Lighting Journal March 2015

LIGHTING

JOURNAL

March 2015

The publication for all lighting professionals

Counter revolution: new challenges for retail lighting Funding fundamentals – which is the best green scheme?

Contents

LIGHTING JOURNAL March 2015 03 EDITORIAL 04 NEWS

30 DIM VIEW

08 ENLIGHTEN

Do smart cities mean the demise of the lighting engineer?

10 COUNTER REVOLUTION

Consumer psychologist and

10

marketing magician – the role of retail lighting designer has just become much more complex, maintains Paul Nulty

16 EYE-CATCHING CONCEPT

A lighting scheme for an

optometrist exemplifies the drive for retailers to stand out from the crowd

Is 2-LID road lighting for dry and wet roads useful? Andreas Walkling outlines recent research

18 COME RAIN, COME SHINE 22 BLUES IN THE NIGHT

18

We should be looking more closely at the specific effect of LEDs on the environment, says Dr Thomas W Davies

26 FUNDING

FUNDAMENTALS

Allan Howard compares green

scheme options and outlines what financers need from LAs

In the first of a series of

occasional articles on lighting basics, Ivan Perre focuses on scotopic vision

34 MIST OPPORTUNITY

Future concept: Two firsts for spray-on solar cell technology, one answer to cheaper photovoltaics

36 TEXTBOOK CASE

Alistair Scott reviews Wout van Bommel’s update of a seminal reference work

40 BLOSSOMING TALENTS

VPs’ column: Stuart Green, new VP education, on spring and the need to grow

42 PRODUCTS 44 THE LED GENERATION

YLP column: Lawrence Baynham looks at the opportunities presented by disruptive technologies

46 LIGHTING DIRECTORY 48 CONSULTANTS 49 DIARY

28 ESTATE

DUTIES

Howard Crossman looks at

the impact of a Court of Appeal decision on a developer’s liability for street lighting maintenance

COVER PICTURE

22

Finch Avenue Optometry and Low Vision Centre, Toronto (Counter revolution, p10, and Eye-catching concept, p14)

Lighting Journal March 2015

Right Light, Right Place, Right Time CU Phosco Lighting has provided Transport for London with over 5000 LED luminaires to the TfL network since January 2014.

TfL’s overriding objective was to improve the energy efficiency of its street lighting. A combination of CMS technology with LED lighting offered flexibility in lighting control in terms of profiling, flexible lighting levels during public events or planned works, providing a safer white light solution for driving/pedestrian experiences and also reducing maintenance costs across the network.

CU Phosco Lighting is very proud to be part of this program to support our Capital in reducing energy and improving London’s experience with quality lighting solutions.

01920 860600 www.cuphosco.com sales@cuphosco.co.uk

Editorial 3 Volume 80 No 3 March 2015 President Mark Cooper IEng MILP Chief Executive Richard G Frost BA (Cantab) DPA FIAM Editor Jill Entwistle Email: jillentwistle@yahoo.com Editorial Board Tom Baynham Emma Cogswell IALD Mark Cooper IEng MILP Graham Festenstein CEng MILP MSLL IALD John Gorse BA (Hons) MSLL Eddie Henry MILP MCMI MBA Alan Jaques IEng MILP Nigel Parry IEng FILP Richard Webster Advertising Manager Julie Bland Email: julie@matrixprint.com

I

t’s pretty clear that when it comes to retail lighting design, we’re not in Kansas any more. There was a time when it was a relatively straightforward business, a matter of some sort of downlighting in the

ceiling for the ambience and then pointing spots at the things that were for sale. A little simplistic, obviously, but those were the basic principles. However, intense competition on the high street, not least from online business (in January 2015, online sales represented 18.4 per cent of total non-food sales, a growth of 11.7 per cent over the previous year, according to BRCKPMG Online Retail Sales Monitor), coupled with radical new developments in lighting, AV and a range of digital technologies has made the whole business vastly more complicated for the retail lighting designer.

As Paul Nulty points out (Counter revolution, p10), the role has moved beyond creator and technical advisor to encompass ‘consumer psychologist and marketing magician’. But as we ponder the wonders of merchandise highlighting specifically for us (the store tipped off to our preferences via our smart phones), opportunities to try

Published by Matrix Print Consultants on behalf of Institution of Lighting Professionals Regent House, Regent Place, Rugby CV21 2PN Telephone: 01788 576492 E-mail: info@theilp.org.uk Website: www.theilp.org.uk

clothes on virtually and the diversions of the giant video screens, how come quite a few corners of the high street have still to make it out of 1975? Did someone mention WH Smith?

Jill Entwistle Editor

Produced by

Matrix Print Consultants Ltd Unit C, Northfield Point, Cunliffe Drive, Kettering, Northants NN16 9QJ Tel: 01536 527297 Email: gary@matrixprint.com Website: www.matrixprint.com © ILP 2015 The views or statements expressed in these pages do not necessarily accord with those of The Institution of Lighting Professionals or the Lighting Journal’s editor. Photocopying of Lighting Journal items for private use is permitted, but not for commercial purposes or economic gain. Reprints of material published in these pages is available for a fee, on application to the editor.

Lighting Journal March 2015

4

News

Cundall and Sainsbury’s joint winners in first ever CIBSE lighting award Cundall Light4 and Sainsbury’s supermarkets are the joint winners of the first ever lighting category in the CIBSE Building Performance Awards, Cundall for its new 650sqm office in Birmingham, and the supermarket group for the LED element of its Project Graphite programme.

Using Fagerhult Avion Lamell fittings with T5 Eco lamps in office areas, the Cundall scheme delivers a connected load of 6W/sqm for 100 per cent light output. Taking into account lighting control, currently set to ~75 per cent, and with daylight/absence detection, the current operating load is just under 4W/sqm.

Natural light and the wellbeing of occupants was a priority. ‘First and foremost the drive was to get as many of the staff a view out and access to sunlight and daylight,’ said Cundall Light4 lighting director Andrew Bissell.

Following completion of the project the refurbishment was awarded an RICS Ska Gold rating.

Sainsbury’s has been working with major suppliers to develop and implement LED lighting on a large scale across its estate. By the end of financial year 2014 Sainsbury’s was aiming at 100,000 replacement luminaires and a saving of 54.6GWhrs.

Investment so far has been £25m, which has resulted in a 56 per cent cut in the overall lighting electrical load and a payback of under five years (best paypack has been 1.5 years).

Sainsbury’s has also worked with manufacturers such as Zumtobel and Dextra to develop new ambient luminaires that light vertical rather than horizontal surfaces, with 700 lux on shelving, and 200 lux on floors and tops of merchandising units.

This year’s CIBSE Building Performance Awards took place at Grosvenor House on 10 February.

For details of lighting contenders: www.cibse.org/building-performanceawards/2015-awards-shortlist

Cundall Birmingham

Sainbury’s London, Colney retrofit

New approach to column use for 4G network delivery

The Technology Partnership (TTP) has developed a new approach to mobile small cells for use on street light columns that it says will simplify the delivery of urban 4G networks.

The prototype eNodeB is fitted into a standard photocell socket, without any modification to the lighting column or its power supply. The design meets de minimis planning requirements, according to the company, which simplifies planning consents.

‘There has been a lot of focus on the unit cost of small cells, but less attention has been paid to total cost of deployment,’ commented Steve Baker of TTP. ‘The costs of site acquisition, planning consents and installation become significant factors when tens or even hundreds of thousands of small cells are considered.’

Outdoor small cells are viewed as one answer to the long-term delivery of high-capacity urban networks as demand for cellular data rises. The use of columns enables the acquisition of many thousands of suitable sites through negotiation with a single city authority, says TTP. The eNodeB is targeted at 50-metre cells, supporting up to 32 active users at downlink rates of up to 100Mbps.

Lighting Journal March 2015

Asset management software improved Yotta has released the latest version of its Horizons visualised asset management platform. Version 2.6 has improved visualisation, and also offers improved transparency with upgraded reporting providing clear and auditable work trails, according to the company.

Users of Horizons 2.6 can now directly link documents and images in the platform, improving access to detailed information about a specific asset through the use of photographs, drawings and plans, for example.

A new interface allows for integration with other systems, such as works management software, to bring in live data. In addition, a cross-platform mobile app has been developed in conjunction with the interface to provide the facility to upload and tag images.

There is also access to new reporting elements such as predicted treatment lives. This helps users better envisage and understand analysis results and link more deeply and directly to UK Asset Management standards through the use of gross and depreciated replacement costs (GRC/DRC) directly in reports.

News

5

SFT launches LED upgrade toolkit An easy-to-use toolkit has been launched by the Scottish Futures Trust (SFT) to give Scotland’s local authorities real-time information on how many millions they would save by phasing in LED street lights. Developed by the SFT and supported by the Scottish Government through its Resource Efficient Scotland (RES) programme, the toolkit allows councils to input their current street lighting data, which in turn calculates what the reduced electricity usage would be if they changed to LED lighting.

The toolkit also calculates what level of investment is required by the council to replace its old luminaires with new LED fittings, and the payback period of the loan.

There are currently nearly 900,000 street

lights across Scotland costing local authorities £41m in annual electricity charges, according to the SFT, and releasing around 199,091 tonnes of CO2. The toolkit has demonstrated in trials that the average council can save between 60-70 per cent of their present electricity costs, said the trust.

‘The latest electricity cost predictions from the Department of Energy and Climate Change indicate that prices are set to more than double over the next 10 years,’ said Lindsay McGregor, associate director at SFT, who leads the street lighting programme.

‘Once the energy efficiency measures have been implemented, councils can take comfort from the fact that in 25 years’ time they will

still be paying less for electricity than what they currently pay,’ he continued. ‘Plus the many millions they save over the next 25 years could be used to support and maintain vital local services.’

Councillor Lesley Hinds, transport convener for the City of Edinburgh Council, said the council was currently using the toolkit to determine the whole-life cost benefits of investing more than £16m in new LED street lights for Edinburgh over the next few years.

‘SFT’s toolkit provides us with the technical information that allows us to develop a robust business case which will ensure we make the right level of investment in new LED technology to secure millions in future savings,’ said Hinds.

Clarification on post nominals

Foot lights From the begining of this month, the new King’s Cross foot tunnel will feature an immersive light installation created by Speirs and Major.

Delivered in association with the King’s Cross Central Partnership developer Argent, Halflife is a site-specific work which creates a digital journey through light and colour. The tunnel’s 90m-glazed wall conceals 180 LED sources, all indvidually programmed to create an animated colour sequence. Each of the sources comprises five individual elements: RGB plus warm and cool white.

‘We have designed Halflife so that no two moments in the tunnel will be experienced the same,’ said Keith Bradshaw, principal at Speirs and Major (pictured above with the installation). ‘Each visitor will have their own perception of time and distance, immersed in light, dark and colour.’ www.speirsandmajor.com/blog/article/entry_halflife/

LIA lands £1m-plus funding

The Lighting Industry Association has secured £1.3m funding from the government’s Regional Growth Fund to further develop its laboratory services (LIA Laboratories) and set up the new Lighting Training Academy.

The funds will help the LIA create a new lighting testing laboratory to cope with increased demand. It will also house an R&D centre that will be available for UK manufacturers to use to develop new lighting products.

The Lighting Academy, sited at the association’s HQ in Telford, will provide education, learning and awareness services for the whole lighting supply chain. The new academy will also allow the LIA to increase its scope to the retail and wholesale sectors. It envisages that specifiers and designers will also benefit as courses are developed over the next 12 months.

‘These new facilities will be a fantastic asset for the industry,’ said CEO Steve Davies.

‘It will shorten lead times for the introduction of new products, especially for the UK SME market, as well as raising awareness of the potential of such products – consequently jobs will be secured and created both within the Lighting Industry Association itself but also across the lighting industry as a whole.’

For more details go to www.thelia.org.uk

As the 2015 membership subscriptions dominate the screens in the ILP membership department, there have been several instances of people who seem unsure as to the status of their grade of membership of the institution, writes ILP chief executive Richard Frost.

At the moment we are taking a charitable view and putting it down to confusion. To clarify terms, an Affiliate is ‘a member of the ILP’ but not a Member, which entitles one to use MILP after the surname.

MILP confers a level of experience, expertise and competence which the title Affiliate does not. The distinction is a very important one.

More worryingly a couple of members have claimed to be registered with the Engineering Council when it is quite clear that they are not.

More serious is possible misrepresentation; it’s not unheard of for people to claim they have a qualification even if they haven’t completed the course of study. To claim a qualification with the word ‘student’ after it could be misunderstood on a quick read and legally could be construed as deliberately misleading even if that was not the intention. For the avoidance of doubt: Fellow = FILP Member = MILP Associate member = AMILP Affiliate and Student membership levels do not confer any post-nominals.

To members, we ask you to please be sure of your status within the institution and with the Engineering Council. Misuse of title is a serious matter which has resulted in jail sentences in recent times.

To employers, we repeat, do please check the membership and registration status of your personnel.

Litigation is a convoluted business and will ultimately lead back to your company if you get it wrong.

If anyone is in any doubt the ILP membership department is here to help. Please use it and help keep the ILP at the forefront of professional standards.

Lighting Journal March 2015

6 News NEWS IN BRIEF LIA Laboratories has been accredited by the UK Accreditation Service (UKAS) to ISO/IEC 17065 ‘General requirements for the competence for product certification’, the main ISO standard used for certifying a product’s safety and performance. Meanwhile Thorlux Lighting has become the first LIA Laboratories Registered Photometric Laboratory.

