Discover Research 2010

Discover Marquette University Research and Scholarship 2010

Solving

schizophrenia Marquette researchers lead the way to new treatments.

I approach each spring issue of Discover with anticipation and joy. How exhilarating to read about the range of research and scholarship being conducted by faculty at Marquette, and to consider its theoretical and practical impact. At a Catholic, Jesuit university, all that knowledge and insight ultimately finds its way back into our work with our students and comes to be inflected with special meaning. Research helps us understand how we might place our expertise and understanding in the service of others, and identifies the places where the world needs us to do our best work.

That story gets told again and again in this issue. Neuroscientists search for cures to a debilitating disease, and create organizations to put those cures most quickly in the hands of those who need them. In moments of tremendous political and social strain, sociologists remind us of the cultural work it takes to recognize the human in one another. Engineers, with little fanfare, take responsibility for the safety of the infrastructures on which our daily lives depend. And legal, marketing and communication scholars, in their own ways, explore the possibilities and contradictions of living in a global consumer culture.

Last year, faced with scarce federal research dollars, our faculty nonetheless applied for more external grants than ever before, and managed to increase the federal, state, foundation and corporation awards needed to continue their research. Marquette faculty have aggressively pursued, and won, federal stimulus dollars as part of the national effort to foster new research and technology transfer vital to the economy. On every front our work continues, always with a sense of wonder at what we find and what remains to be discovered.

The following pages offer you just a sample of the important work being done at Marquette. There’s even more to learn about, and we hope you will go to marquette.edu/research or visit us in person.

John J. Pauly, Ph.D. Provost

Discover Marquette University Research and Scholarship

2 Solving schizophrenia Four professors are on two distinct paths with one noble purpose: develop pharmaceutical agents to battle a devastating disease.

6 Starstruck Dr. Christopher Stockdale’s fascination with supernovae could help us better understand the origins of the universe.

10 No longer safe at home Dr. Louise Cainkar explores life for Arab-Americans in a post-9/11 world.

12 Healing a heart break Dr. John LaDisa is working to create better medical devices for children and adults with cardiovascular problems.

14 Making a mark Dr. Irene Calboli tries to bring legal clarity to trademark advertising.

16 Slowing down Dr. Claire Badaracco examines the intersection of slow food, slow medicine and mass media.

Marquette RESEARCH IN BRIEF 18 Ensuring the reliability of transportation infrastructure 19 Examining global consumer culture Are enterprise software systems worth the money?

20 The puzzling problems of myofascial pain 21 What difference does a lawyer make?

Pricing the priceless

22 Relieving muscle fatigue North Africa: where worlds collide

23 How to delay adolescent sexuality A new way to serve special needs

24 Marquette bookshelf 25 Research and scholarship at Marquette

Discover: Marquette University Research and Scholarship is published annually by the Office of Marketing and Communication.

Editor: Nicole Sweeney Etter, nicole.etter@marquette.edu Designer: Joan Holcomb, joan.holcomb@marquette.edu Contributing writers: Andrew Brodzeller, Tim Cigelske, Brigid Miller, Joni Moths Mueller, Tim Olsen, Mary Pat Pfeil, Christopher Stolarski and Jay Sanders Cover: Image from iStockphoto.com

Marquette R esearch

Solving

schizophrenia

By Christopher Stolarski

2

Discover

Four professors are on two distinct paths with one noble purpose: Develop pharmaceutical agents to help battle schizophrenia, one of the most devastating mental health disorders. And they’ve started their own drug companies to do it.

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Dr. David Baker sums up his business

and shifted his focus from the neurotrans-

“Drug repurposing is a relatively

experience before the launch of Promentis

mitter dopamine to another: glutamate.

new trend in pharmaceutical develop-

Pharmaceuticals in a word: “Zero.” Today

Through an arduous research process,

ment,” explains Sem, AviMed’s CEO.

he and his partner and fellow associate

he identified a unique brain mechanism

“Drug discovery is incredibly expensive.

professor of biomedical sciences, Dr. John

that releases glutamate in an unusual

Repurposing existing drugs is more cost-

Mantsch, have built a board of directors,

way that is critical to brain function —

effective and thus attractive to investors.”

hired a management team and established

and dysfunction.

corporate offices.

Dr. Behnam Ghasemzadeh’s business

An ambitious researcher, Baker

Sem and Ghasemzadeh now are working on the “composition variants”

quickly began publishing and presenting

of these compounds. “We have provi-

acumen wasn’t much different. Ghasemzadeh,

his findings. Baker hypothesized the

sional patents on the use of the drug

also an associate professor of biomedical

significant role this mechanism could

compound,” Sem says. “Now we have to

sciences, never thought he’d be the chief

play in other neurological disorders,

alter the compound enough that we can

scientific officer of a pharmaceutical startup.

namely schizophrenia.

‘own’ it and improve upon it. It’s a much

His lone advantage: Dr. Dan Sem, an

Ghasemzadeh’s initial research also

stronger patent position.”

industry veteran and associate professor of

focused on addictions. About the same

chemistry. Out of their partnership came

time that Baker was making his glutamate

research and create a business venture,

AviMed Pharmaceuticals.

discovery, Ghasemzadeh uncovered a

Baker and Mantsch also sought Sem’s

Once they decided to apply their

These four Marquette scientists are in the throes of a burgeoning trend among research universities: pharmaceutical development.

“We’re answering the burning question: ‘Where are the next treatments going to come from?’” Baker says. “Over the past five years, there has been a very real shift toward drug discovery and the licensing of drug compounds by university researchers.”

This is a way for faculty to advance their scholarship in a way that helps society.”

Dr. John Mantsch

As the first pharmaceutical ventures to come out of Marquette, Promentis and AviMed are charting new territory. And though both companies are addressing

novel brain mechanism that could be

wisdom, as well as the counsel of Tim

the same neurological disease — schizo-

used to develop treatments for addiction

Keane, an angel investor and entrepreneur-

phrenia — they are taking decidedly

and other neurological disorders. He

in-residence at Marquette. Keane encour-

disparate approaches.

surmised that, based on their chemical

aged the duo to enter the university’s

properties, certain existing drugs that

annual business plan competition, which

already target this particular mechanism

they won.

