Accelerating Climate Action: Jaipur, India (2) by Maria Arquero de Alarcon

J Y OTI NAGA R H O US IN G BO A R D FLATS

REDEVELOPMENT

JAIPUR

URBAN FUTURES A C C E L E R AT I N G

C L I M AT E

ACTION

Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment: Four Urban Futures for Jaipur ACCELERATING CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION Partner-clients: UN Human Settlements Programme UN-Habitat’s Policy, Legislation, and Governance (PLG) and the Innovation Section; UN-Habitat India; UN Habitat Sustainable Cities Jaipur: Integrated Approach Pilot Project.

Arch 562 + UD 722 Studio Team: Kevin Bechard, MArch+MLA Autumn Bender, MArch Shandra Bernath-Plaisted, MArch Isabelle Borie, MArch+RE Cert. Kassem Chammout, MArch Sarah Jammal, MUD+MURP Aracely Landero, MArch Talia Moretti, MArch Anmol Poptani, MUD Huiting Qian, MUD Sydney Strawser, MArch Danielle Weitzman, MArch Instructor: María Arquero de Alarcón, Associate Professor of Architecture and Urbanism

URP 603 Capstone Team: Keyana Aghamirzadeh, MURP Pierre Bagenda, MURP+RE Cert. Tom Bagley, MURP Neeli Kakal, MURP Clare Kucera, MURP+MSESM Michelle Lincoln, MURP+MSES Anna Thompson, MURP James Vansteel, MURP+MPP Beatrix Yan, MURP Jessica Yelk. MArch+MURP+UI Cert. Instructor: Ana Paula Pimentel Walker, Assistant Professor of Urban Planning

Winter Semester 2021

Ta b l e o f C o n t e n t s VOLUME

1 INTRODUCTION CLIMATE CHANGE AND URBAN POLICY

4 6

The UN-Habitat Law and Climate Change Toolkit Assessments ..... 8 The RajasthanStste Plans ( RAPCC and RUDP) Assessment ......... 10 The Master Development Plan Jaipur 2025 Assessment ................ 90 Cities and Climate Change Action.....................................................132 MAPPING JAIPUR

144

Climate ................................................................................................. 78 Demographic Data .............................................................................. 80 Building stock and Demolition ............................................................. 84 Liquid Matters || Water .......................................................................... 154 Open and Active || Green Space ........................................................180 Building Home || Precarious Neighborhoods ....................................192 Connected || Transportation ...............................................................204 Growing Out || Peri-urban Development ............................................. 222 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND TEAM

VOLUME

2 INTRODUCTION JYOTI NAGAR HOUSING BOARD FLATS REDEVELOPMENT

248

4 6

The Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats ................................................... 8 Redevelopment schemes as proposed by the JMC ........................... 42 A glimpse to the housing and environmental crisis in Jaipur ............ 44 FOUR FUTURES FOR JAIPUR’S JYOTI NAGAR

Reinvigorating Hydrology .............................................................. 56 Many Urban Natures ...................................................................... 138 Proximi(ci)ty ................................................................................. 188 Redistributing Prosperity ........................................................... 248 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND TEAM

312

180 kilometers

Jaipur District Rajasthan

Accelerating Climate Action This report showcases the work developed during the winter 2021 joint studio and capstone course addressing climate change action in India. With a focus on the integration of urban policy and design into sustainable urban development practices, we partnered with UN-Habitat’s Policy, Legislation, and Governance (PLG), the Innovation Section, UN-Habitat India and their Government Partners, and the UN Habitat Sustainable Cities: Integrated Approach Pilot Project in Jaipur. Volume 1 documents the first half of the semester, with the assessment of state and district level policies through the five areas of the UN-Habitat Law and Climate Change Toolkit: governance and institutional arrangements, planning instruments, planning for adaptation, planning for mitigation, and economic and financial instruments. This framework was used to assess the 2014 Rajasthan State Action Plan on Climate Change, the 2017 Rajasthan Urban Development Policy, and the District Master Development Plan Jaipur 2025. This volume also includes an inventory of city-level initiatives on climate action and a thematic mapping exercise introducing Jaipur.

The Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment Volume 2 documents the second half of the semester, with a site-specific urban redevelopment component in Jaipur. The Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats is a 3.2 hectare neighborhood of low and moderate income housing built in the late 1980’s. Centrally located, it is surrounded by the State Assembly building and other government buildings, the SMS stadium grounds, and the Kartarpura Ganda Nala. The neighborhood is in short distance from the Walled City, recently declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The redevelopment of this valuable property aims to upgrade the housing stock, rehouse current dwellers in larger units, and create additional affordable housing by increasing the allowed density on the site. Projected as a public private partnership, this venture presents an opportunity to establish innovative redevelopment parameters accelerating climate action. Four alternate schemes explore a wide range of design considerations for the site, foregrounding relevant socioenvironmental questions and integrating culturally grounded adaptation and mitigations strategies assessed through the Toolkit.

JYOTI NAGAR HOUSING BOARD F L AT S REDEVELOPMENT SITE

The Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats is a neighborhood in central Jaipur developed in the 1980’s. The site is surrounded by residential areas to the north and the houses of the Members of the Legislative Assembly on the south east (currently under redevelopment into luxury high rise residences). The district is changing rapidly with new real estate developments redefining the skyline and attracting more affluent residents, and capitalizing on the proximity to state government buildings (Vidhan Sabha), transit and other important urban amenities. On the northwest side is the Kartarpura Ganda Nala, one of the main natural drainage lines crossing the city. Its presence serves as a reminder of the challenges associated with urban storm water management practices and the many opportunities for habitat restoration right at the heart of the city. Several precarious neighborhoods are in close proximity to the site, the largest being Kathputli Nagar, sitting northeast of the site. These settlements sit adjacent to large open space areas that accommodate many programs over the year. Two important metropolitan infrastructures define the west side of the Jyoti Nagar site, challenging pedestrian flows and connectivity: the Sahakar Marginal and the train line. Last, a system of overhead water tanks punctuates the skyline, serving as civic landmarks for the neighborhoods they supply. While new development is dwarfing their presence, they act as markers signaling the struggle to ensure universal water access in the fast growing city.

Jaipur Main Railway Station

MILITARY CANTONMENT

Bais Godam Railway Station (no passenger use)

JYOTI

Dravyavati River (aka Amaanishaah Naala)

MAA INDRA VIHAR C KARTARPURA

Mansarovar (Pink Line Terminus)

Durgapura Railway Station

WALLED CITY City Palace Jaipur Badi Chopar (Pink MetroRail Terminus) Chandpole Bazaar Bapu Bazaar

Ram Newas Garden (zoo) C-SCHEME

Gandhi Nagar Mode

Central Park

Kathputhli Colony (designated slum by JMC) NAGAR

Gandhi Nagar Mode (proposed Orange MetroRail station) Sewai Mansingh Stadium Vidhan Sabha (Rajasthan Assembly Building) Gandhi Nagar Mode Kartarpura Ganda Nala

Gandhi Nagar Railway Station

Tonk Road / Proposed Orange MetroRail Line

JHALANA RESERVE FOREST

1000 meters

Existing Land Use

100%

TOTAL: 3.22 HA 32,249.89 m2

Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Original Layout The original site plan for the Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats included the Om Shiv Jyoti Park at the heart of the neighborhood, with 470 low and middle income units averaging 45 m2 to 70 m2, in 14 blocks. With an average of ground level plus two floors, the total FAR was 0.34. The plan also included commercial space, a nursery school, land for shops and a kiosk. The ground coverage is 4616.64 m2, adding to a 14.32%. The total build out area is 10,953.78 m2. Five different gates marked access to the neighborhood. Current Google maps show that site usage has changed over time, and some of the buildings part of the original scheme are not in place. There is no construction in the area provided for shops, but site images show instead that shops are occupying other areas on the site. Similarly, the nursery parcel has a different configuration than the original plans and there is no available information on the current use.

56.69%

RESIDENTIAL 18,283.84 m2

Updated data on the existing building stock and a census of existing dwellers and business, including all tenure status (own, rental, right of use), would be necessary to design the strategy of temporary relocation and minimize the impact of redevelopment on those directly affected by it. Together with the demographic information, available environmental data (tree inventory, storm water management, flooding occurrences, heat island), infrastructure coverage (sanitation, electricity and cable), and would inform design strategies.

26.78%

9.03% 3.74% 3.76% 10

OPEN SPACE 2912.06 m2 COMMERCIAL 1205.50 m2 PSP 1212.25 m2

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

JYOTI NAGAR HOUSING BOARD COLONY, ORIGINAL LAYOUT 28 DUs

28 DUs

40 DUs

28 DUs 10 DUs 28 DUs 40+40 DUs 40 DUs

28 DUs 32 DUs 32 DUs 28 DUs

RESIDENTIAL BUILT-UP AREA OF EACH BLOCK BLOCK TYPE

GROUND FLOOR (m2)

G+1 (m2)

G+2 (m2)

TOTAL (m2)

LIG1 - A

532.76

362.59

1257.95

LIG1 - B

621.56

408.97

1439.49

LIG1 - C

177.59

135.97

449.53

LIG2 - A

671.73

443.58

1558.90

LIG2 - B

895.64

664.06

2223.76

LIG2 - C

783.69

632.87

2049.43

MIG1

835.75

569.48

1974.71

TOTAL BUILT UP AREA (m ) 2

10953.78

NUMBER OF UNITS AND SIZE PER DWELLING TYPE Low Income Group 1, D.U. average build-up area 70 Units

44.39 m2

Low Income Group 2, D.U. average build-up area 372 Units 55.92 m2 Middle Income Group, D.U. average build-up area 55.92 m2 Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment

69.65 m2

Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Ty p i c a l F l o o r P l a n s

Middle Income Group 1 (MIG 1): 28 Dwelling Units, 69.65 m2 (average)

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Middle Income Group 1 (LIG 2): 372 Dwelling Units, 55.92 m2 (average)

Low Income Group 1 (LIG 1): 70 Dwelling Units, 44.39 m2 (average)

Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment

Kartarpura Ganda Nala

Sahakar Marg

Marg

Om Shiv J

ay Railw

Line

Pankaj Singhvi

Jyoti N Housing Bo

Jyoti Park

arg

Nagar oards Flats

Sin

vi M

MLA Housing

Vidhan Sabha 1000 meters

Unit on sale at Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats. Link at housing.com

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Views from the roof at Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats. Link at housing.com

Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment

Image of Om Shiv Jyoti Park, in the heart of the neighborhood. Source: Viki Choudhary, 2018 (Google)

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment

Celebration at Om Shiv Jyoti Park, Source: Sikandar Khan, 2017 (Google)

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment

Celebration in a street close to Om Shiv Jyoti Park. Source: Google, 2019

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment

Om Shiv Jyoti Park. Source: Viki Choudhary, 2018 (Google)

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

The mid-rise city. Source: Google, 2018

Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment

Recent development along Sahakar Marg. Source: Viki Choudhary, 2018 (Google)

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment

Railway Line on the Eastern side of the site. Source: Kumar Mukul, 2019 (Google)

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment

Kartarpura Ganda Nala during the 2020 rainy season. Source: Link.

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment

Kartarpura Ganda Nala. Source: Dinesh, 2017. Link.

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment

The precarious neighborhoods in the district: Kathputli Colony. Source: Facebook.

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment

View over the Railway Line and Sahakar Marg. Source: Deendayal Poonia, 2019 (Google)

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment

The lyered infrastructural approach: MetroRail Pink Line/ Source, MetroRail.

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment

J y o t i N a g a r, 2 0 0 0

300 meters

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

J y o t i N a g a r, 2 0 2 0

1000 meters Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment

Proposed Land Use

115%

TOTAL

Regulatory Provisions Guiding Redevelopment The current regulatory provisions for the site redevelopment will enable a significant redensification of the site, multiplying by five the current height of the buildings. This anticipated transformation is consistent with the patters of development observed in project under construction.

RAJASTHAN BUILDING REGULATIONS PLOT SIZE ≥2500 m2 MAXIMUM 40% COVERAGE

JYOTI NAGAR 32,249.89 m2 12,899.96 m2

MINIMUM SETBACKS SIDES / REAR 9 / 9 FRONT 6 MAXIMUM HEIGHT 1.5 * road width + front setback B.A.R. 2

60%

9/9 6 51 m -

GREEN LANDSCAPE Option 1: ≥15% area natural land (no roof underneath) AREAS Option 2: ≥10% over podium/basement/stilt and ≥10% on natural open land COMMERCIAL ≤ 5% Net Built-up Area RETAIL ≥1% Net Built-up Area or 1000 m2 (whichever less) HEALTH / ≤3% Net Built-up Area EDUCATION COMMON ≥ 2% net Built-up Area or 1500 m2 on stilt floor area FACILITIES ≤5% net built-up area total (can not be sold) PARKING can locate on stilt floor area

27%

CIRCULATION

15%

GREEN / LANDSCAPE

COMMON FACILITIES

5% 3%

COMMERCIAL HEALTH / EDUCATIONAL

INTERNAL STREETS ≥3.6 m wide (one-way) and ≥5.5 m wide (two-way) INTERNAL BUILDING ≥1/4th of the height of the taller building SETBACKS (not mandatory if close to dead wall)

No requirements for adaptation or mitigation strategies are noted in the existing regulations. Similarly, in the information shared by the city, there is no mention of subsidies or incentives that may encourage such components to be integrated in the redevelopment plans as part of the public private partnerships. Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Redevelopment Scenarios Under Consideration

BAR 2.0 Scenario

BAR 3.5 Scenario

Two possible scenarios have been presented for the redevelopment, attending to a 2 and a 3.5 B.A.R., with estimated developer profits from the sale of new housing and commercial spaces ranging from 247-437 Crore (~$34-60 M.). The redevelopment requires the number of existing units be maintained to ensure the relocation, with an additional 12m2 per unit.

Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment

The Housing Crisis

New developments are changing the physical and social fabric of the city, increasing the existing density and following a model of exclusive, gated community that caters to middle and upper incomes. Security concerns and the desire to have access to private facilities drive this change, further segregating urban functions and decreasing the vibrancy and vitality of the city center. In the case of Jyoti Nagar, this model is progressively gentrifying the district, leaving the housing crisis unabated.

