ace energy

Managing city waste to create energy and renewal

renewal

contents 5. ACE and waste-fired power plants

1. About ACE Energy • What we do • Who we are • How we help cities

2. The world of waste • • • •

Modern society and waste Industrialization Urbanization Economic development

• WFPP technology and sustainability • Energy production and greater self-sufficiency • Waste stream management • WFPP and waste volumes

6. ACE and city partnership

3. Waste, pollution and public health • Waste and air pollution • Water and soil pollution

• Strategic partnership • Public-private • Commercial foundation • Let’s start

7. benefits suMMary ACE and city renewal

4. Waste and cities • Hidden in plain sight • Social and opportunity costs • Closing the loop

• • • •

Environmental benefits Economic benefits Social benefits Global benefits

8. Contact information

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See, hear, feel Watch the film

Renewal, the film You can read about city renewal in this brochure.

You can also open yourself to a multi-sensory experience.

See, hear and feel what city renewal means.

It takes no more than a few minutes to view the film.

We think you’ll find it time well spent.

Renewal - see, hear and feel it.

Inside this pocket is a dvd.

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See, Hear, Feel

About the film: See, hear, feel This film is about the challenges mankind is facing with the onset of global warming and population growth.

About the big environmental impacts these issues have on cities around the world.

About the added problems of waste and waste disposal confronting cities.

About the urban renewal solutions offered to cities

by ACE Energy.

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See, Hear, Feel

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Section 1

About ACE Energy

About ACE Energy What we do

Urban Renewal We help revitalize a city’s urban cityscape, economy, quality of life and (brand) image and contribute to its long-term sustainability as a direct result of all our activities

ACE Energy takes care of urban environments by managing their waste streams to create energy and renewal.

We do this by providing city and municipal governments with:

Waste-to-Energy Technology We build and operate the world’s most advanced, cleanest, waste-fired powered plants (WFPP) that convert household and industrial waste into a city’s electricity and heat, as well as other useful recycled by-products

Waste Stream Management Services We develop, organize and manage the total waste stream infrastructure needed to collect, transport, separate and process a city’s household and industrial waste

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The central ‘hub’ of our waste stream management system is the waste-fired power plant (WFPP).

It is built to the world’s most advanced design and technology and processes 99 percent of all municipal solid waste (MSW) with near-zero CO2 emissions (a neutral CO2 balance). It converts waste to electricity and heat powering a city’s domestic, commercial and industrial energy requirements.

Additional valuable by-products can be re-used in the manufacturing and construction sectors.

‘ We develop, organize and manage the total waste stream infrastructure’

Section 1

About ACE Energy

Who we are ACE Energy is founded and managed by Erwin Mulder and by several other entities, among them Constantius The Hague. It operates with a consortium of investment companies and larger institutional investors who have agreed to utilize their resources, assets, expertise, knowledge and skills in the areas of project funding and development in order to initiate ACE’s ambition to develop and allocate the appropriate technology, construction and services in the field of solid waste processing and management.

The companies invited to provide their services to the consortium are:

Constantius The Hague Constantius is the consortium’s partner and consultant responsible for coordinating the development of the WFPP business concept and presentation. The company takes charge of WFPP development, client relations, international marketing, commercial negotiations and project mobilization under the personal supervision of its chairman, Erwin Mulder (also a board member of Odell International). Constantius has experience in various developments in Europe and across Asia.

Royal Haskoning

Odell International LLC Odell International is based in Huntersville, North Carolina, USA. The company is a recognized leader in the field of providing program management services in the functional disciplines necessary for project success. Odell provides management, technical, and advisory services to design, engineer, develop, and operate major institutional systems and projects on a global basis.

AEB (Afval Energie Bedrijf ), Amsterdam AEB is the city of Amsterdam’s waste-to-energy company which helped develop and now utilizes the world’s most advanced waste-fired power plant. AEB has offered Constantius to provide ACE Energy with technical advice, guidance and support in all matters relating to WFPP.

City of Rotterdam The City of Rotterdam is a pioneer in waste incineration technology. The city, its development company or economic agency, have indicated their intention to be involved in providing services and expertise in waste management as a specialist on urban areas and bilateral cooperation. In addition, ACE Energy benefits from access to the knowledge-base of the Rotterdam Climate Initiative; the initiative aims to cut the city’s CO2 emissions by half over a period of 35 year period while promoting sustainable energy production and consumption.

Royal Haskoning’s headquarters are located in Nijmegen, The Netherlands with 60 offices in 20 countries. Established in 1881 the company currently consists of 4,400 staff. Its core areas of expertise are design, architecture, construction and engineering which have been applied to many overseas projects ranging from infrastructure, ports, terminals, roads, railways, urban development, energy and water management. Royal Haskoning has been involved in waste incineration development since 1919. The Nijmegen and Rotterdam offices are specifically involved with coordinating and facilitating the ACE Energy initiative.