From bench to business On the surface, it’s relatively simple: Promentis is developing new chemical

It was Sem, though, who recognized

The AviMed team entered the same competition a few years later and was

compounds to treat schizophrenia. AviMed

what Ghasemzadeh was trying to do.

named runner-up. It went on to earn

is repurposing existing drugs toward the

“It’s drug repurposing,” he told him. A

second place in the life sciences category

same end. How these companies got to

15-year industry veteran, Sem had co-

of the Wisconsin Governor’s Business

this point, though, isn’t as elementary.

founded another pharmaceutical upstart,

Plan Competition in 2009. AviMed is now

As a post-doctoral fellow studying the

4

could also be used to treat schizophrenia.

Triad Therapeutics, and developed sev-

forming its board of directors, which will

neurophysiology of addictions, Baker

eral drug molecules before coming

assist in raising venture capital funds for

bucked conventional scientific wisdom

to Marquette.

drug development.

Discover

Although headed by four undoubtedly brilliant minds, both teams have learned a great deal about the business of drug development. “People are really investing in your management team,” Baker says.

“It can be difficult for investors to decipher the science.”

Ghasemzadeh agrees: “It was critical that we involved individuals with knowledge of the science and business.”

Staying grounded None of the four is in this to get rich. All agree that their mission is to advance health.

“This is a way for faculty to advance their scholarship in a way that helps society,” Mantsch says. “What if these really are the treatments that can save lives?”

And both teams are acutely aware that lives are, in fact, at stake. Though it occurs in only 1 percent of the population, schizophrenia is so disruptive that most schizophrenics can’t function in society, and 10 percent commit suicide.

The existing medications are so debilitating and ineffective that compliance rates are abysmal.

“We’re still learning how devastating this disease is,” Baker says. “We spend more in the U.S. treating schizophrenia than on all cancers combined.”

These four scientists have heard stories from those whose lives have been affected by the disease. They’ve received letters and e-mails from people with schizophrenia.

They’ve seen beyond their lab walls and past their business plans.

“The people — their stories,” Baker says soberly. “That’s what sustains us.”

Multimedia:

“Molecules to man.”

That’s how Dr. William Cullinan, dean of Marquette’s College of Health Sciences, describes the depth and breadth of the flourishing neuroscience research cluster developing on campus.

Though the brunt of neuroscience research is concentrated in the labs of 11 federally funded scientists from the college’s Department of Biomedical Sciences, more than 30 faculty members from other corners of the university are seeking solutions to some of the most complex mysteries of our time. Projects are aimed at understanding the brain’s stress and reward circuitries, having important implications for mood and cognitive disorders and addiction.

This intensive focus on neuroscience has borne fruit: two pharmaceutical companies, a nationally recognized neuroanatomical dissection course and a multidisciplinary neurological research institute.

Learn more at marquette.edu/chs/inrc.

Go to marquette.edu/experts to hear Mantsch speak on addiction and the brain.

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This radio image of Cassiopeia A, the remnant of a supernova explosion that occurred more than 300 years ago, was created with the National Science Foundation’s Very Large Array telescope in New Mexico. Cassiopeia A is located about 11,000 light years away and is the oldest Type IIb supernova, which is the transitionary class of supernovae that Stockdale studies.

Image courtesy of NRAO/AUI

6 Discover

Starstruck

By Nicole Sweeney Etter

Dr. Christopher Stockdale’s fascination with supernovae could help us better understand the origins of the universe.

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T

The famous astronomer Carl Sagan

once said, “We are all star stuff.” Perhaps that’s why Dr. Christopher Stockdale, a Marquette assistant professor of physics, is fascinated with supernovae, the explosions of massive stars that are key to life on earth.

“If we want to understand on a fundamental level where we come from, we need to understand these huge massive stars and how they evolve,” Stockdale says.

Stockdale is part of an international collaboration that monitors X-ray, ultraviolet, infrared and radio emissions from extragalactic supernovae, and he leads the U.S. radio group. His work is funded

NGC 6946 is a nearby galaxy — about 20 to 25 million light years away — that is known as a starburst galaxy because of its frequent supernovae. It has had at least eight in the past 100 years. Image courtesy of Matt Kelley and Christopher Stockdale.

by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and he frequently publishes in Astrophysical Journal, Astronomy &

expansion happens because we’ve seen

Astrophysics, and the Monthly Notices of

it. But the actual physics of how it goes

the Royal Astronomical Society.

from a collapse to an explosion, we don’t

His team recently made an important discovery about the nature of a small

Supernovae are relatively rare. These

subset of supernovae called Type IIb. This

massive stars have eight or 10 times the

type of supernova has significantly less

mass of our sun, and probably 1/100th of

hydrogen (the key component of ordinary

a percent of the stars in our galaxy are big

stars) in its composition than an ordinary

enough to cause these kinds of explosions,

supernova. This group may represent an

Stockdale says. That’s one reason why his

important evolutionary transition in the

team typically focuses on galaxies at least

life story of massive stars.

3 to 4 million light years away.

When a massive star dies, the force of

“In terms of our galaxy, we’re kind

the explosion forges new elements and

of out here in the sticks as opposed to

scatters a multitude of other elements

being downtown in the city,” Stockdale

throughout the universe. Stars give birth

says. “We’re not in a place where there’s

to oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, iron and

a lot of violent activity going on, which is

other elements essential to life. “It leads

a good thing.”

to a constant chemical enrichment of our galaxy,” Stockdale explains.

But there is a lot about supernovae

8

get yet.”

So how does Stockdale’s team know when and where to look? Exploding stars briefly become the brightest objects in

that scientists don’t understand. “We

their galaxy, and astronomers around the

quite frankly don’t understand how they

world send announcements as soon as

happen,” Stockdale says. “When a star dies,

they notice something new. Stockdale

the star falls in on itself, and the collapse

gets an e-mail alert, quickly puts in a

causes an expansion, and we know the

request for data collection from the

Discover

Supernova 1993J is one the closest supernovae to be observed in the past 20 years. From this high-resolution study, astronomers can measure the speed of the supernova shockwave and strongly constrain the physical conditions in the region responsible for the radio and X-ray emissions. Image courtesy of J.M. Marcaide.

National Radio Astronomy Observatory in New Mexico and then analyzes the results.

“It’s exciting stuff. Sometimes we’re in the lab at 3 a.m.,” he says.

Before stars die, they shed material in a slow-moving wind. Stars might shed 1/10,000th of a percent of their mass in a year, which over 10,000 years could be an entire sun’s worth of material. When wave that moves 10,000 times faster than the wind. Electrons in the gas get excited and swept up in the blast wave, and that leads to radio or X-ray waves that can be detected with a variety of telescopes.