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment

The Housing Crisis

Another manifestation of the housing crisis is the growing share of the population living in precarious neighborhoods in the city. Two large consolidated informal areas sit in Jyoti Nagar, the Kathputhli Colony being the largest.

Access of slums to drinking water Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) 86.5% water supply coverage of slum population. 56% slum households don’t have access to definite water sources Mahila Housing Sewa Trust (reported by Times of India in 2014) 25% slum households don’t have definite source of water 26% had access to inhouse tap connections 37% were dependent on public taps, 17 % on neighbours, 8% on private sellers of water.

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment

The Housing Crisis

Meanwhile, the construction of the luxurious MLA Flats, southeast of the Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats, is moving forward. The Rajasthan Housing Board received the transfer from the Jaipur Development Authority and will oversee the redevelopment. While the final height of the buildings is still on dispute, the 160 apartments will add to the rapid changes taking place in the district.

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment

Environmental crisis The city of Jaipur faces recurring, severe droughts and intense precipitation during monsoon. Risks due to water scarcity and urban flooding currently challenge the infrastructural capacity of the city. The fast pace of urban development and the anticipated climate change impacts in the region will further exacerbate this situation.

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment

JAIPUR’S JYOTI

NAGAR FUTURES

Reinvigorating Hydrology reimagining the Jyoti Nagar Housing Flats as a water machine

Sitting in close proximity to the Kartapura Ganda Nala, one of the few urban creeks crossing the city of Jaipur, the Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats is a redevelopment site aim to attract new residents to this central city area. While addressing the urban housing shortage in this rapidly gentrifying area, this renaturalization project takes stock of the urgent need to design with water for a more resilient future. Given the site’s accessibility to the Nala, its centrality, high connectivity, and visibility, this intervention can offer a new model for more sustainable redevelopment practices in Jaipur.

A u t u m n B e n d e r, I s a b e l l e B o r i e & Ta l i a M o r e t t i

Ta b l e o f C o n t e n t s

INTRODUCTION:

Water Issues, Propositions, and Actors

M A P P I N G U R B A N S Y S T E M S A N D C L I M AT E

Urban Analysis L a w a n d C l i m a t e C h a n g e To o l k i t

S E T T I N G THE CHALLENGE The Proposal S t re n g t h s , We a k n e s s e s , O p p o r t u n i t i e s , T h re a t s Redevelopment Scheme Giving Back to the City

INTRODUCTION

Water sets the pulse of the city in Jaipur. Together with the cycles of dreary droughts and bountiful monsoons, residents experience water pollution due to improper treatment of sewer and waste due to a severely lacking adequate water infrastructure. Across the Jaipur District, areas that endure the most rainfall also experience the highest levels of drought and lowest levels of groundwater aquifer recharge. To reinstate the natural water cycle, it is urgent to implement water collection and recharging techniques where most effective. The stewardship of water in the region is not new. Traditional water harvesting techniques are utilized in vast rural areas to collect, store, and reuse rainwater. While the significance of these techniques and sustainable water use in rural areas is emphasized by the Rajasthan Watershed Development and Soil Conservation Department, the legacy of these ancient techniques seems at a loss in the rapidly growing urban areas. In Jaipur city, the most pervasive water infrastructures are invisible tubewells and omnipresent overhead water tanks, both drowning but not replenishing water. With sustained population growth, these practices, as water pollution in one area spreads toward others.

The Kartapura Ganda Nala, one of the larger natural drainage paths running through the city, is today a prime location for waste accumulation while its adjacent neighborhoods experience intense flooding every monsoon season. While the Rajasthan Flood Zoning Policy dates from 1997, its enforcement remains deficient. To overcome this situation, this project proposes the implementation of watershed management practices to steward the Kartapura Ganda Nala as a metropolitan green and blue infrastructure system. Through the creation of a Watershed Redevelopment Authority to oversee urban development in the area, projects will respond to performative water stewardship standards addressing rainwater collection and filtration, integrating water harvesting methods within the building design, incorporating adaptation and mitigation strategies for storm-water and flood risk management, rainwater harvesting, water body restoration, micro-climate creation and improving overall water quality. Bringing the science of watershed management design to the finance-driven development practices in Jaipur is a step toward building a sustainable and community-conscious city. While the socio-environmental and cultural benefits of nature-based solutions building a climate-ready city are recognized globally, they must be incentivized to become common practice in public-private partnerships. This project delves into potential financial programs that can advance this quest. Only through decisive climate action can the government stage an unequivocal narrative towards a more resilient city, while building a global Jaipur.

K art arp u ra Gan d a N ala Po l lu t io n & En cro ach men ts

The Kartarpura Ganda Nala receives polluted storm water from the surrounding urban areas per the natural drainage of the site’s topography. Polluted stormwater carries waste which gets deposited within the Nala. Additionally, industries along the Nala have greatly contributed to the contamination of natural drainage path. Encroachments are found present along the perimeter of the water which disrupt the conditions of existing ecosystems and biodiversity. 60

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Reinvigorating Hydrology

NE Kartarpura Ganda Nala 04.2021

NE Kartarpura Ganda Nala 11.2020

S Kartarpura Ganda Nala 04.2021

S Kartarpura Ganda Nala 11.2020

NE Kartarpura Ganda Nala 04.2021

NE Kartarpura Ganda Nala 11.2020

P ER F OR M ATIVE OUT C OM ES

ACTIONABLE STRATEGIES

D ESIGN C H A L L EN GES

U RBA N ISSU ES

THE BIODIVERSE CITY: the Kartarpura Gan increasing periods of water scarcity

P OL IC IES A CT OR S

depleting water table

urban flooding

permeable surfaces

nature-based flood management

accessible green spaces

National India Water Policy

Rajasthan Housing Board

Jaipur Development Authority

property and life loss

lack of service of water towers + pipe lines

rainwater harvesting

increasing precipitation intensity

biodiversity and habitat restoration

clean waterbodies

National Urban Sanitation Policy

RUDP

Municipal Corporation

National River Conservation Plan

RAPCC

drainage and sewage system

Clean India Mission

NATIONAL POL National W Development

Department of RAJASTHAN PO Environment and Rajasthan F Forest Zoning Po

Civil Society Groups

Design Professionals

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

R D

nda Nala Watershed Redevelopment Authority water pollution

dysfunctional public space

public health emergency

phytoremediation

lack of real and perceived safety

unsustainable development patterns

overconsumption of land and water

performative measures in redevelopment projects

create micro-climates

$ redevelopment water fund

water preservation architectural standards

safer and accessible public spaces

additional housing

LICIES + PROGRAMS National Water Central Water Water National Mission Agency Commission Hydrology Project

OLICIES + PROGRAMS

Flood Public Health olicy Engineering Department

fragmentation of open spaces

State Ground Water Department

Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvination Rajasthan Watershed Development and Soil Conservation Department

Watershed Redevelopment Authority

Real Estate Developers

Community Groups

Citizens

Local Business + Corporations

Reinvigorating Hydrology

Global Partnerships

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Reinvigorating Hydrology

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Reinvigorating Hydrology

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Reinvigorating Hydrology

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Reinvigorating Hydrology

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Reinvigorating Hydrology

MAPPING URBAN SYSTEMS

Situated in a desert, Jaipur naturally experiences droughts, however also experiences an annual monsoon season with more precipitation. It is not uncommon for Jaipur to have seasonal flooding as a result of this precipitation, causing destruction. To cope with the uneven rainfall, the city uses groundwater from aquifers to hydrate the city year-round. This method, however, is not sustainable as the city is expected to experience overall increases in temperature and a decrease in the available water supply. This causes concern for the residents of Jaipur, and most especially underprivileged populations due to inadequate water infrastructure. In addition, many waterways are heavily polluted, endangering public and environmental health. This pollution will only be emphasized with the expected climactic transformations. This project aims to mitigate these risks through the integration of active green spaces and waterways. The implementation of strategic installations will work toward purifying existing waterways with the objective of decreasing pollution and creating a more sustainable neighborhood model which may later be replicated and connected on a larger scale along the Nala.

P r e c i p i t a t i o n Tr e n d s

621.6 mm 621.6 mm

Site

602.9 mm 602.9 mm

<20 mm <20 mmSite

Site

<20 mm <20 mmSite

Site

564.2 mm 564.2 mm

535.9 mm 535.9 mm

Monsoon Monsoon SeasonSeason Precipitation Precipitation Accumulation Accumulation June-September June-September

Non-Monsoon SeasonSeason Precipitation Accumulation Non-Monsoon Precipitation Accumulation October-May October-May

Monsoon Monsoon SeasonSeason Precipitation Precipitation Accumulation Accumulation June-September June-September

Non-Monsoon Non-Monsoon SeasonSeason Precipitation Precipitation Accumulation Accumulation October-May October-May

> 40 m

Site

Due to Jaipur’s location within Rajasthan, the driest state of India, 20-40m 20-40m > 40 m > 40 m Site Site a lack of rainfall to replenish groundwater and surface water sources of which a majority of that rainfall is received during 20-40m 20-40m 20-40m m > 40the m dry 20-40m the duration of the monsoon season. Drought> 40during season Site Site Site encourages water to be sourced from the existing aquifer using tubewells and borewells which has exploited the water table levels down to 40 m or more below the surface. 20-40m 20-40m Site there is already

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

621.6 mm

535.9 mm Site

535.9 mm

602.9 mm

<20 mm

602.9 mm

Site

564.2 mm

<20 mm

onsoon Monsoon Season Precipitation Season Precipitation Accumulation Accumulation ne-September June-September 564.2 mm

Site Site

Non-Monsoon Non-Monsoon Season Precipitation Season Precipitation Accumulation Accumulation October-May October-May

535.9 mm 535.9 mm

Monsoon Season Precipitation Accumulation June-September Monsoon Season Precipitation Accumulation June-September > 40 m

> 40 m Site

> 40 m > 40 m

20-40m Site

Site Site

Non-Monsoon Season Precipitation Accumulation October-May Non-Monsoon Season Precipitation Accumulation October-May

20-40m

> 40 m

20-40m

> 40 m

20-40m

> 40 m

egendLegend Lakes & Rivers Lakes & Rivers India Tehsil India Boundary Tehsil Boundary JaipurDepth Municipal Jaipur Municipal Corporation Boundary Boundary of Corporation Water Table

Depth of Water Table Depth of Water November 2015Table November 2015

Depth of Water Table May 2015 2015 Roads MayRoads

Legend

19.5 13 Kilometers 19.5 Kilometers

Lakes & Rivers Lakes & Rivers urces: Sources: India Tehsil Boundary India Tehsil Boundary Jaipur Municipal Corporation Boundary ound Water Ground Information: Water Jaipur District, Jaipur 2013, District, Central 2013,Ground CentralWater Ground Board Water Jaipur Information: Municipal Corporation Boundary

Board

Roads Roads 0

3.25 6.5 3.25 6.5

Sources: Sources:

13 13

Site Site

Water Table Depth ofDepth Waterof Table November November 2015 2015

Water Table epth ofDepth Waterof Table May 2015 ay 2015

Legend 3.25 6.5 0 3.25 6.5 13

> 40 m Site

19.5 Kilometers 19.5 Kilometers

Ground Water Information: Jaipur District, 2013, Central Ground Water Board Ground Water Information: Jaipur District, 2013, Central Ground Water Board

Reinvigorating Hydrology

20-40m Site

20-40m 20-40m

20-40m

Jaipur Water Supply and Sewer Maps

VKIA

U-1 Area

Jaipur Municipal Corporation Boundary

Amanishah CWR Western Jaipur Govind Nagar Walled City

Central Jaipur

Ramnivas Bagh CWR Central Park CWR

Site

Mansarovar CWR Jawahar Circle CWR

Water Supply Existing Overhead Water Towers

Legend Lakes & Rivers Roads Pump Stations Served Areas

Surajpura Treatment Plant

Balwala CWR

Water Towers 0

3.25 6.5

19.5 Kilometers

Sources: Google Maps Bisalpur Water Supply Scheme, JDA

Bisalpur Reservoir

U-1 Area

Jaipur Municipal Corporation Boundary

Existing SewerTreatment Plants Proposed SewerTreatment Plants

Currently, the Public Health Engineering Department is providing drinking water to the city by pumping water from the Bisalpur Reservoir but this reservoir is only projected to provide water for a few more years. Much of the water exists in overhead water towers located throughout the city which only provide to adjacent locations. Brahmapuri STP Bassi Storampura STP

Site 78

Proposed Sewer Map - MDP 2025 Jaipur Development Authority

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur Devari STP

Pump Stations Served Areas

Surajpura Treatment Plant

Balwala CWR

Water Towers 0

3.25 6.5

19.5 Kilometers

Sources: Google Maps Bisalpur Water Supply Scheme, JDA

Bisalpur Reservoir

U-1 Area

Jaipur Municipal Corporation Boundary

Existing SewerTreatment Plants

Brahmapuri STP

Bassi Storampura STP

Proposed SewerTreatment Plants

Site Proposed Sewer Map - MDP 2025 Jaipur Development Authority

Devari STP

Legend

RICCO STP

East Catchment Area West Catchment Area Central Catchment Area

Bambala STP Delawas STP

North Catchment Area Lakes & Rivers India Tehsil Boundary

3.25 6.5

19.5 Kilometers

Sources:

Sewage dumping has constantly been a threat to water sources such as the Kartarpura Gana Nala as there is a lack of infrastructure to treat it across the city. The MDP proposes the expansion of sewer infrastructure with the implementation of 5 more sewer treatment plants by the Jaipur Municipal corporation.

