler because the velocity of the east-west wind coold the surface.

FRANCISCO HEREDIA | PALOMA ALLENDE | ANDRONIKI PETROU | JORGE SÁNCHEZ MASTER IN COLLECTIVE HOUSING 2022. ETH ZÜRICH, ETSAM, UPM

05

INHABITING THE THRESHOLD MATERIAL CULTURE. BETWEEN TECTONICS, CLIMATE AND METABOLISM

50 km

50 km

50 km Dolmen

Manresa

Valsan

35 km

35 km

25 km

Igualada

Sabadell

Mataro

35 km

Egara

25 km

Comercial Riba Farré

Granollers

Terrasa

Palets Moa

50 km

Shallom Vermell Quarry

35 km

Sant Celoni

J Riera

25 km

25 km

Terra

Palets Barcelona

Palets Cueva

Terral

Canro

Planta RCD H-Zero Pedracor

Foj

10 km

Martorell

10 km

Recycling Sant Andreu

10 km

10 km

La Fou Collserola Barcelona

Barcelona

Sant Pere de Ribes

Barcelona

Olesa

Maderas Sans

Barcelona

Les Cubetes

Metropolitan Area of Barcelona

Metropolitan Area of Barcelona

Barcelona’s industrial network

Timber Sources (Forest and Dumps plants)

Cemex

Metropolitan Area of Barcelona

Metropolitan Area of Barcelona

Rammed Earth Sources (Quarries)

Recycling Concrete Sources (Dumps plants)

Promsa

Logistics Cartography Metal roof (normally aluminium)

Timber structure and other elements

Construction dumps

Furniture in disuse

Flexible partitions

Rammed earth walls

Reusing fabrics

Soil flooring

Analysis of the materials of Barraca TIMBER

ORIGIN

TRANSPORTATION

STORAGE

TRANSFORMATION

RESULT

The reduced tree density of the stands modifies the water and carbon balance of the forest. (sessile oak, cherry, ash, maple, chestnut or walnut)..

Trucks from timber company “Fustes Montgròs” gather and transport timber trunks and branches from forests to their warehouse.

Workers at “Fustes Montgròs” storage timber in their warehouse ready to process it.

Trunks and branches are being processed in sawmills and transformed into Cross Laminated Timber and Glued Laminated Timber, ready for construction

Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)is mostly used for walls, floors and wall separation.Glued Laminated Timber (GLULAM) is used for beams, columns and rafters.

HARV

EST

Branches Pulp Showdust

BIOENERGY PLANTATION & FORESTS of sessile oak, cherry, ash, maple, chestnut or walnut.

PRADES HOLM OAK FOREST

- 01. Walls

Tree Trunks

- 02. Floors - 03. Floor separation SAWMILLS Transforming trunks into laminated �mber

- 04. Structural elements (Beams & Columns) - 05. Rafters of the roof & Carpentry - 06. Furnitures

FACTORY Transforma�on of Pulp and sowdust into bioenergy RECYCLING FACTORY reused furnitures

BUILDING

CLIMATE, METABOLISM AND ARCHITECTURE PROFESSOR JAVIER GARCÍA - GERMÁN

Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)

PULP SHREDER Transforming trees dumb into laminated �mber

Glued Laminated Timber (GluLam)

Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)

FRANCISCO HEREDIA | PALOMA ALLENDE | ANDRONIKI PETROU | JORGE SÁNCHEZ MASTER IN COLLECTIVE HOUSING 2022. ETH ZÜRICH, ETSAM, UPM

23

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture.

Towards Post-Sustainability 06

INHABITING THE THRESHOLD MATERIAL CULTURE. BETWEEN TECTONICS, CLIMATE AND METABOLISM

RAMMED EARTH

DEMOLITION

TRANSPORTATION

MANUFACTER

TRANSFORMATION

RESULT

Demolition of the petrochemical plant in Prat, Barcelona, by Hercal diggers. After demolition, items are shredded and separated with magnets for reuse..

Machine in the quarry Foj S.A. Carrer Catalunya, 1, 08750 Molins de Rei, Barcelona.

Dtierra 0-30 is the mixed material made up of natural soils extracted from selected quarries and recycled aggregates from demolitions..

Blocks are made with formworks and pressing of the raw materials, and they are not cooked, but airdried.

The Tapialblock can be left exposed both inside and outside, since the earth is stabilized with cement, which protects it from possible rain erosion.

BUILDING DEMOLITION The blocks are 100% recyclable, but the agregates need to go through a clasifica�on process before being reused

- 01. Prefab soil panels (CTB) BUILDING CONSTRUCTION The blocks are self-suppor�ng do not need any finishing, and their joint is also made with the same material

- 02. Tapial Blocks - 03. Soil Morter - 04. Soil Paint

QUARRY Fetdeterra works with quarries within a radius of 50 km away

- 05. Saulo Flooring - 06. Tiles Flooring

FETDETERRA FACTORY 100% recyclable materials, with low economic and energy cost

- 07. Sirewall - 08. Superadobe - 09. Catalan Vault RAMMED EARTH BLOCKS Clasifica�on and compacta�on of the soil into blocks, which are air dryed with no energy cost

PROCESS Mixing of soil and demoli�on agregates to obtain DTierra 0-30

STORAGE AND COMMERCIALIZATION

CONCRETE DUMP

DEMOLITION

TRANSPORTATION

TRANSFORMATION

STORAGE

RESULT

More than 5.7 million tons of construction and demolition waste are being generated in Catalunya every year.

Trucks from construction waste recovery plant “H-Zero” gather and transport demolition waste to their warehouse.

After a preliminary cleaning, the waste is crushed and screened obtaining the recycled aggregate.

The recycled gravel and sand obtained is stored in the plant separated according to each size.

Recycled concrete can be used in the form of Concrete blocks, or can also be applied in the traditional poured way to manufacture foundations, floors, and structure.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION The material can be used either in the form of H-zero blocks or it can be poured as tradi�onal concrete.

BUILDING DEMOLITION More than 5.7 million tons of construc�on and demoli�on waste are being generated in Catalonia every year. These numbers are increasing.

QUARRY Cement produc�on plants can work with quarries located near Barcelona city.

WASTE TRANSPORTATION Demoli�on waste is transported to recycling plants for further tratment.

- 01. Foundations - 02. Exposed Walls

RECYCLED CONCRETE BLOCKS H-zero blocks are made from concrete with 100% recycled aggregate and contributes to the reduc�on of landfills.

- 03. Block Walls - 04. Structure

H-ZERO FACTORY Construc�on waste recovery plant H-Zero is located 20 km from the center of Barcelona.

It recovers gravel for future concrete.

- 05. Slab - 06. Covers

CEMENT PRODUCTION PROCESS In order to produce concrete, recoverd gravel needs to be mixed with cement.

This material releases CO2 during its produc�on, so it is necesary to use the minimum amount in aor design.

RECYCLED CONCRETE The new concrete is made with recycled aggregates so it does not consume natural resources (quarry aggregates).

TRANSPORTATION

CLIMATE, METABOLISM AND ARCHITECTURE

24PROFESSOR JAVIER GARCÍA - GERMÁN

FRANCISCO HEREDIA | PALOMA ALLENDE | ANDRONIKI PETROU | JORGE SÁNCHEZ MASTER IN COLLECTIVE HOUSING 2022. ETH ZÜRICH, ETSAM, UPM

07

INHABITING THE THRESHOLD FINAL PROPOSAL. EVERYDAY LIFE ATMOSPHERES. PROTOTYPE.

W

E

SEA S

Implantation

Open space

Insulation

Prefab construction

Shading comfort

Thermal inertia

Design Strategies

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

e: 1. 75

Ground Floor Plan

N 0

1

2

3,75

Thermodynamic Configurations winter

summer day -

+

-

+

-

+

day

night -

-

+

+

-Crossed ventilation.

-Open spaces benefit from summer breeze.

-Canopy controls the sunlight.

PROFESSOR JAVIER GARCÍA - GERMÁN

+

+

-

+

-Crossed ventilation is controled with windows.

-Open spaces benefit from summer breeze.

-Wall insulation allow rooms to remain cool.

South Facade - Thresholds

CLIMATE, METABOLISM AND ARCHITECTURE

-

-

+

night

-

-

+

+

-

-

+

+

- Enclosing allows the breeze to pass by sunlight is retained with high thermal materials.

-Heat source at the north provides warmth.

-

-

-

+

+

+

-Enclosing allows the breeze to pass by retained warmth in high thermal materials.

-Heat source at the north provides warmth.

North Facade- Patio

FRANCISCO HEREDIA | PALOMA ALLENDE | ANDRONIKI PETROU | JORGE SÁNCHEZ MASTER IN COLLECTIVE HOUSING 2022. ETH ZÜRICH, ETSAM, UPM

25

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture.

Towards Post-Sustainability 08

INHABITING THE THRESHOLD FINAL PROPOSAL. EVERYDAY LIFE ATMOSPHERES. PROTOTYPE.

Full Exposure

North Protection

Cooling Patios

Sun Protection

Regulatory Thresholds

Massive Roof

Light Holes

Winter Room

Prototype

Prototype Development LAYERS

Summer - Afternoon - Table Time ELEMENTS

Green Roof

Glazed Skylights

Concrete Roof Slab Wooden Celling Rammed Earth Blocks Facade

Green Roof

Local Vegetation

Concrete Roof Slab

Wooden Celling Prefab Concrete Waffle Slab OUTDOOR : 32ºC

INDOOR : 26ºC

OUTDOOR : 20ºC

day

INDOOR : 22ºC

night summer

Wooden Mezzanine Wood + Rammed Earth Block Box Wooden Panelling

Glazed Enclosure Thermal Blinds Rammed Earth Blocks Screen Walls Glazed Windows

Rammed Earth Blocks Columns

Timber Canopy Wicker Cover

OUTDOOR : 12ºC Concrete and Timber Galleries Foundations

Concrete Ground Slab

Prototype Assembly CLIMATE, METABOLISM AND ARCHITECTURE

26PROFESSOR JAVIER GARCÍA - GERMÁN

INDOOR : 20ºC

OUTDOOR :7ºC

day

INDOOR : 18ºC

night winter

Thermodynamic Prototype Behaviour FRANCISCO HEREDIA | PALOMA ALLENDE | ANDRONIKI PETROU | JORGE SÁNCHEZ MASTER IN COLLECTIVE HOUSING 2022. ETH ZÜRICH, ETSAM, UPM

09

INHABITING THE THRESHOLD FINAL PROPOSAL. EVERYDAY LIFE ATMOSPHERES. PROTOTYPE.

Summer Room

Winter Room

Thermodynamic Configurations

winter

summer day

day

night

night

-

+

-

+

-Crossed ventilation.

-Open spaces benefit from summer breeze.

-Canopy controls the sunlight.

-Crossed ventilation is controled with windows.

-Open spaces benefit from summer breeze.

-Wall insulation allow rooms to remain cool.

+

-Enclosing allows the breeze to go over the building.

-Sunlight is retained with high thermal materials.

-Maximum sunlight captured through open canopy.

-Enclosing allows the breeze to pass by retained warmth in high thermal materials.

-Interior enclosing allow room to remain warmth.

In summer, the opening of the skylight allows hot air to be released from the rooms. During the winter, it will retain the heat inside the rooms.

The high thermal inertia of the vegetation roof reduces heat loss, conserving heat during winter nights. The same applies to the walls of rammed earth blocks.

Thermal curtains to retain the return of solar radiation during the winter.

And during the summer, they try to do the opposite.

Polished concrete flooring allows the heat generated by the sunlights to be retained during the night.

Swing window systems make it possible to regulate the ventilation and the air flow of rooms.

In-Between spaces to allow better control of thermal comfort through user actions.

Wicker cover in the canopy to control the sunlights, both vertically and horizontally, providing shade in summer and allowing maximum light in winter.

70º

-

+

North patios generate different microclimates (lower temperature in the shade) while reducing the effect of winter wind.

Rammed Earth Screen Walls promote air flow and allow selfbreathing during the summer.