Image courtesy of NRAO/AUI

the star blows up, it sends out a shock

The X-ray and radio emissions from the shock wave could last 75 years after the initial blast or even longer.

“If you look at the radio emissions, you can actually piece together the density of the wind, and that can tell us what happened with the star before it died,” Stockdale says. “It’s an astrophysical forensic study, like CSI shows you on television.”

Last year, Stockdale’s team noticed a peculiar supernova belonging to the small subset of supernovae known as Type IIb. “The radio emissions rose and fell and were gone in about a month instead of taking years,” he says. “So we’re thinking that there are perhaps two types of objects. They look the same when you look through an optical telescope but inside are very different.”

Stockdale and others speculate that a companion star might have stolen some of its hydrogen and played a role in the star’s death.

With so much unknown, it’s an exciting field. “There’s an element of discovery,” Stockdale says. “We’re always learning something new about how the universe works.”

tools of the trade Stockdale primarily collects data from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory’s Very Large Array, a collection of 27 dish antennae that are each as wide as a quarter of a football field. Together, the antennae work to form the most sensitive radio telescope available. However, scientists are working to upgrade the observatory into a new, stronger instrument called the Expanded Very Large Array, scheduled to be completed in 2011.

The EVLA will increase the telescope’s sensitivity by a factor of 10, allowing scientists to see 250 million light years away. “It’ll be like removing blinders and sunglasses,” Stockdale says. That will allow Stockdale’s team to study nearby supernovae for longer and also increase the sample size of the newest class of supernovae. Up until this point, scientists have only been able to study a handful of the Type IIb supernovae.

Stockdale also uses a technique called Very Long Baseline Interferometry, which allows him to use data from telescopes around the world. “You can get a view that’s essentially the size of the earth,” he explains. That technique allowed scientists to see the shock wave of one supernova expanding and accelerating. “That is remarkable to be able to do,” he says. “Most supernovae are so far away that even with a telescope the size of the earth, you’re never going to be able to see the shock wave.”

In 2007, Dr. J.M. Marcaide at the University of Valencia, a member of Stockdale’s team, published the results of the first comprehensive VLBI study of a Type IIb supernova that was first seen on Earth in 1993.

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No longer safe at home

Dr. Louise Cainkar explores life for Arab-Americans in a post-9/11 world.

By Joni Moths Mueller 10

Discover

a

ll Arabs think alike. All Muslims are Arabs. They all are violent. They all oppress women.

Such labeling and stereotyping of Arab-

United States, said she was afraid to dine

because they see them as anti-American,

in restaurants so she started using the

not respecting American values.”

drive-through window service.

“There was this palpable sense of fear,

But for Muslims, hijab represents an act of modesty and faith in God.

and their story has not yet been merged

Cainkar says Muslims and Arabs

and Muslim-Americans was accepted by

with the dominant September 11th narra-

reported two positive outcomes of the

some segments of U.S. culture long before

tive told by other Americans, that of living

post-9/11 experience: a deepened religious

the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, says

in fear of terrorists,” Cainkar says.

faith and a determination to become more

Marquette sociologist Dr. Louise Cainkar.

That’s the narrative Cainkar captures. “I

civically engaged.

These misconceptions contributed to a

wanted to know what was the normative,

post-9/11 panic that shattered friendships,

the average experience” of Muslims and

religious texts. I couldn’t understand how

fueled prejudice, and gave two groups of

Arabs after Sept. 11, “not the sensational

Islam could be used in these attacks, and

native and immigrant citizens reason to

story. In the end, it’s not a pleasant book

I needed to respond to people’s questions

fear for their safety. Cainkar, an assistant

to read,” she says.

professor of social and cultural sciences,

Men reported living in fear

“Many said: ‘I had to go back to read our

about my faith,’” Cainkar says.

People also expressed a

tells their story in her award-nominated

of being arrested, interned and

book Homeland Insecurity: The Arab-

deported. Men and women

change if they don’t do some-

American and Muslim-American

said they were cautious

thing to change them, and so

Experience After 9/11.

about visiting public places

they deepened their relationships

and worried their homes

with the mainstream organizations

“These ideas were so well ingrained

realization that things won’t

when the attacks occurred that it was

could be attacked. Though

that supported them in this time

easy for some to argue that all Arab- and

men suffered the most

of stress.

Muslim-Americans were dangerous, and,

from government poli-

therefore, they were a suspect population

cies, women took the greatest toll

in our country,” she says.

of public anger, Cainkar says, especially

actually drove people out of their homes

women wearing a headscarf or hijab.

and onto the streets.”

Cainkar’s book shares the flip side of a time of intense fear, captured as it was

“It didn’t drive people into their closets,” Cainkar says of 9/11, “it

“I was fascinated by the fact that

Muslims and Arabs express optimism

lived by Arab- and Muslim-Americans

women reported experiencing hate acts

and confidence that the pendulum of public

across metropolitan Chicago. Her research

at a rate more than twice that of men. If

opinion that has swung against them since

included 102 interviews with individuals,

the fear is of terrorists, why were women

2001 will soon change directions.

plus five extensive oral histories. Feeling

being attacked? And then I looked at

unsafe and insecure in their home country

my data and discovered that most of the

things are better because there used to

was a dominant theme expressed by men

women who experienced aggression were

be a dominant anti-Muslim, anti-Arab

and women alike, and it became the title

wearing a headscarf or in the company

narrative in this country, and, now, I think

of her book.

of someone wearing one when attacked,”

there are dueling narratives,” Cainkar says.

Cainkar says.

“It’s still not a secure time. It’s better than

“People were more afraid of the policies of the Bush administration than of public backlash,” she says.

In one interview, an American-born

She attributes the heightened attacks on women to a misunderstanding of hijab.

“My conclusion is that in some way

the post-9/11 days, but we still have not achieved equality and justice.”

“Hijab is understood generally in

Muslim woman said, “I feel like I need

this society as a symbol of oppression,

to get out of this country. But I was born

patriarchy, lack of freedom,” Cainkar says.

here, and I’m just as American as everyone

“People who believe that this is what hijab

else.” Another woman, also born in the

means, I believe, attack women in hijab

Multimedia: Go to marquette.edu/experts to hear Cainkar talk about her research on Arab- and Muslim-Americans.

