ANCIENT EGYPT

Ancient Egypt or ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization that originated along the middle and lower reaches of the Nile River and whose history spans more than three millennia It is considered one of the cradles of civilization The original name of the country, especially during the Old Kingdom, was Kemet (Km.t), 'black earth', from the color of the fertilizing silt that covered during the regular annual flooding the valley that lies on the banks of the Nile River

Geographic location

Egypt is located in the northeast corner of Africa and is part of western Asia. It limits to the north with the Mediterranean Sea, to the east with the Red Sea and Israel, to the south with Sudan and to the Libya.

¿What characteristics does your geographical environment have?

It is characterized by a desert climate mitigated by the influence of the Nile River and its bordering seas.

It is one of the most populous countries in Africa, most of which settles on the banks of the Nile River Egypt is famous for its ancient civilization and its monuments, such as the pyramids and the great sphinx

Mythology

Egyptian mythology includes the study of beliefs supported by the religion of Ancient Egypt from predynastic times to the imposition of Christianity, when its practices they were prohibited in the time of Justinian I, in the year 535 Their development and influence lasted more than three thousand years, varying logically through time; therefore, an article or even a book can only summarize the multitude of entities and themes in this complex belief system The varied Egyptian iconography is very different from the Greek or Roman: in Egyptian mythology many deities are represented with a human body, and heads of other animals

PHASES First phase

During the predynastic era, they deified those natural phenomena that puzzled them, or instilled fear, of those who did not know the reason for their behavior; They associated these divinities with the characteristics of certain animals, and represented them in a human form although preserving zoomorphic features: the falcon in the god Horus, "the elevated one " , god of the sky; the Egyptian dog, or jackal of the desert, "the guardian of the necropolis", becomes a protective god, Anubis; the Nile crocodile, a constant danger, a feared god, venerated in the region of El Fayum, etc. They also attributed human concepts, such as the family relationship, for which triads were formed composed of a god, his wife and his son, and also human passions for which they were worshiped by giving offerings in the temples in exchange for favors requested, or received. Despite the grouping of the Egyptian peoples into the "Two Lands": Upper and Lower Egypt, each one of the nomes (provinces) maintained their protective deities, which meant the veneration of dozens of gods, which acquired more or less relevance according to the importance of each city: in Heliopolis Ra was worshiped, in Thebes Ammon, in Memphis Ptah and Hathor The priests of the main temples began to organize this multitude of gods and explain their relationships, the creation of the world, the flooding of the Nile, etc , devising and systematizing the beliefs in the socalled Heliopolitan, Theban, etc theology, reflected in the Texts of the Pyramids, or the Book of the Dead, which were followed by the writing of other similar ones Geb, in the lower zone, with Shu and Nut His vision is based on his own country, fertile land next to a river and with a desert around it Therefore, the world for them was divided into three regions: Heaven, Nun, home of the gods, whose celestial goddess Nut, "The great one who gave birth to the gods", was represented as a woman with an arched body covering the entire Land The Earth, home of men, the House of Geb, the creator god, represented as a man lying under Nut The Beyond, or Duat, the kingdom of the dead, where Osiris ruled, and later Horus, a space traveled by Ra in his solar boat during the night, and where the spirits of the deceased traveled avoiding dangers, whose god is Socar

Genesis

Mientras los líderes de los diversos grupos ganaban y perdían influencia, las creencias dominantes se transformaban, combinaban y sincretizaban Ra y Atón se convirtieron en AtónRa, con las características de Ra como dominantes, y posteriormente Ra fue asimilado a su vez por Horus, como Ra-Horajti. Después de que Ptah se convirtiera en PtahSeker, fue asimilado por Osiris, convirtiéndose en Ptah-SekerOsiris.