They also allow cross ventilation through the patios.

Indoor vegetation acts as a regulator of internal humidity.

Foundations are slightly elevated from the ground by means of galleries, as well as a large amount of gravel, allowing for some air flow and limiting the effect of humidity on the pavement.

22 - 28º

36º

25º

9 - 32º

10 - 31º

12 - 29º

16 - 28º

20 - 26º

18 - 26º

10 - 27º

36º

36º

36º

36º

14 - 26º

south facade

2.00

Cross Section

CLIMATE, METABOLISM AND ARCHITECTURE PROFESSOR JAVIER GARCÍA - GERMÁN

north facade

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

e: 1. 50

0

1

2,50

FRANCISCO HEREDIA | PALOMA ALLENDE | ANDRONIKI PETROU | JORGE SÁNCHEZ MASTER IN COLLECTIVE HOUSING 2022. ETH ZÜRICH, ETSAM, UPM

27

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture.

Towards Post-Sustainability 10

INHABITING THE THRESHOLD FINAL PROPOSAL. EVERYDAY LIFE ATMOSPHERES. COLLECTIVE HOUSING. COMMUNE

Full Exposure

North Protection

Cooling Patios

Sun Protection

Regulatory Thresholds

Massive Roof

Light Holes- Winter Rooms

Housing

Cluster Development

Rooftop Floor Plan - Greenhouses

Type 02 Floor Plan - Continous Glazed Facade

Type 05 Floor Plan - Double Height Rooms

Type 01 Floor Plan - Double Height Balconies

Type 04 Floor Plan - Mezzanine

Ground Floor Plan

CLIMATE, METABOLISM AND ARCHITECTURE

28PROFESSOR JAVIER GARCÍA - GERMÁN

e: 1. 250

N 0

1

2

5

10

e: 1. 500

Type 03 Floor Plan - Glazed Facade Cells

FRANCISCO HEREDIA | PALOMA ALLENDE | ANDRONIKI PETROU | JORGE SÁNCHEZ MASTER IN COLLECTIVE HOUSING 2022. ETH ZÜRICH, ETSAM, UPM

11

INHABITING THE THRESHOLD FINAL PROPOSAL. EVERYDAY LIFE ATMOSPHERES. COLLECTIVE HOUSING. COMMUNE -

-

+

-

+

+

-

Thermodynamic Configurations

-

+

summer

-

-

+

+

+

+

-

+

-

-

+

+

+

night

-

-

-

-

+

-

+

+

day

-

-

-

+

+

+

+

winter

3.20 3.20

+

+

night

4.00

day

+

+

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

-

-

+

6.40

+

day

night

6.40

3.20

summer

-

+

3.20

6.85

3.20

+

-

south facade 2.00

2.00

day

north facade 2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

e: 1. 150

Cross Section

South Facade - Thresholds

CLIMATE, METABOLISM AND ARCHITECTURE PROFESSOR JAVIER GARCÍA - GERMÁN

2.00

0

1

night winter

2.00

2

5

7,5

North Facade- Enclosed Patio

FRANCISCO HEREDIA | PALOMA ALLENDE | ANDRONIKI PETROU | JORGE SÁNCHEZ MASTER IN COLLECTIVE HOUSING 2022. ETH ZÜRICH, ETSAM, UPM

29

Climate, Metabolism & Architecture.

Towards Post-Sustainability The mediterranean is not a myth Carolina Basilis, Gaurav Chordia, Andrew Georges, Ana Victoria Ottenwalder, Isabella Pineda The title of the project, by Bernard Rudofsky presents this proposal that takes from Mediterranean traditional architecture to create a multi-storey collective housing building based on climatic conditions.

30

31

Housing Practice Specialties

Carmen Espegel Specialty Leader

Fernando Altozano Specialty Leader

being+doing Under this heading, we collect different practical experiences of the 21st century in collective housing, which develop the ambiguous exploratory territory between theory and discipline and contain the sedimentation of the know-how of design, build and inhabit collective housing. They constitute tactical patterns, inventories of ways of doing of collectively generated wisdom. They materialize the perfect coexistence of being and doing.

They represent new lines of argument to realize what and how the domestic space we will inhabit soon should be.

From the vantage point of the present, we observed these experiences to extract indications for the collective housing on which we desire to advance. What is immanent in these projects and processes is filtered through the sieve of today’s social, cultural, political, and economic reality.

These architectures conceive as transmitters of knowledge, as manuals built with the hope of collecting data that will help to understand the recurring dynamics around the collective habitat. They focus on the production of reference spaces in which individual identities, although they preserve their autonomy, can find their correspondence.

The fields of interest of contemporary housing focus on values that, directly or tangentially, have to do with the understanding of the house and its extensions as an “urban stem cell”. That is, everything local and restricted on a domestic scale, influences and is influenced by the urban and territorial context that contains it.

We understand that, as a society, we can create a better environment from the domestic space, with more light, more ventilation, or optimal spatial performance. We believe that ignorance, cultural habits, the inability to access financing, or the appropriate professionals should not be obstacles for any user to enjoy a place suitable for their housing needs.

32

Sharing Carlos Arroyo | 2022 | 03 | 04

Housing as a collective process

Carlos Arroyo presents the collective housing works of his office, interested in innovation of scales, new forms and sustainability. The projects shown speak of a new culture of architecture pertaining new parameters on living in relation to a different approach to architectural aesthetics and language.

Cristina Gamboa, LACOL | 2022 | 03 | 04

Winners of the EU Mies Van der Rohe award for Emerging Architecture 2022, Cristina Gamboa from LACOL cooperative gave an inspiring lecture about collective and collaborative processes in housing designing that not only produce high quality results, but enable and promote the involvement of the community and its inhabitants.

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Housing Practice Specialties

Living together Juan Herreros, Estudio Herreros | 2022 | 03 | 14

Housing projects

The projects of Juan Herreros show a lifetime achievement and effort in quality and innovation in architecture. The studios’s collective housing projects are sensible urban pieces that bridge the domesticity of the interiors with the scale and density of the city.

Édouard François, Maison Édouard François | 2022 | 03 | 14

Édouard François gave us a masterclass on how to think-out-of-thebox with successful housing projects. Working in his reknown studio for more than two decades he is one of the precursors of “green architecture” in collectie housing.

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Emergencies, efficiencies, stones and seagrass Cristina Ballester & Carles Olivier, IBAVI | 2022 | 03 | 17

24 years, 5 addresses, 352 projects, xyz collaborators

Cristina Ballester and Carles Olivier work at IBAVI, the Balearic Islands Public Housing Institute. Together with a multidisciplinary team, they are taking action in promoting new ways for managing the issue of public and social housing through design. New housing projects are being promoted that incorporate traditional building materials, following the EU sustainable agenda, and changing radically the way public administration defines “good” projects.

Vasa Perovic, Bevk Perovic | 2022 | 04 | 08

The Slovenian architecture studio Bevk Perovic presents some of their most outstanding collective housing projects in which each work is an opportunity for exploration of material, programmatic and environmental issues.

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Housing Practice Specialties

Site visit to refurbishment of Coderch house Victor López Cotelo | 2022 | 03 | 28

Victor López Cotelo, one of the most important living spanish architects, winner of the Spanish Architecture prize in 2015, refurbished a private house designed by José Antonio Coderch in the 1960’s. The careful choice of materials, and update of furnishings and fixtures are an lesson on how to work on architectural heritage. Layers of time that coexist together with its inhabitants.

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Housing concepts for the 21st century André Kempe, Kempe Thill | 2022 | 03 | 31

Always the same and yet different

Atelier Kempe Hill is one of the most important studios in France. The presentation organised their collective housing projects in slabs, urban villas, courtyards and towers.

Patrick Gmür, SGGK Architekten | 2022 | 03 | 31

The Swiss office of Patrick Gmür is one where continuous effort is made to improve the living conditions of the collective housing projects they do. One of the highlights was a building in Zurich where dozens of different typologies were introduced in a single housing project.

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Housing Practice Specialties

The kitchenless house: a concept for the 21st century Anna Puigjaner, MAIO | 2022 | 05 | 26

On multi-storey timber construction

Anna Puigjaner shows us the works of MAIO, one of the most interesting cotemporary architecture practices that is changing the way we address collective housing. Her research about the possibility of imagining cities without kitchens is a an interesting proposal for future dwellings dealing with the alternative of communal cooking spaces.

Hermann Kaufmann, HK Architekten | 2022 | 05 | 26

Hk Architeketen has decades of practice in timber construction. A masterclass on detail and contemporary structures for collective housing was made by Hermann Kaufmann.

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Essay: R50 Housing: the emergence of Baugruppen Gaurav Chordia, Isabella Pineda, Sebastián Worm R50 Cohousing Building Ifau, Jesko Fezer, Heide & Von Beckerath Kreuzberg Berlin, Germany, 2013 R50 Housing, a result of the Baugruppen movement in the year 2010, is located in Ritterstrasse 50 (hence the name: R50), Berlin - Kreuzberg, Germany. Finished in 2013, Architects Heide, Von Beckerath, Ifau and Jesko Fezer designed a nineteen unit commune within a 2037 square meter property.

Berlin’s historical timeline of Housing constructs dates back to 1919, during the introduction of Berlin Modernism Housing Estates (known as Siedlungen Der Berliner Moderne). It was the era of the Weimar Republic; a progressive Berlin in many aspects- including the building reform movement. This movement was meant to improve housing for the lower income constituents.

This went on until 1933, with Walter Gropius, Bruno Taut, and Martin Wagner at the forefront of these new developments. In 1945, at the end of World War II, Housing in Berlin had been heavily depleted. A fifth was demolished, and another fifth were damaged from the war, creating a genuine need for new housing to be erected.

From 1957 up to 1961, the smallest district in Berlin, also called the Hansaviertel, was reconstructed after being destroyed in the war - this massive master plan in the area was also called Interbau. The overall plan of Interbau was managed by Otto Bartning, and the urban design competition was won by Gerhard Jobst and Willy Kreuer. Working with constraints such as size, layout and cost, forty-eight architects designed an array of accommodation, both low-rise and high-rise, with many permutations in plan. Some of these architects were Alvar Aalto, Ego Eirmann, Walter Gropius, Oscar Neimeyer, and Sep Ruf.

In the year 1987, IBA (Internationale Bauausstellung Berlin) was an urban renewal project in Berlin. Given a budget of 1.2 Billion dollars, 30,000 people were going to be housed in different locations within West Berlin. Divided into two programs, the IBA Neubau and IBA Altbau. Josef Kleihauswas the appointed director of IBA Neubau, which was known as the Autonomous Architecture division, mainly focused on Urban Renewal and Construction. On the other hand, Hardt Waltherr Hämer was the director of the IBA Altbau, also known as Participatory Architecture, was mainly focused on repairs.

The 2000’s brought about a decline in the German Economy due to consumer spending and low investment.

Due to this decline, there was a lack of funding for

housing projects. In 2010, the Baugruppen ideology flourished in Berlin. It somehow emerged from the logic of Neoliberalism. Neoliberalism is geared towards market-oriented reform policies such as eliminating price controls, deregulating capital markets, and lowering trade barriers. Baugruppen represents collaborative living or co-housing with private apartments and common spaces, developed through a collective effort from all owners.

This essentially cuts out the middleman, usually known as developers, who create housing commodities and price them to gain their investment back as well as additional payments to gain profit.

A traditional housing property in Berlin begins with a parcel of land available with fluctuating prices in the market, sold to the highest bidder or developer, who then creates these overpriced apartments to be sold. In the Baugruppen scheme, multiple lands within Berlin were chosen to be future Baugruppen locations, and have been held at a stable price by the Berlin Property Fund. Architects design concepts for these properties to submit to the government who then chooses the best design for said location versus the cheapest structure.

The design is approved and the architects find friends or colleagues who would be interested in investing in the proposed structure. Each person who will be part of this new housing can take out micro loans to build the property together, with equal payments. This means the owners and developers of the building are the occupants as well. In R50’s case, 19 apartments meant 19 groups 39

Housing Practice

of people coming together to pay and construct the building, with the help of a manager and builder. One of the main architects of the building decided to be one of the nineteen occupants as well.