Yotta has made three new appointments.

Kevin Smith joins the company as head of support and consulting, while Paul Middleton has been appointed as Horizons senior professional services consultant.

Mike Green joins as Mayrise account manager (Pictured from left to right: Mike Green, Kevin Smith and Paul Middleton).

Nifty shades

From Philippe Starck to that Philips publication years ago which let designers blue-sky-think the future cityscape, the idea of transposing the lampshade from domestic interior to urban exterior has cropped up a number of times.

The latest manifestation is 34 giant backlit lampshades, decorated with selected works by Alfred Pellan and Fernand Leduc from the Musée National des Beaux-Arts du Québec, which until the end of this month are suspended over Cartier Avenue in Quebec City.

The concept, inspired by the idea of an art gallery floating in space, is by Montreal-based multimedia and architectural lighting specialist Lightemotion. It forms part of a masterplan proposed by the company in 2013 to the Office du Tourisme de Québec, which calls for the illumination of several more major arteries.

The lampshades, a form designed to suggest the warmth of neighbourhood life through their cosy image, measure 2.5m by 1.5m and are backlit by LED strips.

While the winter exhibition is designed to be temporary the idea is that the works mounted on the shades can be easily replaced to feature a different artist, theme or some other form of backlit display every year.

Only project

Large format projection artist Ross Ashton of Projection Studio was among the artists to be commissioned for the 2015 e-Luminate Festival in Cambridge last month. Ashton lit the facades of two of the city’s historical buildings, Old School and Senate House, part of Cambridge University.

His team received technical support

Lighting Journal March 2015

sponsorship from locally based live event and technical production company Hawthorn for the five-day festival, and the four PT-DZ21k projectors were supplied by Panasonic.

It was the third time that he has created bespoke light works for these buildings in the third and largest e-Luminate festival to date.

Recycling of WEEE looked set to break through the 1000-tonnes barrier for the first time for the 12-month period to March. There was a 17 per cent rise in the amount of EEE (electrical and electronic equipment) placed on the market by its members. The growing demand from end users for responsible disposal of lighting products has resulted in an increase in recycling volumes, according to Lumicom, which maintains that those lighting producers in ‘payas-you-go’ compliance schemes are facing unanticipated costs and ‘considerable disenchantment with their existing arrangement’.

Lumicom members make an upfront payment when their products are put on to the market to cover future recycling costs.

Telensa has appointed Karen Balbi as product manager to steer the development of its PLANet (Public Lighting Active Network) wireless smart grid control system.

LED lighting supplier 8point3 is the only lighting company to appear in the start of Canary Wharf Group’s Cognicity Challenge programme. The company is on a shortlist of six in the Sustainable Buildings section with its Lumitel intelligent retrofit lighting solution. The programme is designed to pilot new technologies for transport and buildings on the Canary Wharf estate.

Meanwhile new LED street lights are being installed around Canary Wharf to help the Canal and River Trust reduce its energy consumption by 80 per cent from 46 tonnes of CO2 a year to nine tonnes. The luminaires (supplied by CEF Docklands in Canary Wharf, and Newey and Eyre’s Shadwell branch) are also expected to cut the charity organisation’s annual electric bill for lighting up the east London docks by £10,000 and maintenance costs by £8000. The upgrade involved the trust’s maintenance and engineering team, with the help of volunteers, rewiring each of the 275 columns around South Dock, West India Dock, West India Quay and Millwall Docks.

The Canal Trust is the guardian of 2000 miles of historic waterways, caring for the nation’s third-largest collection of listed structures.

Piggotts Electrical Services has been accepted as a registered organisation to the Highway Electrical Registration Scheme (HERS), administered by the HEA. The company has just landed a contract from developer Countryside Properties and architect/master planner Scott Brownrigg to install the street lighting at the 12.7 hectare Kings Park residential development in north-east London.

Peterborough City Council has become the first local authority in the UK to sign an investment partnership with a Chinese company to deliver energy efficiency projects throughout the city. Peterborough aims to become the UK’s environment capital. Its agreement with AVIC will entail expertise, infrastructure and funding, says the council, and will involve projects such as the installation of solar panels in car parks, city-wide Wi-Fi and LED street lighting.

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8 Opinion

LIGHT

Share your experiences, opinions and thoughts

Outsmarted by technology?

Nigel Parry looks at how we’ve evolved towards the smart city – and asks if it means the end of the lighting engineer

W

e all know about the lighting revolution that we are witnessing on our streets. This revolution involves increasingly using new solid state technology to deliver the light that will allow us to travel safely about our business.

The UK is probably one of the top three countries across the globe when it comes to embracing the new technology at such a rapid rate. The US and China head the table and have deployed many thousands of solid state street lights in the past few years.

Here in the UK at the turn of this century our main push was to replace those corroded steel and perished concrete columns with a new infrastructure that would last at least 25 years and hopefully a lot longer. The government provided funding for this on an unprecedented scale through the PFI mechanism and many councils applied and obtained this funding.

About the same time, new lamp technology and changes to standards saw the Philips Cosmopolis white light lamps become the councils’ and contractors’ preferred choice to provide an upgraded lighting system.

However, in the mid-noughties we saw the price of electricity bounce back to where it was pre-privatisation and costs basically doubled overnight. As a result cash-strapped councils were facing energy bills for £millions without the budget to cover them as the earlier energy savings had generally been allocated to cover the rising cost of social care.

We started to see councils switching off street lights and justifying the policy on a number of sound environmental and energysaving grounds that before the hike in prices they hadn’t seemed too bothered about.

There has been a public backlash against this, but still some local authorities are not for turning, and keep the residents in the dark and safely tucked away at home.

Then a possible solution appeared on the horizon with reliable and affordable remote monitoring wireless systems that could actually control an entire lighting network and provide the ability to change

Lighting Journal March 2015

light levels, and thus energy usage, through the night. This innovation was quickly adopted by the PFI fraternity and soon thousands of lights were being controlled remotely from a laptop at City Hall.

Soon after, the performance of white LEDs improved to such a point that their outputs were similar to compact fluorescent lamps and thus worthy of consideration for street lighting. One of the first adopters of the new technology was Birmingham City where Amey, using the WRTL Stela with Telensa CMS, rolled out many thousands on to residential streets and eventually on to traffic routes. This, of course, was closely watched by the industry and started to build the belief that these two new technologies actually seem to work and could deliver what the country was looking for.

In the past five years the PFI funding has stopped, but the appetite for these new lighting solutions and an enhanced drive to save the planet (and cut a few energy bills) have pushed councils to provide their own funding solutions to deliver a PFI-type upgrade of the lighting.

They have watched and learned from pioneering councils such as Leicester, and now we are witnessing them sending out tenders of authority-wide size about once a month. At the moment the rate of adoption seems set to increase.

Which is all good for the industry, with an increase in work for most sectors. How long will this last? Well a few well-informed speculators suggest that by 2022 the UK will pretty much be saturated with LEDs, which will all be connected by CMS, so all under control.

(I have previously asked this question, but what has happened to all of the older street lighting columns that missed out on the PFI funding? Have they had a new lick of paint and thus a new lease of life for another 10 or 20 years – or did we really need to change all of those columns in the first place? Perhaps we still have our own ticking time-bomb with columns that will sooner rather than later start to fail en masse.)

Of course one of the main benefits of LEDs is their minimal maintenance and long life (despite what the glass-half-empty fraternity say – just look at examples in the US) but what is this going to do to the lighting sector? I have suggested that the biggest impact could be on the contracting sector – there will be no lamp changes every three years and I would suggest that councils may move to a clean every six or even 12 years to align with periodic testing.

How will the big contractors survive with little routine work to do? Councils may look at their (already depleted) lighting staff and look for further savings as their day-to-day activities are reduced. Thus depleting the knowledge pool even further.

“

Once all the lights are talking to everything else will we need a lighting guy and will we have a profession? Will we find ourselves on the outside looking in?

Before the dust has settled on the current disruptive technology we already have talk at every lighting conference of the next step – smart cities, where the peoplefocused internet moves to the Internet of Things and everything becomes connected together. Inside our buildings this is already happening, and the technology gurus are currently eyeing up the wonderful street

Opinion Opinion 9 9 lighting infrastructure with glee. Potentially at their disposal (with the permission of the lighting authorites) there are at least 7.5m public lighting points just in the UK. The future could be bright indeed if the lighting on our streets was tuned to the street activity, thereby just putting light where and when it was required. Energy usage would be automatically covered by linking to the energy companies as they would be using the same columns for their smart meters. It could provide Li-fi communication directly through the LEDs, reducing demand on the constricted 4G and 5G wireless radio ranges. The opportunities are endless – hence the excitement.

A smart city entrepreneur recently compared a street light with a smart phone (which initially I thought complimentary), whereby users only employ the phones

to make calls around 20 per cent of the time, the rest of the time being spent browsing the net. He implied that in the future we could see street lights in a similar way – basically providing a platform for interconnectvity for all of us and incidentally lighting the street when needed. So do we need to have a say now about how these smart cities will roll out? My experience of this, looking back at the initial mobile phone mast roll out, was that the potential revenues involved dwarfed anything relating to lighting and the lighting engineer was simply paid lip service to facilitate the implementation.

So in a few years’ time will we find ourselves in a situation where the lighting is no longer controlled by the lighting engineer’s laptop at City Hall but as part of an automated semi-artificial intelligence (AI)

system that can deliver the perfect lighting at just the right time? Will we find ourselves on the outside looking in – a bit like an industrial revolution from the 1800s but happening in the 2020s?

I fear this may happen again but on an even grander scale. The lighting industry may have one last chance to stand up to be counted and insist on the new lighting infrastructure and lights as part of the change. Once all the lights are talking to everything else, will we need a lighting guy and will we have a profession?

Stephen Hawking recently mentioned in an interview with the BBC the potential for AI to be the demise of humankind. So is smart city technology the first step to the demise of the lighting engineer?

Nigel Parry is UK principal of OrangeTek

e u s Is 5 1 0 2 il r p A r fo s e r tu Fea Travelling light Transport hubs

Anatomy of a lighting festival The logistics behind Durham’s Lumiere

Urban Lightscapes, Social Nightscapes

What it was about and what it was like as a lighting designer to take part

Lighting Journal March 2015

10

Retail lighting

COUNTER

REVOLUTION Consumer psychologist and marketing magician – the role of retail lighting designer has just become much more complex, says Paul Nulty

Light is no longer just a tertiary device to highlight architecture, it is part of the brand itself: Nike at Manchester United (Paul Nulty Lighting Design)

T

oday’s retail lighting designer not only needs to be a consumer psychologist, directing the moods and emotions of customers to drive behaviour, but a marketing magician, employing the latest technology to drive sales. We have always been creators and technical advisors, but our role has just become increasingly more complex.

This has been propelled, predominantly, by three things: the increased competition for retailers, the advancement of LEDs and what they can achieve, and smartphone and interactive technology.

The competitive landscape for retailers has changed; as well as competing against each other on the high street, they are now facing their toughest competitor, the internet. Bigname online shopping outlets selling products that span the whole consumer spectrum are winning the hearts of

Lighting Journal March 2015

customers who choose to shop from the comfort of their own home.

Even among those who are still visiting stores there is an increase in the trend of showrooming – browsing in-store and then buying those products online; shoppers need more of a brand experience to get them to return to the high street. In response, retailers are employing innovative design techniques to lure customers into their stores.

By educating our clients and through industry research we have a better understanding of how light drives emotion and manipulates behaviour.

Once, our focus was solely on lighting as practical and aesthetic, but today’s customers no longer want a functional space that soullessly displays merchandise, they want to experience the brand and feel connected.

The result is that lighting is now

regarded as an effective branding tool. For example, the Manchester United superstore at Old Trafford features the trademark colour red sharply and effectively through light, giving the brand culture inside the store an extra vibrancy. Light is no longer being used simply as a tertiary device to highlight architecture, it is now part of the brand itself.

Trends in fashion retail lighting fluctuate according to consumer demographic. Recently the taste has been for dark and moody interiors, with high contrast, drama and light ratios of up to 20:1. However, an increasingly youthful society has encouraged the mid-30s demographic to start shopping at what were once regarded as younger high street outlets. Light ratios have decreased to 5:1 to accommodate the spectrum of ages. Today’s 30-year-olds may want

Retail lighting

Directing mood and emotions: Matches fashion outlet in Wimbledon (PNLD)

11

Retailers should instil a positive feeling of wellbeing and confidence in the fitting rooms, the place where the purchase decision is often made: Matches

Lighting Journal March 2015

12

Retail lighting

to dress more informally but they don’t want to purchase clothes from places that feel like nightclubs.

Where high-street retailers have the advantage over online shopping is their ability to offer the customer this brand experience and to create an emotional connection. They are also in a position to instil a positive feeling of wellbeing and confidence in the fitting rooms, the place where the decision to purchase is often made. It is in here that dynamic lighting with tonal change can not only enhance the product but the skin tone, complexion and ‘body’ perception if well planned.

However, this retailer’s advantage has also become its curse; while improved knowledge and the advent of LEDs can help them fine tune parts of the colour spectrum across their stores (one high-end retailer has created its own LED with additional blue to make whites look more white) consumers have cottoned on to extreme forms of lighting manipulation. One of the biggest issues for cosmetic companies is customers returning foundation because it has been matched incorrectly in store due to bad lighting.