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Healing a heart break

Dr. John LaDisa is working to create better medical devices for children and adults with cardiovascular problems.

By Nicole Sweeney Etter

12

Discover

Computational Cardiovascular Research.

work if the child has stopped growing.

with a heart condition, and one of the

He describes his lab’s overall focus as

But if the child outgrows the stent, then

most common conditions involves a

“understanding how changes in fluid

narrowing could redevelop.

narrowing of the aorta. In an adult, that

flow can affect disease.”

Roughly one in 100 children is born

is easily fixed with a stent that widens

Computational modeling is a critical

LaDisa also was recruited for another project by Dr. Bon-Kwon Koo, a world-

the artery. But there’s no FDA-approved

first step to creating a new device.

class clinician in Korea. Koo’s focus is

stent meant specifically for children.

“Before we get to the point of manufac-

stenting the coronary arteries, specifically,

turing something, we need to understand

cardiovascular disease that involves

a Marquette assistant professor of bio-

what the stent does to improve blood

lesions at the point of coronary bifurca-

medical engineering, is determined to

flow. We need to understand how the

tions, where an artery branches off. “It’s

solve. LaDisa’s team is trying to create a

rigidity of the stent affects flow and

a really common location for disease to

stent that could grow with a child.

blood vessel motion,” LaDisa explains.

occur, and the success rate is not great,”

That’s a problem that Dr. John LaDisa,

“It’s something we’ve

LaDisa says. “About 20 percent

been working on for a long

of coronary interventions

time, and it turns out that it’s more difficult than we thought — than anyone

Discovery World at Pier Wisconsin.

thought,” LaDisa says. And

His cardiovascular modeling is the

because the market for

ing it, it could really make a difference.”

LaDisa’s role is to analyze bifurcation patterns and

in development for the

of the adult market, very few in taking up the challenge.

had a better way of treat-

basis of the Vascular Voyage exhibit

pediatric stents is a fraction companies are interested

involve a bifurcation. If you

Look for LaDisa’s work soon at

the related blood flow. “If

Human Interactive Virtual Education display.

you look at the branching pattern of a tree, no two trees are exactly the same. But if

That’s why, La Disa says, a

you look at hundreds of trees

new pediatric stent will most “The aorta is the most compliant artery

and group them, you’d probably start

in the whole body, so if you have a really

to see some common trends,” he says.

problem is that the aorta of a kid goes

stiff stent and a really compliant aorta,

“We’re trying to identify those trends

from several milliliters to 2.5 centimeters,

that creates issues. There are a lot of

from arteries in about a hundred people

so you have to find a way to somehow

questions on the front end that still need

and then understand the fluid flow.”

expand it over time,” LaDisa explains.

to be answered.”

likely have to come from a lab like his.

Why is that task so difficult? “The

“There’s a lot of material there that you

With few other options, cardiologists

Better understanding the impact of a stent on blood flow and the blood vessel

have to store somewhere. And that’s the

sometimes adapt adult-sized stents for

environment is likely key to designing a

problem — finding a way to store that

pediatric patients.

more effective device. And that, LaDisa

extra metal or plastic somewhere in the

“Since stents have been very beneficial

says, will “hopefully lead to further

in adults, it’s natural that now they’re

long-term success in patients with cardio-

starting to be used with kids,” LaDisa

vascular disease. That is what our team is

began when he was doing his post-

says. “Cardiologists use adult stents

striving for.”

doctoral work at Stanford University.

meant for other parts of the body and

Now he directs Marquette’s Laboratory

try to find the best match for the artery

for Translational, Experimental and

being treated in a child.” That might

design of the device.”

LaDisa’s interest in pediatric cardiology

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Making a mark

Dr. Irene Calboli tries to bring legal clarity to trademark advertising.

If you see Dr. Irene Calboli poking around in a supermarket, scanning the clothing racks at TJ Maxx or even watching commercials, she may not be doing what you think she is.

“I’m working,” she says.

Calboli, an associate professor of law at Marquette, specializes in intellectual property law. What she’s actually up to in the store and in front of the TV is studying the use of corporate trademarks and logos. “In consumer society,” she says, “we’re surrounded by trademarks everywhere.”

Despite the ubiquity of marks and logos, the law that governs them is unclear, which makes it an intriguing research subject. Intellectual property law encompasses much more than trademarks and logos, of course. As the name implies, anything that’s a product of someone’s intellect — inventions, literary and artistic works, symbols, names, images and designs — falls under its rubric. “It can really apply to nearly everything in our lives, at any time,” Calboli says.

Calboli’s recent work focuses on the legal and policy issues arising from international commerce in trademarks and particularly trademark advertising.

That’s important because more and more

™

entities, from companies to schools and even hospitals, are using their logos on merchandise. And “fake” products from China and Southeast Asia continue to flood the market and raise trademark infringement issues.

14

Discover

Is it OK to call

sparkling wine produced in California champagne,

By Jay Sanders

which is named for a specific region of France? Can you market Wisconsin

Although the licensing of famous

which she highlighted in a paper she’s

blue cheese as

marks such as Green Bay Packers or

submitting this spring for law review

Gorgonzola, the

Coca-Cola for use on products is com-

publication later in 2010.

eponymous blue

monplace in the business world, there’s

Calboli’s article makes the case for a

cheese produced in

no straightforward legal protection of

“fair and balanced” protection of trade-

the practice. “Instead,” Calboli has writ-

mark merchandising. She shares evidence

ten, “courts have elaborated different

that the Federal Trademark Act supports

tests and views, thus leaving trademark

the recognition of merchandising rights —

owners, competitors and the market with

rights that could benefit the market by

much confusion as to what can or cannot

protecting against unfair competition

be protected.”

and consumer confusion. That’s the fair

protecting geographic indications of

part. The balanced part is an argument

origin, or GIs.

That’s one of the reasons Calboli relishes the topic.

“Intellectual property law is very challenging, very technical,”

“If you don’t pursue your rights, you’ve abandoned them.”

she says. “I enjoy the

a small Italian city since 879? Can an Idaho Potato come from Montana? In another of her recent research papers Calboli says no. Instead, she argues for

“There’s a market reason,” she says, namely preventing unfair competition from “masquerade” products. “But there’s also an anthropological reason.