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Section 1

About ACE Energy

How we help cities Our mission is to help cities around the world renew their urban environments in a sustainable way. In practical terms this means we help them to: • c lean up their city by managing the entire waste stream • become more energy self-sufficient by recyling municipal solid waste (MSW) as fuel to produce electricity and heat • regenerate additional recycled products (such as bottom ash) which can be used in the construction and manufacturing sectors Urban renewal for a city is not an idle dream or a flight of fancy, because it starts with what a city already has plenty of: waste. And what ACE Energy has: the technology for a sustainable solution in dealing with municipal waste. The cycle of renewal begins with the collection and transportation of the MSW to the ACE Energy waste-fired power plant and then transforming it into energy and other products.

Our total waste stream management system sets in motion a process of renewal, whether it be finding new uses for municipal waste or renewing the city environs and image through the act of cleaning up the city.

And by making sure we use the most advanced waste-fired power technology, we can help cities to help themselves: lessening their dependence on expensive fossil fuels, reducing pollution, and producing their own electricity and heat.

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Mother Earth and global warming Our planet has been likened to Gaia, the mythological goddess of the earth whose ancient name has been used to describe the planet as a single, self-regulating system where all species are dependent on each other for survival. Gaia is perhaps better known as Mother Earth, and for millenia she has taken care of mankind by giving us a home. But in the last 300 years or so man’s urge to produce and consume, causing pollution, has upset the balance of nature and severely damaged the planet’s biosphere. In particular, global warming as a result of industrialization and greenhouse gases now poses a dire threat to the existence of mankind and other living species – even to Mother Earth herself. Fortunately, there is a growing, world-wide awareness of ecological problems that is being accompanied by concerted action on the part of governments, industry, NGOs and ordinary people. There is still much more that should be done, of course, but every effort – no matter how small – to contain the problem of global warming is a step in the right direction.

ACE Energy is making its own contribution.

We are providing waste stream solutions for cities that help reduce pollution by recycling waste into energy and other useful by-products. In this way, we like to think that we are giving Mother Earth a helping hand, as best we can.

photo sander foederer

Section 2

World of Waste

The world of waste Mankind has always generated waste, the ‘stuff ’ that’s considered no longer useful and which people throw away.

Throughout history it’s been an inevitable consequence of human consumption and production. And by whatever name we choose to call it – ‘trash’, ‘rubbish’, ‘litter’, ‘garbage’, ‘junk’, ‘stuff ’ – we can’t avoid it.

Archeologists are frequently unearthing evidence of waste left over by ancient civilizations. Examining the detritus of the past allows them to form a picture of how a civilization lived and what it lived on. Since by and large these pre-industrial societies used natural materials and resources, they tended to live in harmony with Mother Earth. But back then, only a tiny fraction of people inhabited the world compared to today’s global population of 6.2 billion.

dioxin unit emissions Comparison of dioxin unit emissions: EU, China, WFPP 0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2 *

PRChina Norm

EU Norm WFPP

* unit scale = NgTEQm3

Municipal waste per person Municipal waste per personin Kg/year Latest year available, latest year available, in Kg 0

100

oeCd average South africa brazil China india

Source: OECD

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200

300

400

500

600

Section 2

World of Waste

Modern society and waste Today, solid waste produced every day in urban areas poses a major problem for modern societies, mostly arising from the hazards it poses to the environment and public health. One contributor to the scale of the waste problem is global population growth and the simple equation that more people generate more solid waste. Other contributors are industrialization, urbanization and economic growth.

Industrialization Industrial development has brought many benefits.

But it has also upset the fragile balance between mankind and Mother Earth. We all know about climate change and global warming, but there is relatively little public awareness about waste’s contribution to endangering the environment.

Household and industrial waste contains products made by industry: plastic, pesticides, solvents and chemicals (to name only a few) which make waste a potentially dangerous pollutant of eco-systems if it isn’t treated or disposed of properly. Waste releases harmful and health-threatening chemicals and pathogens that contaminate soil and water used by communities.

It emits noxious gases into the atmosphere.

Methane caused by rotting waste contributes to 4 percent of the world’s total greenhouse gas emissions, adding to global warming. When waste is burnt on open waste dumps, carbon dioxide, heavy metals, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and other harmful substances are also released into the atmosphere.

photo

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Michael Light

Section 2

World of Waste

Urbanization Then there’s the rapid urbanization of societies with ever-larger concentrations of people in towns and cities generating increasing amounts of household and industrial waste. Cities take up only 2 percent of the planet’s land mass and yet in 2008 half of the world’s population was crowded into them.

Since cities occupy a mere 2 percent of the landmass, their carbon footprint is out of all proportion to the rest of the world. Collectively, cities use more than two-thirds of the world’s energy and emit two-thirds of its greenhouse gases (one of which is methane from municipal waste).

The trend to urbanization is accelerating. By 2030 it’s expected that 4.9 billion people – 60 percent of the world’s total – will be urban-dwellers. In 2050 over two-thirds of the planet’s inhabitants will be concentrated into cities generating millions more tons of solid waste every year.

Economic Development The waste problem is a measure of economic development. The amount of waste a community generates grows along with its economy, driven by increasing consumption. Americans produce on a per capita basis an average of 700kg per year of municipal waste; Europeans an average of 550kg; and the Japanese about 410kg.