Increasingly, lighting designers need to educate retailers to spend time and money (resources they rarely have) on dynamic lighting techniques that have higher quality CRI (colour rendering index) that positively emphasises colour but does not give a falsified look that diminishes when a customer gets the product home.

But this sophisticated lighting system goes beyond enhancing the environment and improving CRI; LEDs are being used as an advanced marketing and sales tool and, combined with smartphones, are radically changing the way consumers browse and purchase. Two-thirds of consumers shop with smartphones and today’s state-of-the-art luminaires can communicate with them, tracking consumer movements and subtly increasing light levels to focus on products and offers depending on which aisle they are in or what they are taking into the changing rooms.

Once purchased by retailers for energy-efficiency or maintenance reasons, LEDs are now the quickest, and believed to be the most secure, way of talking to a customer as soon as they walk through a door, influencing buying behaviour in a way that hasn’t been done before.

Such is the capability of light that designers are becoming flanked on all sides by tech and digital companies

Lighting Journal March 2015

who want to harness this power and use it to create more targeted marketing tools and stronger channels of interactivity. The lighting designer needs to be the creator of atmosphere as well as the technical advisor but the role continues to evolve.

Today’s stores are much more interactive places and increasingly spaces that flex and change according to the needs of the consumer. Lighting and digital media are becoming one and the same. Video screens are multiplying on shop walls and frontages – they emit light which needs to be part of a lighting designer’s concept; it needs to be amalgamated into the lighting scheme.

While LED technology can have fantastic results in terms of colour, mood and atmosphere, it isn’t the panacea. One of the challenges that lighting designers face today is retailers demanding LEDs when they aren’t right for the environment and not even necessary. A technology such as metal halide is still very relevant. In many instances it can make merchandise look better than LEDs due to its increased peak intensity – it can create more pop and sparkle on the products it lights whereas LED lighting is softer and more homogeneous.

Educating clients to understand the value of ‘lighting colour’ and CRI is not easy; fashion retailers want their merchandise to look the very best, but investing in the wrong type of lighting with the wrong CRI, colour temperature, output or beam angle will not create the optimum environment. A lot of LED manufacturers are producing higher CRI products but we need to see this become mainstream.

However, this lack of understanding is not predominantly the fault of the client. The level of misinformation on LEDs in the market place is rife.

The subtle differences in LED products are not clear as manufacturers produce such a high level of data that only a lighting designer can interrogate it to extract the important information.

Often clients are asked to compare apples and pears; for example, manufacturers will provide information on life-expectancy tests, running them at different lengths with the result that ‘theirs’ is the best, when in fact the two values have not been created through the same methodology.

Also, in regards to luminous efficacy, manufacturers will quote this at the chip and not out of the luminaire itself; by stating that a particular light source has a specific output is inaccurate in terms of luminaire efficacy – it’s not

actually inaccurate to state it, but it’s irrelevant in the real-life context of a store. Digging through this data and understanding it, is vital; the challenge is getting retailers to understand where the value really is.

The evolution of the use of lighting doesn’t mean lighting designers will become redundant, taken over by digital media designers and marketeers, but it means that our knowledge will have to go beyond what we already know. We have to be at the forefront as there will be increased pressure on us to keep up and develop our repertoire if we are to survive.

DOS • Start with the brand philosophy and use light to reinforce it • Start with the question: ‘What do we want the customers to feel?’

• With a flexible lighting scheme, always ensure the visual merchandising team is trained to refocus the light when products move/the store changes • Always consider glare and ensure luminaires are unobtrusive • Always consider the design life of the store and whether LEDs are worth the additional spend; when making a decision consider metal halide sources compared to others DONTS • Never allow yourself to be fooled that lighting design is administered to look good – it is always about the bottom line and driving sales • Don’t create a cacophony of accent, ambient, task and general lighting that is confusing for the consumer • Try to avoid mixing different types of LEDs – the differences in light colour/quality will be easy to see and lead to a ‘busy’ looking scheme • Don’t take what manufacturers tell you as gospel – use a specialist to properly interpret the data • Don’t get fooled into thinking that simply reducing light levels is a good practice for saving energy (see the big supermarkets for this misconception). Focus on increasing the number of luminaire lumens per watt that the lighting system creates

Paul Nulty is principal of Paul Nulty Lighting Design

Retail lighting

13

“

Once purchased by retailers for energy-efficiency or maintenance reasons, LEDs are now the quickest, and believed to be the most secure, way of talking to a customer’

Retailers are using innovative design techniques to lure customers into their stores: Breaking Wave installation at John Lewis, York (PNLD)

Lighting Journal March 2015

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Retail lighting

Last year lighting company Zumtobel revealed the results of a laboratory study with Gruppe Nymphenburg that aimed to empirically capture people’s subconscious reactions to a variety of lighting scenes. The idea was to use this knowledge in retail environments, as neuroscience research has shown that more than 80 per cent of purchasing decisions made at point of sale take place in our unconscious mind.

The lighting preferences of seven different groups of customers were analysed using a neuropsychological target group model known as Limbic Emotional Assessment (LEA).

Subjects were assigned to seven different personality types, determined according to the Limbic model, using a questionnaire: Bon Vivants, Hedonists, Adventurers, Performers, Disciplinarians, Traditionalists and Harmonisers.

A 3D store environment displaying fashion items was installed in a laboratory. The subjects successively looked at 20 different lighting scenarios with various ambient and accent lighting features, colour temperatures, contrasts and light quantities.

Their unconscious physical reactions, including brain waves and cardiac activity, were measured throughout. Based on the psychophysiological data collected, researchers were able to determine which of the lighting scenarios triggered positive or negative emotions, stimulation or relaxation in each group.

It was discovered that several types responded positively to the same individual lighting profiles so that they could be boiled down into three main groups: the first group, Balance (Harmonisers, Traditionalists and Bon Vivants), responded well to moderate accent lighting.

The second group, Stimulance (Hedonists, Adventurers), responded best to lighting scenes with relatively strong contrasts, created by accent lighting and a variety of different spots.

Group three, Dominance (Performers, Disciplinarians), responded less well to unbalanced lighting concepts and reacted better to balanced, moderate effects. Narrow-beam lighting with extreme contrasts triggered negative emotions in this group.

Zumtobel has used these findings as a steer for new product development and also in retail lighting design advice. www.zumtobel.com/com-en/limbiclighting.html

Lighting Journal March 2015

Balance lighting

Dominance lighting

Stimulance lighting

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16

Retail project

EYE-CATCHING

CONCEPT A lighting scheme for an optometrist by Torontobased practice Bortolotto Architects exemplifies the drive for retailers to stand out from the crowd

S

hortlisted in the international interiors category for this year’s Lighting Design Awards, Finch Avenue Optometry and Low Vision Centre in Toronto is a classic example of using natural light and statement artificial lighting to create both a conducive and striking retail scheme.

Inspired by the mechanics of the eye, in particular depth of field, the imposing lantern feature drops down two storeys

Lighting Journal March 2015

and comprises a series of eight undulating curvilinearshaped discs with a mirror on the end disc (the ‘iris’), which reflects an image of the retail space below.

White and RGB LEDs are wrapped around each level, providing lighting to the space below and to the disk above.

From below the impression is of subtle layers of light.

The structure also exploits both natural and artificial light.

Retail project Daylight from a continuous band of glazing at secondstorey level is cast on to the lantern, while the artificial light produces an internal glow, also creating an eye-catching feature when viewed from the outside. ‘Considerations of how it projected from below and from the exterior public street were important,’ says Tania Bortolotto.

Although the feature is dramatic it doesn’t overwhelm the 325sqm optical retail space and careful consideration

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was given to balancing it with the important retail display which has recessed LED lighting. ‘The way in which the eye glasses were displayed was a critical factor in ensuring the successful implementation of the retail component of the optometry office,’ says Bortolotto. ‘A minimalist, integrated approach was developed for the eye glasses display cases and millwork that worked as white backdrops showcasing the various styles and colours of the product.’

Lighting Journal March 2015

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Road lighting

COME RAIN, COME SHINE Is 2-LID road lighting for dry and wet roads useful? Andreas Walkling outlines recent research undertaken at Technical University Ilmenau in Germany

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ain occurs frequently in Central and Western Europe. In Great Britain, for example, one can expect an average of at least 133 rainy days each year. On wet roads, the reflection behaviour changes significantly, and with it, the distribution of luminance. The resulting loss in visibility increases the risk of accidents at night. A study commissioned by the German Federal Highway Research

Lighting Journal March 2015

Institute on the influence of weather on accidents showed that on wet roads, accident rates are approximately 19 per cent higher than on dry roads 1.

In the interests of road safety, consistency in visibility for dry and wet roads is needed 2. The basic requirement cannot be fulfilled with conventional road lighting in most European countries because it is solely designed for dry roads. Generally

speaking, this leads to a safety gap for wet conditions, as the EN 13201-2 falls below the recommended overall uniformity of luminance (Uo,w) of 0.15 (w = wet)3. In addition, very bright, reflective strips of light are created on the road, causing reflection and further degradation of visibility.

The critical reduction in overall uniformity of wet roads can be prevented with fittings in which the

Road lighting light intensity distribution (LID) reduces the specular reflection between the light source and the driver, and in return amplifies the luminosity in other directions. Therefore, this better adapted LID differs from conventional road lighting, in which the optimised luminance is exclusively for dry conditions4. Such fixed road luminaires containing an additional ‘wet road light’ will be referred to here as 2-LID lighting.

A useful local adaption of light distribution for a variety of environmental conditions (for example, city, highway, fog, rain or snowfall), using the help of multi-LID-systems, has already been used for automotive headlights. This so-called bad-weather light reduces the glare created by the driver and illuminates the roadside in order to improve the visibility conditions seen with bad weather5.

CONS: 2-LID LIGHTING IS NOT USEFUL The most important counter-argument against 2-LID lighting is the allegedly low amount of precipitation. However, if one compares the 855mm of rain annually occurring with wet weather in Great Britain with, for example, the 750mm from the CIE’s rain-reference country Denmark, this argument does not appear to be applicable6.

The same is also true for other European countries such as France or Germany. Even during the cool and damp seasons, when the average rainfall in France and/or Germany is up to 30 per cent lower (see Fig 1), the wet conditions (W-classes) yearround are nevertheless applicable.

The reason: the drying time in the cold and wet seasons is much longer than in summer. This means the roads are not only wet during rainfall, but also during the following dry time, in which a completely wet surface in spring or autumn, when the amount of dark hours is particularly high, can last for days. In this case, the reflection behaviour for dry roads (C-classes) loses relevance2. In this respect, this counter-argument is not justified.

Another important counter-argument is that the conventional 1-LID lighting can be dimmed without hesitation in wet conditions. The significant increase in average luminance levels (Lave) serves as an additional justification for dimming lights on wet roads. At the same time, it is not noted that the overall uniformity (Uo,w) required on wet roads is not fulfilled. This leads inevitably to very small minimum luminance values (Lmin) and very high levels in the visibility field of the driver. Large and dark,

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Fig 1: Average yearly rainfall. Measure – 1961-19907

camouflaged surface areas create a higher direct glare, because with this view the disability glare will have more of an effect. Bright reflective strips, however, create a higher indirect glare and simultaneously reduce the detectability of obstacles in dark, camouflaged zones.

To illustrate a typical European traffic road (luminaire spacing [S] = 40m, mounting height [H] = 8m, lighting class ME3c), the numerical values are shown in Table 1, in which the results are yielded from the use of conventional 1-LID lighting (without ‘wet road lights’). The critical case shown in the column Situation 3, demonstrates that the required Uo,w is not met, even when the lights are dimmed by 50

per cent. Therefore, the difference in luminance (here from 1:35) between Lmin and Lmax is problematic in terms of visual performance. In practice, this means when using 1-LID lighting, the lighting levels on wet roads should not be reduced. In this respect, the second counter-argument is also invalid.

PROS: 2-LID LIGHTING IS USEFUL An important argument in favour of using 2-LID lighting is that the conventional luminaire spacing does not have to be shortened if one is to fulfil the dry and wet conditions on, say, Wednesday 7 January 2015.

Those with 1-LID lighting would only achieve the required value of Uo,w by shortening the luminaire spacing (S).

Table 1: Comparison of varying illuminations of 1-LID lighting on dry and wet roads. Note: The abbreviation ‘na’ means not applicable. Reason: The TI-formula is not applicable because the luminance distribution is too non-uniform on wet roads8

Lighting Journal March 2015

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Road lighting

Table 2 depicts this situation for the previously calculated example. The column Situation 1 shows the general case in which the Uo,w requirement is not met. This means in practice that the conventionally laid 1-LID-systems do not light according to standards. Moreover, the comparison between Situations 1 and 2 shows that the S of 1-LID lighting would have to be unacceptably shortened by some 20 per cent to 33m, in order to comply with Uo,w. In addition, this ‘shortened’ lighting would be oversized because Lave >> 1cd/sqm and Uo >> 0,4 (see Situations 2 and 3).

Thus, the shortening of the spacing between luminaires for 2-LID lighting is not necessary. Table 3 provides a summary of this benefit. The optimised S of 40m for dry roads can be maintained on wet roads because the Uo,w requirement is fulfilled. Another advantage is that the edge of the road is illuminated brighter as it would be with automotive headlights (surround ratio [SR] increases from 0.54 to 0.73).

Situation 2 also shows that the luminance ratio of 1:23 between Lmin and Lmax precipitates smaller than in the 1-LID lighting with 1:36 (according to Table 1), and is less problematic.