Reinvigorating Hydrology

S e a s o n a l V a r i a t i o n s

05.2010

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Kartarpura Ganda

09.2010

Reinvigorating Hydrology

05.2015

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

08.2015

Reinvigorating Hydrology

04.2019

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

10.2019

Reinvigorating Hydrology

J aip u r Green Sp ace A cces s ib ilit y an d Vacan cy This map highlights the areas of water, vacancy, and greenery in the U1 Urban Jaipur District. Specifically, the immensity of available vacant land, open space and waste lands are noted in shades of orange. These areas are more dense on the periphery of downtown Jaipur. The spatial disparity between public and private parks is also shown. While there are many large recreational areas near the Jyoti Nagar site, they are predominantly private, requiring payment for admission and limiting who may access the space. c u l t u re ( 3 3 . 2 4 % ) Land (18.1 6% ant c ) sts (8. 22 Va e r

Agri

)

Wasteland (1.52%)

Parks (0.78%) Private Parks

Open Space (0.15%)

Dravyavati River Channel (0.36%) Water Bodies (0.08%) Including Kartarpura

Wetlands (0.04%) 86

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Dravyavati River Channel Kartarpura Ganda Nala Jyoti Nagar Housing Flats

Reinvigorating Hydrology

J y o ti N ag ar Acces s an d Tran s p o rt at io n Located in the center of Jaipur, the Jyoti Nagar Housing Flats neighbor the two metro lines, the pink line, and the projected orange line, and seceral bus lines surrounding the site. The site remains close to a variety of land uses, including residential, commercial, mixed-use, and open space zoning. Existing infrastructure also includes nearby hospitals, parking, and a police station, as well as the Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha or government assembly building.

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

J y ot i Nag ar A m e n it y Acces s This map indicates land uses directly adjacent to the Jyoti Nagar Housing Flats site. There is close access to transit, grocery stores, and hospitals. The area has a varied land use profile, also being occupied by utilities, government offices and mixed-use buildings. Overall, the neighborhood has some of the needed amenities to sustain an emerging community.

Reinvigorating Hydrology

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s Informed by the UN-Habitat Law and Climate Change Toolkit, a_ advancing water Reinvigorating Hydrology aims to establish policies c management infrastructure. This proposal identifies optimal areas for water and flood managment strategies. Stormwater management through nature-based methods remediate water pollution. The implementation of rainwater harvesting installations aid in mitigating low water table levels. Last, this project inventivizes assessment and n Planning for Adaptatio stormwater fees for businesses to benefit from the Kartarpura Ganda Nala, and fund future water-based installations.

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Climate risks and vulnerability for planned areas and infrastructure Identification and prioritisation of adaptation options Implementation of the identified adapation options Adaptation of slums and other vulnerable settlements Planned relocations from areas at risk of climate change Security of tenure Development approval and adaptation

Planning for Mitigation m_e Urban plans and greenhouse gas emissions m_t Urban form and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from transportation and infrastructure m_g Green spaces for environmental and climate services m_n Neighborhood design and energy saving in buildings m_a Development approval and mitigation

Economic and Financial Instruments e_r e_m e_u

Resources for urban planning and climate change Incentives for mitigation and adaption in urban planning Incentives that promote unsustainable urban land uses

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

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Reinvigorating Hydrology Toolkit Assessment

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GR IH A F eas ab ilit y Ch eck GRIHA FEASIBILITY CHECK (CITIES) SMART GOVERNANCE

Public Participation in Decision Making

SITE PLANNING

Design to Mitigate Urban Heat Island Effect

Municipal Finance

Landscape Preservation and Protection during Construction

Water Collection and Efficiency

Extent of Waste Collection

Sanitation and Waste Water

Storm Water Management

Air and Soil Pollution Reduction during Construction

SANITATION & MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Waste Collection and Treatment

Low Impact Design

Intelligent Building Processes

Capacity Building

WATER SUPPLY & MANAGEMENT

Water Sufficiency

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

ENERGY OPTIMIZATION & MANAGEMENT

SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS

SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY

QUALITY OF LIFE AND SOCIAL COHESION

Demand Side Management

Reduction in Environmental Impact of Construction

Public Transport Facilities

Air, Noise and Water Quality (Environmental awareness)

Efficient Household Electricity Consumption

Low Environmental Impact Materials in Interiors

Non-motorized Facilities

Available Public Spaces and Green Areas

Energy Efficient Street Lights

Zero ODP Materials

Road Safety Measures

Available Affordable Housing

Enhancing Power Quality

Low VOC Paints, Adhesives, Sealants and Composite Wood

Low Carbon Interventions

Access to Clean Sources of Cooking Fuel

Use of Renewable Energy

Recycled Materials in Roads and Pavement

Access and Proximity to Transport and Basic Services

Universal Accessibility

Reinvigorating Hydrology

JYOTI NAGAR NEIGHBORHOOD PROPOSAL 94

The residents of Jaipur currently experience severe water pollution and shortages. Reinvigorating Hydrology proposes a reinstatement of historic water harvesting techniques and implementation of nature-based stormwater management aiming to revitalize the Nala and the water table. The location of the redevelopment site lies in a strategic location between the density of the city and the Kartarpura Ganda Nala and presents a crucial possibility for the treatment of runoff water before it reaches the Nala. The housing complex will act as a water machine, collecting, treating and recycling 1/3rd of the stormwater which falls on the site. A series of strategic landscaping and physical installations will work toward necessary phytoremediation as the remaining rainwater either collects in bioswales and constructed wetlands or travels down the natural gradation toward the Nala.

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

S W O T A N A LY S I S Reinvigorating Hydrology

J yo t i Nag ar H o us in g Bo ard F lat s R e d evelo p men t P lan

Jyoti Nagar has a strategic, well-served location, close to urban amenities, government buildings, and transit lines. The close proximity to the Kartarpura Ganda Nala offers a unique opportunity to promote water management practices on public land, maximizing nature-based solutions to treat polluted stormwater while encouraging groundwater recharge. The site is located in a shallow area next to the Nala; the design reclaims the stormwater which falls in the area, creating water catchment areas in adjacency to impermeable surfaces. These open spaces are designed as xeriscapes, consisting of plants that require little to no irrigation while still having a root system to filtrate water. Central to the scheme is the greenheart, where the team preserves species in the existing neighborhood parks and builds green and blue infrastructures. While the site self-contains and treats stormwater as new performative requirements for redevelopment, the ambition to reconnect with the Kartarpura extends intentionally. Multiple interventions reach the creek to renaturalize it. The integration of green infrastructure in street design seeds a new appreciation about water in the public right-of-way, creating new micro-climates and making the public realm safer and healthier. Beyond the design of an environmentally performative ground, the new construction standards also make water the protagonist. An artificial roof topography playfully collects water into smaller catchment areas while contributing little pollution from the roof material. The program includes commercial amenities on the ground and first levels and apartments on upper levels.

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Reinvigorating Hydrology

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

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Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Reinvigorating Hydrology

J y o t i N ag ar H o u s in g Bo a rd F lat s Co n s t ru ct ed Wet lan d A constructed surface wetland located in the center of the development will collect water from peripheral bioswales, with all sidewalks slopped to direct water to the central wetland. This totals 2.2 ha while the roof area collects stormwater from the remaining 1 ha. As stormwater moves through the wetlands, pollutants, metals, and sediment are removed from the water before it is released to the underground aquifer. The wetland is intended to hold water for a 36-hour cycle, with sufficient volume to handle up to a 100-year storm.

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Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

J y o t i N a g ar H o u s in g B o ard F lat s Bio s wales The bioswales will aid in collecting stormwater, filtering it and conveying it toward the wetland through pipelines. Curb cuts will additionally collect excess water off the streets into the bioswales. Native plantings have been selected for their ability to withstand both drought and saturation.

ter

Curb Cut Permeable Uncompacted Soil (30.5 cm,12”) Gravel Trench (45.7 cm, 18”)

ter

Perforated Drainage Pipe (15.25 cm, 6”) Filter Fabric Native Soil (30.5 cm,12”) Vegetation (15.25 cm, 6”)

Bioswale Diagram

Indian grass (Sorghastrum Nutans)

Firebush (Hamelia patens)

Guggul (Commiphora wightii)

native, perennial grass, grows best with occasional flooding and burning

native, drought-tolerant, perennial shrub, attracts birds and insects

native, drought-tolerant, deciduous shrub

grows in sandy loamy soil

grows in sandy/loamy soil

can grow in infertile soil

Reinvigorating Hydrology

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Reinvigorating Hydrology

Tre e P res ervat io n an d P lan t in g P lan

The existing Jyoti Nagar Housing scheme has 68 trees on the site, concentrated in the central park area. Our project aims to carefully plan around the existing placement of these trees, maintaining 56 of them and planting 39 new trees. These trees are accommodated by pathway locations, lawn or dirt areas, and coir fibre mounds in the wetland. Round wood benches create gathering spaces under some tree canopies.

110

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Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Reinvigorating Hydrology

Building 1: D.U. plans

Building 2: D.U. plans

F.A.R 2.5

Building 3: D.U. plans

Total: Area: 716, 970 sqft.

D.U. Sizes > 130 sq.m.

D.U.: 686 Existing d.u.: 470 Gained: 216, 45% increase Commercial spaces: 78 114

100-130 sq.m. 90-100 sq.m. Building 4+5: D.U. plans

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Building 1 Commercial Spaces: 31 Residential Spaces: 291 d.u. Residential Terraces: 3 Total Floor Area: 334,830 sqft.

Building 2 Commercial Spaces: 15 Residential Spaces: 136 d.u. Residential Terraces: 3 Total Floor Area: 143,240 sqft.

Building 3 Commercial Spaces: 15 Residential Spaces: 127 d.u. Residential Terraces: 2 Total Floor Area: 133,600 sqft.

Building 4 + 5 Commercial Spaces: 17 Residential Spaces: 132 d.u. Residential Terraces: 0 Underground Parking Total Floor Area: 105,300 sqft.

Reinvigorating Hydrology

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Reinvigorating Hydrology

Land Use Opportunities Along the Kartarpura Ganda Nala

This map zooms in on the scale of the Kartarpura Ganda Nala, which eventually flows into the channelized Dravyavati River. The Jyoti Nagar site can be noted near the center of the map. The multitude of land uses in the area is shown in the area adjacent to the Nala. The revitilization of the Kartarpura Ganda Nala is intended as a prototypical plan which can be replicated along other areas of the water course. Areas of possibility are highlighted, representing vacant and open areas adjacent to residential and precarious neighborhoods which offer possibility for community engagement and open access to all.

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Reinvigorating Hydrology

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Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Reinvigorating Hydrology

K a rt arp u ra Gan d a N ala Rip arian Bu ffer

There is a current trend to channelize rivers that pose flooding threats or have been polluted by domestic or industrial waste. This river concretizing prevents infiltration into groundwater stores and limits the rehabilitation of these areas, permanently altering the landscape. 122

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Instead we propose the revitalization of the buffer area along the Kartarpura Ganda Nala. By managing the landscape as a series of zones adjacent to the natural water course many ecological and public services will take place. These include: flood mitigation, remediation of soil and water, water collection, and communal green space. Reinvigorating Hydrology

J yo t i Nag ar L an d s cap e O verview

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Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Reinvigorating Hydrology

R e d e velo p men t Sch eme

These drawings represent the expected process of development of the redesigned Jyoti Nagar Housing Flats. In order to make minimal disruptions in the needed redevelopment, it is planned to construct the flats using the additional space from an expected 10 percent vacancy rate. Construction is to begin at the Kartapura Ganda Nala, ensuring that there is adequate green space along the riverfront. Then the surrounding sites will be fitted with impervious materials to allow for water to travel from the building. 126

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Once this necessary infrastructure is installed, then will the building itself be constructed through a phased process. This phased process will incremental with about 10 percent of the building being constructed in each phase, allowing for a phased transfer of the residents. This process is intended to allow for a progressive transition of the residents to their new home, as well as to ensure that the project is carefully integrated within its surrounding community.

Reinvigorating Hydrology

Unconstructed Site

Phase 1

Phase 7

128

Phase 2

Phase 8

Phase 3

Phase 9

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Phase 4

Nala Greenery

Permeable Surfaces

Phase 5

Phase 6

Actors Collaboration

Completion

Reinvigorating Hydrology

C o n s t ru ct io n Mat erial R eu s e To incorporate green incentives and to decrease overall embodied energy, building construction materials will be recycled and reused. More common materials, such as metal, concrete, wood and glass, will each have a repurposed use within the new development. Metal can be melted and reformed to produce structure, concrete can be recycled as an aggregate and used in the subfloors, wood can be further used as insulation, finish products and lining. Lastly, glass can be broken down as an aggregate to make up flooring and countertops. A few local organizations will be involved, working to recycle these materials. We also hope to employ local craftsmen to install them within the new development.

Sources: https://www.archdaily.com/925494/which-materials-are-easiest-to-recycle https://buildgreennh.com/recycled-building-materials/ https://www.cseindia.org/india-manages-to-recover-and-recycleonly-about-1-per-cent-of-its-construction-and-demolition10326#:~:text=New%20Delhi%2C%20August%2025%2C%202020,just%20about%201%20per%20cent.

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Pu b l ic P rog rams an d P a rt icip a t o r y P ro ces s es Participatory processes include: 1st floor businesses owned by building residents which serve the surrounding area, public-private partnerships recycling building materials, using local expertise to plan the redevelopment, courtyard spaces used for public and neighborhood events, seasonal floating gardens that operate in a cyclical manner using collected recycling as garden beds, market spaces, community-relations building, creation of safer walkways, and a community library. Water and the preservation of natural drainage courses are vital to the future of Jaipur. A city-wide Water Redevelopment Authority will manage bodies of water, water quality and access in the city. While the JDA has engaged in river projects in collaboration with engineering and construction firms, multi-level stewardship that engages government, private and community partners will ensure the longevity and vitality of the Kartarpura Ganda Creek and other water bodies in the region.

dro ug ht be g ins ( o c t)

p e a k of d ry s e a s on (m a y ) coll

ect & sort

fl o a ting g a rd e n s of t h e K ar tar p u ra Ga n d a

harvest

ndl

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m on s oon s e a s on b e gi n s (j u n e )

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s o w & fl o a t

Reinvigorating Hydrology

Giv in g Back t o t h e C it y

Reinvigorating Hydrology is a prototypical project which requires expansion and replication throughout the city to be successful. This map highlights key areas of vacant land, open space, or wastelands along the Kartarpura Ganda Stream which may be repurposed as green spaces, riparian setbacks, or pedestrian bridges. This would help minimize flooding in the city, improve environmental quality, provide community space, and produce more connectivity. Second, certain areas of commercial, industrial, or utility use are identified for their need to establish riparian buffers. Construction season occurs when the water is at its lowest point and not a visible concern; permitting continued encroachment on the Kartarpura Ganda Creek, amplifying environmental degradation and flooding in the area. There is an urgent need to mandate that private owners and businesses establish a buffer from the Kartarpura Ganda Stream. Climate change will continue to heighten the severity of both monsoons and droughts in the Jaipur region, care for the region’s watershed is an essential priority. Reinvigorating Hydrology is a basis from which projects of water preservation, reuse, and mitigation can begin.