In developing countries the per capita waste output is smaller by as much as one quarter of a European citizen’s output, but it is forecast to grow. By 2030 the average citizen in India will generate twice the amount of their current per capita waste output while a Chinese citizen will produce three times the waste they do today.

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The growing per capita output of waste in the developing world will be aggravated by the shift from rural to urban living. By 2030 half of the world’s population will live in the cities of developing countries. The emergence of ‘mega-cities’ (10 million inhabitants or more) in the developing countries of Asia and Africa together with economic growth are an enormous challenge for municipal governments.

With its waste stream management systems and state-of-the-art waste-fired technology, ACE Energy alleviates the mounting pressures on city governments to provide efficient public waste disposal services.

Section 2

World of Waste

Waste in ancient civilizations

‘ The amount of waste a community generates grows along with its economy’

The waste left behind by pre-industrial civilizations reveals a lot about them. Even though their populations were small by today’s standards, evidence suggests they generated quite a lot of waste themselves. Along the Potomac river in the USA, a pre-Columbian rubbish tip of oyster shells covers 12 hectares with a depth of three meters.

During the excavations of the ancient city of Troy, archeologists found that its street level rose almost 1.5 meters each century due to accumulated rubbish. Their waste, though, was largely a by-product of non-hazardous natural materials, quite unlike the plastic, lead, mercury, pesticides, solvents and chemicals found in today’s municipal solid waste.

Municipal waste management, selected EU countries

Landfill

Greece

8% 92%

Britain

incineration

74% 18% 8%

recycled/ composted/ other

Germany

Denmark

20%

5

54%

Netherlands

3 32%

22% 41% 58%

Source: Institute for Public Policy Research

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65%

Section 3

Waste, Pollution and Public Health

Waste, pollution and public health waste and industrial waste create critical pollution problems for urban communities.

Out of sight, out of mind Waste is an ugly eyesore. People, understandably, don’t want to see waste and would prefer to forget about it.

The problems of pollution caused by burying or burning waste are particularly acute in the towns and cities of most developing countries, principally because environmental controls are either not well-established or enforced, while waste stream management services could be improved. In developed countries, burying and burning are subject to tighter environmental standards but pollution still occurs.

Massive open garbage dump sites, insanitary landfills and unregulated or poor incineration are frequently to blame for the pollution of water, soil and the atmosphere.

With the major technological advances made in waste-fired power plant (WFPP) design, landfill sites don’t make much economic sense (quite apart from the risks they pose to the environment).

This “out of sight, out of mind” attitude has resulted They use up valuable land which can be put to in using two traditional age-old methods to get rid more productive use, especially to accommodate of waste: burying or burning it. Although increasexpanding urban populations. They pollute, which ingly uneconomical, these methods are still the entails costly clean-up. ACE Energy’s WFPP can most widely used around the world. Only relatively process 99 percent of a city’s waste, helping a city recently has recycling become a third alternative. to reduce its dependence on landfill while freeing up a scarce resource.

But unless handled and processed properly by professionals, municipal solid waste (MSW), medical

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Section 3

Waste, Pollution and Public Health

Waste and air pollution Burning waste in traditional incinerators discharges carbon dioxide. It also pollutes the air with smoke which contains toxic substances such as nitrogen and sulphur, both major causes of acid rain. The smoke from fires on the vast ‘open’ dumpsites found in many of Asia’s mega cities increases the likelihood that people living nearby will suffer from asthma and other lung ailments.

When organic waste is burned it emits dioxins and furan. These are dangerous carcinogens that can attack people’s nervous and immune systems. Soot particles that can potentially damage the human respiratory system and cause lung infections are emitted from burning waste as well.

The ACE Energy WFPP helps cities reduce air pollution since it doesn’t use standard incineration methods. Although it ‘burns’ waste, it does so using the latest carbon-reduction technology.

With near-zero CO2 emissions (a neutral CO2 balance) our WFPP technology is substantially cleaner and far less hazardous to the environment than the conventional incinerators being used today. Replacing existing MSW incinerators with ACE Energy waste-to-energy technology can help a city to improve its air quality and public health significantly.

A different type of air pollution comes from methane. Landfills are the third largest man-made emission source, accounting for about 13% of methane emissions, equivalent to over 818 million tons of carbon dioxide. Expelled from decaying food in open dumps and landfills, methane adds 4 percent to the total of global greenhouse gas emissions.

Moreover, it is 20 times more potent than carbon dioxide, adding to the problem of global warming and polluting the local air quality of a city environment. Despite efforts in some developed countries to capture and use it as energy, methane emissions are expected to increase substantially because of urban population growth and bigger landfills in developing countries.

‘ Water is basic to survival but gets polluted by toxic waste’

Air quality – ideally, ‘fresh air’ – is a key indicator of a city’s green credentials. But traditional incinerators reduce air quality. Besides which, they do not get rid of all the waste: approximately 30 percent of the original mass remains, and has to be transferred to landfill.

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Section 3

Waste, Pollution and Public Health

Water and soil pollution Water is basic to survival but gets polluted by waste.