In practice, this means that when using the 2-LID lighting the lighting levels can be reduced for wet conditions, even if the luminaire arrangement is staggered. In this respect, this proargument is justified.

The most important argument in

Table 2: Comparison among varying illuminations for 1-LID lighting on dry and wet roads

Table 3: Comparison among varying illuminations of 2-LID lighting on dry and wet roads

Fig 2: Dry and watered roads with objects of varying reflectance. Typical reflective images can be seen on the wet road

Lighting Journal March 2015

Road lighting

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Fig 3: Average values with their standard error of visibility of objects versus the object position. Parameter is overall uniformity. The object positions comprise three lateral rows (A = 65m, B = 75m and C = 85m observational distance) and three longitudinal rows (L = left, M = centre and R = right). The visibility scale used values from 0 (invisible), 1 (very poor visibility), 3 (moderate visibility) and 5 (very good visibility). Average observer position is centred on the right lane

favour of the introduction of 2-LID lighting is the increase in safety from better visibility on wet roads, which is mainly influenced by overall uniformity.

The reason: the driver’s adaption level is determined less by the average road luminance (Lave) but rather by the small, bright reflective strips and large, dark camouflaged areas within the visual field of the carriageway4.

In addition, a separate field experiment with a test road and participants was carried out in Ilmenau.

The straight road was partially lit (S = 30m, H = 8m, lighting class ME2 with dry and wet carriageway, colour temperature = 2000K). For the investigation, a controlled highway length of approximately 300m was watered (see Fig 2).

To serve as visual objects, standard grey boards (20cm x 20cm) with different reflective degrees (0.03, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.3) were used, which are valid as representing classic obstacles in road lighting research. These objects were randomly distributed and placed in nine positions within the ENassessment field.

The experiments were performed with a maximum of 13 participants per trial run per evening. None of the subjects were older than 40 years of age. The visual task by the trial group was to evaluate, in a limited observation pool, the visibility of each obstacle on a four-point scale.

As seen in Fig 3, the results show that with an increase in overall uniformity (Uo,w), the visibility of objects or critical obstacles on wet carriageways in the assessment field

(in other words for all object positions and observer judgements) increases on average from 2.4 to 2.7. Thereby the 50 per cent increase in the overall uniformity is comparable with a change from 1-LID lighting to 2-LID lighting. The vulnerability between dry and wet lit roads, as mentioned in the introduction, is thus reduced (not closed), making the most important pro-argument seemingly correct. However, in order to completely fulfil the basic requirement from Kebschull2, a further increase of Uo,w = 0.15 appears to be advisable.

CONCLUSION The previous chapter demonstrates that the influence of moisture in several key European countries, from a technical lighting perspective, is similarly as high as that of the CIE reference country, Denmark. A separate field experiment showed that the influence of the overall uniformity (Uo,w) on the visibility of objects on wet carriageways is unmistakably present, and that the minimum value 0.15 should therefore be respected.

The fact that the conventional 1-LID road lighting is used and dimmed without hesitation, even on wet roads, shows the critical case in which visibility conditions inadmissibly worsen. Either one should avoid dimming if possible or logically use the 2-LID lighting (with additional ‘wet road light’) in order to similarly standardise lighting and dimming.

An essential dynamic-adaptive 2-LID road luminaire with LED and sensor technology has already been implemented as a technical prototype9.

Andreas Walkling is researcher in road lighting at the Technical University Ilmenau, Germany, under Professor Christoph Schierz, head of the Lighting Engineering Group at TUL. The field experiment presented in this article was conducted as part of the Thuringian Join Project CoLight (Corporate in Lighting), funded through the Thüringer Aufbaubank (TAB) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).

REFERENCES 1 Arminger, G, et al: Einfluss der Witterung auf das Unfallgeschehen.

Schlussbericht zum BAStForschungsbericht 8901, 1996 2 Kebschull, W: Leuchtdichteverhältnisse auf feuchten Strassen, LICHTTECHNIK, 18 Jahrgang Nr 9/1966, p109A 3 EN 13201-2: Road lighting – Part 2: Perfomance requirements, CEN, 2003 4 van Bommel, WJM: Optimisation of the quality of roadway lighting installations – especially under adverse weather conditions, Journal of IES, January 1976, p99 5 www.al-lighting.com/de/beleuchtung/ frontscheinwerfer/afs/ 6 CIE Publication Nr 47: Road lighting for wet roads, 1979 7 http://imkhp2.physik.uni-karlsruhe. de/~muehr/anaprog.html 8 Walkling, A et al: Erweitertes TIVerfahren fuer eine präzisere Erfassung der physiolo-gischen Blendung.

Tagung LICHT 2014, Den Haag/ Niederlande, p46 9 Walkling, A et al: Dynamisch-adaptive LED-Pilotleuchte, LICHT9/2012, p57

Lighting Journal March 2015

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Environment

“

There is currently a lack of information regarding the impact of white LEDs on organism behaviour

Lighting Journal March 2015

Environment

BLUES IN THE NIGHT We recognise the impact of light on ecosystems, but we should be looking more closely at the specific effect of LEDs, says Dr Thomas W Davies

I

n the early 1990s three Japanese scientists sparked a revolution in the lighting industry when they succeeded in making semiconductors that emit blue light. More than two decades on, white LEDs are springing up in our homes, on our streets, in our cars, pretty much everywhere we look.

The three scientists, Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura were of course awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize for Physics.

There is little doubt that their invention could reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions, save us money and help our ailing economies to recover, bring night lighting to the remote communities of developing countries, and perhaps even lower crime levels, road traffic accidents and raise public perceptions of safety. So it isn’t surprising that LEDs have been embraced as the ‘future of lighting’. One report by McInsey and Company published in 2012 suggests that they will represent 63 per cent of the lighting market and 74 per cent of the outdoor lighting sector by 20201. In the UK we are already seeing local authorities investing in LEDs on a grand scale, illuminating the streets of Birmingham, Leicester, Plymouth and Powys to give but a handful of examples.

Perhaps it is the scale and pace of the change, or the sense that they are some kind of ‘magic bullet’, but as an ecologist, I feel compelled to

exercise a certain degree of caution when it comes to LEDs. After all, there have been many magic bullet solutions to mankind’s problems that have ultimately resulted in ecological disasters over the 20th century. The miracle pesticide DDT, for example, caused serious damage to wildlife and human health. I’m not of course suggesting that LEDs are anything like DDT, I’m pointing out that like DDT they are being rolled out into the environment with questionable consideration for their potential to have unexpected consequences.

Some of these consequences we are increasingly aware of, such as those on human health. It seems ironic that it is the short wavelengths of light that our Nobel prizewinners struggled to produce that is the primary cause for human health concern when it comes to blue rich LEDs. The link between blue light and melatonin suppression is now well established, and our increasing exposure to light at times that can be damaging through smart phones, tablets and e-readers is increasingly worrying medical health professionals2.

The shorter wavelengths of light are also one of the primary causes for concern ecologically, since it is these that are most attractive to moths, and are used by other invertebrates to navigate around landscapes.

But perhaps the greatest cause for concern ecologically isn’t that from one specific wavelength of light, but from the fact that white LEDs encompass most wavelengths of the visible spectrum. Of the light sources currently widely adopted in outdoor installations, LEDs are one of the closest approximations to the light of the sun and moon, natural light that many organisms have evolved to utilise over millions of years.

Metal halide and mercury vapour lamps are, of course, also close approximations, and the UV wavelengths they emit are associated with numerous ecological impacts.

These lights are, however, likely to be used increasingly less over the next two decades, so their future ecological impacts are perhaps less of a concern.

The physiology and behaviour of organisms can be dependent both on specific wavelengths (many of which are emitted by LEDs, metal halide and mercury vapour) and on their ability to discriminate between wavelengths when performing colourguided behaviours. But what kind of behaviours?

23

There is currently a lack of information regarding the impact of white LEDs on organism behaviour, although one study published in 2012

by Dr Emma Stone and colleagues at the University of Bristol found that flight activity by slow flying bat species was reduced even at light levels of 3.6 lux3. A number of large-scale experiments looking into the ecological effects of LEDs and alternative street lighting solutions are underway across Europe. With the results due to filter through over the next three years, we may get some indication of their likely impacts on invertebrates, mammals, birds, plants and amphibians. In the meantime, it is only possible to surmise how they might shape our natural environment. There is one useful analogue we can turn to for help in this though – humans.

Appropriately designed white lighting makes it easier for us to recognise potential hazards, such as an approaching pedestrian, and we can identify colours of clothing and faces more readily, helping to distinguish friends from individuals we do not know, even to determine whether we find someone physically attractive. Because we feel safer, we might be inclined to stay up later, despite primarily being a diurnal species.

All of the changes we anticipate for human behaviour are likely true of other animals that use light as a source of information. Opportunistic diurnal individuals may extend activities into the night, profiting from a lack of competition for food or mates, or an absence of predators. Some nocturnal species may shy away from lit areas, while others may benefit from the resources that can be more readily accessed from them, as we see with some bats. The bat example is evidence that where prey are attracted to lit areas to forage for food, their predators follow suit.

And what of the plants, how will they be affected both directly and by changes in the behaviour of pollinating species? All species in an ecosystem are in some way connected in what ecologists refer to as a ‘network’. When attempting to make reasonable predictions about the likely outcomes of introducing LEDs, the connectedness of these networks makes the range of possibilities so vast and complex that they are often difficult to comprehend. In essence, though, white LEDs could lead to a shift in the balance of species

Lighting Journal March 2015

24 Environment

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Gradually shifting the spectra of street lights to remove short wavelengths as we all wind down to sleep is an interesting prospect

interactions4, whether it be between predators and prey, or pollinators and flowering plants.

Indeed a simple comparison between the range of wavelengths animals can detect and those emitted by common lighting technologies reveals that LEDs, HPS and metal halide lamps better facilitate colourguided behaviours in animals than LPS lamps, but perhaps more profoundly they create greater disparities in colour vision between different animal groups4.

There is no doubt that LEDs come with many benefits, so what can we do to mitigate their ecological drawbacks?

There is a second change in lighting occurring hand in hand with LEDs that might offer a solution, that of improved flexibility. LEDs offer the opportunity to achieve a variety of different colour temperatures, so that short wavelength light impacts are minimised. So could customising the colour temperature of LEDs to avoid ecologically hazardous wavelengths help? Perhaps not according to research conducted

by Drs Steve Pawson and Martin

Lighting Journal March 2015

Bader at Scion research institute in New Zealand5. In an article recently published in the journal Ecological Applications, these authors reported no differences in invertebrate catches around six LED lamps ranging from 2700K to 6500K. This is, however, only one study in which the range of colour temperatures was limited.

Removing light known to cause harmful effects seems a solution worth investigating further. Indeed a range of applications is now available to download on your PC, smart phone or tablet that ‘hijack’ screen colour temperatures at night to reduce short wavelength exposure. Even NASA is using colour-changing LED panels to help astronauts maintain a regular circadian rhythm on the International Space Station.

It seems that this combination of manipulating both the spectral composition and timing of light could prove beneficial for maintaining a healthy body clock in the home or office. Why not outside? Gradually shifting the spectra of street lights to

remove short wavelengths as we all wind down to sleep is an interesting prospect. It would help to reduce complaints of pervasive white light shining through bedroom windows, and the current night-time switchoff trials suggest that the approach wouldn’t receive fierce opposition from the public6. It would also help mitigate at least some of the more direct ecological impacts on, for example, moth behaviour.

Changes in seasonal and daily patterns in animal activity and impacts on growth, flowering and senescence in plants are all still likely to be affected in some way under such a system, but then the only way to avoid all the ecological affects of artificial light is to not use it at all.

That question, however, is really about how we want live as a society, and one which I suspect we will revisit many times over the course of the 21st century.

Dr Thomas W Davies is an associate research fellow at the Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter REFERENCES 1 McKinsey and Company(2012) Lighting the way: perspectives on the global lighting market 2nd edn, 58.

2 Chang, A-M, Aeschbach, D, Duffy, JF and Czeisler, CA (2014) Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. doi:10.1073/pnas.1418490112.

3 Stone, E L, Jones, G and Harris, S (2012) Conserving energy at a cost to biodiversity? Impacts of LED lighting on bats. Global Change Biolog, 18, 2458-2465. doi:10.1111/j.13652486.2012.02705.x.

4 Davies, TW, Bennie, J, Inger, R, de Ibarra, NH and Gaston, KJ (2013) Artificial light pollution: are shifting spectral signatures changing the balance of species interactions?

Global Change Biology, 19, 1417-1423. doi:10.1111/gcb.12166.

5 Pawson, SM and Bader, MKF (2014) LED lighting increases the ecological impact of light pollution irrespective of color temperature.

Ecological Applications 24, 1561-1568, doi:10.1890/14-0468.1.

6 Campaign to Protect Rural England (2014) Shedding Light: a survey of local authority approaches to lighting in England.

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26

Green finance

FUNDING FUNDAMENTALS

£ £ ££ ££ £ £ A number of green financing schemes have sprung up in response to the drive to cut carbon and energy consumption. Allan Howard compares the various options and outlines what financers need from local authorities

A

ll local authorities are under pressure to reduce their revenue budgets and as a result there is a focus on energy and carbon consumption. Authorities are rightly looking at what can be achieved in terms of reducing their street lighting energy and carbon footprint.

As we know, a variety of options is open to them, ranging from a move to more energy-efficient light sources such as LEDs, through to adaptive lighting techniques including dimming, trimming and part-night lighting applications through a suitable control system. Whether the authority is considering just one of these approaches or a combination of them to achieve their aims, they must find funding for the work.