R50 is located within Kreuzberg, which was once Berlin’s poorest area. It became a hotspot for counterculture after the Berlin Wall came down, now hosting multiple museums, galleries, trendy restaurants, and cafes. The neighborhood (Kiez), is largely made up of the Turkish community. In a micro scale, the surrounding buildings that envelop R50 are all previous housing complexes; from IBA social housing to social housing.

With nineteen distinct flats, each designed purposefully for its individual users, each unit comes out to about 80-132 square meters. The cost of each flat per square meter is 2150 Euros, and with public space factored in, 2350 Euros. The median price of Kreuzberg properties at the time of this development was 2950 Euros per square meter.

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The building sits on the property not fully taking up its entirety, keeping the surrounding vegetation and creating a shared garden. Each unit was carefully designed by the architects with the help of the occupants. Forty to fifty meetings were conducted every two weeks for a year and a half to finalize each unit and the needs of each unit owner, as well as the necessary shared spaces, their sizes, and locations. The 19 flats are heavily flexible in terms of its interior with false and movable walls within each unit.

The location of R50 is in close proximity to other housing developments, almost like a suburban area, but still with a cultural vibrance due to its Turkish community and heritage, as well as the museums and galleries nearby. The building’s structural elements are made up of reinforced concrete and a steel-attached mesh wire balcony around the perimeter on every floor. This type of wire mesh construction is also locally available and cost efficient.

A central core with a lift and staircase is located in the middle of the building, creating a massive column within the structure, allowing the other columns to be placed at the outer walls. This opens up the floor plate with six meter spans in all directions. Ramps are available at the entrance of the building, making it accessible from the street side to the ground floor area.With bicycle parking, and mini studios for each owner, these communal spaces are divided equally among tenants. The winter garden room is a shared living room with a double height ceiling, with fully glazed windows and located at the ground floor.

This is a place for meetings and moments when users want to be outside of their apartments or play music on the baby piano, but still be inside the building. It also has a guest room at the second level, which can be used by any of the tenants’ guests if needed.

The shortage of housing stock in Germany’s urban centers, lack of newly constructed public housing, and the sale of existing public housing to private controllers have all heightened anxieties. The time for alternatives is now. This ideology of Baugruppen has become a solution to the current state of Berlin’s housing situation, and in that sense has brought about a positive impact to the city.

It is a more affordable and sustainable way of attaining property. The group assembled includes architects, artists, and journalists. They all essentially bought into the project, with everyone purchasing his or her unit in the building on spec before it had even been developed.

The thing that elevates R50 beyond just a clever financing model is that it was designed with the intensive participation of its residents. The architects facilitated the process, starting with the founding of the building group, leading participatory planning and design meetings.

R50 is a comparative bargain as it was sold per square meter at 2350 Euros (including shared spaces) versus the Kreuzberg market at 2950 Euros. (Bridger, J. 2015) The communal aspect of Baugruppen hangs perpetually in the balance with individual ownership. While the original residents might uphold the underlying tenets of the groupthink project, the question of selling—and selling out—comes up. Under German law, owners of units in the

R50 building and other similar cohousing complexes can sell to whom they please. This, naturally, leads to some anxiety on the part of the community of owners, which only time will put to rest or realize in new, nasty neighbors.

(Bridger, J. 2015) There is a lack of residents with a lower than average income and education background.

Baugruppen accommodates mostly the German middleclass and is leading to increase in segregation and a rise in rents in urban areas. (University of Toronto, n.d.)

From the outside of R50, the building seems continuous and simple due to the mesh wraparound, minimizing the focus on the fact that the windows on every floor are not similar. These windows are of German manufacturers, making it possible to fully glaze the facade with very thick and insulated windows which keep the microclimate within the building at a good temperature. The use of wire mesh balconies is more affordable than reinforced concrete beams extending out, but also provides a light and airy feeling to the exterior. These materials blend in perfectly with the greenery. It is also environmentally thoughtful to not place any car parking within the building, promoting more sustainable modes of transportation.

The R50 building, although flexible in its interiors, is not as flexible in the exterior. It is a very angular structure and with its wraparound mesh balconies, cannot be extended or added onto as easily as the interior spaces which can be reconfigured. These mesh balconies are also considered communal space, and are used by any unit owner. This poses a reduction of privacy, since any member of the community walking past another member’s property can see through their living quarters.

This may be solved through placing thick curtains, but the idea that someone can see through the interiors of a private space is not the most appealing. A divider per unit within the balconies could also improve this, however, by dividing these balconies, this loses its idea to become a communal balcony, and instead becomes private space for each unit owner.

The plans of each unit, although somewhat similar to the programming each unit owner and architect designed together, fell short in a way. To save on costs, most bathrooms and kitchens are located near the core of the building, altering some of the initial programming of certain units. This makes it partly similar but not fully realized.

The R50 cohousing building, even with its minor drawbacks, is a great building to reside in. Its functionality is catered specifically to its community. The collaboration between architects and owners has made the building meet the needs of its users to a level above typical developer-driven properties available on the market.

Baugruppen acts as a possibility for the upper working class to move from a rental property to acquiring their own property that they can keep and grow old in, despite the fluctuating prices of the housing market. This ensures them from being evicted or gentrified from their current location for years to come.

It is possible that the future holds multiple communal housing properties like R50 for all classes, not only the upper working class. These kinds of structures can elevate the sense of community and the idea of codependency not only in a work environment, but in a living environment as well.

The introduction of buildings like R50 in Berlin may be the solution for now, but as times change, problems and solutions evolve as well. It is not certain what lies ahead or what the Baugruppen will mature into. Looking back at the Berlin Housing timeline, it is clear that housing situations always change based on the political and economic status of Germany during a certain period of time. It is certain that the ideology and practices of R50 are not where Baugruppen and the need for cohousing ends, it will only improve over time to provide better experiences and meet the needs of Berlin residents at a higher level.

Selected Bibliography This bibliography consists exclusively of those publications (books, articles in journals or websites) focused on the project of R50 Housing’ 2018

Hartmann, T. (2018). Situative Standards. What co-housing looks like - Inside Berlin’s Radical R50 Baugruppen Project.

Retrieved from https://docplayer.org/58008080-Situativestandards-what-co-housing-looks-like-inside-berlin-s-radicalr50-baugruppen-project.html 2015

Bridger, J. (2015, June 10). Don’t Call It A Commune: Inside Berlin’s Radical Housing Project. Retrieved March 6, 2022, from https://metropolismag.com/projects/dont-call-it-acommune-inside-berlin-radical-cohousing-project/ 2015

R50 – Cohousing / ifau und Jesko Fezer + Heide & von Beckerath” 08 Feb 2015. ArchDaily. Accessed 6 Apr 2022.

https://www.archdaily.com/593154/r50-nil-cohousing-ifauund-jesko-fezer-heide-and-von-beckerath 2011

Kuhnert, N. (Ed.). (2011, March). R50: Ifau and Jesko Fezer, Heide and Von Beckerath. ARCH+ Features. Review of R50 Cohousing by University of Toronto. (n.d.).

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Sociology, Economy & Politics Specialties

Daniel Sorando Specialty Leader

Housing in Spain.

The familistic welfare regime gives housing a key role in the reproduction of its main structures (Allen et al., 2004).

Promoting home ownership has been an instrument to promote the economy, rather than to reduce social inequalities. Tax relief for mortgage repayments on primary and secondary homes has been the traditional instrument of housing policy. Public spending on this policy has been applied to the detriment of public support for the working classes regardless of their tenancy.

In societies with pronounced dualism in the labour market, where the informal economy occupies an important position, owning a residence is an imperative for household social security (Castles & Ferrera, 1996).

Solidarity strategies within the family are organized around the transmission of property assets across generations, legitimizing the abandonment of social housing policy.

Two types of social housing have coexisted in Spain. Most of the social housing has been the so-called Vivienda de Protección Oficial (VPO), which is destined almost entirely to homeownership and is publicly subsidized.

Low-income households were systematically excluded from VPO, for which around 80% of households were eligible. The second type of social housing corresponds to its common use in the rest of Europe: rental social housing (Alberdi, 2014). From 1952, 6.8 million units have been built (27% of the total stock) and today we only have 300,000 rental social housing units.

In 2011, the distribution of tenure in Spain showed the consequences of this model. 79.6% of the population lived in their own home compared to 12.1% who did so in rental housing at market price and 2,8% in social rental housing (according to data from INE). In this context, Spain is the fourth country in the EU with the lowest percentage of rental social housing, only above Greece, Luxembourg, and Estonia (Pittini, 2019).

The deregulation of the mortgage markets during the 1980s and 1990s, in conjunction with the reduction in interest rates, allowed the expansion of the mortgage supply to sectors with less economic solvency, mainly migrants and young people.

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The consequences of this model have made access to housing (both owned and rented) dramatic for some sections of society. Difficulties in accessing adequate and safe housing are, together with the low quality of employment, the main paths towards social exclusion in Spain. Social inequality is strongly linked to the Spanish residential model, due to the overburden that housing costs have on the economies of the most vulnerable households (FOESSA, 2019).

Sociology of housing: concepts, theories, process Jesús Leal | 2022 | 04 | 25

Housing financialisation

A thorough examination of key sociological concepts regarding housing in relation to society and means of production. The change of paradigms in history is visible int he construction of the city and Madrid is a perfect example for this.

Melissa García Lamarca | 2022 | 04 | 26

Housing & old age Irene Lebrusán | 2022 | 04 | 26

The ‘Airbnbisation’ of the city Javier Gil | 2022 | 05 | 03

Rent regulation as a tool to secure the right to housing in the rental market Max Gigling | 2022 | 05 | 03

Social resilience in urban contexts: researches and implementations in the Atlas of the A-Gentrification & PAX – Patios de la Axerquia Gaia Redaelli | 2022 | 05 | 03

“The city converts itself in the main laboratory in which local solution to global problems are researched, experimented, drawn and tested””.

This quote by philosopher Zygmunt Bauman, explains the research and works of Gaia Redaelli from a broader perspective in analysing data of European cities, to a particular case study in Axerquia, Córdoba.

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Sociology, Economy & Politics Specialties

The Vienna model of social housing Susane Bauer | 2022 | 05 | 30

Study trip to housing case studies in Madrid

The city of Vienna, Austria has been in the front line developing and implementing social housing policies since 1840. A series of tax reforms and specific city legal framework promoting rent over ownership have allowed for almost two hundred years of social housing tradition to thrive in benefit of its citizens.

Daniel Sorando, Fernando Altozano | 2022 | 06 | 15

An encircling trip around Madrid, visiting iconic neighbourhoods and housing projects interesting from a sociological point of view, but chosen by an Architect.

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Research project: Proposal for Bellas Vistas, Madrid.

Juanita Gómez, Andrew Georges, Sebastian Worm, Nayanatara Tampi Bellas Vistas is a wonderfully diverse gem in the middle of Madrid.

Historically it has been able to provide refuge and shelter for a wide array of immigrants and locals who come from underprivileged backgrounds and need to be in the proximity of the economic center of Madrid. Better policies regarding rent control, zoning and equitable developments are crucial for the deterrence of an incoming wave of gentrification that is targeting this relatively cheap neighborhood. Alongside policy measures, we believe proper urban and architectural interventions that focus on the public and common goods and grounds ensures the wellbeing and longevity of communities in this area.

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Sociology, Economy & Politics Essay: The paradox of vacant housing in a homeless India Nayanatara Tampi

Estimated Housing requirement: 19 million units1 Estimated Vacant Houses: 11 million units2 On superficial screening it appears to be a simple problem of matching surplus supply with need/demand. However, the problem is much more varied and has deeper underlying causes. This essay seeks to explore the causes and conditions for houses to go uninhabited in the slum dwelling cities of India.

On initial inspection, one cause may appear to be obvious: the financialization of Housing.