A human being requires about 20 litres of freshwater a day just for drinking and cooking quite apart from another 100 litres or more for domestic use. Yet fresh water is becoming scarce.

Growing urban populations and increasing living standards that result in higher levels of consumption are putting natural water sources under pressure, a problem compounded by inadequate or poor solid waste management.

Groundwater (located underneath the ground’s surface) is the principal source of freshwater for 97 percent of the global population’s needs. Unfortunately this precious resource is increasingly contaminated by municipal waste dumps and badly-managed and maintained landfills which allow toxins and pathogens to leach into the groundwater and other water supplies.

It is not commonly known that uncontrolled landfill waste is also harmful to oceans and seas. It’s been estimated that 80 percent of oceanic flotsam is from rubbish blown seaward from landfills or washed seaward by storm drains, causing toxic chemicals to enter the marine food chain. Plastics are especially lethal and kill fish and seabirds.

The ‘hub’ of ACE Energy’s waste stream management system is WFPP, not landfill, precisely because of the soil pollution and public health problems such sites create (and the valuable space they use). But as part of our commitment to a city’s renewal and waste stream management, ACE Energy will clean-up and sanitize a city’s existing municipal landfill areas to minimize further soil pollution. Furthermore, we will recycle this ‘legacy’ waste from old or existing landfills to generate energy and other useful by-products

Europe’s replacement of landfill with waste-to-energy

In many European countries the use of landfill sites for burying MSW is now considered undesirable and is increasingly discouraged by the European Union (EU) as a matter of policy and regulation. Consequently the volume of MSW that was landfilled in the EU’s 25 countries declined from 64 percent in 1995 to 49 percent in 2003.

Rotting waste produces acids such as ammoThis reduced reliance on landfill to dispose of MSW nia which, when concentrated, poisons fish and has been facilitated by the growing sophistication amphibians. The problem is exacerbated on a larger and use of waste-to-energy (WTE) technology. scale by industrial wastewater and solid waste that WTE is strongly preferred to landfill because it leaks into natural aquifiers or spills into surface doesn’t consume valuable land, poses far fewer water such as rivers, streams, canals and waterways. pollution risks and makes excellent use of MSW by recycling it to other products, including electricity.

The net result is pollution of drinking water and the The amount of MSW being incinerated increases gradual degradation – sometimes threatening the on average by 10 million tons per year.

extinction – of freshwater aquatic life.

As with water pollution, many insanitary landfills and dump sites seep large volumes of corrosive liquids known as leachate into the soil. These eventually enter into and move up the food chain damaging the health of vegetation, plants, insects, animals, and ultimately, humans. Substantial damage can occur to a country’s agricultural industry.

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Section 4

Waste and Cities

Waste and Cities Hidden in plain sight In developing countries, cities with populations of over 10 million people (the ‘mega-cities’) generate huge amounts of solid waste, often in the range of 5,000 to 6,500 metric tons per day.

Roughly 30 to 70 percent is actually collected and deposited at municipal waste dumps, landfills or sent for incineration.

The rest is ‘hidden’ in plain sight: scattered and left to litter either the streets, pathways, public places, open spaces, building sites, sewage systems and city waterways. It can become so much a part of the cityscape that some residents either don’t ‘see’ the waste anymore or they cease to care, adopting behaviours such as littering or illegal dumping which simply makes the local garbage problem worse. Fortunately, some of the waste littering public places is carted away by rag-pickers who salvage, sort and sell it on for recycling.

Social and opportunity costs Waste that isn’t collected and processed scars the urban landscape, conveying an image of decay, poverty and neglect. It creates an impression of inefficient or uncaring municipal governance, whether true or not. Lack of money, competing budget priorities or simply insufficient interest and commitment (sometimes all three factors) are often the reasons for inadequate municipal waste management.

Whatever the reason, uncollected MSW brings with it a social cost by making a city a less attractive place in which to live and work, raising the question of whether the urban environment provides a decent and healthy quality of life for city residents.

This reputational damage has negative consequences for a city’s local economy. It can deter potential investors, commerce, people and new skills from relocating to a city when its waste problem makes it unattractive. So a waste problem creating a poor image and negative reputation is not just a social cost for a city but also results in opportunity costs.

Both are costs that big cities can ill-afford in the 21st century global economy where they find themselves competing for financial, intellectual and social capital which increasingly prefer to operate within ‘green’ and clean environments.

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photo george osodi

‘The waste problem is a measure of economic development. The amount of waste a community generates grows along with its economy, driven by increasing consumption’

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Section 4

Waste and Cities

Closing the loop One way for a city to reduce the environmental, social and opportunity costs arising from MSW is to adopt a closed loop approach to waste management.

Closing the loop means a city moves away from a linear process where waste ends up in landfills and garbage dumps (or is simply not collected at all), towards a waste stream management system that recycles MSW into products that have economic value, using technology and processes which have minimal or no impact on the environment.