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Reinvigorating Hydrology

Water Redevel Auth

GO V E R NM E N T CO LLAB O R AT ORS

S TATE & N ATI O NAL

RE G I ON A L

Public Health Engineering Department

Jaipur Municipal Corporation

National Water Development Agency

Jaipur Development Authority

PRIV PA RT N

New Developments (base watershed managment requirements)

Designers & Architects

Owner/ Developer

Eng

P Rajasthan Watershed Development and Soil Conservation Department

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Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

rshed lopment hority

VATE NER S

C OM M U N I T Y C ON N E C T I ON S

Businesses and Factories Adjacent to Jaipur Waterways

Public Advisory Committee

Kartarpura Ganda Nala Restoration Committee

Committees by Neighborhood

gineers

Potential Public Private Partners

Safe Water Network

Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services Limited (IL&FS)

Project Development Company of Rajasthan (PDCOR)

Reinvigorating Hydrology

Floating Garden Community Committee

Sub-committees

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Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Reinvigorating Hydrology

J y o t i N a g a r ’s Many Urban Natures

Ravi Student at the Ellen Collge of Design in Jaipur and a renter at Jyoti Nagar Housing Flats

Amar Local designer at a firm near Jyoti Nagar and a friend of Aanya’s

Aanya Owner of a flower shopn near Jyoti Nagar and resident of the area

Sai Construction worker in Jaipur and longtime owner of a unit at Jyoti Nagar

Kevin Bechard, Huiting Qian, Sydney Strawser

Ta b l e o f C o n t e n t s

INTRODUCTION:

140

Site Redevelopment

A N A LY S I S :

148

A Diagnosis of the Existing Jyoti Nagar

I N S P I R AT I O N :

162

Forming our Main Components

PROPOSAL:

164

Design Solutions and Methods

THE COLLECTIVE:

174

Outcomes and Dissemination

C L I M AT E A C T I O N A N D G O V E R N A N C E : L o n g - Te r m C l i m a t e C h a n g e A c t i o n

182

INTRODUCTION

Many Urban Natures offers an accupuntural approach to redevelopment , rebuilding only on specific sites when the buildings' life cycle are exhausted, and designing instead the urban environment at the street level. This can serve as a proof of concept for the city’s commitment to drive a more sustainable future. By nature-based climate solutions and preservation driving the conceptualization of the project, our proposal creates a prototype to be replicated in other areas across the city to begin to create a larger ecological network.

Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

INTRODUCTION

Many Urban Natures aims to cultivate community at the Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats neighborhood. This approach recognizes the existing complex urban ecosystem in place as an opportunity for consolidation, resisting the approach of tabula rasa redevelopment. In building this approach, the proposal offers a design toolkit for implementation that combines tactics of repair, healing, growing, upgrading, and sustaining place. With redevelopment, property value increases and the socioeconomic composition of the area changes, making it difficult for current residents to remain in their original homes. Located in a central city area under rapid redensification, Jyoti Nagar can offer a way forward laying the groundwork for a future of inclusion, neighborhood life preservation, and green design.

Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

INTRODUCTION

Combined with the current open spaces on the site, this is an opportunity for the provisioning of green, community spaces and connectivity to surrounding green areas and amenities in the city; soon forming a network to be expanded on. By an accupunctural approach of small additions and reconstructions, residents will customize the design implementations better serving their needs. Scaffolding systems added to building exteriors and expanding liveable space to the rooftops provides one of several modes of personalization. As a host of green walls, clothes lines, hung textiles, and a mode of shading, the scaffolding is meant to serve as a multifunctional asset determined by the individual resident. This project places the focus on the quality of life and environment of the community, and can serve as a replicable method for other neighborhoods moving forward to a more equitable and sustainable future.

Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

It was a Saturday afternoon in mid-spring as I walked along Sahakar Marg Road in Jaipur on my way to a monthly meeting for my living

community,

Jyoti

Nagar Housing Flats. As I walked along the road, admiring the spring day, I began to recall memories from my time in Jaipur.

146

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Continuing along the road, I approached a run-down housing complex. In front of it sat a monolithic billboard picturing a wealthy couple and an advertisement for new,

luxury

apartments.

Time, and time again I’d see things like this, and it was beginning to frustrate me. “How can the city talk about redevelopment without hearing any input from the actual residents?” I thought. None of the new developments

reflected

any of the growing climate challenges we faced.

Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

Surrounding Land Uses Located in central Jaipur, the Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats dwellers have access to plenty of green open space. With a well preserved park in the heart of the neighborhood and in close proximity to the Kartapura Ganda Nalla, they know well the benefits of easy access to urban nature in the rapidly growing city. According to the mapping, vacant land and transportation infrastructure (railway and road) make up the largest proportion of open space in Jaipur. Green open spaces vary from the magnificent presence of the Aravalli Hills to small city parks providing wide opportunities for the implementation of a green space network throughout the city.

As I turned to continue my

walk,

newspaper

tumbling along the sidewalk blew into me. As I picked it up, I noticed a column highlighting the temporal conditions in Jaipur and factors

contributing

the changing climate. As I thought about how climate effects

were,

indeed,

growing, I was reminded of the day I moved to Jaipur 5 years ago.

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Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

Existing Green Space The taxonomy of open green spaces in Jaipur includes many different types in their spatial definition, ownership and management structure. Despite the diversity of this landscape mosaic, the reality is that the provision of green open space per resident is well bellow recommended standards.

It was a particularly hot day near the end of summer. Having

grown

Chandigarh, a city known for its green spaces, I could not forget how surprised I was by the absence of green space when I arrived.

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Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

Urban Heat Island Effect

The rapid urbanization of the Jaipur region, with concrete and asphalt replacing natural vegetation, is creating “urban heat islands” with about two degrees celsius higher average*. During the very hot summers, this condition further aggravates an already critical situation that is only expected to worsen in future years. With the central areas growing vertical, wind patterns are impacted, intensifying the sensation of heat. The increasing use of concrete, asphalt, glass and metal in building construction absorbs and retains more heat. As the most urbanized areas are the hottest, and those able to preserve vegetation the coolest, central city areas like Jyoti Nagar will play an important role setting a response engaging climate action. As such, every redevelopment project should invest on the renaturalization of the city, maintaining mid-rise density neighborhoods with park space and consolidated tree canopies. In the Jaipur District, large open spaces like Nahargarh biological park, Jhalana safari park, and Jamwa Ramgarh WLS show great ability to cool down the land surface temperature. In Jaipur city, the urban open space network also helps to mitigate the heat island effect. I remembered the hot sun beating down on me as I lugged my belongings up into my new apartment. I

gained

immediate

understanding, that day, of the intensity of the summer heat after moving in without much tree cover, and seeing street vendors try to fit themselves into the limited shady areas to escape the sweltering sun. 152

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

Surrounding Amenities The site and its surroundings are mainly used for residential spaces, and are located near other green spaces, educational institutions, health centers, restaraunts, and banks. Sawai Mansingh Stadium and Central Park are the main green open spaces in the neighborhood. The close proximity to amenities makes more convienient circumstances for current residents of Jyoti Nagar, as well as gives opportunity to expand site designs outward to other areas throughout the city along populated paths which have potential to become green corridors.

That same day, after moving all of my belongings into my new apartment, my good friend, Sai, who just happened to live down the hall, wanted to show me around the Central Park in Jaipur. Walking there in the sun, without much shade, was more tiring than I had anticipated. We were so ready to go into the park and get out of the sun. But once we finally arrived, to our despair, we found that its gates were closed and we couldn’t go in. 154

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Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

Neighborhood Grounds The existing ground conditions on the site and its adjacencies are made up of sparse tree cover and grassy, landscaped areas while mainly consisting of unlandscaped and paved areas, like bare soil surfaces, that are subject to intense sun exposure. While the bare soil surfaces are subjected to intense sun, they also create muddy, messy commuting spaces for residents of Jaipur during the rainy monsoon season.

Back to my walk, I

was

getting close to the park where the meeting was being held. With a little time still left to walk, I flipped the page of the newspaper and found a section about the many unlandscaped areas with bare soil surfaces in Jaipur. This reminded me of yet another memory; a rainy day during the monsoon season when my clothes got drenched from the rain and got splattered with mud from my commute through the busy, crowded streets.

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Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

Kinetic Streets Indian cities constantly redraw their grounds staging an endless choreography of urban actors and programs. Jaipur is no exception and the kinetic nature of urban life offers an endless spectacle. Street vendors, busy pedestrians, all kinds of vehicles, and animals create an ever-transforming streetscape in Jaipur.

Different time slots witness those components in motion from morning to midnight. Those activities vividly happen in secondary, tertiary, and residential roads, and even every fragment of open space between the buildings. The parking lot during the day may transfer to a flexible bazaar at night. These dynamic components flow with time leaving no scar in the ground.

Busy was more like an understatement.

commute

the

through

streets involved weaving my way through crowds of

pedestrians,

hurrying

out of the way of vehicles and elephants alike, and interacting with local street vendors.

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Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

Redevelopment and Displacement in India One outcome of redevelopment projects that negatively affects the communities is displacement. Development-induced displacement is quite common in India. To achieve rapid economic growth, India has invested in industrial projects, redevelopment projects, roads, power plants, and new cities. The majority of population displaced comes from the sites of construction of large dams, highways, metros as well due to “Ravi!” Cut short of my

the process of urbanization.

daydream, Sai was running towards me as I walked up

In Jaipur, these processes are not new.The impact of

to the group. “Remember

displacement caused by the Jaipur Metro project officially

Aanya’s

Amar?

resulted in the displacement of 170 residents. Most residents

The one who works at

confessed the project has exerted negative impacts on their

that design firm on Pankaj

business, income, employment opportunities, and even family

Singhvi Marg right near

life. For Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats to remain a thriving mix

our apartments? They’re

income neighborhood in central city, redevelopment must be

here at the meeting!” he

guided by a process of accupuntural interventions committed

exclaimed.

to making and keeping place.

friend,

Since expressing concerns at

past

meetings

increased rent, length of construction process, and potential relocation in the event of redevelopment, my community had decided we wanted to preserve and improve the existing conditions of our home. As Sai and I walked up to the group, I could hear the excitement of my fellow neighbors

finally

having

their ideas heard.

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Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

Inspirations We were inspired by the work of Ann Lacaton and Jean-Philippe Vassal whose work focuses on environmental, economic, and social tiers, and pays respect to the inherited while striving to act responsibly in the present. Rather than demolishing and reconstructing spaces, their work preserves the aims and aspirations of the original designers and the current occupants. It is with this that we prioritize three main components which best fit the immediate needs of the current residents; green space, existing structures, and social spaces. These entail increasing accessible green space and improving thier ecologies, improving the existing dwellings’ functionality for residents in a sustainable, cost-effective manner, and improving the functionality of spaces hosting the social sector - the occupied areas at the street level.

Together, my community and Amar’s firm formed a plan to take an incremental approach to redevelopment and select additions and reconstructions

only

specific buildings. We set goals to improve the quality of units, make more space to welcome new residents into

our

neighborhood,

and to have a large focus on curating the outdoor communal

spaces

better serve everyone who occupied them.

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Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

Regenerative Design

The overlapping ecological services of the rain gardens and pocket parks are an example of green infrastructure that contributes to resilience in urban systems. This helps with decreasing stormwater flows, helping maintain stable urban temperatures, and providing habitat of urban wildlife

Pioneer species that help fix nitrogen and build soil quality. The native plantings will act as a sieve and enable water to drain through the interstitial spaces of the soil while also capturing road and water runoff pollutants.

DROUGHT TOLERANT

FLOOD TOLERANT

Wind Flower - Perennial; grows in dry, open areas

Chickweed - Most common wild flower, grows in cool, moist areas

Globe Thistle - Grows in banks and in crevices of walls; preferrs dry areas

Vine-like Fern - Grows in shaded, sunny, and damp areas; very dense

Wild Indian Caper - A primary source of food for butterflies and caterpillars

Indian Wood Sorrel - Grows in moist areas and found all over India

Honey Tree - Grows well in dry, sandy areas; can withstand high and low temps

Common Melilot - Flowers in winter in wet areas; attracts honeybees

I also got the opportunity to

express

climate

concerns and observations to the design team, and got to play a role in the planning process. Because of that, I was able to make the

sure

improving

neighborhood’s

ecosystems was a priority in the design.

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BIODIVERSITY

NATIVE LANDSCAPE

Wild Delphinium - Grows in chalky, weedy soil in grassy banks and margins of fields

Jandi - Grows in extremely arid conditions; indicative of a deep water table

Dog Violet - Gives off sweet smell and attracts honeybees and other nectar fed insects

Sapodilla - Wind resistant, cannot withstand temps below freezing

Blue Pimpernel - Can close up and act as a barometer in cloudy weather

Common Speedwel Grows in damp areas, near rivers and canal banks

Tridax - Flowers year round and attracts low flying butterflies

Flame of the Forest - Grows in deep, fertile, well drained soil in sun or shade

Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

Streetscapes

In addressing the greenhouse gas emissions caused by increased levels of vehicular traffic combined with overcrowing, and lack of safety for pedestrains in streets, part of our design aims to create a streetscape which accomodates for all. Here, the street is reorganized to separate fast moving vehicles from pedestrians, bicyclers, street vendors, and wildlife. In the case of Jyoti Nagar, there will be an art wall acting as a buffer.

Over the course of the following few weeks, we worked hard in our cocreation of designing a more sustainable, equitable home.

Aanya

worked

closely with the design team as they developed plans to increase green spaces

along

streets

and in the center park of

the

neighborhood.

One component of this was applying for funding through a micro-loan to build rain gardens.

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Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

Sustainable Solutions

The hydrological system in place uses approaches that are natural to the surrounding area to treat stormwater and wastewater so as not to adversely affect aquatic habitats or groundwater sources. This approach ideally harvests and cleans water for reuse reducing the demand upon drinking water supply. All while also providing a habitat and enhancing the conditions of the public open space.