There are various funding options and each will have its own requirements for application. While some focus purely on funding for energy-saving equipment such as light sources, control equipment and luminaires, others include assets such as lighting columns and connections. Some may also consider operational savings within the payback assessment in addition to the energy and carbon savings. So what funding might the authority consider?

Lighting Journal March 2015

SALIX FINANCE Salix Finance delivers 100 per cent interest-free capital to public sector organisations to improve their energy efficiency and reduce their carbon emissions. Established in 2004, Salix is an independent, publicly funded company, dedicated to providing the public sector with loans for energy efficiency projects. Projects must comply with various criteria including: • The project must pay for itself from energy savings within a maximum five-year period • Projects must also be ‘additional’ – in other words would not have happened without this funding The only projects eligible are those where the resultant energy savings over their lifetime go directly back to the public sector and the public sector gains a direct financial benefit.

The project is expected to be implemented within a short timescale subject to national and European tender requirements, and once started is expected to be delivered and commissioned within nine months.

However, from recent discussions with Salix it seems that they have begun to appreciate the size of local authority lighting projects and the deployment timescales, and they have indicated that they will consider longer project delivery periods.

This would remove many authorities’ concern at having to split projects into annual funding bids and the subsequent risk that later bids may be rejected, or feeling that they need to replace all of their equipment within a single nine-month period leading to future downstream asset management/ replacement issues.

The funding only covers the energy saving equipment – lamps,

control gear and luminaires. As such, lighting columns and the like are not covered and will need to be funded, where required, by other means.

GREEN INVESTMENT BANK The Green Investment Bank (GIB) is owned by the government and has some £3.8bn to invest in green technologies to accelerate the UK’s transition to a green economy. Street lighting energy efficiency programmes fall within this remit; in fact the GIB considers this to be a key market and has reviewed its application process to suit. The bank does lend on commercial terms.

It doesn’t just look at the primary energy and carbon savings but also considers secondary environmental effects and causes; good asset management being just one of these considerations.

Funding from the GIB is not limited to just energy efficient equipment (as is the case with Salix funding, for example). It may include the rest of the infrastructure although the loan repayment is only paid back through the energy and carbon savings.

It does not have any prescribed delivery roll-out for the investment but judging by examples would look to a three-year implementation plan with a 20-year loan period. Interest is only payable once funding is drawn down for use and various profiles can be looked at to best suit the project. The GIB recognises that payback periods may well be of the order of six to 16 years.

OTHER FUNDERS Salix and GIB are the best known funding sources but more recently we have seen other funders, such as Ingenious Investments, looking to enter the market. Like the GIB these funders are aiming to facilitate commercial arrangements and are open to

Green finance

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£ ££ £ £ £ ££ £ and assessment process they applied • Project deployment risk register when considering all new technologies The deployment of new technologies to ensure they meet the requirements can come with a number of risks and before being considered for the applicant should provide a risk implementation. These may include, register to advise on how these will WHAT THE FUNDERS REQUIRE but not be limited to: be controlled and mitigated. These No matter what funding approach is o LED solutions: as we are aware may include, for example, existing considered the funders require the there are many LED products of columns being unable to support LED authority to provide a good business varying performance and quality luminaires; health and safety; end-ofcase. They want it to demonstrate a on the market. An authority should life disposal, and public concern over reliability of understanding of its current demonstrate that a detailed LEDs and adaptive lighting. asset, the technologies proposed, review has been undertaken the savings to be made and hence to identify suitable luminaires/ • Calculation of forecast energy the ability to fund the loan. To aid approaches to light its classes (carbon) applications the majority of funders of roads with respect to quality, Energy savings are calculated have their own project compliance/due performance and suitability. based on the fundamental principle diligence approach for applications, the o Control: the operation of street of comparing energy usage before core aspects being: lighting can be controlled in (baseline) and a forecast for after the various ways and the authority new technologies are installed. The • Understanding the current position should consider options including carbon savings are then calculated All funders require an authority to individual unit photocell control by taking the energy used/saved demonstrate a high level of confidence and dynamic programmable and applying emission factors. In in the accuracy of its inventory and ballasts through to central calculating associated cost savings advise on how the data is maintained management systems (CMS). in addition to direct savings from for the future. With this understanding These do not in themselves reduced energy use, it may be the authority will be able to carry out a bring savings but are recognised appropriate to note operational systematic assessment of the current as tools to facilitate energy and revenue savings in both planned performance of the lighting and be operational savings through and reactive maintenance. able to develop, with confidence, control and monitoring of the strategies to promote energy reduction lighting installations.

Most funders will require an annual which may also bring wider service position statement to show the project operational improvements.

• Design is on track and forecast savings are Applying the lighting design being achieved. It is not the aim here to • Understanding technologies, standards (BS5489-1: 2013) and recommend any particular funding option, operational strategies, design, national guidance forms a critical but for the LA to consider the alternative procurement and installation element to achieving energy efficient that best suits their approach to energy Energy consumption reduction is not lighting solutions. Most funders savings and infrastructure replacement, achieved by new technologies alone require the design to be undertaken and how to achieve those aims. However, but also through the application of by competent lighting personnel and commercial loans may sit uncomfortably design and operational aspects. A to know that the standards are being at this time with some authorities. funder will expect that an authority applied. This aligns to the principles All I would suggest is that authorities can demonstrate and provide of ultra-efficient lighting (UEL) – ‘the look to the future to ensure good ongoing evidence that these aspects have right light, in the right place, at the asset management to mitigate life cycle been duly considered. right time, with the right control impacts on the environment, and with the system’ – as well as the European facility to progress the service through • Technology and operations Commission’s Green Public the introduction of new technologies and The authority should have undertaken Procurement (GPP) approach to operational procedures as they develop and be able to demonstrate the vetting providing sustainable public lighting. and become cost-effective. discussions on payback methodology.

Of course there is also the option of using the authority’s reserves to fund such projects.

Lighting Journal March 2015

28

Legal issues

ESTATE DUTIES Is this the road to nowhere for

developers? Howard Crossman looks at liability under section 38 agreements and the impact of a recent Court of Appeal decision on a developer’s liability to meet the cost of street lighting maintenance

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timescales which the developer must meet in constructing the road to be adopted. The salient parts of section 38 are as follows:

The agreement A developer must comply with the clauses and conditions within the section 38 agreement. These tend to relate to the specification and

‘(1) ...where any person is liable under a special enactment or by reason of tenure, enclosure or prescription to maintain a highway, the...local highway authority...may agree with that person to undertake the maintenance of that highway; and where an agreement is made under this subsection the highway to which the agreement relates shall, on such date as may be specified in the

section 38 agreement under the Highways Act 1980 is most typically a commercial agreement between a highways authority and a developer, whereby the highways authority agrees to adopt an estate road and the street lighting, plus any other facilities ancillary to the estate road (for ease I will refer to this as ‘the road’).

Lighting Journal March 2015

agreement, become for the purposes of this Act a highway maintainable at the public expense and the liability of that person to maintain the highway shall be extinguished.’

(6) ‘An agreement under this section may contain such provisions as to the dedication as a highway of any road or way to which the agreement relates, the bearing of the expenses of the construction, maintenance or improvement of any highway, road, bridge or viaduct to which the agreement relates and other relevant matters as the authority making the agreement think fit.’

Once adopted, the road is a public highway and maintainable at the public expense. This alleviates the developer’s ongoing liability for the road and permits the developer to sell or let residential and/or commercial units, providing the ultimate purchasers/tenants with some certainty regarding access and maintenance of the roads leading to and serving the development. It is arguably the most common way of creating a new public highway today. Any decision by the courts that affects the use of section 38 agreements is therefore

Legal issues of great importance to the street lighting industry.

There is no obligation on a developer to enter into a section 38 agreement as other options do exist, though many developers consider this procedure the best way to ensure the adoption of their estate roads. This is because section 38 provides a process by which the negotiation of the adoption of the estate roads may take place either before or during the development so that the roads may be adopted immediately once they are constructed (to the agreed standard).

THE DECISION IN REDROW Until recently it was widely understood by developers that, once roads are adopted, the developer bears no liability for ongoing maintenance of the road. The recent decision in Redrow Homes Ltd, R (on the Application of) v Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council [2014] EWCA Civ 1433 has changed this understanding.

The Court of Appeal has upheld the court of first instance finding that a highways authority may, as a condition to entering into a section 38 agreement, require a payment by the developer of a sum that represents the likely future maintenance cost of street lighting that is intended to be adopted. This decision could lead to highways authorities seeking to recoup from developers all or a significant portion of the likely future maintenance costs of roads, paths and street lighting that are to be adopted by the highways authority.

The Court of Appeal has equated the section 38 agreement to a commercial arrangement in which the developer must weigh up the commercial benefits and costs of entering into such an agreement against other options that are available.

Those other options typically require the construction of the road followed by an application to the highways authority for the road to be adopted.

The Court of Appeal has decided that there is nothing in section 38 that prevents a highways authority requiring a payment of this nature as part of the commercial deal for entering into a section 38 agreement.

THE FACTS OF THE CASE Redrow Homes Ltd (‘Redrow’) is a housing developer and Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council (‘Knowsley’) is a highway authority.

Redrow and Knowsley wished to enter arrangements for a section of road constructed by Redrow to be adopted

pursuant to section 38 of the Highways Act 1980. Part of the road comprised street lighting. As part of the section 38 agreement, Knowsley required Redrow to pay a sum (£39,000) that represented the future cost of maintaining the street lighting. Redrow insisted that such a requirement was not valid pursuant to the Act; once the highway authority adopts the road it is liable for all future maintenance. There was no previous caselaw on this point.

REDROW’S ARGUMENTS Redrow’s arguments at first instance (which were compelling and represented the generally accepted view in the industry) were repeated at the Court of Appeal and included: • The purpose and essence of an agreement under section 38 is that a private road becomes both a highway open to the public and a highway maintainable at public expense by the highway authority. A provision in an agreement whereby the expense of maintenance falls on a private entity, and not on the public through the highway authority, is a contradiction of that essence and purpose.

• It is the essence of most agreements that both parties assume a burden and derive a benefit from them. If the authority bears none of the expense of the maintenance of the road as a highway, it has no burden and the reciprocity of benefit and burden disappears.

• The reference to ‘construction, maintenance and improvement’ in section 38(6) has nothing to do with the burden and expense of maintaining the highway indefinitely into the future after it has been adopted. Section 38 agreements can apply to roads that have been constructed some time prior to the agreement and used for some time. In such a case, the highway authority will wish to ensure that before adoption the road is maintained. The word ‘maintenance’ in section 38(6) serves this purpose.

• If it is correct that a section 38 agreement can refer to maintenance after the road has become maintainable, it must follow that there can be a provision in such an agreement requiring a developer to improve the highway or pay for its improvement at any time in the future. It would mean

29

that a highway authority could require the developer to meet the cost of any improvements that may be necessary from time to time.

• The developer will therefore usually prefer to operate the section 37 procedure and have the road established as a highway maintainable at the public expense as of right. In that way, the authority will not be able to impose the burden of future maintenance or payment for it on the developer.

The result is likely to be that section 38 will become something of a dead letter. The great benefit of section 38 agreements is that the developer and a highway authority can agree in advance exactly where the roads shall go and their characteristics.

COURT OF APPEAL As discussed, the Court of Appeal disagreed with Redrow’s arguments for the principal reason set out above.

The court held that the section 38 agreement is a commercial arrangement between the developer and the highway authority. There are alternatives available to the developer if the developer is dissatisfied by the terms offered by the highway authority (or by the highway authority’s refusal to adopt). The section 38 agreement is a means of resolving matters without the need for the potential uncertainty and delay of other procedures available to the developer.

SUMMARY The decision in Redrow could have serious consequences for developers and highways authorities who are considering entering into section 38 agreements. The decision could offer assistance to highways authorities facing limited funding in the future to address road maintenance issues.

Developers may be expected to agree to meet the costs of maintaining roads, and in particular street lighting, even after they have been adopted as a condition of entering into a section 38 agreement.

Howard Crossman (hcrossman@ greenwoods.co.uk) is head of construction at Greenwoods solicitors LLP. With offices in London, Cambridge and Peterborough Greenwoods is a UK commercial law firm providing legal advice and pragmatic solutions to local, national and international clients

Lighting Journal March 2015

30

Lighting basics

DIM VIEW

In the first of a series of occasional articles looking at basic aspects of lighting, Ivan Perre focuses on scotopic vision

Lighting Journal March 2015

much greater than cones, around 2.5 times, which means less light is required to see, making it ideal for night-time vision. While 1W of blue light (507nm) is perceived as 1700lm by our rods, the same amount of green light (555nm) is perceived as just 683lm by our cones.

Both cones and rods contribute to the visual process, even at the same

time. When this occurs we are in the mesopic vision range, an in-between phase where both photopic and scotopic vision is present. This is the region where it is not dark enough for our cones to stop detecting light but dark enough for our rods to start working.

The range is approximate but generally said to be between a luminance of 0.1

Changes in mesopic curves

Luminous efficacy (lm/w)

W

ith the rise of LED lighting certain terms have started to be used more often. One of them is scotopic. Sometimes used in the context of scotopic lumens or scotopic vision, it describes how the human eye sees light in low light scenarios, such as moonlight.