Closed loop waste stream management brings many sustainability benefits to a city because it’s a process that: • • • • • •

In practice it would take considerable commitment, effort, time and organisation. But for cities led by visionary, committed and eco-friendly municipal governments, closed loop waste stream management should be an aspiration to strive for that brings significant environmental, social and economic benefits.

In the USA, California has already declared its aim of becoming a ‘zero waste’ state which goes handin-hand with the closed loop concept. Its cities feature prominently in this ambition.

ACE Energy helps cities move toward a closer realization of a sustainable closed loop waste stream management system. ACE will take front reduces or eliminates dependence on the tradiend responsibility for collecting, transporting tional burning and burying methods used for and sorting all municipal waste with back-end getting rid of waste processing and recycling via the WFPP to produce reduces water, soil and atmospheric pollution electricity, heat and other products for the city’s reduces exposure of city residents to toxic hazards use. In using its own municipal solid waste to and supports better public health create energy, a city becomes more self-sufficient releases land occupied by landfill and garbage by utilizing a ‘resource’ that it already produces dumps for other productive uses in abundance, i.e. waste. Thus by putting into recycles waste into products that have new uses practice closed loop waste stream manageand economic or social value ment, a city reduces its dependence on increas can use waste to make electricity and heat, ingly expensive and highly-polluting fossil fuels, enabling a city to become more self-sufficient enabling it to follow its own path toward genuine as a producer and user of its own energy economic and environmental sustainability.

Closed loop waste management applied to municipalities extends from cleaning up the urban environment through waste collection to distribution of the ‘new’ recycled products. A closed loop system requires behavioural changes on the part of citizens as well, who need to be encouraged to adopt the attitudes and habits of ‘reduce, reuse and recycle’ in the way they deal with their own waste.

The ideal closed loop process means zero municipal waste and impressive, super-clean, hygienic cities.

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Section 5

ACE and Waste-Fired Power Plants

ACE and waste-fired power plants WFPP technology and sustainability steam/steam re-heat system between the high and ACE Energy’s WFPP derives from the advanced fourth generation design and technology used today low power turbines. Although re-heating by flue-gas is standard in fossil-fired fuel plants it is

by AEB in the city of Amsterdam impractical for the corrosive gases of waste-toenergy plants. Steam temperature is typically The fourth generation design became operational limited to a maximum 400° c to prevent corrosion in 2008. It is acknowledged by industry experts to be one of the most efficient waste-to-energy plants in the steam turbine. in the world. In the near future, ACE Energy will The WFPP contains the most advanced flue gas further improve on the fourth generation WFPP cleaning technlogy available with respect to dioxins design enabling it to process from 1.5 million to 3 and other pollutants. The flue gases pass through a million tons of MSW annually. flue gas incineration treatment system enabling the plant to meet required carbon emission regulations.

The ACE Energy WFPP uses stoker combustion (Long-term tracking tests show that carbon emisincineration technology to process the municipal solid waste. The most important innovation is the

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Section 5

ACE and Waste-Fired Power Plants

sions are 1-10 ppm*, HC 2-3 ppm, Nox 35 ppm, well within US emission standards).

The flue gas is fired in a second and third chamber at 1000°c for over two seconds, decomposing most of the dioxin (only 0.04 ng/m3** remains, much lower than the EU and US emission norms of 0.1 ng/m3).

‘ The WFPP recycles and processes over 99 percent of the waste’

As a result, the CO2 and dioxin emitted by the ACE WFPP is considerably reduced, in fact, less than one percent compared to fossil-fired electricity generating plants. This is well below even the strictest emission limits legislated for by both the EU and USA environmental protection agencies, and four times better than the Kyoto guidelines.

*

ppm = parts per million

**

ng = nanogram

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Section 5

ACE and Waste-Fired Power Plants

Energy production and greater self-sufficiency Electricity As well as removing MSW from a city’s environs, a major objective of the WFPP is to increase the net amount of electrical energy fed into the city’s power grid.

WFPP gives cities the opportunity to become more energy self-sufficient by lessening their dependence on fossil fuels for electricity production, while simultaneously reducing pollution caused by CO2 emissions and other toxic substances.

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Energy self-sufficiency using MSW also makes a significant contribution to resource conservation at city, country and global levels.

In the first year of operations the WFPP’s electricity output capacity is 450,000 MWh, rising by 50 percent in the second year to 650,000 MWh. By the third year the WFPP will produce almost one million MWh electricity per annum, sufficient output to power many city households and local industries.

Section 5

ACE and Waste-Fired Power Plants

WFPP achieves a higher efficiency of electricity than most other waste-to-energy plants anywhere in the world, with a net efficiency of 30 percent.

At a calorific value of 10 GJ per tonne of MSW, the WFPP produces a net of 850 kWh per tonne of waste.

ACE Energy aims to produce 15 to 20 percent of a city’s electricity needs through a WFPP. The electricity is sold to the community under long-term contracts at a fixed annual rate, enabling city utility providers to forecast their requirement and maintain stable prices and budgets.

However, if the city doesn’t need or want all of the electricity, ACE Energy will sell or trade the additional capacity in the open market on behalf of the municipal government.