“It is argued that the absorption of capital by the housing sector and real estate more generally was one of the defining characteristics of the current age of financialization, exceptionally inflating the balance sheet of households and banks in the process.”3 In India, parking of one’s capital into second homes as a way to avoid taxations and illegal income is common amongst the higher income groups. It becomes a safe investment and protection against inflation and market changes. The prices for Housing in Urban areas thus becomes inflated and more unaffordable.4

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The rental yield on residential property in India is one of the lowest in the world; ranging from 1-3%. This is because of rent control policies in India. The rental yield

Image A

would barely cover the cost of maintaining and redoing the flat between tenants and therefore is not a lucrative income source. The better source for financial gain is through capital appreciation of the property and so, owners often prefer to keep properties empty.5

Rent control in India since independence has always been through very pro-tenant policies. The policies allow very little to no appreciation on rent and allows passing on of the lease through generations. This creates ‘muddled property rights’ between the owner and renter. 6 This is also the reason for little future investment in rental housing in Urban India, despite the desperate need.

Although the owner can always sell the property as a whole, there is a lack of buyers for such rent-controlled properties. The strong rent control also results in dilapidation of the buildings because maintenance does not fall under the renter’s responsibilities, however the rent is too low to cover the expenses for the owner.7 This is a cause for concern for the city as a whole, and few solutions have been able to eradicate it.

1 (MHUPA - Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, 2012) 2 (Census of India, 2011) 3 (Aalbers, 2016) 4 (Monani, 2020) 5 (Monani, 2020) 6 (Bertaud, 2004) 7 (Monani, 2020)

In cities like Mumbai, the pro- tenant policies on rent also allow many months of non-payment of rent without legal eviction from properties. Legal issues when taken to court may be prolonged typically for years as the judicial system in India is tediously slow. 8 Such policies make owners wary of renting out their properties and the legal issues that may arise from it. As housing and rent policies come under the State Government in India, a clear difference can be seen between states that have chosen to reform their rental policy and allow for better legal policing of the rental contract. For example, in the city of Vishakhapatnam, a maximum of one month may be allowed to pass without rent payment before legal eviction. This resulted in a shrinkage of vacant houses in the city and a rise in renting.9 Therefore we can see a clear co-relation between the strict rent control policies and resulting vacant homes because of reluctance to rent by owners.

The second type of housing that can be discussed under this theme is public housing. In Maharashtra the municipal body in charge of developing and distributing low-cost housing is known as MHADA (Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority). The system of developing houses is that MHADA acquires land through the Government at a very low cost, which allows subsidizing of the sale of housing units after construction. The housing units can be applied for under various categories

of income and are distributed through a lottery system at random. Also, there are many Government schemes for low-cost housing to encourage private developers to build affordable housing, through tax incentives and development rights. Through both these systems, slum rehabilitation and low-income housing stock is built.

Through statistics it can be observed that the large quantum of vacant housing lies in this section of public housing incentivised or provided by the Government.10 Housing is provided at a highly subsidised rate to an economic group that has no other form of formal housing (slum dwellers) and yet these houses remain vacant. This paradoxical situation arises due to various reasons that will be explored ahead.

In many situations the city centre is too congested to absorb new housing and these developments need to take place in peripheral areas of the city. These areas often are lacking in infrastructure, in terms of public transport or even basic road networks. The cost of long commutes is pushed on to an economic group that can least afford it and has no means of private commute. As quoted by a resident from ‘Moving to Opportunity or Isolation?’ report: 8 (Munshi, 2017) 9 (Sahil Gandhi, 2021) 10 (Monani, 2020)

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Sociology, Economy & Politics

Image B

“[My husband] was working at a public distribution system shop that was in Rakhial. He continued working there, in the same shop, even after we moved to Colony A. He used to ride his bicycle to work — it would take him one hour to get there. The commute was very difficult for him...Sometimes he would fall sick from exhaustion”. 11 Being away from the city also meant being away from schools and medical infrastructure. The situation could be grave in case of medical emergencies, as was reported by another resident. To walk children to school could take as long as an hour everyday and became an unsustainable lifestyle for many residents.12

Sometimes in peripheral urban areas, due to lack of city by-laws or enforcement, the buildings are built without access to proper service infrastructure. This may mean that the building does not have a 24-hour water supply or electricity supply and may have to be supplied through water tankers or electricity generators. In many cases this may result in water being supplied only for a few hours a day and elevators are kept functional only for an hour in the morning and evenings. Apartments on higher floors become more difficult to access and become less lucrative options. Often, they are not sold at all.13

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In slums, the residents lack good quality housing but enjoy a rich communal life. Social ties are built over the sharing of a meal or a conversation over tea on the street. These social ties become a form of informal insurance between

the neighbourhood and is a fallback in case of emergency situations where the public infrastructure does not come through. These communities are able to make their voice heard through numbers and participate in their local Government. However, with the randomised allotment of houses by the government these communities are broken down and the voices are scattered.14 This results in social isolation of the residents and a feeling of insecurity in their new neighbourhoods, especially those in peripheral locations to the city. The social net of security formed through community, extended family and next generations is broken down, and they report fewer and fewer visits from their family in their new neighbourhoods.15

The lack of enforcement of by-laws also results in poor quality construction, and bad design. As was discussed earlier, multistorey houses are built without the proper infrastructure to service them. The size of the units are small, and so multiple units need to be fit on a single floor level, resulting in double-loaded corridors and badly lit, badly ventilated spaces. So, even though a large area is spent on common space, the quality of common space discourages social interaction and can even feel unsafe.

The social security that existed in communal slum spaces 11 (Sharon Barnhardt, 2015) 12 (Monani, 2020) 13 (Monani, 2020) 14 (Sharon Barnhardt, 2015) 15 (Sharon Barnhardt, 2015) 16 (Monani, 2020)

is broken down by walls of privacy and extroverted apartment units. As quoted from a resident in the report ‘Moving to Opportunity or Isolation?’ “The whole area was deserted and lonely — you could die there and no one would know it.”

In India, being a home-owner is aspirational and also a sign of social and financial security. When a newer area of Mira Road was being developed in Mumbai, many slum dwellers chose to stretch their budget to buy the best home they can. However, even after buying their new house, the commute to work and daily life from Mira road was impossible, and they chose to rent out their new homes and continue living the informal living conditions of slums as before.16

In conclusion, we can see, while the problem appears simple, the underlying causes are numerous and diverse.

Each part of the issue needs to be tackled separately. In the private sectors many reports suggest an easing of rent regulations to be fair to both parties but also to be more financially lucrative for owners, in a controlled fashion.

In public housing, the key issue is off-site peripheral relocation of slum dwellers. Slum rehabilitation should as much as possible take place on the same site as the original slum and maintain the communities previously formed. When new low-income projects are taken up, sufficient infrastructure should be provided under the by-laws and all conditions should be legally enforced.

The Government could compensate for any new

infrastructure of roads and services that may have to be provided by the developer. In a developing country like India, it is of utmost importance that every investment in infrastructure is made use of to the fullest, and we do not leave our cities vacant or unused.

Images

Image A. Collage by Nayanatara Tampi Image B. Generated by DALL-E using the prompts: skyline, Mumbai, homeless. https://openai.com/dall-e-2/ Selected Bibliography

Aalbers, R. F. (2016). Financialization and Housing: Between Globalization and Varieties of Capitalism. Univeristy of Leuven.

Bertaud, A. (2004). The perfect storm: the four factors restricting the construction of new floor space in Mumbai .

Census of India, 2. (2011). Census of India.

MHUPA - Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, I. (2012).

Monani, D. J. (2020). The Paradox of Vacant Houses in India: Ahmedabad Report. Anant Centre for Sustainability.

Munshi, S. G. (2017, May 11). Housing paradox: Despite a severe shortage, 12% of houses in Indian cities are lying vacant. Scroll.in.

Sahil Gandhi, R. G. (2021). India’s housing paradox: Empty houses and housing shortages. CSEP: Centre for Social and Economic Progress.

Sharon Barnhardt, E. F. (2015). Moving to Opportunity or Isolation? Network Effects of Randomised Housing Lottery in Urban India. Harvard Kennedy School.

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Construction & Technology Specialties

Ignacio Fernández Solla Specialty Leader

The specialty emphasizes the concept that buildings are like entities and that ongoing progressive industrialisation has made possible to understand the different parts of it.

The building envelope, services, technologies, structure, materiales are all part of an industrialised process that is important to take into consideration as contemporary architects.

Buiding envelopes The building envelope is the surface through which a building interacts with the external environment. It is the skin of the building. Amongs the main functions of the envelope are: support, environmental control and become the image of the building. These functions have changed in the history of architecture. Nowadays for example the envelope tends to be non-bearing, transparent, lightweight, prefabricated, passive and active environmentally.

Diego García-Seitén Specialty Teacher

Archie Campbell Specialty Teacher

David Castro Specialty Teacher

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Industrialised housing Why is better to industrialise construction? This is the first question asked in this lecture. The reasons are very simple: the works are better, faster, greener and safer.

This is because the building parts are bigger, lesser, lighter and richer. The concept of knolling is introduced, an important one to understand how to differentiate the components of the building in order to think of how to assembñe the parts. Emphasis is made on newer 3d off-site large prefabrication which have many logistical benefits for the construction process.

Building services and technologies This topic relates directly to human comfort inside a building. Traditionally, sercices are also the main component affecting energy consumption and sustainability issues in architecture. How to achieve a comfortable environment with less energy is the main issue and it is discussed that this relates specifically to the initial climatic conditions of the building. Services also relate to water installations and the concerns around reducing consumption and re-utilization of this scarce resource.

Structural materials and techniques A very comprehensive overview of structures and material techniques is presented making emphsais on those related to collective housing. The main concrete and steelwork kind of structures are discussed, alongside more natural timber and bamboo materials. Case studies related to industrialised structures and sustainability are important in the session to understand the pertinence of these issued in contemporary architecture.

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Construction & Technology Specialties

Construction study trip in Madrid Ignacio Fernández Solla | 2022 | 05 | 30

A day trip in Madrid visiting projects around La Castellana focusing on envelope, facade solutions and structural technology. Projects included buildings from the late twentieth century to more contemporary ones even under construction.

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La minga del caracol Bettina Kagelmacher, Joaquín Ipince, Jorge Sánchez, Andrés Solano The “minga” is a tradition in southern Chile where houses are moved to other locations with the help of animals. This project involves doing this process to a housing building from Barcelona, Spain to Atacama, Chile.

The movement across the Atlantic, from Tropic to Tropic, brings changes to the project, which has to adapt itself to the new conditions. The new requirements from within the building, its new climate, inhabitants and isolated context implies a rearrangement of its physical characteristics.

A new structure, newonstruction process, new envelope, new plan distribution are proposed.

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Construction & Technology

Ground floor plan

Typical floor plan

Common floor plan

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Longitudinal section | Exterior view

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Construction & Technology

Axonometric showing exploded elements

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Transversal Section | View from the courtyard | Interior view from a housing unit

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Leadership, processes & entrepreneurship Specialties

Sacha Menz Specialty Leader

Axel Paulus Specialty Teacher

Does society need architecture and engineering? Our course is a guided tour through the design and building process, covering consultants’ competences and responsibilities of all involved parties. We want to explore the nature of our built environment and we believe that our approach to it can be referred to as building culture: the ways in which we can preserve our services’ integrity will be our prime concern. Through an exploration of the consultant’s role in society, we compel to make your own decisions as to what your roles and responsibilities are.

Authorship Through a brief exploration of the architect’s role in society, we compel you to make your own decisions as to what your roles and responsibilities are. The various methodologies, introduced tools andavailable instruments which you will come to appreciate will maintain and realise your architectural concepts.

Collaboration We pursue our key question as to how we can best work together by introducing you to the guiding principles of the design and building process: the service model. If all involved parties accept the service model as common ground they are able to much better understand both the appointing party’s goals, which are to be reached, and the appointed parties’ tasks, which are to be undertaken.