By late summer, things were beginning to come together. We had gotten word that our micro-loan was approved, and we had successfully begun planting flowers and trees to build rain gardens.

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Annual rainfall Medium 533.5mm (21 inches) Highest 1180 mm (46 inches) Lowest 137 mm (5 inches) Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

Accessibility Through the integration and cultivation of green spaces within the neighborhood, and added scaffolding systems, outdoor green areas will be more accessible to the residents of Jyoti Nagar. The center Om Shiv Jyoti Park wall will be reconstructed to better serve the residents and provide a multifunctional community space, as well as easier access for residents.

Thanks

the

collaboration with Amar’s firm, Sai, and I helped them lead a team to remove parts of the Om Shiv Jyoti Park walls. By doing this, we gave our community easier access to the new green spaces. We also redesigned

sections

serve multifunctional uses for plantings, displays of art, and street vendor use.

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Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

Low Impact Building

Scaffolding systems added to building exteriors are one of three techniques being developed by our team to implement an accupunctural design approach. This provides one of several modes of personalization for residents. As a host for green walls, clothes lines, hung textiles, even wildlife, and a mode of shading, the scaffolding is meant to serve as a multifunctional asset determined by the individual resident, increasing their agency and the prioritization of their needs in the design.

Bamboo serves as an ecologically sensitive alternative to the commin building materials of concrete and steel. The tensile and compressive strengths compare well against conventional materials such as steel and concrete, and is durable, affordable, and more ecologically sustainable. It can also be split and As we worked, time seemed

woven into mats to create walls, and has been used as an

to go by in a whirlwind.

alternative to steel and is also cut and laminated into planks

In early fall, while out for

for flooring, as well as bamboo mats, fencing, screens, and

a morning walk through

furniture.

my neighborhood, I was admiring our community’s hard work and progress. As I walked towards the center of

our

neighborhood,

could see that Sai’s idea to

use

sensitive

environmentally bamboo

for

scaffolding on the building exteriors was progressing quickly. I was so excited to see that the shading for apartment

interiors

was

being improved, as it would get quite hot in my unit by late afternoon.

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Bamboo poles Woven bamboo screening

Scaffolding added to

Selective additions and

New building construction

existing building -- 60%

scaffolding to existing

with added

building -- 30%

scaffolding -- 10%

Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

Collective Spaces

The provision of green spaces within the city is critical to build resilience to a changing climate. For the planning, design and management of nature-based infrastructures to extend their ecological, economic, and socio-cultural benefits across Jaipur, all future developments should incorporate relevant open space provisions.

By mid fall, our efforts were nearing completion. With the help of Amar’s firm, we had successfully forgone a

total

redevelopment

our

neighborhood,

prolonged

our

avoided

displacement,

and

tenure,

strengthened

community

bond

our and

agency.

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Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

Collective Spaces

The urban natures team had set out on a goal to help voice the residents 'needs and concerns in the area by doing little redevelopment. That is, we focused on nature and a community driven project. Oftentimes the views and needs of residents can be overlooked. People in Jyoti Nagar have built their lives there through years of creating families and communities. They have years of knowledge and an understanding of the problems that are happening in the area. We found that a redevelopment plan was not the direction to move in. Worried about displacement and community relationships, and the families that would be affected, we thought those members would have a better understanding of what they might need to move forward with a growing population. With careful consideration, our team used precision identification and low impact design methods to

ensure

touching the site as little as possible to avoid placing stress on the communities that are already in place.

We now had guaranteed access to green space and outdoor shaded areas, safer neighborhood streets, improved with

apartments

operable

shading,

and additional space to welcome

new

members

into our community.

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Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

Designing for Social and Ecological Equity The provision of green spaces within the city is critical to build resilience to a changing climate. For the planning, design and management of nature-based infrastructures to extend their ecological, economic, and socio-cultural benefits across Jaipur, all future developments should incorporate relevant open space provisions. Our team thinks about what is already in place in Jyoti Nagar. We look to the resident’s already in place, the homes they have made for themselves, and the communities they have developed. We question who the majority is that wants redevelopment to take place, and warrant a need to shift these redevelopment principles towards a more inclusive, functional, ecologically sensitive, and resident-driven planning process. If Jyoti Nagar intends to thrive and be relevant we suggest redevelopment be kept to a minimum.

As our hard work became more known among similar areas throughout Jaipur, other communities, facing the same challenges we once

faced,

became

inspired

take

action

their

similar own

neighborhoods.

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Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

“Hey, Ravi, is it?” I was out for a morning walk again,

enjoying

the

improved greenspaces in my neighborhood. I turned around to find a stranger approaching me. “Hi,” I was surprised they knew my name, “yes, my name is Ravi” “Are you from Jyoti Nagar Housing

Flats?

Can

you tell me about your community?” 180

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Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

A New Governance Structure for Liveability in Jaipur

Department of Equity and Ecology will implement a small tax increase, manage a yearly climate budget, include paid staff positions, involves representatives of stakeholders and all other city departments, places responsibility of maintaining green space in new developments on the developers, sets goals and tracks annual indicators, hold public sessions to increase public involvement, and assist neighborhood coalitions. City Sector Agencies will hold an Association of Street Vendors and an Association of Neighborhood Coalitions, and will help new coalitions/groups,small businesses grow, provides agency, resources and training, and help coalitions apply for state and national-level grants. Neighborhood Coalitions will operate and organize to preserve and grow green spaces in their own neighborhoods, educate members of neighborhood community, and take responsibility in maintaining green areas in their neighborhoods.

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Department of Equity and Ecology

City Sectors’ Agencies

Neighborhood Coalitions

Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

Design Strategies for Climate Change Action

•

GOVERNANCE

PLANNING

FRAMEWORKS

INSTRUMENTS

includes

inter-municipal

•

classifies land based on what is

collaborations, for urban and

and what is not allowed within

infrastructure planning, when

each category by re-assigning

administrative boundaries do

uses of streets for vehicular

not correspond to functional

and non-vehicular use based

and morphological boundaries

on width, and making new

through

new

green open parks gated to

local government agency for

indicate its significance and

urban equity and ecology.

need to be maintained.

the

includes

proposed

consideration

and response to community demands through

and

priorities

involvement

encouragement neighborhood

and new

organizations

and initiatives supported by the proposed Association of Neighborhood Coalitions. •

aims

for

community

stakeholder identification

and by

proposed city sector agencies. •

holds coordination among local jurisdictions that belong to the same metropolitan area in lieu of the proposed Department of Equity and Ecology.

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Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

•

PLANNING FOR

ADAPTATION

MITIGATION

maintains the affordability of

•

FINANCE AND ECONOMIC INCENTIVES

promotes connectivity through

•

incentives

plot design rules for a walkable

support

the

community

streetscape which increases

mitigation in urban planning

economic

safe foot traffic and decreases

which include building with

pre-existing prevent

its

displacement incremental

vehicular traffic and carbon

affordable bamboo, increased

approach

emissions from road vehicles.

street efficiency and increased

additions. This will reduce the by

emmisions

demolition

green area leading to better consideration of the thermal

thermal quality of the ground

caused

properties of urban surfaces

environment;

new

by increasing green areas and

increase

aiming to reduce urban heat

leading to economic growth

island effects.

of the areas where this design

and

•

construction

the upgraded settlement for the

pre-existing

and

prevents

•

community

its

economic

displacement

through

encourages

value

serve as a barrier to Jaipur

the

city of

through

becoming a world-class city.

green

parks in courtyards and other

additions

climate

across

implementation

cost-

negative

effects, if not addressed, will

and

•

non-economic to

open spaces available.

. These include ecologically sensitive bamboo scaffolding

property

distribution of green spaces

buffers along roads and green

exterior

increased

adequate

minimizing total redevelopment implementing

meaning

is implemented. Additionally,

maintains the affordability of

effective

change

through

selective redevelopment and carbon

climate

the upgraded settlement for and

•

economic

support

incentives

climate

change

mitigation in urban planning consideration of the thermal

which include providing safety

constructions which act as

properties of urban surfaces

for pedestrians and wildlife

multifunctional

•

systems

through strategically planning

near streets, improving the

reduce

air

for shading on building exteriors

ecology of city environments

conditioning needs and energy

and

and green space ratios, and

cost and emissions, as well

green spaces.

shading

which

implementqtion

improving the overall quality of

as increase privacy for the

environemnt and quality of life

occupant.

of residents in the area.

Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

GRIHA FOR CITIES Feasibility Checklist

GRIHA FEASIBILITY CHECK (CITIES) SMART GOVERNANCE

SITE PLANNING

Public Participation in Decision Making

Low Impact Design

Intelligent Building Processes

Design to Mitigate Urban Heat Island Effect

Municipal Finance

Landscape Preservation and Protection during Construction

Capacity Building

Storm Water Management

Air and Soil Pollution Reduction during Construction

186

WATER SUPPLY & MANAGEMENT

SANITATION & MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Waste Collection and Treatment

Water Collection and Efficiency

Extent of Waste Collection

Sanitation and Waste Water

Water Sufficiency

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

)

on t

ENERGY OPTIMIZATION & MANAGEMENT

SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS

SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY

QUALITY OF LIFE AND SOCIAL COHESION

Demand Side Management

Reduction in Environmental Impact of Construction

Public Transport Facilities

Air, Noise and Water Quality (Environmental awareness)

Efficient Household Electricity Consumption

Low Environmental Impact Materials in Interiors

Non-motorized Facilities

Available Public Spaces and Green Areas

Energy Efficient Street Lights

Zero ODP Materials

Road Safety Measures

Available Affordable Housing

Enhancing Power Quality

Low VOC Paints, Adhesives, Sealants and Composite Wood

Low Carbon Interventions

Access to Clean Sources of Cooking Fuel

Use of Renewable Energy

Recycled Materials in Roads and Pavement

Access and Proximity to Transport and Basic Services

Universal Accessibility

Jyoti Nagar ’s Many Urban Natures

Proximi(ci)ty

Kassem Chammout, Sarah Jammal, Anmol Poptani

Ta b l e o f C o n t e n t s

I N T R O D U C T I O N

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1 5 - M I N U T E C I T Y

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Walk and Bicycle Sheds Diagnosis

JYOTI NAGAR REDEVELOPMENT SCHEME Improving the Connectivity Redevelopment Scheme: - Strategy - Design Reimagining Streets W a t e r To w e r P l a z a Implementation Strategy Project Phasing Project Impact Assessing Sustainability: - U N - H a b i t a t L a w a n d C l i m a t e C h a n g e To o l k i t - GRIHA

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INTRODUCTION

Proxi(mi)city focuses on access to resilient urban infrastructure. Guiding the redevelopment of Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats, the concept of the fifteenminute walking and biking shed offers an approach to reimagine the street as central component of the urban commons in the contemporary Indian city. Together with integrated, multimodal transportation options, the streets regain their role as active public grounds sustaining sociocultural, environmental and economic functions and promoting a safer city for all. The 15-minute city enhances human experience and revisits an important concept: the resilient neighborhood. Incorporating programmatic diversity, easy exchange of transit modes (bike, bus, metro), nature-based solutions for stormwater runoff, outdoor thermal comfort (temperature and humidity control), and safe and inclusive streets, the concept aims to incentivize public life. The Jyoti Nagar redevelopment offers an opportunity to demonstrate the concept through a public private partnership in the heart of Jaipur. The site will feature an open plaza for gathering, street vendors and popup shops that vary daily, weekly and seasonally. Punctuated by a water tower that provides shade and humidity, the plaza integrates access to bike and electric car rentals. Each of the four residential tower clusters includes independent courtyards with retail on the bottom floors to create an active façade and sidewalk network.

15-MINUTE CITY

This project aims at strengthening the accessibility of the site to the transit nodes ensuring last mile connectivity. The ‘15-minute city’ may be defined as an ideal geography where most human needs and many desires are located within a travel distance of 15 minutes. The Comprehensive Mobility Plan for Jaipur promotes public transit and non-motorized transportation as the primary modes. Moreover, greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector account for a large percentage of the total emissions in the city. Attainability: Socioeconomic equity: Equal access to needs and amenities by all. The convenient location of services, accessible by multiple modes, will save time and improve the quality of life.

1600 m

40 0m

120

Shed 1: 5-Minute Walk Shed Shed 2: 15-Minute Walk Shed / 5-Minute Bicycle Shed Shed 3: 15-Minute Bicycle Shed

5-Minute Walk Shed

The shed must have ordinary daily needs, a range of housing types, and a center (generally a public square or main street with minimal mixed use). Small businesses, at least, are located in the neighborhood.

Analysis: A wide range of basic amenities are present in the shed. Most of the residential areas have other uses integrated with it. The shed lacks a public square that is accessible by all. A railway line dissects the shed into two, making the other side of the shed inaccessible from the site.

Intervention: To sustain the proximity to needs, mixed use on the site needs to be retained. An open public space for all the people in the vicinity to be integrated in the design proposal. Fluid access across the railway edge needs to be designed to make the most of the amenities present in the shed.

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Accelerating Climate Change Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Bank Health care Grocery store Bank

Other essentia

Health care

Commercial

Grocery store

Restaurant

Other essential store

Education

Commercial

Recreation

Restaurant

Housing

Education

Religious struc

Recreation Housing Religious structures

Proximi(ci)ty

5 - Minute Walking Shed

15-Minute Walk Shed 5-Minute Bike Shed

Within this shed should be located a full mix of uses, including a grocery store, pharmacy, general merchandise, and public schools. Larger parks that serve multiple neighborhoods will be found here, in addition to larger employers—but not necessarily the region’s biggest. The 15-minute walk shed provides access to regional transit—at least one station.

Analysis: The shed has few primary public schools, several industries and access to a large public park. Most of these facilities are located on the other side of the shed, which practically make them directly inaccessible. Longer routes do connect to these places, but that makes the distance greater than a 15-minute route making them unwalkable.

The site connects to a bus stop and two proposed Orange Line Metro stations.

Intervention: Facilities over the other side of the shed need to be made accessible and streets connecting the transit nodes and the park need to be redesigned to promote walkability and bicycling and to ensure last mile connectivity.