Heat A WFPP produces steam which generates the power used for the rotating turbines to produce electricity. The steam can also be used in a district heating network if a city is located in a cold climate.

the WFPP (where the infrastructure allows this).

By producing around 102,000 GJ of heat, approximately 10,000 or more households can benefit from the heated water, potentially reducing prices for the city’s consumers and substantially lowering CO2 emissions.

By-products with additional value Although electricity and heat are the primary products resulting from the WFPP recycling operation, there are other residues that can be turned into by-products with commercial value, including: • Bottom ash: to make concrete and bricks • Residual salts: to make asphalt and for road de-icing • Calcium sulphate: to make gypsum • Glass: to make aggregate for roads • Metals: to re-use in nonferrous products (aluminum, zinc, copper, etc)

The heat can also be used to produce hot water for distribution to household residences located near

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Section 5

ACE and Waste-Fired Power Plants

Waste stream management With the combined strengths of its consortium partners ACE Energy is able to provide city municipal governments with complete waste stream management services centred upon WFPP as the operational ‘hub’.

The waste stream process includes the municipal collection and transportation of MSW to the WFPP plant where any hazardous waste is removed and stored separately, while the remainder is incinerated to produce energy and other by-products.

The WFPP recycles and processes over 99 percent of the MSW. The remaining one percent left-over waste is taken to professionally-controlled landfill sites maintained by ACE Energy and managed in accordance with strict pollution control standards.

Hazardous waste is removed separately and sent to a purpose-built depot for special handling and processing.

With WFPP as the hub of our waste stream management system, ACE Energy enables cities to take the first steps towards renewal and a closed loop system of zero municipal waste.

WFPP and waste volumes Waste is the essential ‘fuel’ that makes a WFPP work. For an ACE Energy WFPP to perform economically and efficiently as an energy producer, it needs the municipal government to guarantee at least one million tons of MSW annually.

ACE organises the necessary collection and transportation services to ensure both safe treatment of MSW and to make sure that the required waste volumes are met.

Amsterdam and WFPP AEB (Afval Energie Bedrijf ) was created by the city of Amsterdam in 1992 and began its wasteto-energy operations a year later. Its mission is to recover the maximum possible energy and materials from MSW with maximum protection for the environment. In early 2007 a new waste-fired power plant was added to the existing facility thereby increasing total MSW processing capacity to 1.5 million tons per year. It has also achieved a higher efficiency of electrical energy (from 22 percent to 30 percent) and produces a net of approximately 850 kWh per ton of waste.

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Section 5

ACE and Waste-Fired Power Plants

‘ WFPP gives cities the opportunity to become more energy self-sufficient’

Waste processed and energy produced in Amsterdam,1915-2005 waste (tonnes / year)

electricity (Mwh / year)

4th Waste-Fired Power Plant

2,000,000

1,000,000

3rd Waste-to-Energy Plant - Sewage sludge

1,800,000

900,000

Waste-to-Energy Plant - Sewage sludge

1,600,000

800,000

2nd AVI-North 2

1,400,000

1st AVI-North 1

700,000

1,200,000

E-Production

600,000

1,000,000

500,000

800,000

400,000

600,000

300,000

400,000

200,000

200,000

100,000

0

0 2005

2000

1995

1990

1985

1980

1975

1970

1965

1960

1955

1950

1945

1940

1935

1930

1925

1920

1915

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photo Tobias Madoerin

‘a city that actively tackles its own carbon emissions while reducing its reliance on fossil fuels... is helping to combat the worst effects of global warming’

Section 6

ACE and City Partnership

ace and city partnership Strategic partnership ‘ ACE Energy asks the municipal government to enter into a public-private partnership’

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What does ACE Energy ask from a city?

As we have seen, waste stream management can be instrumental in helping to drive forward a city’s renewal. But renewal shouldn’t be viewed as a short-term infrastructure project lasting a couple of years. Rather, it’s a continuous, long-term process of improvement and transformation lasting decades, setting a city on the path to a sustainable future.

Because renewal is a long-term process necessitating trust and commitment, it is best served by a strategic partnership between the municipal government and ACE Energy.

Section 6

ACE and City Partnership

Public-private partnership The strategic partnership is inherently a long-term commitment by both parties to the successful renewal of the city. In addition, ACE Energy will make substantial capital investments in the the WFPP and waste stream management services on behalf of the city.

As a quid pro quo, ACE Energy asks the municipal government to enter into a public-private partnership (PPP) with ACE Energy’s local subsidiary company.

Commercial foundation The commercial foundation of the PPP rests upon straightforward and transparent mutual obligations. These obligations would be formalized in a legally-binding public-private partnership contract. The contract period would have a duration of at least 30 years.

Municipal government guarantees

2. The provision of 150 hectares of land, either sold or leased to ACE Energy, where the WFPP and support operations will be sited (if leasehold, a period of 50 years).

3. Preparation of the land for construction with the necessary infrastructure, adjacent to accessible rail, road and deepwater connections, including a sea port harbour or river port.

ACE Energy will provide the city with waste stream management services (described in the next section) in return for specific guarantees furnished by the municipal government and formalized in a PPP contract.