We explore the different roles you are able to play in the design and building process. Within these roles we put our competences into the project, we serve our client, we assume responsibility, and we take liability. Furthermore, we want to present the multiple ways in which we interact with each other.

Competence We explore the different roles you are able to play in the design and building process. Within these roles we put our competence into the project, we serve our client, we assume responsibility, we take liability, and we are involved in the decision- making process. Furthermore, we want to present the multiple ways in which we interact with each other. Armed with a sound knowledge of everybody’s responsibilities, organisational forms can be determined for specific projects.

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Entrepreneurship In line with our acquired knowledge of how to manage the project and how to interact with the involved parties, we now pay attention to our entrepreneurial spirit: how to run your own office. Firstly, we want to describe a simplified business model which illustrates how our business creates, delivers, and captures value.

We should keep in mind that unique projects, in contrast to repeatable products, are in powerful symbiosis with corporate governance. Furthermore, it is a necessity to understand the tasks and duties of every role which you can take on in an office. Whilst a majority aim to become a team manager, it must be kept in mind that it is, in essence, a managerial role, and that by assuming responsibilities for project and office- related matters, the opportunities for exercising your creative powers may be compromised.

#workinprogress 2022 | 05 | 10-13

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Urban Design & City Science Specialties

José María Ezquiaga Specialty Leader Urban Design

Gemma Peribáñez Specialty Teacher Urban Design

Urban Design and project strategy: place making - the creation of a setting that imparts a sense of place to an area.

All over the world, neibourhoods, cities and regions are challenged by the risks and opportunities associated with accelerating challenges arising from migration, climate change, the fourth industrial revolution, globalization, rising inequality, and political instability.

Planning for resilience and sustainability, for organic growth, for flexibility, and for adaptivity means that planning has become a process of intensive interaction, negotiation, and communication between involved stakeholders, looking for shared visions and strategies to go forward. Such a process is helped by diverse tools and ways of approaching the tasks at hand, with the formulation of alternative spatial scenarios and by vision and strategy making.

Urban design involves the arrangement and design of buildings, public spaces, transport systems, services, and amenities. Urban design is the process of giving form, shape, and character to groups of buildings, to whole neighborhoods, and the city.

City Science - The application of science and research to address urban challenges through an evidencebased approach

Susana Isabel Specialty Teacher City Science

Julia Landaburu Specialty Teacher City Science

New design paradigms are emerging based on humancentered principles and systems-based approaches.

Based on the notion of the City as a complex system, or as a system of systems, City Science seeks to provide tools and techniques to navigate the complexity of city making.

There are many different aspects to study in urban systems from a scientific point of view. These aspects include demography and population evolution, mobility, economic output, land use and urban planning, home accessibility, real estate market, energy and water consumption, waste processing, health, education, integration of minorities, just to name a few.

The challenges associated to these aspects can be very wide and include: social segregation, environmental footprint, resources shortage, pollution, food scarcity, inequality, climate change, ageing population and sprawl.

City making, and the application of City Science is a dynamic and iterative process in which the conclusions have to be periodically revisited as the base conditions and the technological tools and solutions are constantly evolving.City Science must be applied at all stages of a project, from diagnosis, to gather the most relevant data for the project, to design stage, making use of the available tools to manage large data sets in order to make informed evidence-based decisions, and to development and implementation, to select design solutions that respond to the most pressing urban challenges and opportunities.

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Madrid: A new urbanism of transformation and recycling José María Ezquiaga & Gemma Peribañez | 2022 | 09 | 05

Conventional urban planning oriented to the regulation of land use and zoning is an insufficient tool to tackle the new urban and environmental challenges. The lecture explores how to face future challenges from a new urbanism based on the transformation and recycling of the existing city, using Madrid as an example.

City sciences, city challenges | The city of layers | Urban sustainabilty Susana Isabel & Julia Landaburu | 2022 | 09 | 06

Three different lectures that explain the concept of city science related to the application of science and research to address urban challenges through an evidence based approach.

The path towards climate neutrality in the building sector Luis Irastorza | 2022 | 09 | 08

The lecture focuses on presenting real data showing an up to date status report on the issue of climate neutrality in relation to the built environment. The global status on agreements, a roadmap for buildings and constructions in different regions is analysed to finally present how to achieve climate neutrality in the EU and the path to this goal.

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Urban Design & City Science Specialties

Madrid Rio study trip Javier Malo de Molina, Burgos+Garrido | 2022 | 09 | 23

Madrid Rio is perhaps one of the best contemporary examples of urban regeneration and new successful public spaces in the world. Javier Malo de Molina, who was part of the team at Burgos+Garrido (architects in charge of the project), was the tour guide. Riding a rented bike, the trip started where the M30 highway sinks underground, allowing for the creation of the linear park above. The design takes into consideration the exisiting natural environment, specially water and vegetation, as continuation of the broader ecosystem of Madrid.

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BBVA tower study trip | Market and economic studies Susana Rodríguez, SAVILLS | 2022 | 09 | 21

Data & housing: Data driven policies

The study trip to the BBVA tower had two parts. One related to the building itself, an original building from XXX refurbished to incorporate new uses as the bank moved to a new location. The second part was a lecture on the economic factors involved in real state decisions and how to adapt to the changing market demans.

Mar Santamaría & Pablo Martínez, 300,000kms | 2022 | 09 | 27

The lecture focuses on the work of the urban planning office 300000kms and the way they use data to make decisions. They overview the different scales of data, from global and more comparable, to local and precise. The use of maps and graphics is essential in the data driven approach as it is the means to communicate to others. During the days following the lecture, and exhibition opened at CentroCentro gallery showing their work on Madrid.

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Urban Design & City Science Specialties

Urban sustainable mobility Luis Willumsen | 2022 | 09 | 08

Ecosistemas urbanos

The lecture explains the work done by the company Nommon Solutions and Technologies using information, models and decision support tools for the planning and management of transport and mobility systems.

Different examples of real project applications were shown.

Belinda Tato | 2022 | 09 | 22

Golden rules of playground design Peter Heuken | 2022 | 09 | 29

Peter Heuken taks about the importance of designing for children in cities through theory and examples. Playgrounds shouldn’t be thought as objects that you buy and place on an open space, but as places for children to explore, relate with each other and with the natural context.

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Current projects Christian Dobrick, WEST 8 | 2022 | 09 | 29

WEST 8 is a leading architectural firm with a lot of experience in the urban scale. Christian Dobrick gave a panorama of the offices main projects with enphasis on the methodological approach they have when dealing with architecture at the scale of the city.

Madrid Nuevo Norte: Sustainable development is everything Flavio Tejada & Miguel Hernández | 2022 | 10 | 10

Madrid Nuevo Norte is the most important big urban project in the city today. The guest lectureres explained the whole process from the political agreement starting point to the more detailed technical analysis that places sustainability as the driving force behind its design.

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Urban Design & City Science Specialties

The city of tomorrow: data & nature for our urban futures Carlo Ratti, Carlo Ratti Associates | 2022 | 10 | 14

Carlo Ratti Associati is an innovative design and research firm based in Torino, Italy, Boston and London, but with works in many places around the world. Their projects are presented involving architecture and urban design, with cutting edge technology looking for more sustainable and intelligent cities and buildings.

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Future traditions Teresita Campino, Alexandre De Rungs, Cristhian Haro, Francisco Heredia, Joaquín Ipince The proposal analyses the current existing conditions and problems found at Campamento site to project future trends based on the study of how other cities are being shaped around the world. The layout is based upon proximity, creating walkable neighbourhoods within a 6 minute radius.

City science and data driven policies through adaptative infrastructure are introduced to project the evolution in stages in the future.

Worldwide situation of todays activities and changing trends Proposal for Campamento, Madrid of the future

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Urban Design & City Science

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Existing mobility infrastructures

6 minute city

Context proximity

Neighbourhood identity

Underground connectivity

Ground level circuits

Green connectivity

Plot development

Masterplan - Urban Proposal

Adaptative infrastructure - Stage 2 (2050-2300)

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Urban Design & City Science The natural city. A plan for Campamento, Madrid.

Borja Martínez-Alcalá, Androniki Petrou, Felipe Santamaría, Andrés Solano Learning from what already exists in Madrid, and the way the city has built its public spaces and established its morphology through time, is the catalyst of this plan that proposes an opposite approach. That is, to let nature take the leading role in structuring the shape of the city, as a continuation of a broader ecosystem of Madrid.

nature structures the city

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the proposal is a continuation of the ecosystem of Madrid

courtyard

valley

organic

buffer modern inlets

vegetation system valley, buffer and natural inlets

neighbourhood system organic, courtyard and modern city

metropolitan neighborhood

commercial

vegetation system parks, lawns and gardens

road system metropolitan, commercial and neighbourhood scale

comercial

swamps

sports

creeks

schools reservoirs

water system urban reservoirs, creeks and swamps

equipment and service system education, sports and commercial areas

natural systems

antropic systems

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Urban Design & City Science

the plan for campamento is a yuxtaposition of an antropic system and a natural one, where the latter structures and gives sense to the former

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the organic city, loosely structured through green corridots

the courtyard city, structured around defined but connected lawns and gardens

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Urban Design & City Science Growing in the city Gaurav Chordia, Karol Diaz, Susanne Kteich, Nayanatara Tampi, Sebastián Worm The proposal for Campamento is a bottom-up strategy that focuses on the scale of the neighborhood at the heart of the new city. In this sense, the main driver of communal life is related to childhood and urban farming, placing these ideas in the center of all latter design decisions.

the proposal takes urban childhood and urban farming as the driver for a neighbourhood to city approach

the masterplan brings green area as urban farming into the different neighbourhoods

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core of the neighbourhood

an array of activities from neighbourhood to block scale, intergenerational play + exchange

composting

using the compostable farm wastes for composting at roof level

water recycling at block level

inclusion of recycling bodies in the city landscape to create awareness

cycle of interventions

block level decisions to create a circular ecological and economic cycle

solar power generation

policy decision to use minimum 30% of roof surface for power generation

urban farming

a deisgn policy to adapt minimum 30% of roof surface and courtyards for farming

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Low Cost & Emergency Housing Specialties

Cristiane Muñiz

Infrastructure, geography and architecture: Houses as territory and territory as houses

Specialty Leader

The city of São Paulo grew dramatically during the 20th century. However, the transformation of the small village into the largest South American metropolis in less than 100 years contributed to blur the relationship of its residents with the surrounding geography and to increases, year per year, population living in vulnerable conditions. During the pandemic we had a 35% increase in people going to live on the streets.

Fernando Veigas Specialty Leader

María González Aranguren Jury

The metropolitan region of São Paulo is the area with the highest number of people living in favelas in Brazil, according to data from the 2010 census released by the IBGE. According to the study that maps the “subnormal agglomerations” - irregular settlements known as favelas, invasions, grotas, lowlands, communities, vilas, ressacas, mocambos, stilt houses, among others -in the city of São Paulo there are more than 2 million people living in these conditions.

This Master proposes a speculation about the relationship between the urban structure of the city, which sits on a site that once featured watercourses and small hills; and the contrast with the housing historical situation, a kind of tragic project to push away poor immigrant people.

We will direct our gaze towards the peripheral neighborhoods of this city, working to better know this reality and to understand how we could add our knowledge to this places.

Infrastructural works in the 20th century have changed the course of the small rivers, streams, narrowed their valleys creating paved areas, turning its margins into heavy traffic corridors, polluting its waters, causing constant flooding, killing the vegetation.

People who had nowhere to live sought to settle in unoccupied areas, ohen distant from downtown, ohen along or over small streams, increasing their risks and contributing to the pollution of these water channels.

In view of those reflections, we propose a renewed acknowledgement of the binomial housing+geography in the city, a new relationship with vulnerable housing and urban water resources, an understanding of the available socio-spatial means and a new, environmentally responsible type of organization. We recognize that the city needs another urban-natural pact.