In the January issue (Extraordinary measures, p20), I explained that light in our eyes is detected by two photoreceptor cells in the retina called cones and rods, each of which behaves differently. Cones are responsible for high definition, colour and daytime vision. Rods are better at detecting small amounts of light in dark environments and are better at motion detection, but are not sensitive to colour.

Both cells have a characteristic curve or luminosity function which shows how effectively each cell detects light for a given colour. The luminosity function for cones is called the photopic curve and for rods the scotopic curve. So when we talk about scotopic light we are really saying light detected by our rods.

Each cell detects light in a different way – cones are more responsive to yellowish green and yellow, and rods to blue and blueish green. As the graph shows, the peak sensitivity for rods is

Wavelength (nm) Mesopic luminosity functions

Lighting basics and 3 cd/sqm, equivalent to moon and street light levels.

The complicated thing about mesopic vision is that the proportion which our cones and rods respectively contribute changes depending on the amount of light present. Starlight vision may be 70 per cent scotopic, 30 per cent photopic, and street light may be 80 per cent photopic and 20 per cent scotopic.

This means that the shape of the characteristic curve is constantly shifting making it nearly impossible to accurately model and measure in the field. The graph below left shows how dramatic the change in curve is for a relatively small change in luminance. The peak sensitivity of our eye is twice as great in starlight as it is in street light.

Although there isn’t anything practical we can do with mesopic light, it does tell us that in low light scenarios, the contribution that blue light makes to our vision is greatly enhanced. This means you get more effective light per pounds spent if there is blue in your light – 100W of cool white light appears brighter than 100W of warm white light, which appears brighter than 100W of sodium light. It gives us an appreciation of how the eye works under these conditions that we can use to our benefit.

The Code of Practice for the Design of Road Lighting standard BS 5489-1: 2013 takes advantage of this fact by taking into account scotopic vision when specifying illuminance levels. The cooler the white light, the lower the illuminance required. This is done to discourage overlighting and promote energy savings. But these changes to the standard were made in 2013, whereas scotopic light was characterised more than 60 years ago.

(However, before we all change our street lights to 5700K LEDs, we know that the public perception of the light produced has been somewhat negative. Studies also show blue light in the evening has adverse effects on human physiology.)

I think the reason it has taken so long for the standard to change is that for all this time sodium lamps, which have no blue content, were the predominant form of street lighting. In fact our rods have a hard time detecting the orange glow from a sodium light.

White LEDs, blue LEDs with a yellow phosphor coating, understandably have a large, rod-friendly blue component.

This can be seen in the following spectral power distribution graphs.

Neutral and cool white LEDs have large blue peaks around 400nm, whereas sodium lamps have next to nothing.

By understanding the effect that scotopic vision can have in low light, we can appreciate why LED street lights appear brighter and crisper, despite a similar lumen output to HPS lamps.

So I guess the important question is, do we need to worry about scotopic light? This may change as the science gets developed but I think the answer

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will be no, for a majority of lighting designers. If you are concerned with interior or functional lighting our rods have little effect on vision and if you design street lighting schemes, then BS 5489 takes care of this.

Ivan Perre is an electrical engineer with London Underground

Neutral white

Wavelength (nm)

Cool white

Wavelength (nm)

Sodium lamp

Wavelength (nm) Spectral power distribution: neutral white, cool white and HPS

Lighting Journal March 2015

Alternative energy

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GLOWING IN THE WIND Spain is set to install the first standalone solar/wind-powered public lighting system

T

he world’s first public lighting system to run solely on solar and wind power has been designed in Spain. Developed after four years of research, it is designed for inter-urban roads, motorways, urban parks and other public areas and reduces the cost by 20 per cent compared with conventional lighting.

The system has been developed in collaboration with the company Eolgreen by researcher Ramon Bargalló of the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Barcelona College of Industrial Engineering (EUETIB), part of the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC).

Eolgreen has signed agreements with several municipalities, including the port of Huelva and the local authorities of Sant Boi de Llobregat, Girona and several towns in Andalusia. In the course of 2015, the company plans to produce 700 of the street lights.

The prototype is 10m high and is fitted with a solar panel, a wind turbine and a battery. A control system manages the flow of energy between the solar panel, wind turbine, battery and luminaire. The turbine runs at a speed of 10 to 200rpm and has a maximum output of 400W. ‘The generator that has been developed can start working at a wind speed of only 1.7m per second, whereas current wind turbines need more than 2.5m/s,’ says Bargalló. ‘This low intensity can provide six nights of electricity without wind or sun.’

The commercial version of the street light should feature two 100W polycrystalline solar panels, an array of Philips LEDs with an output of either 3500lm or 4000lm (depending on the model), and a lithium iron phosphate battery pack that can store enough power to run the lights for up to 3.5 nights per charge. An optional higher-capacity battery could reportedly run for 6.5 nights.

Lighting Journal March 2015

While the street lights can run offgrid, groups of up to 99 of them are also able to send status updates via UHF to a central station once every 30 minutes, notifying engineers of any technical problems.

An even more efficient second prototype is in development. This will run at a lower speed –10 to 60 rpm – and has a 100W output.

www.upc.edu/saladepremsa/al-dia/ mes-noticies/the-upc-and-eolgreendesign-the-first-public-lightingsystem-that-runs-on-solar-andwind-energy

The prototype generates up to 400W. Eolgreen plans to produce 700 commercial versions this year

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Future concept

MIST OPPORTUNITY Two firsts for spray-on solar cell technology which could be one answer to cheaper photovoltaics Two university departments, one in Sheffield, the other in Toronto, are among a number of organisations developing spray-on solar cell technology, and who are claiming a couple of firsts in the field.

A team of scientists at the University of Sheffield says it is the first to fabricate perovskite solar cells using a spray-painting process. Keen-eyed readers will recall that perovskite is a general term used to describe a group of semiconducting materials that have a distinctive cuboid and diamond crystal structure, and is causing some excitement as a silicone substitute for low-cost, easily manufactured LEDs (see Future Concept, LJ October).

Scientists from the university’s Department of Physics and Astronomy, and the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering have previously used the spray-painting method to produce solar cells using organic semiconductors, but using perovskite is a major step forward, they say.

Using silicon involves an energy-intensive process, whereas perovskites, by comparison, require much less energy to make. By spray-painting the perovskite layer in air the team hope the overall energy used to make a solar cell can be reduced further.

Efficient organometal halide perovskite-based photovoltaics were first shown to be possible in 2012.

As with their potential in LED manufacture, their advantage is combining high efficiency with low material costs. The spray-painting process wastes very little of the perovskite material and can be scaled to mass manufacture, rather like spray-painting cars.

‘Remarkably, this class of material offers the potential to combine the high performance of mature solar cell technologies with the low embedded energy costs of production of organic photovoltaics,’ says lead researcher Professor David Lidzey.

‘The best certified efficiencies from organic solar cells are around 10 per cent,’ says Lidzey. ‘Perovskite cells now have efficiencies of up to 19 per cent. This is not so far behind that of silicon at 25 per cent.

‘The perovskite devices we have created still use similar structures to organic cells,’ he continues. ‘What we have done is replace the key light-absorbing layer – the organic layer – with a spray-painted perovskite. Using a perovskite absorber instead of an organic absorber gives a significant boost in terms of efficiency.’

In previous studies the perovskite layer has been deposited from solution using laboratory-scale techniques.

According to Lidzey, this latest study ‘is a significant step towards efficient, low-cost solar cell devices made using high volume, roll-to-roll processing methods’.

‘I believe that new thin-film photovoltaic technologies are going to have an important role to play in driving the uptake of solar-energy, and that perovskite-based cells are emerging as likely thin-film candidates,’ says Lidzey.

Lighting Journal March 2015

Future concept

CaTiO3 perovskite structure (Wikimedia)

Meanwhile a research group at the University of Toronto is also looking at the roll-to-roll manufacturing process and says it has invented a new way to spray solar cells on to flexible surfaces using miniscule light-sensitive materials known as colloidal quantum dots (CQDs).

The team is led by Illan Kramer, a post-doctoral fellow with the Ted Sargent group in the Edward S Rogers Sr Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, which is working with IBM Canada’s Research and Development Centre.

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The system is called sprayLD, a play on the manufacturing process called ALD (atomic layer deposition), in which materials are laid down on a surface one atom deep at a time. A surface the size of a car’s roof wrapped with CQD-coated film would apparently produce enough energy to power three 100W lamps.

‘My dream is that one day you’ll have two technicians with Ghostbusters backpacks come to your house and spray your roof,’ says Kramer.

According to the team, until now it was only possible to incorporate light-sensitive CQDs on to surfaces in batches – an inefficient, slow and expensive assembly-line approach to chemical coating. SprayLD blasts a liquid containing CQDs directly on to flexible surfaces, such as film or plastic.

In two recent papers in the journals Advanced Materials and Applied Physics Letters, Kramer showed that the sprayLD method can be used on flexible materials without any major loss in solar-cell efficiency.

‘As quantum dot solar technology advances rapidly in performance, it’s important to determine how to scale them and make this new class of solar technologies manufacturable,’ said Kramer’s supervisor, Professor Ted Sargent (ECE), vice dean, research in the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering. www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/nr/spray-on-solarcells-1.392919 http://news.engineering.utoronto.ca/new-techniqueoffers-spray-on-solar-power/

Illan Kramer: ‘My dream is that one day you’ll have two technicians with Ghostbusters backpacks come to your house and spray your roof ’

Lighting Journal March 2015

36

Book review

TEXTBOOK CASE

include the reduction in the maximum pupil diameter and the yellowing of the eye lens. The former means that more light is required as age increases and the latter especially reduces the blue part of light reaching the retina (bad news for high colour temperature light sources with large blue content).

Alistair Scott reviews Wout

PART 2 LIGHT POLLUTION In 1980, light pollution was not a major consideration (the International DarkSky Association was founded in 1988), but in this edition of the book, it plays a prominent role and rightly so. My contention is that it should not be a stand-alone section as every lighting design should consider this aspect.

However, the book deals with the subject comprehensively and again forms an excellent textbook and reference document.

van Bommel’s update of a seminal reference work.

W

hen I was first introduced to the lighting industry as a young engineer joining Urbis (Schreder) in 1987, my first task was to learn about lighting principles and in particular those related to road lighting design. To achieve this I was presented with the 1980 edition of Road Lighting by Van Bommel/De Boer. It was considered the definitive text of relevant research and standards in this field.

Wout van Bommel has now updated this book to deal with the rapidly changing technology within road lighting.

The key changes that the author has addressed are: • Lamp and lighting technology, particularly innovative solid state lighting • Car and traffic technology • Environmental and energy issues • New fundamental vision research Van Bommel asserts that it is essential to have a detailed knowledge of road lighting in order to avoid the many pitfalls associated with road lighting design. Many of us will concur with this viewpoint having experienced numerous appalling lighting installations and ‘glaring’ examples of excessive obtrusive light.

This book could be used as the one-stop reference document to understanding how each aspect of road lighting is dealt with within IESNA, CIE and CEN standards.

The book is divided into three parts: road lighting, light pollution and tunnel lighting. Each part follows a pattern, dealing with purpose of lighting; visual performance parameters; standards and recommendations; equipment, and design aspects. At the end of each chapter there is a comprehensive references section which is very useful.

PART 1 ROAD LIGHTING The usual subjects are dealt with well, as would be expected from such a knowledgeable practitioner.

Lighting Journal March 2015

Road Lighting: fundamentals, technology and application Author: Wout van Bommel Publisher: Springer 334pp 193 illustrations (59 in colour) ISBN 978-3-319-11466-8 Price: £49.99 (e-book), £62.99 (hard cover) www.springer.com/engineering/ civil+engineering/book/978-3-31911465-1

PART 3 TUNNEL LIGHTING Much of the fundamental research into tunnel lighting was carried out in the 1960s and 1970s, so this part of the book does not have much that is new in that respect. It does, however, include LEDs, fully stating that they generally offer the most efficient solutions.

SUMMARY Road lighting is a specialised and fairly complex field of lighting. There are many The excellent text of the first edition practitioners, but not so many who have is updated to reflect current thinking a real grasp of some of the finer points about subjects such as road luminance relating to visual performance and for motorised traffic. There is a lot visual comfort. of emphasis throughout the book This is a really comprehensive on lighting that enhances visual book dealing with every aspect of the performance and comfort – so often subject well. It is a very theoretical, these basic requirements are lost. research-driven text that deals with There are separate chapters dealing the facts, but which does not offer so with visual performance and visual much in the way of personal opinions comfort for motorists. and recommendations. This may be Some key subjects that would because the author has been involved not have been considered so much in the writing of many of the relevant in 1980 now have their own chapters.

CIE standards.

These include: From a UK perspective, it is Mesopic vision: The key point good to see that a lot of the research that is made is that mesopic vision from Peter Raynham, Steve Fotios, and S/P ratios are only relevant for Teresa Goodman and so on has been peripheral lighting. There is no mention recognised. It is, however, disappointing of the BS5489 and PLG-03 method for that there are a number of omissions, reducing task illuminance for residential in particular references to our British roads, where we consider peripheral Standard BS5489-1: 2013 as well as vision plays an important role and to the numerous ILP reports which are benefits from a white light source with essential tools for the UK road lighting a high S/P ratio. professional. In particular the guidance Age effects: This chapter effectively on the use of mesopic vision in PLG-03 clarifies the age effects of lighting Lighting for subsidiary roads would have dealing with both the neurological effects been a useful addition to the references. on vision that occur after the age of In conclusion, not recommended bed60 and the physical effects which start time reading, but considered essential much earlier from the age of 20. These text for reference on this subject.