4. Licenses to collect, transport, hold, sort, process and dispose of municipal solid waste (MSW).

The principal guarantees required from the municipal government to ACE Energy include:

6. Licenses to sell electricity and heat to municipalities, local government energy firms or any other party, under ACE Energy’s terms and conditions.

1. The provision of at least one-and-a-half million (1.5 mio) metric tons of muncipal solid waste to ACE Energy during the course of a calendar year.

5. Licenses to generate and produce electricity, heat and by-products from MSW.

7. Licenses to construct and develop the WFPP.

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Section 6

ACE and City Partnership

ACE Energy guarantees The principal guarantees provided by ACE Energy to the municipal government include: 1. The construction and operation of a wastefired power plant (WFPP), fully funded by ACE Energy.

2. Additional investments in the WFPP every five years to maintain and/or upgrade the plant.

3. The right of the municipal government to purchase a part of the WFPP after 25 years of its operation.

4. The provision of one million (1 mio) MWh of electricity per year against a fixed priced with index (based upon delivery of at least one million tons MSW per annum).

5. The provision of integrated waste stream management services to include the collection, transportation, holding, separating, processing and disposing of the city’s municipal solid waste (MSW).

Let’s START We would like to talk to you about how we can help your city achieve renewal using our waste stream management services and technology.

And – as an international consortium of companies with strong global expertise in the many aspects of waste stream management – ACE Energy can provide you with all the technical, commercial and environmental information you need in taking decisions about the future sustainability of your city.

You’ll find we are very open and straightforward business people to deal with. Get in touch with us. You’ll find our contact details at the end of this brochure.

These mutual guarantees are the foundation of the public-private partnership. It is also built on reciprocal trust, integrity and ‘green’ values, as well as a shared belief in the concept of renewal and a shared commitment to managing the city’s waste in a sustainable way.

‘ reducing pollution improves the health of city residents’

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Section 7

Benefits Summary: ACE and City Renewal

Benefits summary: ACE and city renewal This section provides you with a quick summary of the many benefits that ACE Energy’s waste stream management and WFPP can deliver to your city.

Environmental benefits • Cleaner city environment: without rubbish and garbage littering the cityscape, the city’s appearance, habitat and quality of life are improved significantly.

• Better managed landfills: professionally-managed ‘legacy’ landfills will prevent leachate and toxins from polluting soil, ground- and surface water as well as diminishing public health hazards.

• Reduced CO2 emissions: much less carbon pollutes the city atmosphere because of WFPP’s near-zero emissions and ability to replace old fossil fuel power plants.

• Fewer landfills: with less dependence on landfill and garbage dumps, land is released and made available for more productive use.

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Section 7

Benefits Summary: ACE and City Renewal

Social benefits • Quality of life: less pollution, fewer health hazards and a cleaner, more hygienic environment improves the quality of life for all citizens.

Economic benefits • More employment: as ACE Energy builds new infrastructure and implements its waste stream management system, new job opportunities become available for local people in construction, operations, transportation and support services.

• New source of energy: municipal waste is transformed into a new source of energy to produce valuable electricity, hot water, and district heating for the city, making sure that waste is not wasted.

• Measure of self-sufficiency: municipal waste as a fuel to generate energy aids city and utilities’ budgets by decreasing the need to import and pay for expensive fossil fuels.

• Increased wealth: a cleaner city offering a better quality of life can attract outside investment, business, industry, people and new skills, adding to the wealth circulating in the local economy.

• Public health: reducing pollution improves the health of city residents and workers, and in turn the health of the local economy as fewer days are lost due to illness, augmenting workforce productivity.

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• Civic pride: a cleaner city signals a caring, socially-responsible government and gradually promotes civic pride among its residents.

• Positive image: eradication of municipal waste along with municipal concern for public health and quality of life enhances a city’s reputation.

• L eadership: initiating and committing to a vision of urban renewal and sustainability signals pro-active, forward-thinking and socially responsible municipal governance, earning for the city a reputation of civic leadership.

Global benefits • Global warming: a city that actively tackles its own carbon emissions while reducing its reliance on fossil fuels to produce energy is helping to combat the worst effects of global warming.

Section 7

Benefits Summary: ACE and City Renewal

It may take a leap of the imagination to realize that all of these benefits issue from what cities already have too much of: municipal waste.

Yet it only takes a partnership between a visionary city government and ACE Energy to make these benefits real.