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Infrastructure, geography and architecture Cristiane Muñiz & Fernando Veigas | 2022 | 07 | 19

Emergency housing Elena Giral, European Commission | 2022 | 07 | 20

This Workshop is about dissolving the rigid limits between architecture, landscape and urbanism in the vulnerable housing context, and it’s about Sao Paulo and its urban waters. We propose a deep investigation on the urban structure of the city, connecting the occupation of the borders of the small streams with the possibility of cleaning waters and create new housing; at the same time understanding the existing relations and necessities on this areas.

Sanitation systems in the city Andreas Schiffer | 2022 | 07 | 21

On refugee camps Juana Canet Roselló | 2022 | 07 | 22

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Low Cost & Emergency Housing Float. Emerge. Submerge.

Teresita Campino, Gaurav Chordia, Flavia Fernandes, Francisco Heredia, Andrés Solano This proposal focuses on the relationship of water with architecture proposing an infraestructure for the inhabitants to cross the Guarapiranga water body to the North of Chácara. The project is organized in architectural fragments following with characteristics that arise from the dynamic water landscape: to float, to emerge and to submerge.

the water system of Sao Paulo

a fragment plan in opposition to a masterplan

water variability in Guarapiranga

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float. emerge. submerge

fragment situations in plan and cross section

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Low Cost & Emergency Housing Learning from Chácara, Florida.

Karol Díaz, Juanita Gómez, Cristhian Haro, Anastasia Lizardou, Jorge Sánchez Bajo Learning from informality in Chácara Florida and the possibility to work with the identity of the existing constructions is the base for this project. An area is selected as case study where the proposal is tested under four different scale interventions: small, medium, large and extra large.

learning from the existing - facade study

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small - skylight

small - balcony

small - canopy

medium - cover

large - roof

x-large - structure and roof

medium - water tank

large - roof infill

x-large - collective housing

S detail

M detail

L detail

XL detail

case study area. plan and section

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Hybrid Techniques for Architecture Design Specialties

Jonathan Benhamu Specialty Leader

HYTAC – Hybrid Techniques for Architecture Design excerpt from: https://hytac.arch.ethz.ch/about/

Hybrid Techniques for Architecture Design (HYTAC) is a teaching unit of the D-ARCH at ETH Zürich. It was founded in 2017 by Jonathan Benhamu to answer the question: How can technology support architectural design (Entwurf).

We realized that in architectural design, digital tools are often used reluctantly by established architects, as they were seen as a threat to conventional tools such as drawing on paper and hand-made models. Yet, we think that it must not be a decision between digital or manual tools. We believe the real strength for future architects lies in the combination of the two.

However, most digital tools are not devised for architectural design. In our teaching, we try to identify and re-use existing software and technologies and put them to use in the design process. We use 3D Printing, CAD software, photogrammetry, and augmented reality to gain new perspectives on designing. We reinterpret their functions to fit the needs of a contemporary architect. Digital tools enable us to quickly create many iterations of our design, removing our fearof losing time by exploring new concepts and improvements of our project. Our courses support the students to represent their ideas, thus unlocking their potential and creativity.

In the last five years we have constantly grown, collaborating with several chairs at the Department of Architecture. We are offering an elective course for Master Students in addition to introducing 380 first year students each year to various software and design techniques.

Our team consists of one lecturer, a junior faculty and ten student assistants who excelled in previous HYTAC courses and thus enable us to reach the new students on a collegial level, passing on their motivation and expertise. We are all focused on improving the learning environment for our students and constantly pushing the limits of how architects can design.

At the MCH Master, HYTAC is a one week workshop focused on representing architecture ideas with 3D Printing using the machines at the disposal of students.

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#workinprogress 2022 | 03 | 8-10

A series of online sessions previous to the start of lessons gave the kickoff to HYTAC. Days later, the knowledge acquired from the tutorials was put into action in the classroom with the 3d printing machines through practical exercises and even a small competition.

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# # # # # #

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Madrid

The MCH is based in Madrid, a city with both a vast history and innovation tradition on collective housing architecture. One year living in Madrid for two former MCH 2022 foreign students is showcased here, expressing their impressions and memories freely only following the title as brief. This edition, Cristhian Haro, from Peru and Gaurav Chordia, from India, collaborate with their back recollections on the city. The first: one house, one building, one public space, is about thinking back on the different scales of architecture. The second one: living together, snapshots of collective live in the city, looks for a graphic curation through the lens of a personally chosen theme.

Madrid

Edificio Girasol by José Antonio Coderch in Madrid, visited during Construction specialty field trip. typical floor plan & photo of the building from Lagasca street

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One house, one building, one public space.

Cristhian Haro

Cristhian is a very keen observant and very talented at expressing by hand. During his stay in Madrid for the MCH Master, he walked the city and learned from its different scales through his very detailed drawings with vivid textures and shadows. Here we present a selection of them.

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Madrid

Living together, snapshots of collective life in the city Gaurav Chordia

Avid traveller and photographer, Gaurav presents moving Snapshots of Madrid. Filmed with his cellphone they introduce the variable of time in opposition to still pictures.

Specially interesting are those recorded from his bicycle while he roams around the city, with the added speed of the two-wheeled means of transportation. Madrid is a very welcoming city for cyclists. This project portrays this.

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Videos filmed with an Iphone 12 in the days between March and November 2022.

Use the QR to watch the videos or the following URL: https://bit.ly/3Ilp9Aj

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Reload with work Workshop 1

Andrés Cánovas Workshop Leader

Atxu Amann Workshop Leader

Nicolás Maruri Workshop Leader

Gabriel Wajnerman Assistant Teacher

Housing assumes more and more old buildings that were not initially intended to house bodies; From obsolete factories and office buildings to obsolete warehouses and industrial structures, we have a vast built heritage that we cannot possibly lose.

On the other hand, housing has mutated not only responding to the usual family condition but also from its organization and in relation to its situation in consolidated cities.

Also, the Universities must adapt their structures and incorporate different uses if they do not want to face the vulgarity that they seem to tend to.

The gender and technological revolutions of the last century have meant that several decades later, the limits between reproductive and productive work do not correspond to private and public spheres, but coexist within assemblages of hybrid spaces where the temporal condition seems to impose itself on the pure spatial condition.

We propose, as a project and research exercise, to re-think one of the ETSAM Pavilions on its four floors as a container for effective use of work and domesticity.

The proposal must accommodate both places for daily, individual and collective work and for living during stays of 3, 6 and 12 months for a group of 150 students and researchers.

The proposal should allow 40% of the population to live in accommodation with

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#workinprogress 2022 | 03 | 21-25

ETSAM North Wing Aerial Photo

ETSAM North Wing Elevation

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Reload with work It’s not housing but objects and other pieces Bettina Kagelmacher, Jorge Sánchez Bajo, Felipe Santamaria, Alexia Valtadorou

Thinking domesticity through the objects that make up a home is the idea behind this proposal for “recharging” the ESTAM North Wing. Based on the book by Georges Perec “Species of spaces and other pieces” from 1974 the group explores how the building can configure itself using only furniture.

Charles de Beistegui’s apartment by Le Corbusier in 1929

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diagrams showing degrees of intimacy

the proposal is an architectural system

but also, communicates the two courtyards.

ETSAM north wing structure

schematic section

relationship in section between furniture and devices.

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Reload with work

every day life in the building scenes

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Housing and Reuse: A solution for good conditions of life Workshop 2

Anne Lacaton Workshop Leader

Diego García-Seitén Assistant Teacher

Christopher Hutin Jury

Tamino Kuni Jury

Good conditions of life In our ongoing reflection on the good housing conditions that the city should unquestionably provide for its inhabitants and which architects should design, the transformation of existing buildings provides good solutions that meet many criteria of housing quality, sustainability, economy, waste reduction and carbon emissions, etc. Anne Lacaton’s workshop continues exploring the potential reuse of obsolete industrial facilities turned into a mixed-use and dwelling structures to foster good conditions of life. The work is done at a complex site in Kreis, Zurich, owned by the Schweizerische Bundesbahnen (SBB), Switzerland’s national railway company and occupied by SBB’s workshop sheds, still used now as a train reparation center. Within and next to the site, there are several housing blocks, totaling 447 dwellings. In the next future, SBB plans to demolish and build new dwellings and working spaces for small companies, and they have conducted consultation with neighbors trying to find out the best fit for the plot. Unlike the recent and similar project of Europaallee (2004-2020), here there should be an opportunity to avoid demolition and to find alternative strategies to provide good living conditions on the site.

We take the area of the whole SBB as our plot and look critically at every building inside. We develop new dwelling solutions for the sheds, alternative upgrading solutions for the existing housing buildings, and propose new structures on the site. Reuse of such buildings is an opportunity to design and invent new housing typologies far away from standards, providing more space and a diversity of qualities and atmospheres. Big span buildings as these industrial sheds -sometimes considered un-useful or lacking spatial quality- open the opportunity to think about deep housing plans and spaces of generous surfaces and heights.

The workshop will focus on defining and exemplifying optimal conditions to live in the city. The city should provide exceptional quality of life by offering a large range of facilities, proximities, and pleasures, as well as a large variety of dwelling typologies to fit different needs, expectations and ways of life: living in a public space, living in the neighborhood, living collectively within a close community, and living individually.

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Defining a set of principles should be mandatory before designing architecture and especially dwellings. To do so, it is fundamental to hold a critical position as an essential part of the design process. The following ten qualities of Inhabiting, represent Anne Lacaton and Jean-Philippe Vassal’s design principles and close guidelines that are always present in their work, and which both bring into their teaching: Generosity, Freespace and extra-space, Capacity of appropriation, Transparency, Inside-outside continuity, Movement, Open structure, Private outdoor space, Space of transition, Pleasure and imagination.

#workinprogress 2022 | 05 | 17-20

SBB area of work, aerial photo

Inside the SBB, existing structures

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Housing and Reuse: A solution for good conditions of life Making do and getting by with 1093 rooms Alexandre de Rungs, Jorge Sánchez Bajo, Karol Díaz, Nayanatara Tampi The proposal introduces a new neighbourhood under the existing SBB workshop structure. It is based upon two story constructions that are easily built and expanded by its own inhabitants. The housing units then proliferate creating a myriad of public spaces and small shared areas where unexpected encounters occur and the community thrives.

living units

voids - green areas

streets

neighbourhood

ground floor plan

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bounded plot

ground floor continuity

existing as a resource

increase absoption capacity

proliferation

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Housing and Reuse: A solution for good conditions of life

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Housing and Reuse: A solution for good conditions of life

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The futures that never arrived Andrew Georges, Flavia Fernandes, Ishan Goyal, Andrés Solano, Alexia Valtadorou

master workshop

This proposal focuses on the narrative behind the project, exploring new ways of communicating architecture. The collective housing expansion to the SBB is presented in a film in which characters interact with each other.

Architecture is the background of the story and is explained through the events that occur. A newspaper that is part of the film is also produced, explaining the more technical aspects of the proposal as if it were part of the news.

Us this QR to stream the movie or: https://bit.ly/3IB44SO

fig. 27 project presented as a series of events throught the day, as a means of exploring spatial properties through the eyes of the users.

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Domestic Fragments Workshop 3

Elli Mosayebi Workshop Leader

Alvaro Martin Fidalgo Assistant Teacher

Maria Conen Jury

A reflection on the problems and challenges of current housing production raises three central questions:

Innovation in housing?

This first question is based on the observation that housing, as an architectural discipline, changes very slowly and is largely conservative. The conformity of urban schemes and floor plan configurations is reinforced by the dominance of private investment. As states relegate the provision of dwellings to developers, housing becomes subject to market speculation. Risk-aversion leads to the suspension of innovation. How have architects and clients responded to and continue to respond to these conditions?

Housing for whom?

The second question is based on the observation that the predominant bourgeois housing models fail to reflect the wider changes perceptible in society, from family structures and population ageing to immigration and multiculturalism. Rising prosperity in Europe over the last fifty years allows almost everyone to shape their future according to their own desires. The plurality of concepts of life leads to a high differentiation in the patterns of demand and individual expression. How does architectural design respond to these changing conditions?

Housing and climate?