The world is coming closer and closer

technicalities.” Technicalities like this

for specific limits on those protections. “I

one: Trademarks themselves generally

believe trademarks should be treated as

aren’t protected, but their use is. It’s up

property. Property rights are never abso-

to the company that owns the mark to

lute,” Calboli says. “Property rights should

If you want to produce sparkling wine

define exactly how it can be used and to

allocate resources but also be limited by

and claim that it’s better than French

go after anyone who uses it incorrectly.

public needs.”

champagne, Calboli has no problem

“If you don’t pursue your rights, you’ve

Needs like the protection of freedom

together. It’s important to protect some cultural identity.”

with that. Just don’t call it champagne.

abandoned them” in the eyes of the

of speech. Many people have tried to

You might even create a new market

court, Calboli says.

trademark words. And at least one court

as a result. Calboli cites the example

has gone further, ruling that Louisiana

of Australia’s wine industry, which

misuse can amount to “dilution by blurring

State University could legally protect

devoted itself to producing knock-offs

or tarnishment,” a loss of the distinctiveness

its school colors. For Calboli, that goes

of French wines until it was banned

or damage to the reputation of what the

beyond the realm of commercial usage.

from doing so. Forced to come up

For famous marks, damages from

mark represents to its owner. “If you use

“Words are a limited resource,” she

with new names, it created world-

a mark on everything, eventually the

says, “and color even a more limited

mark means nothing,” Calboli says. It

resource.” Much as groups might want

can all get a little confusing, especially

to claim them for their own purposes, it

when the body of rulings on trademark

wouldn’t be healthy for our own freedom

“Protecting GIs ultimately guarantees

merchandising itself lacks focus. Calboli

of expression to allow that, she says.

the quality of the foods and their

attempts to bring “light and clarity” to the issue through her research, some of

“We have to reconcile trademarks with

wide demand for national distinct Australian varietals.

uniqueness,” Calboli says.

reality,” Calboli says.

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Marquette Research

Slowing down Dr. Claire Badaracco examines the intersection of slow food, slow medicine and mass media

Y

You’re only as healthy as the mes-

sages from the media that you consume.

By Tim Cigelske | Illustration by Chris Neal

She cites research showing that anxiety —

“The size of this sector is estimated at

which causes the flight or fight response

approximately $220 billion and growing,”

— triggers cortisol in the brain. This sets

Badaracco says. “This demonstrates the

Badaracco’s research of the impact of

off a domino effect of neurotransmitters

number of people whose understanding has

advertising, public relations and mass

responsible for many chronic ailments,

led them to seek health in a balanced way.”

media on perception of personal well-

which feeds into a vicious cycle of media

ness and sickness for the “worried

messages, illness and medication.

That’s the focus of Dr. Claire

well” — those who have media-induced

“Anxiety and fear appeals are the

She became interested in slow food and medicine through continuing education at Harvard University’s Mind/

anxiety about disease. Increasingly, con-

staples of the news media, and fear

Body Medicine Institute and while

sumers have the choice to receive news

appeals to illness and aging are essential

teaching the course Cultural Identity,

from alternative sources that advocate

to the designs of advertisements,”

Media and World Religions at Marquette.

lifestyles embracing what’s being called

Badaracco says.

One of her classes videoconferenced

slow food and slow medicine.

“What was once a fringe movement

In contrast, the slow

with Dr. Harold Koenig of Duke

food movement, which

University, who is known for integrat-

is rapidly becoming mainstream,” says

began in Italy, describes

ing faith in traditional medical training

Badaracco, a Marquette professor of

itself as an eco-gastro-

public relations who studies the inter-

nomic movement committed

section of media, religion and health

to biodiversity and the awareness of

role faith plays in healing, and she sees

communication. Her books include

the culture of food and its relationship to

a strong spiritual component to the slow

Prescribing Faith: Medicine, Media

the community. Slow medicine is the

food and slow medicine movement as

and Religion in American Culture and

clinical, applied approach to the science

well. She sees that message continuing

Quoting God: How Media Shape Ideas

of nutrition, health and healing, as

to spread.

About Religion.

opposed to “fast” cures that focus on

“It would seem that physicians are

Traditionally, Badaracco says, people

at leading universities.

Badaracco became interested in the

pharmaceutical fixes. Consumers can

better educated about how religion and

have defined themselves in a larger social

increasingly find messages about slow

health must be considered as part of the

context through mediazation — or mes-

food and slow medicine in the media

patient’s history in treatment and well-

sages about the self received through the

with best-selling books such as Michael

ness evaluation,” Badaracco says.

media. This has often led people who

Pollan’s Omnivore’s Dilemma and Barbara

are otherwise healthy to become sick

Kingsolver’s Animal, Vegetable, Miracle.

after constantly hearing about the dan-

They may also hear from well-known

gers of diseases, unhealthy lifestyles and

alternative health advocates such as

aging, she says.

Andrew Weil.

Marquette university

17

Marquette R esearch

in Brief

Ensuring the reliability of transportation infrastructure The research interests of Dr. Christopher

The three-phase study, concluding by

Foley have very practical implications.

efficacy of fiber-reinforced polymer

fall 2011, first involved gathering and

Foley, a Marquette professor of civil

components as an alternative to traditional

synthesizing fatigue testing data for

engineering, focuses on the performance

steel reinforcement and formwork of

connections in sign support structures,

of civil infrastructure systems and

bridges. A noncorrosive, FRP is typically

enabling researchers to develop the first

components, such as bridges and

more expensive but may have a longer

comprehensive set of statistical models

highway signs.

life cycle. Studying new bridges with FRP

for fatigue life of such connections.

reinforcement compared with traditionally

Undergraduate researchers compiled 10

span and can be subject to fatigue-

constructed bridges in Waupun and Fond

years of contiguous hourly wind speed

induced damage resulting from traffic or

du Lac, Wis., involved visual inspections

and direction data from the National

wind-induced vibrations,” he explains.

and on-site load testing. Foley, Wan and

Climatic Data Center for eight Wisconsin

“We develop field-monitoring solutions

their team, including students, designed

cities. This data was used to develop

and analytical modeling approaches that

and fabricated low-cost, strain-measuring

probability models for wind speed and

help agencies such as the Wisconsin

sensors that can be temporarily bolted

direction. The second phase involves

Department of Transportation determine

onto bridges to conduct load testing.

additional fatigue testing to further

“Structural systems have a finite life

guidelines and frequency of inspections.”