So let’s begin

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Section 7

Benefits Summary: ACE and City Renewal

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Section 8

Contact Information

Ace Energy would like to thank the following people and organisations: Rob Alberts (Waste Management City of Amsterdam), Adhi Amarullah Saputra (Graha BBWM, Bekasi, Jakarta), ‘Alex’ Ang Kim Giok (Ace), Syamsul Arif in (Governor Sumatera Utara), Bai Gang (Chengdu City Sichuan Province), Jeroen de Bakker (Mattmo), Leon de Bakker (Ace), Peter Beekhuyzen (Arion), Willem den Beer Portugaal (Tyche Group), Chu Baojie (Governor Weifang City Shangdong Province), Errol Bekar Koc, Onno van Brussel (Ace), Frank Bult, Co Cadee, John Cassara, Grace Cheng (SBC International Hong Kong), Wlojciech Ciechorski (Ace’s legal councillor), Frank Coomans (Rotterdam Investment Agency - City of Rotterdam), Chris van Diemen (Mattmo), Richard Engel (Ace’s legal councillor), Suzie Felix (Mattmo), Dan D. Fullick, Leo Gemanns – Rollera, Max E. Gray (Odell / Odell International), Geert van Grimbergen (Bluestone Accountants & Tax consultants), Werner Göbel (IGH), Sigbert Hauschild (Ace’s legal councillor), Syarifullah Harahap (PT. Pembangunan Sumatera), Dave Heijt (Waste Management City of Amsterdam), Dirk Heuvemann, Henk Hietink (Ace’s Senior Advisor), Hendrik-Jan Hildebrand (Boot Advocaten - Ace’s legal councillor), Huang Qifan (Governor Chongqing City), Huang Xingguo (Tianjin City), IEA (International Energy Agency), ISWA (International Solid Waste Association), Jule Jellema (Arion), Jan de Jong, Robbert-Jan Lugard (Confiad), Marc Kapteijn (AEB), Garrett Kelly, Herman Klein Entink (Royal Haskoning), Cees Kolk, Vladimir Aleksandrovic Kabanov (First deputy administration of Wolgograd), Victor Anatolyevich Koksharov (Chairman Government of Sverdlovsk region – Ekaterinenburg), Sergej Konew (Ace), Willem van Kranenburg (VAOP) Dave Kwok Xudong, Alex Lai (INA Nederland), Vladimir Nikolaevitc Laptev (Senior district management Moscow), Frank Lobo (BKPM Indonesia), N.K. Maksjuta (Governor Volvograd, Russia), Phil Mead (Mead Identity Management), Peggy Melehes-Koch (Ace), Dr. Vladmir Jurievitsch Michalew (Ace’s advisor), Monique Mulder (Mattmo), NVRD (Koninklijke vereniging voor afval- reiningmanagement), Nag Rajan (Ace’s advisor), Paul van Ravestein (Mattmo), Douwe van den Oever, Geerling Offereins, Victor Ong, Bjorn van Oostrum (Mattmo), Jos van Oostrum (Ballast Nedam), Hans Paauwe, Jayraj Pathek (Commissioner Municipal Corporation Mumbai, India), Wim Post, Maja Rejger (Larive Serbia), Louis Rademaekers, Christopher Richardson, Karen Rosink (Mattmo), Atilla Sahin, Magomet Alihanovisc Sakalov (Ace’s advisor), Mike Sarantopoulos, Ibadulla Ahmetovich Satybalov (Ace’s advisor), Alex Schaafsma (DeKeijzerNipius & Co. Accountants) Walter Schellmann (SAW GmbH), Rob van Schravendijk (Ballast Nedam), Vijay Seth (Ace), Johannes Setlight (Ace), Irwan Sjarkawi (Bakri group), Tom Smit (Royal Haskoning), Elena Sokolovskaia, Achmad Syaifuddin .N (Salwa), Matthijs Tammes (Mattmo), Tan Leong Heng, Asher Tchividjian de St. Aubin, Ethem Toklu (Ace’s advisor), Tong Guili (Governor Hangzhou City Zhejiang Province), Frank Tumakaka (Sumber Jati), Kathryn Valavanis (Ace), Ijp van der Veen (VAOP), Saskia van der Ven, Harold van Velsen (Mattmo), Peter Verschoor (Rotterdam Climate Initiative), Leen Versluis (Swiss Global Brokers), Gijs Versteeg (Aarding Beheer), Frans Vlietman, Frank Wetzels (Royal Haskoning), Harry de Waart (Senior Consultant AEB), Wang Yunyou (Governor Changchuan City Jilin Province), Adinda van der Werf (DeKeijzerNipius & Co. Accountants), Mohamad Guntur Wijayanto (Ace), Radoslaw Wolniak (Ace), Aron Wortche (Ace), Xia Deren (Governor Dalian City Liaoning Province), Xin Kai (Governor Shenyang City Liaoning Province), Xu Qing (Governor Shenzhen City Guangdong Province), Zhou Xiangdong (Ace), Gamal Younis Mohammed Younis (CSEC - Cornerstone Economic Consultants), Zheng Renhao (Governor Shantou City Guangdong Province), Zhu Liping (Governor Kaifeng City, Henan Province), Charles Ziegler (Ace’s advisor).

Contact ACE Energy at: www.aceglobalenergy.com ACE Energy Chairman: Erwin Mulder

Colofon Initiated, developed and owned by Erwin Mulder & Constantius The Hague Communication and strategic design: Mattmo Research & writing: Phil Mead Printer: Koopmans Paper: Munken Lynx All information in this brochure is provided by ACE Energy for information purposes only and does not constitute a legal contract.

Although every reasonable effort is made to present current and accurate information, it is subject to change without prior notice.

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