Private households still produce far too much CO2 for heating and cooling the interior. We want to design exemplary projects that rethink form, space and material from the principles of a specific energy resource and a specific climatic zone and develop a unique form of living from it. For this we distinguish different forms of energy, such as solar radiation, geothermal energy or waste heat.

How does a house in a medium climate, a lot of fog and rain showers differ from a house with harsh temperature differences between summer and winter?

Project The point of departure for each design will be a specific conception of dwelling. The social relevance of this conception is of secondary importance. At the fore lies its spatial and architectural potential. In its concrete formulation, the idea might even challenge the notion of ‘individual dwellings’. Buildings for collective living are also conceivable, in which such a distinction becomes irrelevant.

Just as possible is the idea that these buildings do not solely serve as spaces for dwelling (whereby the immediate question would be what exactly is meant by ‘dwelling’), but also incorporating working, contemplation, or other activities. The sole prerequisite is that the apartment can be lived in by several people living independently of one another.

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#workinprogress 2022 | 06 | 06-10

Apartment House Steinwiesstrasse | Edelar Mosayebi Architekten

Urban heat islands | Jonas Haldemann and Larissa Strub

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Domestic Fragments Doing nothing game - playing table rooms Andrew Georges, Joaquín Ipince, Jorge Sánchez Bajo At night they come, you better run, these red hands are not much fun. In your bed you must wait, until someone rolls the dice while read a five or an eight, A little tiny wall can make you rich, will make you breathe, and make you switch. This will no be an easy mission, enemies slow the expedition. His shares are sharp: he likes your taste. They grow much faster than bamboo. Take care, or they’ll come after you. A neighbor from the southern wild, makes you feel just like a child.

doing nothing game- playing table

Miniature

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Foggy 95% of the days of the year with high wind gusts recorded, but with sultry weather during the summer. Snowstorms for 4 months in a row.

floor plan

detail

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Domestic Fragments The house for 100 days Anastasia Lizardou, Andrés Solano, Nayanatara Tampi

18°C

10°C

smoked salmon

74 dried salmon / 32 smoked salmon / 8 dried hams / 20kg salted meat / 20kg smoked meat / 24kg of butter /12 lts of oil / 32kg of cheese / 144 dozen eggs / 200kg of flour / 24kg sugar / 12kg salt / 64kg of legumes / 80kg of rice / 40kg of dried vegetables / 20kg of pickled vegetables / 20kg of canned vegetables / 40kg of dried fruit / 24kg of jam / 16kg of compote 8kg of coffee / 8kg of tea / 240 bottles of wine

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Climate with little rainfall and temperatures below 10 degrees celsius and 0 degrees celsius in winter. These territories are covered with moss, lichens and small bushes and are usually swampy areas.

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Team 01. Andres Solano, Nayanatara Tampi, Anastasia Lizardou Workshop Elli Mosayebi, Álvaro M. Fidalgo MCH 2022, UPM & ETH Zürich

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74 dried salmon / 32 smoked salmon 8 dried hams / 20kg salted meat / 20kg smoked meat 24kg of butter /12 lts of oil / 32kg of cheese / 144 dozen eggs 200kg of flour / 24kg sugar / 12kg salt 64kg of legumes / 80kg of rice 40kg of dried vegetables / 20kg of pickled vegetables / 20kg of canned vegetables 40kg of dried fruit / 24kg of jam / 16kg of compote 8kg of coffee / 8kg of tea 240 bottles of wine

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A HOUSE FOR 100 DAYS

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Miniature Team 01. Andres Solano, Nayanatara Tampi, Anastasia Lizardou Workshop Elli Mosayebi, Álvaro M. Fidalgo MCH 2022, UPM & ETH Zürich

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Detail Team 01. Andres Solano, Nayanatara Tampi, Anastasia Lizardou Workshop Elli Mosayebi, Álvaro M. Fidalgo MCH 2022, UPM & ETH Zürich

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GSEducationalVersion GSPublisherVersion 0.4.100.100

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Working + living structures: El Poblenou, Barcelona Workshop 4

Andrea Deplazes Workshop Leader

Fernando Altozano Assistant Teacher

Nuria Muruais Assistant Teacher

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Dialectic mottos Living + working Inner + outer Above + below Stage + backstage Convex + concave Front + back Void + mass Inside + outside House + courtyard Open + closed Level + above Big + small Show + conceal Visible + invisible Frame + fit-out Day + night Dwelling + wind Dwelling + sand Dwelling + snow Dwelling + water Dwelling + sun Earth + sky Light + dark Compact + dispersed Dense + loose Positive + negative Extroverted + introverted Formal + informal Rich + poor Small + big Hold up + weigh down

#workinprogress 2022 | 06 | 20-24

Aerial photo, El Poblenou, Barcelona, to the right

GATCPAC. La nova Barcelona. Plan Maciá | El Poblenou | Barri del Camp de la Bota, 1979

Le Familistère Guise, Guise, France. 1859 , Architect: Jean-Baptiste André Godin

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Working + Living structures: El Poblenou Barcelona The walled garden Alexander de Rungs, Andrew Georges, Juanita Gómez, Suzane Kteich An encircling system of walls that degrades in density from the more compact and closed exterior, to the more open and ephmeral interior; is the proposal for Poblenou from this group. The occupation of the spaces created by this variation in structural density, is free and according to the necessity of its inhabitants.

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ground floor plan zoom

ground floor plan

sections and elevations

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Working + Living structures: El Poblenou Barcelona Infill Isabella Pineda, Jorge Sánchez Bajo, Andrés Solano A system of wall-based structura parallel one to another is proposed as a means to “infill” any urban void available at El Poblenou. The logic of the system derives from the different distances possible between the band of walls. In this manner, the tension generated between one and another is the responsible for creating spaces in a variety of dimensions as to configure different activities. The “infill” is referenced to Poblenou, but can be used anywhere.

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working floor plan 0

living floor plan 1

living floor plan 2

living floor plan 3

community of bands | ground floor plan

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Ordinariness and life Mediterranean sprawl housing in Kila Workshop 5

Hrvoje Njiric Workshop Leader

Esperanza Campaña Assistant Teacher

Alberto Nicolau Jury

Esaú Acosta Jury

The task is focused on low-cost housing, on affordable and innovative solutions to the basic need for a small-sized housing within a specific Mediterranean context of the city of Split in Croatia.

Sometimes we face the task to design and situate a dwelling or a group of dwellings into a predefined contour. Reasons for this can be quite diversified – be it an existing structure that has to be converted into apartments or a complicated geometry of a lot, articulated in such a way to meet urban requirements. In this particular case the complex outline is topped with a legalized house in the middle of the designated plot and a road that runs diagonally across the site.

The aim of the exercise is to show how different important aspects of planning and housing design could be considered and included into the overall scheme such as: 1. solution for a pre-defined urban outline 2. increased density and collectivity 3. social inclusion and neighborhood mix 4. standardization of house services 5. sanitation and maintenance of the city 6. articulated public space

The workshop is designed to challenge and seek creativity with ideas and concepts in architectural design of collective living spaces. It aims to promote well-tempered solutions to housing, coming up with affordable and sustainable units with limited size and budget to meet demands in housing market even on a such a troubled location as Kila.

The assignment gives an opportunity to think about social, cultural and environmental effects in sustainable design within defined parameters.

The title takes inspiration from the influential book from the Smithsons, Ordinariness and light, and extended exploration of their theories and work where not only aesthetical concerns are made plain but also emotional and political issues are considered under the light of ordinary life. We consider the text a source of valuable information for the course topic. Alison and Peter Smithson, Ordinariness and light, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.1970.

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#workinprogress 2022 | 07 | 11-15

Aerial photos and location plan of the plot in Kila, Split, Croatia

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Ordinariness and life: Mediterranean sprawl housing in Kila Four ecologies Paloma Allende, Alexandre De Rungs, Bettina Kagelmacher, Nancy Mandhan, Andrés Solano The Kila neighbourhood surroundings is made up of detached houses many of self-built origin. The previous study detects a very loose definition between public and private space. In this sense a system of simple and small constructions is devised, so that a house can be defined through a collection of these spaces. These are later organised in the plot in four ecologies, creating different scenarios and configurations.

upper street cliff forest upper street

the four ecologies

ordinariness of the surroundings

axonometric and section of the new ordinary neighbourhood

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layout of the neighbourhood

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Ordinariness and life: Mediterranean sprawl housing in Kila

catalog of ready to use spaces

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materiality: made of ordinary confined brick structure

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Ordinariness and life: Mediterranean sprawl housing in Kila Lines of continuation Gaurav Chordia, Ishan Goyal, Jorge Sánchez Bajo, Sebastián Worm This proposal focuses on the progressive growth. It establish a series of stages for the house to be built with freedom by its inhabitants through time. The main element are the concrete walls that define the plot and include the main foundations and fixtures. The house later grows and extends in time with the effort and own labour of the owners.

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roof floor plan

ground floor plan

first floor plan

second floor plan

foundations and fixtures

2 walls or 1

flattening

roof structure - beams

roof structure - joists

roof cover

ground slab

prefab stairs

wet rooms (kitchen & bathroom)

basic unit

first extension

second extension

garden demarcation

third extension

fourth extension

filled

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Ordinariness and life: Mediterranean sprawl housing in Kila

possible floor plans

section

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Shipyards Flavia Fernandes, Cristhian Haro, Joaquín Ipince, Isabella Pineda, Nayanatara Tampi This project focuses on providing housing for a shipyard community in Split. The design uses the logical structure of a ship with a wooden frame to create living spaces and grow over time.

layout scheme unit axonometric

axonometric of the compound

section through several housing units

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La corrala futura Workshop 6

Alison Brooks Workshop Leader

Alejandro de Miguel Assistant Teacher

Miguel Cornejo Jury

It is likely that the Spanish “corridor house” model evolved as a synthesis of the traditional Castilian noble house (heir to the Roman domus, with the courtyard as the axis of the building and a structure of wooden bays on its outer perimeter) and the Andalusian Parapet that will provide the future corrala with the model of coexistence, without planning or infrastructure, sometimes forming dead ends that created a social space that will later be repeated in the Hispanic corral.

The history of the city is also the history of collective housing. Since antiquity urban housing evolved in scale and organisation to become archetypes. These archetypes persist to define the architecture of the contemporary city: from the Roman Insula or courtyard block, to the perimeter block and the mansion block. In the preindustrial city, collective formations for urban dwelling also fostered artisan communities who manufactured goods and services for the wider urban population. With the industrial revolution in the late 19th Century and 20th century, the introduction of Use Classes and Zoning segregated places of manufacture from dwelling. Urban housing was rationalised into linear, corridor-based slab blocks and, with the advent of elevators and the balloon frame, the residential tower became a new model for concentrating urban living.

In the 21st century, these archetypes are evolving to respond to both the established urban conditions of the historic city and to the requirement for increasing urban density. The climate crisis also demands that we re-think the modernist housing paradigm that responded to growing urban populations with large scale social housing projects on green field sites. Those perceived utopias segregated new communities from their places of work and leisure resulting in sterile ‘dormitory’ neighbourhoods.

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In this Workshop we will prove the sustainable city is a diverse city - socially, economically, architecturally and ecologically. We will re-conceive urban housing a place of production, creativity and work, a necessary and resurgent cultural condition. A new vision of home as place of production is not only enabled by the digital/service economy – with our post-covid understanding of ‘work from home’, or the place where an individual’s daily life can be monetised via social media - but it is also by a renewed societal interest in making, in artisanal products, in the wider value of urban art communities as a form of social capital. There is an urgent need for the contemporary city to support low-carbon. Toward a circular economy, single use buildings for housing must be replaced with a new hybridity. In the historic/contemporary European city, as exemplified by Madrid, housing must be designed to serve as a platform for sustainable collective life, to enables creative communities to flourish.

#workinprogress 2022 | 09 | 12-16

Aerial photo of Lavapies, Madrid.

Photos of traditional “Corralas” Photos of the plot.