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HELP US

SHAPE THE

SUMMIT Vice President Events, Scott Pengelly, and Senior Vice President, Elizabeth Thomas, would like the Professional Lighting Summit to address your lighting needs and professional development.

WHEN: 23 and 24 September 2015 This event is always designed with the audience in mind: today’s hard working lighting professional, short on time, with a busy demanding role. Last year, 100% of delegate feedback forms told us they had achieved their objectives for attending.

Scott and Elizabeth are equally determined to create a 2015 programme that is worth two days of your valuable time to attend.

SO PLEASE TELL US… What are the biggest issues in your working life?

What don’t you understand?

Who inspires you?

What keeps you awake at night?

Email us in total confidence: tellus@theilp.org.uk

WHERE: The Queen Hotel, Chester WANT TO DELIVER A CPD SESSION? We welcome papers that will help delegates improve their competence, gain CPD, and be inspired and informed. Let us know what you’d like to speak about, what the audience will learn, and we’ll consider your paper. Of course, as a professional institution, we set high standards! This means all presentations must be delivered by a knowledgeable, confident speaker and we don’t allow commercial bias or product pitches.

To apply to speak at the Professional Lighting Summit, please email jo@theilp.org.uk with: • Author’s full name and organisation • Author’s email, postal address, mobile and landline telephone numbers • Title of proposed paper • 250 to 500 words in English describing the proposed paper with enough information for the reviewers to make an informed decision • Details of any event or publication which has previously featured the paper If you wish to discuss your paper prior to submitting please email jo@theilp.org.uk and the Vice President Events will call you for an informal chat.

Thank you to the organisations supporting the Professional Lighting Summit

Any queries? Please call the events team on 01788 576492 or via www.theilp.org.uk

OUR CALL FOR PAPERS IS OPEN UNTIL 20 APRIL

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VPs’ column

BLOSSOMING TALENTS Stuart Green, new VP education, on spring and the need to grow

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s you read this, the first buds of spring are beginning to show.

Change is in the air and it is time for all of us to take stock and spring clean. In an ever-changing world, to stay on top of your game and remain a leader in your field, you need to continually update your skills. As a member of the ILP, you are fortunate to be part of a close-knit community of lighting professionals, held in high regard and looked to by communities and councils for advice and guidance.

How many of us used to go to school dreaming of the day that we would become a lighting professional?

Very few people seem to choose lighting as a career while carrying out their studies at school or college. As a senior lecturer and course leader in lighting design and technology at the University of South Wales, I come to the ILP with 10 years’ experience in designing and developing courses and curriculums, and firmly believe that education is a prime driver for the future of our profession.

Without a sound basis for reaching a new generation of engineers and designers, we cannot expect to maintain the respect for lighting as a discipline that the institution has ensured until now.

I take over as VP education with many great initiatives already in place.

During the coming months and years I intend to refine and develop these activities further to provide you, our members, with educational services that are flexible and adaptable to the world we live in and the evolving ways in which we work.

It has been a pleasure over the past few months to meet many members and hear about your experiences of ILP courses. One thing that has come to my attention is that for many members, it is becoming increasingly difficult,

Lighting Journal March 2015

“

Something that has already surprised me is the number of members that have started but not completed the ELD

with time pressures and a squeeze on personal development funds, to attend educational events. There are a number of tools available that I hope to be able to integrate within the ILP framework that should allow some of our educational activities to be delivered online. I hope the ability to dip in and out of a training course during a lunch break or when you have some time of an evening will be attractive to members.

The ILP offers many educational activities ranging from CPD at regional meetings to day courses in subjects such as lighting fundamentals. The flagship course is the Exterior Lighting Diploma (ELD). Studied by many members, it has a worldwide reputation for excellence.

One of my first aims as VP education is to review all ILP educational offerings to ensure we are delivering relevant and suitable products.

Along with the team in Rugby, I have started a critical review of the ELD, the findings of which I look forward to sharing with you in the autumn.

Something that has already surprised me is the number of members that have

started but not completed it. With the ELD course mapped to the requirements of the EngTech registration, satisfactory completion of the course, along with CPD records, will lead to associate member grade of the ILP and engineering technician registration.

An example Module 4 assignment has recently been uploaded to the ILP website to give members an idea of submission requirements. If you are in need of support or guidance to complete your Module 4 assignment, the YLP and regional education representatives will shortly be offering mentoring sessions that I hope you will find of use.

As much as courses can be delivered in a classroom there is no disputing that when it comes to the crunch, practical, hands on-time cements theoretical knowledge.

Manufacturers, designers, consultants and engineers, if you or your company have any end of line, ex-demo or indeed current product that you would be willing to donate to the ILP for use within our courses, I would like to hear from you.

While the roots of the ILP are in street lighting, the institution is experiencing growth from other sectors. Of particular note is the work undertaken to attract designers from the architectural sector. Our educational programmes also need to develop to support the diverse membership.

The winds of change are coming and I would like you to be part of it. If you have ideas for training courses or changes to the way we run our present offerings, please contact me to help ensure that the ILP keeps up with what you need personally.

The future is bright and I look forward to meeting as many members as I can over the next few months... vp.education@theilp.org.uk

Smarter, Leaner, Stronger, Together.

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New legislation, new materials, new technology, new products, new ideas – and new thinking. Constantly changing and evolving but always interesting.

Every two years, Traffex brings together 400 companies, 10,000 traffic industry professionals and limitless ideas – for three days of smarter thinking, creating a stronger industry.

21-23 April 2015 | The NEC, Birmingham, UK

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Event partners

42 Products

What’s new Bocci

73 An unusual combination of materials, 73 uses a technique that involves glass being blown into extremely heat-resistant ceramic fabric. Forced air pressure creates the final form, while the temporary fabric shell provides both shape and texture. As the process is only loosely controlled, each 73 luminaire is unique in proportion, size and shape. The idea is to install them in clusters.

The source is LED. https://bocci.ca/

LightGraphix

LD10238 spotlight A surface-mounted adjustable LED spotlight, the LD10238 is designed for both exterior and interior applications, including illumination of building facades and wallwashing.

Beam options range from 10 degrees for lighting columns and arches, through to 30 and 50 degrees, together with a 15 x 30 degree oval spreader beam. The fitting incorporates a cowl and has been designed with a deeply recessed LED and lens assembly to achieve low glare. The single optic produces a consistent beam with no multiple shadows. Source is a high-output Cree MKR four-die LED chip with 50,000 hours to L70 at a maximum ambient temperature of 35 degrees. The spot uses the same LED as the company’s LD151, LD150 and the LD10236 ranges for continuity within a project. The LD10238 also comes with an RGBW alternative, which incorporates a larger optic for improved colour mixing. Control options include switch, 1-10V, DMX, Dali or mains dimmable driver. The spotlight also has an integral anti-wicking barrier to increase protection against moisture ingress if incorrect IP-rated cable connections are fitted. www.lightgraphix.co.uk

Minimise Energy

T-Floods There was considerable publicity last year surrounding the installation of blue floodlights at Gatwick Airport railway station. Following the Japanese example of adopting them on Tokyo’s Tamanote line, Network Rail introduced them in an effort to reduce attempted suicides and anti-social behaviour. While it is not precisely clear why they appear to be effective – the suicide rate dropped 85 per cent on the Tokyo line – theories include biological influence, association with emergency services or simply the novelty. Minimise Energy, which produced custom fittings for the Gatwick installation, has now added blue LED floodlights to its bespoke LED product range. Available in 30W, 60W, 90W and 120W, the luminaires have an IP65 rating. According to the company, the combination of blue and white LED lighting has had the added benefit of improving visibility on CCTV systems. www.minimisegroup.com

Lighting Journal March 2015

Products

43

Erco

Lightmark and Visor Erco has introduced two new bollards with wall-mounted versions. The 6W fittings have highly uniform light distribution from a deep beam – for the illumination of squares – or a wide beam for pathway lighting. The Lightmark floor washlight, with a cuboid housing over the source (pictured), allows the luminaires to be spaced up to 5.5m apart, whereas Visor, with a rounded detail, enables spacing of up to 6m. With the company’s Spherolit lens, a collimating lens made of optical polymer, they come in 3000K and 4000K versions. www.erco.com

Fontana Arte Igloo

Igloo is a modular, self-supporting LED lighting system. Its electromechanical connections, curves and spacers enable several units (up to 100) to be linked consecutively to one power point. The system can be installed vertically or horizontally, and can be positioned as uplights or downlights or a combination of the two. Each unit is 10W. Blind units with no source can also be included. There are also set configurations sets which include three or five-unit in-line versions, a square version with four units (either all downlights or alternating up and downlights) and a five-unit vertical version. Igloo comes in white grey and dark grey RAL colours or specified RAL Design colours in minimum quantities of 30 pieces. www.fontanaarte.com

Erco

Lightscan Erco has also added two new versions to its Lightscan range, a facade and surface-mounted ceiling washlight and downlight with high lumen packages. Designed to provide uniform and powerful illumination, they can be used indoors or outside in applications such as malls and train stations. Versions range from 18W to 96W, with outputs of 1800lm to 12,700lm. Again featuring Erco’s Spherolit lens, the fittings come in a range of distributions: narrow spot, spot, flood, wide flood, oval flood and wallwash, and in 3000K, 4000K and RGBW options. www.erco.com

Lighting Journal March 2015

44 YLP Independent column lighting design

THE LED GENERATION Lawrence Baynham of Indo Lighting looks at how disruptive technologies can present an opportunity to new companies and young lighting professionals alike I recently attended an event where a number of the ‘traditional’ lighting manufacturers were boasting about how long they had been designing luminaires and how this made them a better choice when compared with some of the modern lighting manufacturers.

This got me thinking. Does a long history designing lighting products really give a manufacturer an edge?

Granted, experience is important, but the younger members of the design team, in our case, also have an equal amount of input into the design of our products. These younger members, who have launched and developed their careers during the LED era, are able to provide a fresh, creative view on new technologies; something which can be difficult for those who have

Lighting Journal March 2015

been exposed to the design constraints imposed by older lighting technologies.

By way of an example, let’s consider a brief history of the broad technological developments in lighting.

As long as 400,000 years ago mankind learned to control fire, giving a valuable source of light and heat. Many, many generations later, in the late 1800s, the carbon filament incandescent bulb was invented, propelling the industry into a new era of clean, effortless lighting.

Towards the mid-1900s another leap in technology was made to gas discharge sources, which have dominated the market (in some form or another) until very recently, and represent the majority of today’s highway lighting infrastructure.

Finally, of course, we have had the relatively recent development in the semiconductor industry that has allowed for LED lighting to be used in street lighting applications. These are four very distinct technology areas which understandably require very different design approaches when designing a luminaire.

These transitions between technologies can be extremely disruptive for an incumbent company, the main reason being that years and years of experience in a particular area can become almost meaningless overnight, eliminating what was once a strong selling point. An example of this in the consumer electronics field is Kodak. The photography giant failed to successfully diversify from film to digital cameras in the early 2000s and as such paid the price – a drop from around 80

per cent of US market share prior to 2000 to around 10 per cent in 2007.

New firms entering a market at the transition point will typically possess expertise in the new technology area whereas the incumbent firm must retrain or replace elements of its workforce and infrastructure to catch up, which can be costly and time consuming. Clearly the size of the leap between technology areas determines how transferrable the knowledge is. Large leaps can present problems for so-called traditional firms, allowing fresh entrants to develop innovative products at a faster pace, snapping up market share.

While incumbent firms might be worried about the threat from fresh, innovative companies, what does this potentially disruptive period spell for young lighting professionals? I believe that disruptive technologies present an opportunity for young professionals to excel by embracing the new technology with an unclouded view. Whether part of an older organisation or a new entrant, being part of the LED generation is both stimulating and rewarding for the individual, and can offer an exciting career in an industry that is flourishing with innovation.

Would you like to have your voice heard by the lighting community?

The YLP column is dedicated to articles, information and news about YLP members. If you’ve attended an event, or would like to write an article, or share your experiences, please contact Tom Baynham: ylp@indolighting.com

Lighting Journal February 2015

LIGHTING DIRECTORY LIGHTING DIRECTORY LIGHTING DIRECTORY LIGHTING

DIRECTORY TO ADVERTISE IN THE LIGHTING DIRECTORY PLEASE CONTACT JULIE - 01536 527297 julie@matrixprint.com

EXTERIOR LIGHTING

ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING COLUMNS

Designers and manufacturers of street and amenity lighting.

COLUMN INSPECTION & TESTING CUT OUTS & ISOLATORS

Meadowfield, Ponteland, Northumberland, NE20 9SD, England Tel: +44 (0)1661 860001 Fax: +44 (0)1661 860002 Email: info@tofco.co.uk www.tofco.co.uk Manufacturers and Suppliers of Street lighting and Traffic Equipment • Fuse Units • Switch Fuse Units • Feeder Pillars and Distribution Panels • The Load Conditioner Unit (Patent Pending) • Accessories Contact: Kevin Doherty Commercial Director kevindoherty@tofco.co.uk If you would like to switch to Tofco Technology contact us NOW!

Kiwa CMT Testing Non-destructive testing at the root, base, swaged joint and full visual inspection of steel lighting columns.

Techniques employed include the unique Relative Loss of Section meter and Swaged Joint Analyser in addition to the traditional Magnetic Particle inspection and Ultra Sonics where appropriate.