A significant auxiliary to the nation’s

enhance the statistical models used to

The U.S. Department of Transportation

transportation system is the signage used

predict fatigue life. Foley’s team also will

estimates that there are nearly 74,000

for traffic direction and information. The

conduct field monitoring at a Milwaukee

structurally deficient bridges in the

Wisconsin Highway Research Program

site. In phase three, researchers will

United States — 1,335 in Wisconsin alone.

funded Foley’s investigation and analysis

develop a handbook of effective retrofit

of full-span overhead and high-mast

measures and recommend inspection

neering, is a member the American

luminaire support structures after several

cycle frequencies for typical mast-arm

Institute of Steel Construction Specification

incidents of unsatisfactory performance.

support structures.

Task Committee on Connections and its

That study is now being followed by

Committee on Research. He serves on

research involving mast-arm-pole support

the Technical Oversight Committee for

structures adjacent to highways. “This

WisDOT Structures and also served on

project is the first comprehensive,

the WisDOT committee that oversaw

reliability-based analysis of sign support

monitoring of Wisconsin’s deck-truss

structures,” Foley says. “That’s important

bridges after the 2007 collapse of the

for understanding performance and risk

Interstate Highway 35 bridge in the

of fatigue-induced fracture and establishing

Twin Cities.

appropriate inspection intervals.”

Foley, who teaches structural engi-

As part of the Federal Highway Administration’s Innovative Bridge Research and Deployment Program, Foley and colleague Dr. Baolin Wan, associate professor of civil and

18

environmental engineering, examine the

Discover

Examining global consumer culture In a partnership that spans two

“Among the African countries, Nigeria

decades, Drs. Steven Lysonski and

has become relatively wealthy because

Srinivas Durvasula have researched

of oil. This wealth has attracted foreign

consumer behavior across continents.

companies to market their products

These Marquette professors of marketing

there,” Durvasula says. “Our key question

recognize that economies are global and

was to find out whether Nigerians have

brands are international.

become exemplars of the global con-

What they want to know now is the

sumer culture in comparison to

extent to which consumer behavior is

Americans who represent the ‘modern’

converging worldwide.

or acculturated consumer.”

Now the team is examining how global consumer acculturation affects

The professors concluded that

brand preferences. “For example, look at

Lysonski explains, reflects the process

Nigerians have been affected and

the recent entry of Harley-Davidson into

that transforms consumers into people

transformed by global acculturation.

India,” Durvasula says. “Will the Harley

Global consumer acculturation,

who have similar tastes and preferences

Lysonski and Durvasula also have

panache transfer easily to India?”

Says Lysonski: “This research fills an

for products and services. To examine

explored vanity and materialism in

this convergence more closely, he and

China; consumerism in New Zealand,

important vacuum given the few studies

Durvasula compared consumers in

Greece and India; and consumer

that have been published in this area,

Nigeria and the United States.

decision-making styles in India.

especially outside the United States.”

Are enterprise software systems worth the money?

When companies spend $100 million or more on major

In his landmark 2003 HBR article, Carr basically said “no”

software programs, they hope to see a substantial return

on both points. Cotteleer disagreed and published empirical

on investment.

research to refute Carr. However, one question still nagged:

So when noted management guru Nicholas Carr penned a Harvard Business Review article titled “IT Doesn’t Matter,” lambasting these so-called “enterprise systems,” it sent the soft-

Why are some companies losing millions of dollars after implementing these systems?

Convinced the software wasn’t to blame, Cotteleer focused

ware industry into turmoil. Dr. Mark Cotteleer, associate professor

on successful program deployment as a management function.

of management, started to dig deeper.

His findings have a central theme: human behavior.

An IT industry veteran, Cotteleer has studied enterprise systems since they emerged in the early 1990s.

“Prior to the advent of these integrated packages, companies

“When people are introduced to change, they will either adapt or find ways of working around it,” he says. “Companies are faced with a choice: change the software or change their

used individual software programs designed to address very

approach.” Arguing for the latter, Cotteleer asserts that the

specific business functions: sales, supply chain, customer service,

onus falls on management.

etc.,” he explains. “Tech companies recognized a desire among

Cotteleer’s overarching goal, though, is to get these ideas

firms to use a lone program to address the full spectrum of

out of academic journals and into the hands of managers who

business functions.”

can use them. To that end, he has written teaching cases for

Companies were quick to get on board, catapulting the enterprise software industry into a multibillion-dollar juggernaut. That

the Harvard Business School, focusing on such companies as Harley-Davidson, Cisco Systems and Tektronix.

led Cotteleer and other management experts to study whether enterprise systems work and — if so — are worth the money.

Marquette university

19

Marquette R esearch

in Brief

The puzzling problems of myofascial pain The first time Max Livingston saw Dr. Francisco Alencar, the 22-year-old law student couldn’t open his mouth

the duration and intensity is key to

highly active trigger points.

making a diagnosis. Treatment includes

“When we palpated the muscles at the

modifying behaviors that activate trigger

more than half an inch. He had head-

trigger points, we could actually cause

points, such as stress, sleep deprivation,

aches and blurred vision, and his head

headaches to occur,” Alencar says.

dehydration or grinding teeth. The surgi-

bobbed forward uncontrollably. His

The researchers tried injecting sub-

doctor found nothing medically wrong.

stances into the trigger points to stop the

His visit with the Marquette dentist who

pain. They also tested a process called dry

specializes in temporomandibular dys-

needling, where no substance is injected.

function was a last-ditch effort to find relief. Today, Livingston’s pain is gone.

“He did more than save my jaw. He saved my life,” Livingston says.

Livingston suffered with a classic example of a neuromuscular TMD called myofascial pain. The condition is chronic and may be brought on by stress, illness or other factors. It can involve headaches, jaw pain that radiates around the face and up to the ear or crown, toothaches or a burning sensation in the tongue or lips. In extremely serious instances, it can cause nervous system damage.

Because myofascial pain is not a purely medical or dental malady, it is difficult to diagnose and treat. It occurs when trigger points located in the muscles of the head, neck or face send pain impulses to the head, teeth, maxillary sinus, tongue or eyes. The pain is felt as facial pain, headache or toothache even if the trigger point is localized in a more distant muscle, such as the neck.

“So many people have these problems and there are no experts in the area.

Since I wanted to make a difference, I decided to study the area,” Alencar says.