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La corrala futura ‘Esta sigue siendo una plaza’ Gaurav Chordia, Felipe Santamaría, Alexandre De Rungs Keeping the existing garden and public space is the main concept behind this housing project for artists. The project organizes the collective housing building in three volumes filling corners and voids in order to create as much free space in the ground floor as possible. The plan is organised in sensible wooden modules that overview the re-designed garden.

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neighbourhood assemblage

ground floor public space

connecting streets

ground floor green space

typical floor plan 1 to 4

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Madrid: three histories, three scales Workshop 7

Dietmar Eberle Workshop Leader

Alberto Nicolau Assistant Teacher

About Dietmar Eberle Born in 1952 in Hittisau, Austria. Mr. Eberle graduated in the Technical University of Viena. He worked for two years in Teheran and started in 1984 his collaboration with Carlo Baumschlager. Winner of over 150 national and international competitions, he has been a teacher in several universities in North America and Europe. Since 1999 he has been Professor at the ETH Zurich, becoming the Dean of the School of Architecture within the same university between 2003-2005. Header of the Center of Housing and Sustainable Urban Development, has participated since 2006 in the Master in Collective Housing as a workshop leader.

About Alberto Nicolau Winner of several national and international architectural competitions, his work has been published in professional journals both inside and outside Spain. Likewise, his work has been selected to participate in several exhibitions in Spain, Germany, Holland, Switzerland and Italy, including the Venice Biennale of 2002. Among his most outstanding works, it is worth mentioning Suburban Loop for Almere (Europan winning entry), Social Housing for Young People in Seville or the Spuimarkt housing Complex in The Hague.

His public work, Valdemoro Swimming Pools, received the A-plus Prize for the best sports architectural work in 2010.

Since 2002 he teaches Architectural Projects at the School of Architecture of Madrid where he combines his teaching activity with his research work. Especially interested in conception design, he is the author of a doctoral thesis on the use of concepts as a creative tool. This research analyses three key strategies to generate architectural concepts and shows how the best contemporary architects apply them in their professional work.

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#workinprogress 2022 | 10 | 03-07

Aerial photo of Madrid showing the three plots with different historical contexts and scales.

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Madrid: three histories, three scales Housing in La Latina - 16th century Andrés Solano La Latina is a neighbourhood in Madrid with a medieval morphology containing narrow and irregular streets with a very dense use of the soil.

The plot, with two opposite fronts, is devoid of constructions but not of contents, with the presence of a neighbourhood garden, a wall belonging to a previous historic construction and big trees near the facades. The project is thought as a fitting piece, as one more layer in time, structured around the dialectic between urban continuity and a respect for the existing trees, garden and wall.

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typical floor plan | 16th century morphology | structural axonometric

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Housing in Plaza España - 19th century Andrew Georges The project is located in the 19th century district of Plaza Espana and is at the junction between a main avenue and more docile and calmer secondary route. The strategy develops as a direct challenge to the palace, in using highly-esteemed stone construction for all facades facing south, the direction of prominent sun and the palace itself. The walls are thick, allowing for shade during the summer all the while the users perpective and gaze is forced and directed towards a view of the palace and its garden.

palacio real | model montages | rendering

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Madrid: three histories, three scales Housing in Madrid Rio - 20th century Jorge Sánchez Bajo This plot in front of Madrid Rio has been created after a large scale realstate operation. The proposal first addresses the urban configuration of the bigness of the building. It is a like a fortress but still the streets, heights and visuals are respected. The structural system then allows the greatest possible freedom both spatially and in the customization of each envelope. In plan, there are two facades to customize, no structural restrictions and some satellite rooms.

urban composition

typical plan section and section

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ring of continuous housing units

section of continuous housing units

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# # #

Zürich

Zürich #

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Hunziker Areal housing cooperative in Zürich, visited during the 2022 MCH study trip plan of the housing quartier & photo of one of the shared open spaces

We asked two former MCH students from 2022 edition to reflect back on the impact the city of Zürich made on themselves during the study trip in the month of June. Suzanne Kteich, from Lebanon, and Androniki Petrou, from Greece, were selected to give their impressions on what impacted more in the city. They expressed themselves in a free manner only following the title as brief. The first: one house, one building, one public space, is about thinking back on the different scales of architecture. The second one: living together, snapshots of collective live in the city, looks for a graphic curation through the lens of a personally chosen theme.

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One house, one building, one public space.

Suzane Kteich The Kalkbreie.

Participative housing planning in Zurich As housing affordability diminishes in large cities and inexpensive living space becomes scarce, the cooperative model is resurging in popularity. Housing cooperatives have a long tradition in Switzerland and make up 18 percent of all apartments in Zurich, the largest Swiss city.

Kalkbreite: is a model project for mixed use, high density and social, ecological and economic sustainability. It comprises residential use, retail, offices and socio-cultural venues.

In 2007, the Kalkbreite cooperative won the competition to build housing over and around a streetcar depot in the center of Zurich. The project’s initiators had to be creative to plan quiet, high-quality living space above parked streetcars while experimenting with new spatial arrangements, living situations, and concepts of collectivity.

The Kalkbreite has moderate rents, innovative and flexible housing forms, and a resource-friendly, sufficiency-oriented vision.

Suzane visited quietly more parts of Zürich than anyone else in the Master.

She chose this particular housing project, visited by the group during the study trip, because of the qualities she saw in the three different scales of the brief.

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Zürich

Living together, snapshots of collective life in the city Androniki Petrou

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3 Andy is an innate photographer. She has been during the past year the recorder of moments and places visited.

Through her instagram @andy_pt she has done one of the best visual narrations of the experience of living abroad for the Master. In this particular project Andy chose a series of photographs related to the urban landscape of Zürich during the MCH study trip in June 2022.

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7 1. Living inside 2. Marks of history 3. Living in shadows 4. The landmark 5. The landmark within the landscape 6. Landscape and scaffolding 7. Urban empty festivities

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Faculty 2022 Appendix

Esaú Acosta

Carmen Espegel

Estudio SIC. ETSAM.

Espegel arquitectos. ETSAM.

Fernando Altozano

Jose María Ezquiaga

ETSAM.

Ezquiaga Arquitectura Sociedad y Territorio.

Atxu Amann

Ignacio Fernández Solla

amanncanovasmaruri arquitectos. ETSAM.

ARUP.

Carlos Arroyo

Edouard François

Carlos Arroyo Architects.

Maison Edouard François

Cristina Ballester

CristinaGamboa

Gerente del IBAVI (Balearic Housing Institute).

LACOL arquitectura colaborativa.

Susanne Bauer

Javier García Germán

Wiener Wohnen Kundenservice GmbH Vienna.

Totem arquitectos. ETSAM.

Silvia Benedito

Melissa García Lamarca

Landscape Architecture. Harvard Graduate School of Design.

Barcelona Laboratory for Urban Environmental Justice and Sustainability.

Jonathan Benhamu

Diego García Setién

ETH.

gaSSz arquitectos. ETSAM.

Alison Brooks

Max Gigling

Alison Brooks architects.

Consultant in social applied research, specialty in housing.

Esperanza Campaña

Javier Gil

SALTO proyectos. ETSAM.

Institute for Housing and Urban Reseach Uppsala University.

Archie Campbell

Patrick Gmür

ARUP.

Steib Gmür Geschwentner Kyburz architekten & stadtplaner.

Juana Canet

Maria Gonzalez Aranguren

PhD. Refugee camps, from temporary to permanence.

University of Virginia School of Architecture.

Andrés Canóvas

Elena Giral

amanncanovasmaruri arquitectos. ETSAM.

RescEU at European Commission.

David Castro

Renaud Haerlinger

ARUP.

ROTOR Deconstruction.

Maria Conen

Miguel Hernández

ETH.

ARUP.

Miguel Cornejo

Juan Herreros

Avenier Cornejo architectes.

Estudio Herreros

Juan Cruz

Peter Heuken

POPCORN. MCH alumni.

Richter Spielgeräte GmbH

Alejandro De Miguel

Christophe Hutin

Demiguelsolano arquitectos. ETSAM.

Christophe Hutin architecture.

Andrea Deplazes

Daniel Ibañez

Conen Sigl architekten. ETH.

Urbanitree. Director del IaaC.

Christian Dobrick

Luis Irastorza

WEST 8.

Green Building Council Spain.

Dietmar Eberle

Susana Isabel

Baumschlager Eberle. ETH.

ARUP.

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Hermann Kaufmann

Hrvoje Njiric

Hermann Kaufmann & partner architekten.

Njiric plus arhitekti .

André Kempe

Carles Oliver

Atelier Kempe Thill.

Arquitecto del IBAVI (Balearic Housing Institute).

Tamino Kuny

Axel Paulus

hochparterre.wettbewerbe. ZAS.

ETH.

Anne Lacaton

Alvaro Pedrayes

Lacaton & Vassal. ETH.

POPCORN. MCH alumni.

Julia Landáburu

Gemma Peribañez

ARUP.

Ezquiaga Arquitectura Sociedad y Territorio.

Jesús Leal

Vasa Perović

Universidad Complutense de Madrid.

Bevk Perović arhitekti

Irene Lebrusán

Anna Puigjaner

Post-doctoral researcher at Harvard University.

MAIO architects.

Emiliano López

Carlo Ratti

Lopez-Rivera arquitectos.

Carlo Ratti Associati.

Victor López Cotelo

Gaia Redaelli

López Cotelo arquitecto.

Studio Redaelli Speranza architetti associati.

Javier Malo de Molina

Susana Rodríguez

Burgos & Garrido arquitectos.

SAVILLS.

Daniel Martín

Sascha Roesler

US Green Building Council.

ETH.

Alvaro Martín Fidalgo

Mar Santamaría

TallerDE2 architects. ETSAM.

300 000 kms

Pablo Martínez

Andreas Schiffer

300 000 kms

FLASH.

Nicolás Maruri

Renata Sentkiewicz

amanncanovasmaruri arquitectos. ETSAM.

Ábalos + Sentkiewicz.

Jaume Mayol

Daniel Sorando

Ted’A arquitectes.

Universidad Complutense de Madrid.

Sacha Menz

Belinda Tato

SAM architekten.

Ecosistemas Urbanos.

Elli Mosayebi

Flavio Tejada

Edelaar Mosayebi Inderbitzin architekten. ETH.

ARUP.

Cristiane Muñiz

Fernando Viegas

UnaMunizViegas arquitetura.

UnaMunizViegas arquitetura.

Nuria Muruais

Gabriel Wajnerman

MURO arquitectos. ETSAM.

Gabriel Wajnerman arquitecto. MCH alumni.

Borja Navarro

Luis Willumsen

BAKPAK. MCH alumni.

Nommon Solutions.

Alberto Nicolau Nicolau arquitectura. ETSAM.

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Alumni 2022 Appendix

Alexandre De Rungs Mexico | 1994

Alexia Valtadorou Greece | 1995

Ana Victoria Ottenwalder Panama | 1996

Anastasia Lizardou Greece | 1995

Andrés Solano Peru | 1984

Andrew Georges Lebanon | 1996

Androniki Petrou Greece | 1996

Bettina Kagelmacher Chile | 1994

Borja Martínez-Alcalá Spain | 1994

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Carolina Basilis Dominican Republic | 1996

Cristhian Haro Peru | 1989

Felipe Santamaría Colombia | 1993

Flavia Fernandes Brazil | 1994

Francisco Heredia Argentina | 1993

Gaurav Chordia India | 1995

Isabella Pineda Philippines | 1993

Ishan Goyal India | 1996

Joaquín Ipince Peru | 1990

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Alumni 2022 Appendix

Jorge Sánchez Bajo Spain | 1989

Juanita Gómez Colombia | 1990

Karol Díaz Colombia | 1994

Nancy Mandhan India | 1995

Nayanatara Tampi India | 1995

Paloma Allende Argentina | 1995

Sebastián Worm México | Switzerland | 1994

Suzane Kteich Lebanon | 1994

Teresita Campino Chile | 1989

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MCH MAS in Collective Housing

MCH MAS in Collective Housing