Con las diosas sucedió lo mismo: Hathor le dieron inicialmente las características de otras diosas, pero en última instancia fue asimilada con Isis Los dioses maléficos fueron amalgamados de la misma forma, bajo el nombre de Seth, quien originalmente era un héroe pero luego recibió todas las características de los dioses malvados, en condena por haber sido elegido como dios protector por los odiados y brutales gobernantes extranjeros hicsos que se hicieron con el poder por un tiempo

Según el Canon Real de Turín, varios dioses gobernaron

Egipto: Ptah, Ra, Shu, Geb, Osiris, Seth, Thot, Maat y Horus; cada cual durante inmensos períodos, después reinaron los Shemsu Hor durante 13 420 años, antes de surgir la primera dinastía de faraones Así, los predecesores de Menes ocuparon el trono egipcio durante 36 620 años

Según el Canon Real de Turín, varios dioses gobernaron

Egipto: Ptah, Ra, Shu, Geb, Osiris, Seth, Thot, Maat y Horus; cada cual durante inmensos períodos, después reinaron los Shemsu Hor durante 13 420 años, antes de surgir la primera dinastía de faraones. Así, los predecesores de Menes ocuparon el trono egipcio durante 36 620 años

El Periodo Monoteista

Un intervalo corto del monoteísmo (Atonismo) ocurrió bajo el reinado de Akenatón, enfocado en la deidad egipcia del sol, Atón Akenatón proscribió la veneración de otros dioses y construyó una nueva capital, Aketatón (Amarna), alrededor del templo para Atón.

El cambio religioso perduró solamente hasta la época de Tutankamón, el hijo de Akenatón y de una esposa secundaria Por ser este cambio muy impopular fue rápidamente proscrito De hecho, el borrado de los nombres de Akenatón y Tutankamón de los muros y de las listas reales se relaciona con este radical cambio religioso

Después de la caída del faraón de Amarna, el panteón egipcio original perduró como fe dominante, hasta la llegada del cristianismo copto y, posteriormente, de la imposición del islam, aunque los egipcios continuaron teniendo relaciones con otras culturas monoteístas, como los hebreos Asombrosamente, el pueblo egipcio apenas opuso resistencia a la difusión del cristianismo, explicado en ocasiones afirmando que Jesús de Nazaret, originalmente, era un sincretismo vinculado principalmente a Horus, con Isis representando a la Virgen María pirámides: auténticos aparatos o motores astro-espirituales que ayudarían al difunto a convertirse en una estrella eterna del firmamento Con una significado de ser un símbolo de divinidad y eternidad…

La pirámide escalonada de Zoser

Origen en las primeras tumbas de los faraones, que se limitaban a estructuras subterráneas sobre las cuales se hacía edificar una mastaba o pirámide truncada de adobes

Formaba parte de un complejo constituido por un templo y otras edificaciones macizas, alrededor de las cuales se llevaban a cabo diversas celebraciones

Las Piramides

Las pirámides de Egipto son un enigma para la sociedad, aunque no siempre estuvieron en el ojo del mundo Son el vivo testimonio de una mentalidad religiosa, pero también de un imperio poderoso y próspero, cuya vocación de poder le permitió sostenerse por más de 3000 años

Función última de las

La pirámide roja La pirámide de Keops La pirámide Kefrén

Se trata del primer modelo exitoso de pirámide de caras lisas Estaba destinada a ser la tumba de este faraón. Recibe su nombre por el aspecto actual, ya que ha perdido todo el recubrimiento exterior en piedra caliza blanca.

Conocida también gran pirámide de Guiza se encuentra en la Necrópolis de Guiza Fue construida en la IV dinastía por el arquitecto Hemiunu bajo las órdenes del faraón Keops Se estima que tiene un tiempo desde los 2570 A C

De un complejo funerario, con un lado oriental tiene un templo con este fin así como una calzada procesional hacia el Templo del Valle Da la impresión de ser la más alta debido a su emplazamiento

La pirámide de Snefru

La pirámide de Snefru se ubica a 40 kilómetros de la ciudad de El Cairo. Se distingue por tener un cambio abrupto de inclinación en la mitad superior de su cuerpo

Empezó a construirse con una inclinación de unos 54º , lo que le habría dado una mayor altura A través del tiempo no soportó el peso y se fue inclinando hasta llegar a los 43°

La pirámide de Miserino

Es la más pequeña de las pirámides de caras lisas que se encuentran en la Necrópolis de Guiza Fue dedicada al Faraón Menkaura de la IV dinastía, hijo de Kefrén y nieto de Keops