Unit 5 Prime Park Way Prime Enterprise Park Derby DE1 3QB Tel 01332 383333 Fax 01332 602607 cmtenquiries@kiwa.co.uk www.kiwa.co.uk

319 Long Acre Nechells Birmingham UK B7 5JT t: +44(0)121 678 6700 f: +44(0)121 678 6701 e: sales@candela.co.uk

candela L I G H T

ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION

MACLEAN ELECTRICAL LIGHTING DIVISION Business info: Specialist Stockist and Distributors of Road Lighting, Hazardous Area, Industrial/ Commercial/ Decorative lighting. We also provide custom-built distribution panels, interior and exterior lighting design using CAD. 7 Drum Mains Park, Orchardton, Cumbernauld, G68 9LD Tel: 01236 458000 Fax: 01236 860555 email: steve.odonnell@maclean.co.uk Web site: www.maclean.co.uk

FESTIVE & DECORATIVE LIGHTING

Specialist in high quality decorative and festive lighting.

A full range of equipment is available for direct purchase or hire including unique firework lights, column motifs, cross road displays, festoon lighting and various tree lighting systems.

Our services range from supply only of materials, hire, design and or total management of schemes.

More information is available from: Head Office City Illuminations Ltd Griffin House, Ledson Road, Roundthorn Ind Est Manchester M23 9GP Tel: 0161 969 5767 Fax: 0161 945 8697 Email: dave@cityilluminations.co.uk

TRAINING SERVICES

METER ADMINISTRATION

CPD Accredited Training • AutoCAD (basic or advanced) • Lighting Reality • AutoluxLighting Standards • Lighting Design Techniques • Light Pollution • Tailored Courses please ring Venues by arrangement Contact Nick Smith

Nick Smith Associates Ltd 36 Foxbrook Drive, Chesterfield, S40 3JR t: 01246 229 444 f: 01246 270 465 e : mail@nicksmithassociates.com w: www.nicksmithassociates.com

Meter Administrator Power Data Associates Ltd are the leading meter administrator in Great Britain. We achieve accurate energy calculations assuring you of a cost effective quality service. Offering independent consultancy advice to ensure correct inventory coding, unmetered energy forecasting and impact of market developments.

01525 862690

info@PowerDataAssociates.com www.PowerDataAssociates.com Wrest Park, Silsoe, Beds MK45 4HR

SHATTER RESISTANT LAMP COVERS

LIGHT MEASURING EQUIPMENT

Holscot Fluoroplastics Ltd

HAGNER PHOTOMETRIC INSTRUMENTS LTD Suppliers of a wide range of quality light measuring and photometric equipment.

HAGNER PHOTOMETRIC INSTRUMENTS LTD PO Box 210 Havant, PO9 9BT Tel: 07900 571022 E-mail: enquiries@ hagnerlightmeters.com www.hagnerlightmeters.com

WIND RELEASING BANNERS

Fluorosafe shatter resistant covers – Manufactured from high molecular weight Fluoroplastic material whose lifespan exceeds all maximum quoted lifespans for any fluorescent Lamps.

Holscot supply complete covered lamps or sleeves only for self fitting.

Alma Park Road, Alma Park Industrial Estate, Grantham, Lincs, NG31 9SE Contact: Martin Daff, Sales Director Tel: 01476 574771 Fax: 01476 563542 Email: martin@holscot.com www.holscot.com

LIGHTING

fresh thinking trusted technology

- Direct LED retrofit lamps - LED gear tray retrofits - Induction Lighting

0203 051 1687 www.indolighting.com

Lighting Consultants

These pages give details of suitably qualified, individual members of the Institution of Lighting Professionals (ILP) who offer consultancy services.

Go to: www.ilp.org.uk for more information and individual expertise

Carl Ackers

Stephen Halliday

Nick Smith

Built Environment Consulting Ltd

WSP

Nick Smith Associates Limited

MSc CEng MCIBSE MILP MSLL

Castle Donington DE74 2UH

EngTech AMILP

Manchester M50 3SP

IEng MILP

Chesterfield, S40 3JR

T: +44 (0) 1332 811711 M: 07867 784906 E: carlackers@bec-consulting.co.uk

T: 0161 886 2532 E: stephen.halliday@wspgroup.com

T: 01246 229444 F: 01246 270465 E: mail@nicksmithassociates.com

With many years’ experience we are able to bring a wealth of knowledge to the design process. Our vision is to deliver class leading sustainable solutions for the built environment, including specialist internal and external lighting design and specification services, record for PFI projects and their indepedent certification.

Public and private sector professional services providing design, technical support, contract and policy development for all applications of exterior lighting and power from architectural to sports, area and highways applications. PFI technical advisor and certifier support, HERS registered personnel.

Specialist exterior lighting consultant. Private and adopted lighting and electrical design for highways, car parks, area and sports lighting.

Lighting Impact assessments, expert witness and CPD accredited Lighting design AutoCAD and Lighting Reality training courses

Steven Biggs

Philip Hawtrey

Anthony Smith

Skanska Infrastructure Services

Mouchel

Stainton Lighting Design Services Ltd

www.bec-consulting.co.uk

IEng MILP

Peterborough PE1 5XG

www.wspgroup.com

BTech IEng MILP MIET

Sutton Coldfield B72 1PH

Eng MILP

Stockton on Tees TS23 1PX

www.mouchel.com

T: 01642 565533 E: enquiries@staintonlds.co.uk

Widely experienced professional technical consultancy services in exterior lighting and electrical installations, providing sustainable and innovative solutions, environmental assessments, ‘Invest to Save’ strategies, lighting policies, energy procurement, inventory management and technical support. PFI Technical Advisor, Designer and Independent Certifier.

www.staintonlds.co.uk

Award winning professional multi-disciplinary lighting design consultants. Extensive experience in technical design and delivery across all areas of construction, including highways, public realm and architectural projects. Providing energy efficient design and solutions.

Specialist in: Motorway, Highway Schemes, Illumination of Buildings, Major Structures, Public Artworks, Amenity Area Lighting, Public Spaces, Car Parks, Sports Lighting, Asset Management, Reports, Plans, Assistance, Maintenance Management, Electrical Design and Communication Network Design.

John Conquest

Allan Howard

Alan Tulla

4way Consulting Ltd

WSP

Alan Tulla Lighting

T: +44 (0) 1733 453432 E: steven.biggs@skanska.co.uk

www.skanska.co.uk

MA BEng(Hons) CEng MIET MILP Stockport, SK4 1AS

T: 0161 480 9847 M: 07526 419248 E: john.conquest@4wayconsulting.com

T: 04489 501091 E: philip.hawtrey@mouchel.com

www.nicksmithassociates.com

BEng(Hons) CEng FILP FSLL London WC2A 1AF

T: 07827 306483 E: allan.howard@wspgroup.com

www.wspgroup.com

IEng FILP FSLL

Winchester, SO22 4DS

T: 01962 855720 M:0771 364 8786 E: alan@alantullalighting.com

Providing exterior lighting and ITS consultancy and design services and specialising in the urban and inter-urban environment. Our services span the complete Project Life Cycle for both the Public and Private Sector

Professional artificial and daylight lighting services covering design, technical support, contract and policy development including expert advice and analysis to develop and implement energy and carbon reduction strategies.

Expert witness regarding obtrusive lighting, light nuisance and environmental impact investigations.

Lorraine Calcott

Alan Jaques

Euan Clayton

it does lighting ltd

Atkins

Clayton Fourie Consultancy Ltd

www.4wayconsulting.com

IEng MILP MSLL MIoD

Milton Keynes, MK14 6GD

IEng MILP

Nottingham, NG9 2HF

www.alantullalighting.com Site surveys of sports pitches, road lighting and offices. Architectural lighting for both interior and exterior. Visual Impact Assessments for planning applications. Specialises in problem solving and out-of-the-ordinary projects.

IEng MILP

Edinburgh, EH15 3RT

T: 01908 698869 E: Information@itdoes.co.uk

T: +44 (0)115 9574900 M: 07834 507070 E: alan.jaques@atkinsglobal.com

T: 07722 111424 E: claytonfourie@aol.com

Award winning lighting design practice specialising in interior, exterior, flood and architectural lighting with an emphasis on section 278/38, town centre regeneration and mitigation for ecology issues within SSSI’s/SCNI’s.Experts for the European Commission and specialists in circadian lighting

Professional consultancy providing technical advice, design and management services for exterior and interior applications including highway, architectural, area, tunnel and commercial lighting. Advisors on energy saving strategies, asset management, visual impact assessments and planning.

Internationally experienced multi-disciplinary consultants. We provide design and technical advice on all aspects of exterior lighting, hazardous area lighting, traffic signals and other highway electrical works.We also provide Planning Advice, Road Safety Audits and Expert Witness Services

Mark Chandler

Tony Price

MMA Lighting Consultancy Ltd

Vanguardia Consulting

www.itdoes.co.uk

EngTech AMILP

Reading RG10 9QN

www.atkinsglobal.com

BSc (Hons) CEng MILP MSLL Oxted RH8 9EE

T: 0118 3215636 E: mark@mma-consultancy.co.uk

T: +44(0) 1883 718690 E:tony.price@vanguardiaconsulting.co.uk

Exterior lighting consultant’s who specialise in all aspects of street lighting design, section 38’s, section 278’s, project management and maintenance assistance. We also undertake lighting appraisals and environmental lighting studies

Chartered engineer with wide experience in exterior and public realm lighting. All types and scales of project, including transport, tunnels, property development (both commercial and residential) and sports facilities. Particular expertise in planning advice, environmental impact assessment and expert witness.

Colin Fish

Alistair Scott

WSP

Designs for Lighting Ltd

www.mma-consultancy.co.uk

IEng MILP

Hertford SG13 7NN

www.vanguardiaconsulting.co.uk

BSc (Hons) CEng FILP MIMechE Winchester SO23 7TA

T: 07825 843524 E: colin.fish@wspgroup.com

T: 01962 855080 M: 07790 022414 E: alistair@designsforlighting.co.uk

Providing design and technical services for all applications of exterior and interior lighting from architectural to sports, rail, area, highways and associated infrastructure. Expert surveys and environmental impact assessments regarding the effect of lighting installations on wildlife and the community.

Professional lighting design consultancy offering technical advice, design and management services for exterior/interior applications for highway, architectural, area, tunnel and commercial lighting. Advisors on lighting and energy saving strategies, asset management, visual impact assessments and planning.

www.wspgroup.com

www.clayton-fourie-consultancy.com

www.designsforlighting.co.uk

IF YOU WISH TO BE INCLUDED IN THIS DIRECTORY PLEASE CONTACT JULIE FOR MORE INFORMATION: ENTRY IS ALSO ON THE MAIN ILP WEBSITE ONLY ADVERTISERS IN THE JOURNAL CAN BE INCLUDED ONLINE. JULIE@MATRIXPRINT.COM 01536 527297

Neither Lighting Journal nor the ILP is responsible for any services supplied or agreements entered into as a result of this listing.

DIARY 10

9-14

14

200 years of Fresnel: Why everything we light and look at today depends on what he said (SLL event) Venue: Royal Institution, London www.sll.cibse.org

Euroluce Venue: Milan Fairgrounds, Milan www.cosmit.it/en/euroluce

SLL Masterclass: Light for Life Location: Royal Society of Arts John Adam Street, London WC2 www.sll.cibse.org

10-11

TR22: Managing a Vital Asset (ILP course) Venue: Regent House, Rugby jo@theilp.org.uk

March

Retail Design Expo Venue: Olympia, London http://retaildesignexpo.com/

11

March Fundamental Lighting Course (ILP course) Venue: Regent House, Rugby jo@theilp.org.uk

16-20 March

Exterior Lighting Diploma Module 2 Venue: Draycote Hotel, Nr Rugby jean@theilp.org.uk

19

March Lighting Design Awards Venue: London Hilton, Park Lane www.awards.lighting.co.uk

23

March How to be Brilliant with: Michael Grubb, Michael Grubb Studio (Organised by the ILP) Venue: ACDC Studio, London N1 Time: 6.30pm jo@theilp.org.uk

24

March

April

16

April

21-23 April

Traffex 2015 Venue: Hall 5, NEC Birmingham www.traffex.com

28

April How to be Brilliant with: Neil Knowles Founder Elektra Lighting (Organised by the ILP) Venue: ACDC Studio, London N1 Time: 6.30pm jo@theilp.org.uk

30

April Lighting and the Transport Sector (Konica Minolta, in association with the ILP, Department of Business, Innovation and Skills, Pro Lite Technology, and Photometric and Optical Testing Services) Venue: DBIS, Victoria Street, London jo@theilp.org.uk

May

21

May SLL AGM and Awards Venue: RIBA 66 Portland Place, London W1 www.sll.cibse.org

21

May Lightscene (ILP event) Venue: Northampton Saints Rugby Club jo@theilp.org.uk

29-31 May

Third International Conference of Artificial Light at Night (ALAN 2015) Location: Sherbrooke Quebec, Canada www.artificiallightatnight.org

28

June-4 July

28th CIE Session Venue: University Place, University of Manchester www.cie2015.org

30

April SLL Masterclass: Light for Life Location: Watershed, Bristol www.sll.cibse.org

Ready Steady Light Location: Rose Bruford College Sidcup, Kent www.sll.cibse.org

26

March SLL Masterclass: Light for Life Location: Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh www.sll.cibse.org

Full details of all regional events can be found at: www.theilp.org.uk/events

19 March: Lighting Design Awards, London Hilton, Park Lane

EICC by BDP: LDA Leisure winner 2014.

March