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Accelerating Climate Change Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Employment opportunities Primary Schools

Bus Stops Orange Line Stations (proposed)

Proximi(ci)ty

15-Minute Bike Shed

The shed would give access to major cultural, medical, and higher education facilities. Regional parks and major employers can be found here. Access to intercity transit may be available.

Analysis: The shed has access to the public park and few healthcare centers. Higher education facilities are very limited and the intercity transit is way beyond the 15-minute bike shed.

Intervention: This strengthens the need to strongly connect the site to other parts of the city, ensuring accessibility of the residents to other opportunities in the city.

Water towers, which generally serve as a major element of the water supply system of the city are recognized and envisioned to act as ‘landmarks of assembly’ for the city. These places will act as nodes for transit (bus stops and bike/car share facilities).

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Accelerating Climate Change Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Hospitals Education Institutions

Water Towers

Proximi(ci)ty

rea

Jyoti N Housing Fla Railway Lines

Industrial Area

The divisions formed by the railway lines transecting the sheds hold very different identities. The section on the left generally houses industrial use, low density housing and the streets seem to be in a poor condition. While, the right section seems to be a gentrifying neighborhood with many highrise residential and commercial towers, government buildings and designed 202

Accelerating Climate Change Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Nagar g Board ats

MLA Apartment

Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha

Central Park

Nagar Nigam

Sawai Mansingh Stadium

Nagar Nigam

Orange Line (Proposed)

streets with dedicated lanes. The railway line acts as a threshold between these areas with contrasting images. The proposed orange line caters to the gentrifying area and there seem to be no transportation alternatives for the left division. This suggests a strong need to make the edge conditions permeable and interconnect these areas. Proximi(ci)ty

Improving Connectivity

The site redevelopment requires a holistic approach to ensure its sustainability, thus making ‘Connectivity’ the central theme of the project. In addition to the site, the project focuses on its connectivity to the transit nodes and the Central Park. Vision A mixed-use neighborhood with vibrant, safe, and walkable streets and a connected network of thoroughfares (streets, passages, paths) and small blocks knitting together the neighborhood. To ensure this, the quality of the walk i.e. the Walk Appeal will be emphasized upon. The 30 and 24m street sections are connector streets joining the future orange line metro station to the 15 min walking shed. The street scapes include environmentally sustainable details such as bioswale drainage systems and street trees. They also include bike lanes for multimodal transportation.

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Accelerating Climate Change Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Proximi(ci)ty

Softening the ground

In a project aiming to bring streets back to pedestrians, the design of the ground condition is central to ensure universal access, manage stormwater runoff and create comfort through the design of urban microclimates. In the proposal, bioswale drainage systems and street trees are used to prevent water pollution from stormwater runoff. These will also prevent the streets from flooding and will recharge the groundwater.

The vegetation of the area has been classified as “scrub jungle”. Plants which can either adapt themselves to high temperatures or to low temperatures. Weeds that occur in the winter: 1. Portulaca meridiana 2. Malva parviflora 3. Veronica agrestis. Dry Season: 1. Tribulus terrestris 2. Mollugo cerviana 3. Cynodon dactylon. Monsoon Season 1. Tribulus terrestris 2. Mollugo cerviana 3. Aristida spp. 4. Eleusine spp 5. Cynodon dactylon. 6. Herbaceous flora

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Accelerating Climate Change Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Wa t e r To w e r as ‘landmarks’ Water Towers in Jaipur are an important element of the water supply system and their vibrant colors make them act as punctuations in the urban fabric. In this project, we encourage using water towers as ‘landmarks of assembly’ for the city, acting also as nodes for transit (bus stops and bike/car share facilities) and also as gathering spaces. The project proposes using a water tower as central focal point where the community gathers. It will accommodate retail shops, street vendors, pop-up shops and space for socio-cultural activities. The water tower at the center of the site to help provide the water necessary to people nearby. Treated as a landmark and painted and designed to invite residents to engage, its presence signals a source of water inviting the city to flow with ease. Water collection sites will be paired at bus stops with rental facilities for bikes. Finally, the water tower will become a central gathering space around the residential buildings that provides water for the housing on site and nearby. Transportation nodes around the water tower help citizens drift to and from the area. This is a fifteen-minute city where most human needs can be accessed within a fifteen-minute walk or bike ride.

Proximi(ci)ty

Thinking Performance

Using GRIHA, the Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment, the project incorporates specific components attending to the design, socioenvironmental performance and management of the site.

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Proximi(ci)ty

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Proximi(ci)ty

Redevelopment Scheme

The redevelopment scheme at Jyoti Nagar envisions a mixed-use high-density built environment. The site planning tries to create a hierarchy of green spaces, the residential units forming enclosed courtyards which give a sense of a higher level of privacy and a part of the site is dedicated to everyone in the neighborhood for recreational activities. The massing strategy can act as a prototypical approach for other redevelopment projects, where commercial uses are lined along with the primary and the secondary street to capture the real estate value and create active facades and sidewalk networks. Moreover, terraces and green roofs of the residential units face inward to the courtyards, strengthening the sense of privacy. The FAR for the development is 3.5. The design has an overlap of two layers of access: the ground plane dedicated to the public and the raised ground plane having a little higher sense of privacy. There are commercial stores and other uses accessible by everyone on the first floor. Also, there are smaller retail units in the public plaza that can be rented out for a few days or weeks allowing pop-up and seasonal markets. Vehicular movement has been minimized and ramps to underground parking are located right off the streets. The site has been entirely pedestrianized. The plaza extends into the street, making it a shared street, removing the formal distinction between spaces dedicated to vehicles and pedestrians and providing the pedestrians the right-of-way. This will add activity and vibrancy to the street. The site being connected to transit nodes, parking spaces are limited and sharing of parking spaces is encouraged between the commercial and residential units during different hours of the day.

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Proximi(ci)ty

Reimagining Streets

When reimaging the streets, we envision them as socai places with vibrant public life on the sidewalks. The sidewalks allow for businesses to extend out under the terrace for a shaded area so that citizens can shop safely away from the hotter places. the streets will also include environmentally sustainable details such as bioswale drainage systems and street trees to prevent water pollution from stormwater runoff. The street attempts to accommodate and support local vendors and businesses within the redevelopment. Parklets are introduced to activate the streets and instigate community life, accommodating vendors, hawkers, food stalls, retail kiosks, and seatings. Street parking is not encouraged for long hours and is thus minimized and limited to short-duration paid parking spaces.

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W a t e r To w e r P l a z a

A water tower sits at the center of the site to serve people nearby. This central feature is a landmark and will be painted and designed to help residents locate the site and themselves. It will also aid in the low rates of water supplied to the wards and the heavy extraction of groundwater and will provide potable water for the residents of the site and the surrounding. Rainwater collection will aid in supporting the water tank once filtered. Within the plaza, street vendors and pop-up shops vary daily, weekly, and seasonally, businesses to extend out into the plaza, people can take advantage of the bike-sharing program, and cooler green spaces within the warmer months. The public plaza is designed to accommodate different kinds of activities - from festival celebrations to political gatherings and movie and sports screening. It is envisioned to be a temporal landscape that responds to the changing needs of the community. Proximi(ci)ty

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Proximi(ci)ty

Implementation Strategy

Phase 1 Construction of the denser, mixed use part of the development to give developers the financial means to arrange temporary accommodations of the displaced residents and the resource for infrastructure developments. Capturing the commercial value of the 30 m wide street. Phase 2 + 3 Expanding the commercial use and towers. Capturing the value of the 24 m wide secondary street. Phase 4 + 5 The water tower and plaza are built after the commercial towers, also adding some housing units. Phase 6 + 7 Gradual demolition of existing buildings and new housing units.

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Proximi(ci)ty

Project Impact

When the streets connecting the site to the transit nodes are redesigned to accommodate pedestrian and bikers, a multilayered interconnected transit system will be formed. Here, people will have an option to walk or pick up a bike from the bike share facilities and move around the neighborhood.

Together with integrated, multimodal transportation options, the streets regain their role as active public grounds sustaining sociocultural, environmental, and economic functions and promoting a safer city for all.

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Prototyping ‘Proximi(Ci)ty’

Guiding the redevelopment of Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats, the concept of the fifteen-minute walking and biking shed offers an approach to reimagine the street as a central component of the urban commons in the contemporary Indian city. Proximi(Ci) ty focuses on access to resilient urban infrastructure at the neighborhood scale. Its prototypical condition aims to be repeated across the city, forming multiple 15-minute city clusters where non-motorized and public transportation system are promoted.

Transportation and accessibility need to be the focus of the development in the city where the inhabitants do not need to take longer trips for basic necessities. The inhabitants should have the privilege to choose among multiple transportation alternatives available, allowing them to reach any part of the city. This will ultimately cut down the greenhouse gas emissions and help building a socially equitable city. Proximi(ci)ty

UN Habitat L a w + C l i m a t e C h a n g e To o l k i t

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Multi-level institutional coordination Participatory governance Data collection and sharing Local governments’ mandate for urban planning in urban areas

Planning instruments p_n p_r p_s

National territorial planning Regional territorial planning Spatial plans for urban areas

Planning for Adaptation a_c a_p a_i a_s a_r a_t a_a

Planning for Mitigation m_e m_t m_g m_n m_a

Urban plans and greenhouse gas emissions Urban form and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from transportation and infrastructure Green spaces for environmental and climate services Neighborhood design and energy saving in buildings Development approval and mitigation

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Resources for urban planning and climate change Incentives for mitigation and adaption in urban planning Incentives that promote unsustainable urban land uses

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Proximi(ci)ty Assessment

MULTILEVEL GOVERNANCE AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

PROJECT RESPONSE

What are the city departments dealing with urban climate planning your project will engage with, their roles, and responsibilities?

How is the vertical coordination between the Municipal Corporation, JDA, the state, and the national government framed? And the horizontal coordination between departments, sectoral authorities and governments, and non-governmental actors? (contracts or other formal legal agreements between levels of government, fiscal subsidies or other funding mechanisms, incentives for partnership, “informal” platforms for policy or performance indicator exchange)

- Jaipur Development Authority, Jyoti Nagar Housing Board, Jaipur Municipal Government Cooperation, Developers, Zoning Board

What are the mechanisms of participatory governance to respond to the real needs of the Jyoti Nagar residents and business owners, integrate their opinions and needs into the process and inform the outcome? How are local stakeholders, civil society and businesses engaged? When? What is the scope and impact?

- Provides incentives for developers that maintain price of housing or provide for additional affordable housing units.\

- Incorporates current residents needs and local zoning regulations in phasing and rebuilding neighborhood.

What data needs to be available and accessible on the social, economic, environmental characteristics of the Jyoti Nagar area and surrounding neighborhoods? How would be collected and shared among interested parties? What are the human, financial and technical resources to manage this redevelopment project?

PLANNING INSTRUMENTS

PROJECT RESPONSE

Is there a “climate lens” coordinating this urban redevelopment projects? What your project proposes in this sense?

How is your urban redevelopment scheme referring to national, state and local planning frameworks?

- Sustainable Transportation Model, and Stormwater Management used a way to influence the design. - Reference to the Master Development Plan of Jaipur

How is your redevelopment scheme addressing the needs for urban space, infrastructure and services for the larger district / city?

What are the medium and long-term climate planning goals or indicators, identifying new climate risks or new climate adaptation options your redevelopment project identifies?

Proximi(ci)ty

Within the design there is new proposed transportation nodes to aid in improving connectivity. Proposed guidelines for the design of the streets. - Promoting non-motorized transit like walkability and bicycling and encouraging use of public transportation.

PLANNING FOR ADAPTATION

Is there a requirement to conduct inclusive and participatory risk and vulnerability assessments, present and future, facing the Jyoti Nagar neighborhood and adjacent infrastructure? Is there an inventory of potential climate hazards identified and people, assets and economic sectors exposed to risks from climate change?

PROJECT RESPONSE

- Includes stromwater and drainage infrastructure to manage monsoon season and heavy rains.

Are there strategies to contribute to the adaptation of slums and vulnerable settlements in the Jyoti Nagar proximity? In addition to inadequate access to infrastructure, adequate living space and insecure tenure, informal settlement dwellers face the threat of climate change and may be disproportionately affected due to (1) their location in environmentally fragile areas, (2) their socioeconomic characteristics, (3) the institutional marginalization refusing to legitimize their existence.

What are the legal or regulatory provisions that support the planned temporal or permanent relocations to ensure safety and health after on-site alternatives have been explored?

- The redevelopment includes a staged implementation strategy to ensure not all residents are displaced all at once.

What are the legal or regulatory provisions that ensure security of tenure for people living in the redevelopment regardless the form of tenure, including customary rights, informal tenure rights and occupation?

x x

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In your redevelopment scheme, how are permanent or temporary forced evictions (against their will), of individuals, families and business framed, and what is the legal assistance / protection offered? The process must include an eviction impact assessment, extensive consultation with affected persons, and effective recourse mechanisms for those adversely affected by the eviction decision. Are there provisions for land acquisition and compensation for the loss of formal or informal rights and interests, and livelihoods of dwellers resettled and their host communities? What are the regulatory provisions and planning and design guidelines for adaptation to climate risks and vulnerabilities informing implementation and monitoring through the redevelopment approval process? To ensure redevelopment in compliance with environmental protection; that buildings are structurally sound; and that structures are properly equipped.

- An attempt to start off the project constructing the denser part of the development with commercial uses which gives the developers the financial means to arrange temporary accommodations of the displaced people and the resource for infrastructure developments. - All residents temporary displaced will receive a new housing unit. -

Streets are redesigned to include space for bioswales, and the creation of microclimates. Implementation of green roofs, green spaces within the site as a design guideline. An attempt to build higher and minimize the building footprint.

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PLANNING FOR MITIGATION

PROJECT RESPONSE

What is the assessment of greenhouse gas emissions in your redevelopment scheme accounting for? What are the urban form indicators defining the redevelopment goals- density and compacity, land use mix, connectivity, and accessibility? Important sources of greenhouse gas emissions are private transport, infrastructure (construction, use/operation and end-oflife), and buildings energy consumption.

- Transportation has been identified as the primary contributer to greenhouse gas emissions and we are developing the 15-minute city to minimize the travel distances. We are developing a dense compact and mixed land use for the site.

- FAR incentives are provided to developers that help create open space such as the public plaza and the private courtyards in the design scheme.