In studies begun in 2004–05 and published in 2009, Alencar and research partners studied 290 patients with chronic headaches to see how many had trigger points. They found 77 percent had trigger

20

points and 89 percent of that group had

Discover

“When you place the needle in, you

cal procedure called needling is done only when necessary.

In Livingston’s case, the combination of a previous illness, stress and heredity resulted in a crippling case of myofascial pain. He

can feel a knot,” Alencar says. “We use

gives all due credit to the dentist who

the needle to break up the knot, and

brought relief, saying, “Dr. Alencar is lit-

then normal healing happens.”

erally one of the smartest men I ever met.”

Treating TMD begins by listening to patients describe the pain. Understanding

What difference does a lawyer make?

When Judith McMullen, professor of law, and Dr. Debra Oswald, associate professor of psychology, set out to gather empirical data about the impact of attorney representation in divorce cases, they knew it would be nearly impossible to determine the subjective measure of “success” in a divorce. Still, they sought to better understand whether a lawyer actually makes a difference in the outcome of a divorce case.

The pair studied divorce cases from one Wisconsin county and looked at two key questions: the length of the divorce process and the likelihood of alimony being awarded. In 46.4 percent of the cases they studied, both individuals had a lawyer; in 27.7 percent, neither

Pricing the priceless Is it possible to determine the

had a lawyer; and in the rest

value of the Sistine Chapel? Can you

of the cases, only one person

put a price on the Alaskan Wildlife

had a lawyer.

Refuge? Dr. Kevin Gibson, associate

They concluded alimony was more likely to be awarded if one had a lawyer,

professor of philosophy, is trying to determine just that.

As an applied ethicist who focuses

but Oswald points out that

on business, Gibson is interested

this population may have

in the concept of triple bottom-line

been more likely to have

accounting. This form of accounting

a lawyer in the first place.

measures not only the cost or economic

“Our research indicates that

value of an item or resource, but also

the people who need a

the social and ecological costs.

lawyer — those with assets,

“There is so much discussion

children or longer marriages

around sustainability today, but how

— were more likely to have

do you measure that and know when

one. People without those complicating

it’s achieved?” he asks. “We must

factors could get their divorce in some cases faster and

move beyond profits and bottom lines

cheaper without a lawyer,” McMullen says. “It tells us that clients are more sophisti-

and create a new understanding of

cated about what they need than we give them credit for.”

the cost and value of a good.”

McMullen says the findings could have an impact on family law curriculum.

Gibson is studying three United

“There are a significant number of people going without lawyers in divorce and

National World Heritage sites: Uluru

other civil cases, and our court system should know how to deal with them,” she

Rock in Australia; the Sistine Chapel

says. She also notes that in some simple divorce proceedings, the lawyer’s primary

in Vatican City; and Hadrian’s Wall, on

purpose is to provide psychological reassurance to the client. “Lawyers aren’t trained

the border of England and Scotland.

as psychologists,” she says, “but we may need more emphasis on the counseling and

By traveling to each locale and study-

negotiation skills attorneys are expected to have.”

ing the diverse aspects that make each

The study will be published in the University of Utah School of Law Journal of Law and Family Studies later this year.

site unique, Gibson hopes to gain a better understanding and definition of triple bottom-line accounting.

Marquette university

21

Marquette R esearch

in Brief

Relieving muscle fatigue How much exercise can multiple

exercise at a particular level and tests

sclerosis patients handle? Why do they

if they can replicate the same level of

have lower bone density? How can we

intensity a week later. Preliminary results

help the more than 90 percent of MS

are positive.

patients who complain of chronic fatigue?

These are just some of the questions

Ng has spent his career studying muscle fatigue as it relates to a host of diseases,

Dr. Alex Ng, associate professor of exer-

including MS, HIV and cancer. Some

cise science, tackles in his research lab.

cancer survivors experience chronic fatigue

In the past, MS patients were told not to exercise because it could exacerbate

15 or 20 years after successful treatment.

“You’d expect to be tired after run-

their illness and cause them to overheat.

ning a marathon, but you wouldn’t

But Ng believes that exercise can help

necessarily expect to be wiped out by

MS patients on several fronts, including

making breakfast,” he explains.

fighting fatigue and reducing the risk of

Yet researchers still don’t understand

bone fracture. Because the disease affects

what exactly causes chronic fatigue.

the sensory nerves, it was unknown how

Depression, variations in cardiovascular

well MS patients could tell if they had

control, excessive stress response, muscle

pushed themselves too far. Normally,

fatigue or cellular messengers called

people are protected by “an exercise

cytokines all could play a role. “I’d like

or exertion sense” that helps the body

to continue to look at the mechanisms

self-regulate, Ng says. To see if that holds

so that we can fine-tune the therapeutic

true for MS patients, Ng asks subjects to

approach to fatigue,” Ng says.

north africa: Where worlds collide Dr. Phillip Naylor really likes intersections — not the ones where pedestrians cross, but where cultures collide. Take North

dismissed as the exotic “other” or simply neglected. As a cor-

Africa, a veritable atom smasher in which African, European and

rective, Naylor traces the region’s history through three of its

West Asian influences have met — sometimes violently — for the

own brilliant thinkers, including Malik Bennabi, who observed

past couple thousand years, with lasting historical consequences.

that North Africans became “colonizable,” having “become

Naylor, an associate professor of history, writes about the region in his 2009 book North Africa: A History from Antiquity to the Present. An enthusiastic Wall Street Journal review calls

fashioned by others rather than by themselves,” which led to a loss of historical consciousness.

“I wanted to have something that would illuminate the

it a “readable introduction” that serves as a “handy refresher

region for people and help them appreciate it,” Naylor says of

course on a substantial part of Africa and the Arab-Islamic

his book. He also needed an accessible textbook for his North

world.” It’s an understudied world, says Naylor, that many have

Africa class at Marquette. “I wrote it for a pragmatic reason,”

failed to appreciate, much to our detriment.

he says. One that indicates, perhaps, just how much North

“North Africa is strategically located, historically and geographically,” he says. “Given its experience with Europe, with Islam and with Sub-Saharan Africa, it can be a bridge to enhance understanding between peoples, cultures and religions.”

22

Instead, however, North Africa has too often been

Discover

Africa has been overlooked until now.