Genesis

As the leaders of the various groups gained and lost influence, the dominant beliefs were transformed, combined, and syncretized Ra and the Aten became the Aten-Ra, with Ra's characteristics as dominant, and later Ra was in turn assimilated by Horus, as Ra-Horajti. After Ptah became Ptah-Seker, he was assimilated by Osiris, becoming Ptah-SekerOsiris The same thing happened with the goddesses: Hathor was initially given the characteristics of other goddesses, but ultimately she was assimilated with Isis. The malefic gods were amalgamated in the same way, under the name Seth, who was originally a hero but later received all the characteristics of the evil gods, in condemnation of being chosen as a patron god by the hated and brutal Hyksos foreign rulers who they seized power for a while

According to the Turin Royal Canon, several gods ruled Egypt: Ptah, Ra, Shu, Geb, Osiris, Seth, Thoth, Maat, and Horus; each for immense periods, then the Shemsu Hor reigned for 13,420 years, before the first dynasty of pharaohs arose Thus Menes's predecessors held the Egyptian throne for 36,620 years

According to the Turin Royal Canon, several gods ruled Egypt: Ptah, Ra, Shu, Geb, Osiris, Seth, Thoth, Maat, and Horus; each for immense periods, then the Shemsu Hor reigned for 13,420 years, before the first dynasty of pharaohs arose Thus Menes's predecessors held the Egyptian throne for 36,620 years

The Monetist Period

A short interval of monotheism (Atenism) occurred under the reign of Akhenaten, focused on the Egyptian sun deity, Aten Akhenaten outlawed the worship of other gods and built a new capital, Akhetaten (Amarna), around the temple for the Aten The religious change lasted only until the time of Tutankhamen, the son of Akhenaten and a secondary wife As this change was very unpopular it was quickly outlawed In fact, the erasure of the names of Akhenaten and Tutankhamen from the walls and from the royal lists is related

the red pyramid Cheops Pyramid

It is the first successful model of a smooth-faced pyramid It was meant to be the tomb of this pharaoh. It gets its name from its current appearance, since it has lost all its white limestone exterior coating

Also known as the Great Pyramid of Giza is located in the Giza Necropolis It was built in the IV Dynasty by the architect Hemiunu under the orders of Pharaoh Cheops It is estimated that it has a time from 2570 BC with this radical religious change

After the fall of the pharaoh of Amarna, the original Egyptian pantheon endured as the dominant faith, until the arrival of Coptic Christianity and, later, the imposition of Islam, although the Egyptians continued to have relations with other monotheistic cultures, such as the Hebrews Surprisingly, the Egyptian people hardly resisted the spread of Christianity, sometimes explained by stating that Jesus of Nazareth was originally a syncretism linked primarily to Horus, with Isis representing the Virgin Mary pyramids: authentic astrospiritual devices or motors that would help the deceased to become an eternal star in the firmament With a meaning of being a symbol of divinity and eternity

Djoser's Step Pyramid

Origin in the first tombs of the pharaohs, which were limited to underground structures on which a mastaba or truncated adobe pyramid was built.

It was part of a complex made up of a temple and other massive buildings, around which various celebrations were held

The Pyramids

The pyramids of Egypt are an enigma for society, although they were not always in the eye of the world They are the living testimony of a religious mentality, but also of a powerful and prosperous empire, whose vocation for power allowed it to sustain itself for more than 3,000 years. last function of

Khafre's pyramid

From a funerary complex, with an eastern side it has a temple for this purpose as well as a processional causeway to the Valley Temple. It gives the impression of being the highest due to its location

The Pyramid Of Snefru

The Snefru pyramid is located 40 kilometers from the city of Cairo. It is distinguished by having an abrupt change in inclination in the upper half of its body It began to be built with an inclination of about 54º , which would have given it a greater height Over time it could not support the weight and it leaned until it reached 43°

Miserino's pyramid

It is the smallest of the smoothsided pyramids found in the Giza Necropolis. It was dedicated to Pharaoh Menkaura of the IV dynasty, son of Kefren and grandson of Cheops