What are the regulatory provisions that ensure that planning and design standards that mitigate greenhouse gas emissions are applied through the redevelopment approval process?

There is the inclusion of bike share program to help mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions.

ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS PROJECT RESPONSE

Are there any regulatory provisions for resources to finance climate change mitigation and adaptation in your redevelopment scheme? For example, provisions that establish intergovernmental fiscal transfers to local, facilitate the mobilization of investment capital; public-private partnerships; etc.

Are there regulatory provisions that provide economic and noneconomic incentives to achieve climate change mitigation and adaptation objectives in your redevelopment scheme? Planning authorities offer non-economic incentives to developers and private parties to compensate them for their losses to meet climate change planning goals, like fee or tax exemptions, direct subsidies, reduced municipal property taxes, additional development rights, reduced planning requirements, reduced bureaucratic requirements, expedited planning applications, public investment in infrastructure required by the developer, etc. Are there any regulatory provisions with economic and non-economic incentives that promote unsustainable urban redevelopment? Unsustainable urban land uses like segregated land uses and social development.

Proximi(ci)ty

- Public/private partnerships between the developer and the municipality.

- FAR incentives are provided to developers that help create open space such as the public plaza and the private courtyards in the design scheme. Incentives for developers that maintain the price of housing and provide for additional affordable housing units. Incentives to include storm-water management.

Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment SMART GOVERNANCE

Public Participation in Decision Making

SITE PLANNING

Design to Mitigate Urban Heat Island Effect

Municipal Finance

Landscape Preservation and Protection during Construction

SANITATION & MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Waste Collection and Treatment

Low Impact Design

Intelligent Building Processes

Capacity Building

WATER SUPPLY & MANAGEMENT

Water Collection and Efficiency

Extent of Waste Collection

Sanitation and Waste Water

Storm Water Management

Air and Soil Pollution Reduction during Construction

Water Sufficiency

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Project Adaptation

ENERGY OPTIMIZATION & MANAGEMENT

SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIALS

SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY

QUALITY OF LIFE AND SOCIAL COHESION

Demand Side Management

Reduction in Environmental Impact of Construction

Public Transport Facilities

Air, Noise and Water Quality (Environmental awareness)

Efficient Household Electricity Consumption

Low Environmental Impact Materials in Interiors

Non-motorized Facilities

Available Public Spaces and Green Areas

Energy Efficient Street Lights

Zero ODP Materials

Road Safety Measures

Available Affordable Housing

Enhancing Power Quality

Low VOC Paints, Adhesives, Sealants and Composite Wood

Low Carbon Interventions

Access to Clean Sources of Cooking Fuel

Use of Renewable Energy

Recycled Materials in Roads and Pavement

Access and Proximity to Transport and Basic Services

Universal Accessibility

Proximi(ci)ty

Redistributing Prosperity

S h a n d r a B e r n a t h - P l a i s t e d , A r a c e l l y L a n d e r o , D a n i e l l e We i t z m a n

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N E I G H B O R H O O D A N A LY S I S

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PROPOSAL

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PROPOSAL ASSESSMENT

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CONCLUSION

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INTRODUCTION

Jaipur faces a shortage of adequate, affordable housing. As the city continues to grow steadily, many residents resort to sprawling precarious neighborhoods to attain their right to the city. With varying levels of housing quality and safety, these sites are particularly vulnerable to the impact of a changing climate. Thus, the provision of affordable housing for the economically weaker sector, while taking decisive action on adaptation and mitigation measures, is an urgent challenge for Jaipur. To meet it, the city, state, and federal programs must engage private developers to contribute to alternative solutions. In the 800 m radius surrounding the Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats, there are four precarious neighborhoodssome more than 20 years old. Their dwellers rely on informal occupational activities to provide for their families, including, street hawking, domestic work, auto-rickshaw driving, and puppeteering. With limited access to basic services, and hardly any open space attached to their modest housing units, the narrow streets are a magical, ever-changing threshold between the private and the public sphere.

The Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats redevelopment presents opportunities to increase the affordable housing offer, and incentivize economic growth, community engagement, and mitigation and adaptation planning. Together with the development of a dense and compact housing scheme, our proposal places the Urban Equity Resource Center as a central component. Housing the Jyoti Nagar Citizens’ Council, the center advances the collaboration of various urban actors, especially including precarious neighborhood dwellers seeking to meet their socio-economic and physical needs and the non-profit groups working with them. As an extension, the site grounds serve as a public space, inclusive of the diversity of Jaipur’s urban dwellers. Choreographing the functions and temporalities of the Indian street markets with the regimes of occupation of dwellers, business owners, and visitors, the design aims to challenge exclusive and exclusionary development patterns in public land, offering a social space for everyone to participate in. To maximize access and programmatic capacity, the housing structures are lifted off the ground, leaving a permeable threshold of public uses to the site administering the commercial uses. As residents ascend to their units, the disposition of affordable and market-rate units seeks to spatialize the redistribution of prosperity, cashing the extra value of the latter to elevate the former.

Site and Neighborhood Analysis

The context of Jyoti Nagar Housing Flats presents several conditions that exacerbate the vulnerability to climatic impacts and perpetuate the uneven access to urban resources. The identification of these conditions in the surrounding context and within the housing community begin to inform the elements implemented in the design, in the formation of a site responsive to accelerating severe climate conditions and the most affected urban groups. In the 800 m radius surrounding the Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats, there are four precarious neighborhoodssome more than 20 years old- with limited access to basic services, and hardly any open space attached to their modest housing units. Moreover, their dwellers rely on informal occupational activities to provide for their families.

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Between Vidyut Marg Road and Vidyut Bhavan Road Bh aw ani Sin gh Ro ad

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Redistributing Prosperity

In the neighborhood context there is a prevalence of hazardous and obstructive infrastructural conditions that affect the connectivity of the area and the well-being of pedestrians and cyclists. Heavy rainfall and poor drainage systems have gravely affected the area, causing severe flooding. At the site of the Kartarpura Ganda Nala there have been several casualties due to such events. Lack 254

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of sidewalks, obstructed crosswalks, and shared roads further risk the safety of pedestrians and cyclists. A study found that 89% of the roads in Jaipur are inadequate for walking and cycling. Improving such conditions can contribute to reducing the environmental footprint of growing urban areas.

Redistributing Prosperity

The Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats redevelopment presents several opportunities for improvement. Current conditions include insufficient vegetation and tree canopy, boundary walls, and water tanks on roof terraces. By increasing vegetation, mitigation opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere are presented. While boundary walls play an important demarcation and safeguarding role for housing properties, generating more visually engaging and inclusive 256

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street conditions create a safer, vibrant walking environment. The lack of or intermittent provision of water services is evident through the water storage tank covered roof terraces. This condition presents opportunities for climate change adaptation measures through rainwater harvesting systems that can relieve urban water supply and drainage pressures.

Redistributing Prosperity

posits a climate justice redevelopment strategy that may serve as a model for planning future mixed-use development in Jaipur. As the dual crises of climate change and poverty face many cities around the globe, each new development serves as an opportunity to address both these issues. Our model is based on a public private partnership between the developer of the Jyoti Nagar Housing Flats, the Jaipur Municipal Corporation and Rajasthan Housing Board and city agencies. In exchange for a FAR density bonus, which would allow the developer to construct more market rate units, the developer will fund the construction of a Urban Equity Resource Center on site and include climate mitigation and adaptation features in the redevelopment.

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Precarious Neighborhoods

Redistributing Prosperity

Designing for Climate Justice

Building design can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by accounting for the energy required for materials to construct buildings and energy to operate them. Landscape design and infrastructure strategies can serve to mitigate the impact of climate related natural disasters such as flooding and unsafe temperatures. 260

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Additionally, the creation of luxury residences can be an opportunity to secure funding for projects needed to raise the living standards for lowest income residents and ensure that climate change adaptation and mitigation measures are distributed throughout the city.

Redistributing Prosperity

Urban Equity Resource Center While Jaipur’s economy has been growing due to investments in real estate and informational technology, socio-economic disparities continue to widen. Precarious neighborhoods endure the effects of such economic patterns- a root cause of their vulnerable positions. The Urban Equity Resource Center will serve as a platform to engage stakeholders. It will function in two phases for the redevelopment of The Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats. The first phase will be focused on the redevelopment of the site, to ensure equitable and inclusive development. It will serve to assess, plan, operate, implement, and evaluate conditions before and after development takes place. In its second phase, it will particularly serve residents of precarious neighborhoods in the social, economic, and physical development of their community. It will serve as a network system to link resources, such as government programs that assist in housing development, to precarious neighborhood residents. Additionally, it will provide training and workshops for personal development to increase their economic opportunities, as well as better structure their living environments. Most importantly it will collect data, analyze it for service implementation, and continue to monitor the conditions of vulnerable communities.

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Government

Precarious Neighborhoods

Private Sector

Non-Governmental

Phase I

Redistributing Prosperity

Existing Buildings Retention Strategy

Yadhuvanshi pan bhandar Pallavi Jaipur

Indusind Bank

Shree Balaji Bhojnalay and Restaurant

Muskan Textiles

Existing businesses located on Sahakar Marg will remain in place throughout development. Our development process aims to minimize disruption to current residents and businesses. To accomplish this, businesses along Sahakar Marg will remain in place as new commercial spaces are developed around them. These spaces will house other existing businesses located elsewhere on the site and also offer room for new enterprises.

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SAHAKAR MARG

Yash Raj Advertisers

FabricQ

Ridhi sidhi Girls PG

NutriSlice Bakery

Charkhawallah...the Khadi Store

Businesses located within the Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats relocated to the redeveloped Sahakar Marg commercial zone: Big Basket 22 Godam, TNI AWAJ News, Travel Store, SMMP & Associates, Notary Public Madhu RujKumawat, Narendra Katara BJP Leader, Anjani Caterers, Ritual Patwa & Co., Tanveer Ahmed Advocate, Navratan Corporation, Swami Flour Mill, Kashyap Mini Dept. Store, Ganesh Pavithra Bhojanalay, Jynoti Nagar Medical, Shiksha Commerce Clases, Purvanchal Plywood, NLET Redistributing Prosperity

Legal Care Consultants

Construction Phasing

The limited data on site demographics presents a challenge in the redevelopment of the site. In order to mitigate the negative impacts of the project on residents and businesses, the proposal only defines the first two phases. Phase one is the construction of new housing and lower level parking on the southeastern side of the site, where there are no existing structures or programs. The second phase, taking place after the completion of the first, expands the commercial capacity of the site by introducing second and third level additions to the existing commercial area on the northwest. This allows for residents to transfer to newly constructed units, limiting displacement. The remaining phases are to be developed after a thorough analysis of the residents and commercial businesses is conducted.

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Redistributing Prosperity

Construction and Demolition Waste Globally, construction and demolition (C&D) waste makes up a large percentage of solid waste. In Jaipur, it is estimated that 750 tonnes of C&D waste are produced annually. At the same time, production of construction materials, such as concrete and steel are ghg intensive processes and significantly contribute to climate change. Disposal of C&D waste can be a major problem, but it can also be a source of opportunity for impactful climate change mitigation, as engineers and architects experiment with the re-use of old building materials. Our proposal plans for a phased demolition strategy which focuses on maximizing the collection and reuse of construction and demolition waste, reducing future greenhouse gas emissions caused by both the production and disposal of construction materials.

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Local Precedent

Madhu Industries Factory Building, Ahmedabad

Galaxy School, Rajkot

Architecture firm Kakani Associates, based in Ahmedabad, has experimented with the use of industrial bi-products, C&D waste, and traditional building materials to create beautiful, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly buildings. Redistributing Prosperity

Reuse of C&D Waste

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Redistributing Prosperity

Adaptation: Recycled Materials in Precarious Neighborhoods

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In the precarious neighborhoods reprocessed materials could be used for improving housing conditions where needed, and on infrastructure projects such as roads and sewage or water service installation. Studies have shown that recycled aggregate can be used in production and installation of permeable road systems which reduce flooding and allow for groundwater replenishment.

Redistributing Prosperity

Jyoti Nagar Housing Board Flats Redevelopment Site

The site plan generates inclusive spaces that promote community engagement on the ground level through varying open spaces for commercial, public, and informal markets, while also affording residents private courtyards. Further privacy and security was implemented by ascending residential living spaces.

ROOF LEVEL PLAN 274

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GR OUND LEVEL PLA N Redistributing Prosperity

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Redistributing Prosperity

The ground level consists of the existing business, public parking that connects to underground private parking for residents, the Urban Equity Resource Center, covered areas for vendors, and both public and private outdoor spaces. Commercial spaces and residential sits on top of the more public ground level. The residential building 278

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awnings create shaded circulation routes at the ground level. Many of the apartment units also include covered balconies to match the existing and surrounding context. The roofs of the towers include solar panels with barrels for water storage underneath.

Redistributing Prosperity

Our project aims to meet the needs of the client while also considering the surrounding community and climate change. With safety being a concern, most neighboring residential communities are enclosed by walls that limit public access. Our proposal suggests a more public site with the second story residential and private underground parking as the main security measures. SITE SECTION 280

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The combination of public and private open spaces allow community members visiting the Urban Equity Resource Center or just passing by to feel welcome, and may also encourage patronage of the shops and vendors. The vendor spaces are covered to protect them from climate conditions such as heat and heavy rain.