How to delay adolescent sexual activity During her career as a nurse practitioner,

of 3,168 males and females ages 15-21 to

Dr. Kristin Haglund commonly dealt with

study protective factors that decrease sexual

teens whose sexual involvement resulted

risk behaviors. They found that religious

in pregnancies or sexually transmitted

attitudes toward sexuality, parent-based

infections. Those are big enough problems,

sexual education and two-parent house-

but they also often lead to other issues —

holds have a positive influence.

problems with parents and relationships.

Now an associate professor of

Adolescents who viewed religion as “very important,” for example, reported

nursing, Haglund devotes her research to

an average of 1.9 sexual partners over

addressing adolescent sexuality. Her most

their lifetime and on average began

recent study found that parental involve-

sexual activity at 17.4 years. In contrast,

ment and religious attitudes play a key

those who viewed religion as somewhat

role in preventing adolescent sexual

or not important began their first sexual

activity. “I’m concerned with understanding

activity at 16.9 years and had an average

teenagers as they become adults,” she

of 2.9 sexual partners over their lifetime.

says. “What makes it difficult for them to

“Religiosity” — institutionalized

avoid sexual risks? What helps them stay

beliefs, practices and ethics reflecting

developmentally healthy as they become

one’s faith — was an even greater

Haglund. “It’s important for parents to be

adults? How can I help them avoid sexual

influence when shared by the family.

explicit that they do not approve of their

risk behaviors?”

Haglund and Marquette nursing

“The influence of parental education

children engaging in sexual activity as

about avoiding intercourse was strength-

adolescents. It’s a simple but effective

colleague Dr. Richard Fehring used data

ened when there was a close relationship

practice.”

from a nationally representative sample

between the parent and the child,” says

A new way to serve special needs When faced with students with special needs, schools have

The teaching-the-teacher approach allows

traditionally created specialized solutions, whether it was gifted

challenges to be addressed at classroom, school

and talented programs or one-on-one reading coaches.

and district-wide levels instead of compart-

But Dr. Martin Scanlan, assistant professor of education, says

mentalizing the issues, he says. Learning

this compartmentalized approach is increasingly difficult to

consultants coach and provide resources to

implement as schools become more diverse — with different

teachers who use instructional strategies to

languages, special needs and skill levels.

engage all students, and those with special

Scanlan thinks the solution is a systematic approach called the Learning Consultant Model, which he details in his book All Are Welcome: Inclusive Service Delivery in Catholic Schools.

“The learning consultant is a faculty member with special

needs are treated as integral members of the community.

Scanlan’s model already is being implemented in Catholic schools in Milwaukee and St. Louis. “Catholic schools in recent

education expertise who serves as a coach and mentor to other

decades have struggled to articulate and finance service delivery

teachers,” Scanlan says. “This model tries to build the capacity

systems that allow them to embrace students with disabilities,”

of teachers and evolves the system as a whole to better meet

Scanlan says. “These schools are increasingly recognizing this

everyone’s diverse needs.”

gap and seeking to close it.”

Marquette university

23

Marquette R esearch

Marquette Bookshelf Looking for new reading material? Check out some of the latest works written and edited by Marquette University faculty.

The Best Kept Secret: Single Black Fathers

By Dr. Roberta Coles, associate professor of social and cultural sciences (Rowman & Littlefield, 2009)

Theological Foundations for Environmental Ethics: Reconstructing Patristic and Medieval Concepts

By Dr. Jame Schaefer, associate professor of theology (Georgetown University Press, 2009)

A cAdemy t i m

william machan

standards

Language

By Dr. James Marten, professor of history (New York University Press, 2009)

Faculty Stress

Crime and the Global Political Economy Edited by Dr. H. Richard Friman, Eliot Fitch Chair for International Studies (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2009)

Children and Youth in a New Nation

Global Issues in Employee Benefits Law

By Paul Secunda, associate professor of law, Samuel Estreicher and Rosalind Connor (Thomson-West, 2009)

Edited by Dr. David Buckholdt, director of the Center for Teaching and Learning, and Dr. Gale E. Miller, professor of social and cultural sciences (Taylor & Francis, 2009)

Being Catholic in a Changing World

By Rev. Jeffrey LaBelle, S.J., assistant professor of education, and Rev. Daniel Kendall, S.J. (Paulist Press, 2009)

Essential Plant Pathology

By Dr. Gail Schumann, adjunct professor of biological sciences, and Dr. Cleora J. D’Arcy (American Phytopathological Society, 2010)

anxiety

conflict and change in

the history of english

Meyer �ecadenc� vs Nebraska

Teddy Roosevelt

Twain

2 race

Language Anxiety: Conflict and Change in the History of English

By Dr. Tim Machan, professor of English (Oxford University Press, 2009)

One Baptism: Ecumenical Dimensions of the Doctrine of Baptism

By Dr. Susan Wood, professor of theology (Liturgical Press, 2009)

24

Discover

Global Social Economy: Development, Work and Policy Edited by Dr. John B. Davis, professor of economics.

(Routledge, 2009)

After Representation?

The Holocaust, Literature, and Culture Edited by Dr. R. Clifton Spargo, associate professor of English, and Dr. Robert Ehrenreich (Rutgers University Press, 2009)

Research and scholarship at Marquette • Marquette faculty applied for significantly more federal grant

• Marquette faculty edit a number of scholarly journals, from the

dollars during fiscal year 2009, and externally funded research

Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy to the

requests exceeded $35 million for the first time. Marquette

International Journal of Systematic Theology.

faculty won several research awards as part of the federal stimulus package.

• The Department of Special Collections and University Archives houses more than 17,000 cubic feet of archival

• Federal, state, foundation and corporation research awards

material and 11,000 volumes, including approximately

all increased in fiscal year 2009, and corporate research

7,000 titles within the rare book collection. The J.R.R.

dollars increased more than 50 percent from the previous

Tolkien Collection features many of the author’s original

fiscal year.

manuscripts, including The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.

• Marquette faculty have strong partnerships with the Clinical

• Marquette has more than 20 academic centers and institutes

and Translational Science Institute, Medical College of

that foster research in the areas of end-of-life care, ethics,

Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin system, and others.

neuroscience, rehabilitation engineering, transnational justice,

• The university supports research through several programs: three-year Way Klingler fellowships, fourth-year sabbaticals

water quality, sports law and other areas.

For more, go to marquette.edu/research.

for junior faculty and the Lawrence G. Haggerty Faculty Award for Research Excellence.

Marquette university

25

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