Redistributing Prosperity

EXISTING BUSINESSES, RESIDENTIAL AND PARKING

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PUBLIC OUTDOO URBAN EQU

Accelerating Climate Change Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

OR SPACE, RESIDENTIAL AND UITY RESOURCE CENTER

RESIDENTIAL, VENDOR AREA AND PARKING

Redistributing Prosperity

Residential Units in the New Jyoti Nagar Flats

FIRST FLOOR PLAN Smaller Tower

Existing Residential Sizes: 28 at 69.65 SM (81.65 with additional 12 SM) 372 at 55.92 SM (67.92 SM with additional 12 SM) 70 at 44.39 SM (56.39 with additional 12 SM)

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FIRST FLOOR PLAN Larger Towers

New Development Residential Sizes: Xxxx at 96 SM (New Units, More Expensive) 28 at 82 SM 372 at 68 SM 70 at 56 SM

Redistributing Prosperity

To accommodate both the existing and future residents, apartments vary in size, views, and balcony access. All balconies are covered to provide shade and privacy to residents. In particular, apartments facing east will be the most sought after as they overlook the Aravali hills and the nearby government building. BALCONY VIEWS TOWARDS THE ARAVALLI HILLS 286

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Redistributing Prosperity

Views from balconies facing towards the inner, public courtyard will be more affordable. Each apartment with a balcony also has the option of a planter box for vegetation. While the inset balconies do provide some privacy, their offset design on the facade does also allow for residents to interact with their neighbors above and below if they would like. BALCONY VIEW TOWARDS PUBLIC COURTYARD 288

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Redistributing Prosperity

Residential Courtyards The public outdoor spaces are designed to encourage community gathering and address multiple concerns related to climate change. Circulation paths and the vendor areas are covered to provide shade and protection from rain. Native trees will be planted throughout to provide further shade during the hot season. Jaipur’s climate has periods of intense drought and flooding. The slope of the site will be designed with best practices in rainwater collection and changes to the vegetation will be specifically suited to both drought and flood conditions. Although the existing roads are remaining, any changes will include permeable pavements and be designed to slow water run off speeds.

PUBLIC COURTYARD 290

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Public Courtyard

CLIMATE CONDITIONS: Heavy Rain

CLIMATE CONDITIONS: Hot and Sunny Redistributing Prosperity

In addition to the smaller private courtyards, each apartment building provides 2-3 rooftop spaces with small areas of vegetation. The views facing the Aravali Hills will be beautiful and very popular from multiple vantage points. The combination of lighter colored materials for these occupiable roofs and the green space respond to issues of urban heat island effect.

ROOFTOP VIEW 292

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Redistributing Prosperity

Urban Equity Resource Center

Phase II 294

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Redistributing Prosperity

Urban Equity Resource Center To ensure equitable and inclusive development of precarious neighborhoods, the Urban Equity Resource Center serves as a platform to access information and services to help improve their quality of life and foster upward mobility. The Urban Equity Resource Center will focus on advocating for precarious neighborhoods in its second phase. It will collect and analyze information, and provide links and basic services, including skills and job training workshops, childcare, and supply building materials, to precarious neighborhood dwellers. To ensure sustainable development and growth of the social, economic, and environmental conditions, it will continue to monitor them in their progress.

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Redistributing Prosperity

Public Social and Commercial Spaces The proposed site plan allows for flow of circulation between the neighborhood and redevelopment. The polyvalent public spaces allow for different activities to take place throughout the day. It generates spaces for gathering, market. The site provides natural vegetation and flood mitigation systems that add to the aesthetics of the environment.

COVERED VENDING SPACES COMMERCIAL COURTYARD

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Food

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Redistributing Prosperity

The Urban Equity Resource Center gives residents and community members the opportunity to gather and engage with one another. It is designed to adapt and change to meet the needs of the community, both in program and in physical space. In our proposed final phase, the Urban Equity Resource Center will get a permanent community space on the site and will be designed by and for the people of both this residential community and the nearby precarious neighborhoods. Next door, commercial spaces will be built on top of the existing businesses with the goal of creating economic opportunities for community members.

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Accelerating Climate Change Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Project Assessment

MULTILEVEL GOVERNANCE AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS What are the city departments dealing with urban climate planning your project will engage with, their roles, and responsibilities? How is the vertical coordination between the Municipal Corporation, JDA, the state, and the national government framed? And the horizontal coordination between departments, sectoral authorities and governments, and non-governmental actors? (contracts or other formal legal agreements between levels of government, fiscal subsidies or other funding mechanisms, incentives for partnership, “informal” platforms for policy or performance indicator exchange) What are the mechanisms of participatory governance to respond to the real needs of the Jyoti Nagar residents and business owners, integrate their opinions and needs into the process and inform the outcome?How are local stakeholders, civil society and businesses engaged? When? What is the scope and impact? What data needs to be available and accessible on the social, economic, environmental characteristics of the Jyoti Nagar area and surrounding neighborhoods? How would be collected and shared among interested parties? What are the human, financial and technical resources to manage this redevelopment project?

PROJECT RESPONSE - The infrastructure and upgrades in precarious neighborhoods are left intentionally vague to emphasize the need for participatory decision making on these projects. We propose that infrastructure projects and building material needs will be determined through meetings between representatives from the precarious neighborhoods, the chosen developer, local government officials, and staff from non-profits working in the neighborhoods. - Prior to beginning re-development, a full survey of existing residents and businesses in the Jyoti Nagar Redevelopment should be conducted. A flood plane analysis of the development site and surrounding neighborhood should be completed in order to assess water management needs on the site and ensure the redevelopment proposal reduces flood risk in the neighborhood. - To ensure this project can serve as a model for equity driven climate conscious development in Jaipur the project should be assigned city staff and effort should be made to collaborate with non-profits.

PLANNING INSTRUMENTS

PROJECT RESPONSE

Is there a “climate lens” coordinating this urban redevelopment projects? What your project proposes in this sense?

- We propose a climate justice redevelopment strategy that can serve as a prototype for planning future mixeduse development in Jaipur. As the dual crisis of climate change and poverty face many cities around the globe, each new development serves as an opportunity to address both these issues. - As Jaipur continues to grow rapidly, each new private development project should also work to address public needs for infrastructure, as well as climate change mitigation and adaptation measures.

How is your urban redevelopment scheme referring to national, state and local planning frameworks? How is your redevelopment scheme addressing the needs for urban space, infrastructure and services for the larger district / city? What are the medium and long-term climate planning goals or indicators, identifying new climate risks or new climate adaptation options your redevelopment project identifies?

Redistributing Prosperity

PLANNING FOR ADAPTATION

PROJECT RESPONSE

- The creation of the UERC is aimed at effectively addressing current needs in Precarious Neighborhoods and building relationships and information networks necessary for ongoing data collection efforts to more effectively plan for future hazards and preventative measures. - Our project is centered on community engagement as the most effective method to identify and prioritize vulnerabilities and solutions. - We emphasize redistribution of materials and financial resources as a method to ensure the development project reduces climate vulnerability in the surrounding precarious neighborhoods. - Our phased construction plan aims to reduce temporary displacement from the redevelopment site as much as possible. We will begin development of the commercial corridor by building around and above existing businesses to create new space for business located elsewhere on site. We will then begin construction of the first residential building on a section of the site that is currently unoccupied with the aim of moving residents from the next building slated for demolition into new homes on site before demolition begins. If not all residents are able to be moved to be immediately housed on site the development company will be responsible for financing comparable temporary housing.

How does the project identify, prioritize and implement adaptation options based on their appropriateness to the local context, their effectiveness in reducing vulnerability and exposure, their costs and timeframe for implementation? Are there strategies to contribute to the adaptation of slums and vulnerable settlements in the Jyoti Nagar proximity? In addition to inadequate access to infrastructure, adequate living space and insecure tenure, informal settlement dwellers face the threat of climate change and may be disproportionately affected due to (1) their location in environmentally fragile areas, (2) their socioeconomic characteristics, (3) the institutional marginalization refusing to legitimize their existence. What are the legal or regulatory provisions that support the planned temporal or permanent relocations to ensure safety and health after on-site alternatives have been explored? What are the legal or regulatory provisions that ensure security of tenure for people living in the redevelopment regardless the form of tenure, including customary rights, informal tenure rights and occupation? In your redevelopment scheme, how are permanent or temporary forced evictions (against their will), of individuals, families and business framed, and what is the legal assistance / protection offered? The process must include an eviction impact assessment, extensive consultation with affected persons, and effective recourse mechanisms for those adversely affected by the eviction decision. Are there provisions for land acquisition and compensation for the loss of formal or informal rights and interests, and livelihoods of dwellers resettled and their host communities? What are the regulatory provisions and planning and design guidelines for adaptation to climate risks and vulnerabilities informing implementation and monitoring through the redevelopment approval process? To ensure redevelopment in compliance with environmental protection; that buildings are structurally sound; and that structures are properly equipped.

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PLANNING FOR MITIGATION

PROJECT RESPONSE

- Our high density housing proposal aims to encourage population growth in the center of Jaipur. The variety of businesses and vendors on site are also aimed at promoting a walkable neighborhood where needs can be met without the use of personal transportation. Solar panels on building roofs offset energy use, and recycling of demolition waste reduces the embodied energy of infrastructure and housing upgrade projects in precarious neighborhoods. Additionally, our proposal to improve living situations in precarious neighborhoods without the need for relocation is aimed at preventing increased commuting energy likely to be required in cases of displacement. - Public and private green spaces including courtyards, plazas and green roofs offer opportunity for social mixing, recreation and relaxation and can serve as water capture sites to replenish groundwater.

What are the regulatory provisions that promote green spaces and their socio-environmental and climate services required in your redevelopment scheme? Green open spaces act as multifunctional areas for social interaction, human health and well-being, as well as cultural expression and dialogue. They are one of the forms of nature-based solutions and act as carbon reservoirs. What are the regulatory provisions that ensure that planning and design standards that mitigate greenhouse gas emissions are applied through the redevelopment approval process?

ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS PROJECT RESPONSE Are there any regulatory provisions for resources to finance climate change mitigation and adaptation in your redevelopment scheme? For example, provisions that establish intergovernmental fiscal transfers to local, facilitate the mobilization of investment capital; public-private partnerships; etc. Are there regulatory provisions that provide economic and noneconomic incentives to achieve climate change mitigation and adaptation objectives in your redevelopment scheme? Planning authorities offer non-economic incentives to developers and private parties to compensate them for their losses to meet climate change planning goals, like fee or tax exemptions, direct subsidies, reduced municipal property taxes, additional development rights, reduced planning requirements, reduced bureaucratic requirements, expedited planning applications, public investment in infrastructure required by the developer, etc. Are there any regulatory provisions with economic and non-economic incentives that promote unsustainable urban redevelopment? Unsustainable urban land uses like segregated land uses and social development.

Redistributing Prosperity

- Our proposal relies on FAR incentives given to the developer by the Municipal Corporation on the condition that the developer subsidizes the improvement of infrastructure in four precarious neighborhoods near the development site. Infrastructure improvements will be decided by the residents of each neighborhood, but could include installation of sewage and water connections, flood mitigation measures, street improvements, or lighting. Increased density will offer the developer more opportunity for profit by increasing the number of market rate units they will be able to build, while also promoting population growth within the central city.

Evaluating Climate Justice Design

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Conclusion

The design, development process and outcome of our proposal aims to serve as a model for new development that centers climate justice. We believe a climate justice model can best meet the needs of Jaipur’s current and future residents across income levels and will leave the city better positioned to face future crises. 310

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Screenshots from weekly working meetings with the client-partners and final semester conversations.

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Acknowledgments

First and foremost, thank you to our client-partner, United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). In a most challenging semester with covid severely impacting all aspects of life, they have afforded us a unique educational experience and we are very grateful for their dedication and generosity. We would like to offer special thanks to: Gianluca Crispi | Lead Legal Specialist, UN-Habitat’s Policy, Legislation, and Governance, Innovation Section Stephen Bland | Climate Change and Innovation Specialist Anne Amin | Program Management Officer, UN-Habitat’s Policy, Legislation, and Governance Stephanie Gerretsen | Urban Policy Consultant, Policy Legislation and Governance Section Global Solutions Division Anna Kvashuk | Urban Law Intern, UN-Habitat’s Policy, Legislation, and Governance Parul Agarwala | UN-Habitat India, Programme Manager Mansi Sachdev | UN-Habitat India, Senior Urban Planner Shruti Rajagopalan | City Coordinator | Strategic Planner | UN Habitat Sustainable Cities: Integrated Approach Pilot Project, Jaipur Mr. R.K. Vijayvargiya | Chief Town Planner, Government of Rajasthan Academic guests: María González Aranguren | Assistant Professor University of Virginia School of Architecture and partner, Aranguren & Gallegos Architects Dhara and Nishant Mittal | Lecturers at CEPT and partners, studio 23N72E, Ahmedabad, India. Emilio Ontiveros de la Fuente| Lecturer Universidad Alcalá de Henares and Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain. McLain Clutter | Associate Professor and Chair of Architecture and partner, EXTENTS Robert E. Grese, FASLA, FCELA | Professor Emeritus of Environment and Sustainability Julia McMorrough | Associate Professor of Practice in Architecture and co-founder studioAPT José Sánchez | Associate Professor of Architecture and Director, Plethora Project Claudia Wigger | Lecturer in Architecture and co-founder, ICE-ideas for contemporary environments Acknowledgments

Students’ Biographies

Keyana Aghamirzadeh is a second-year Master of Urban and Regional Planning student. Her interests are in coastal climate resilience, adaptation and sustainable development. She holds a BS in environmental policy from The Ohio State University. Pierre Bagenda is Master of Urban and Regional Planning Candidate. He worked at Colliers International Indonesia for 5 years specializing in Feasibility Study for commercial development. He is also currently pursuing a Graduate Certificate in Real Estate Development. Tom Bagley is a second-year Master of Urban and Regional Planning Candidate. He received his Bachelor of Arts from Loyola University Maryland in 2015. His research interests focus on economic development and urban revitalization in the post-industrial cities of the American Northeast and Midwest. Kevin Bechard holds a BA in Architecture with a Sculpture Minor from Miami University in Ohio, and a Building Science & Net Zero Design Certification from Yestermorrow Design Build School, in Vermont. He is currently pursuing a Master of Landscape Architecture and Master of Architecture. His interest revolve around ecologically friendly building practices mixed with an integrated design. Autumn Bender is a graduate from the University at Buffalo’s Bachelor of Science in Architecture program. She is currently pursuing a Master of Architecture. Her interests lie in low-impact environmental design that is equitably accessible to all communities. Shandra Bernath-Plaisted received a BA in Social Movements from Swarthmore College. She spent a decade working as a labor and community organizer and is currently pursuing a Mas-

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ter of Architecture. Her interests center on the potential of architecture as a tool for community advocacy and social analysis. Isabelle Borie is a graduate from Arizona State University. She holds a B.S. in Architecture and Minor in Construction Management. Currently she is pursuing a Master of Architecture with a focus in Real Estate Development. Her interests include incorporating sustainable construction at both small and large scales. Kassem Chammout holds a Bachelor of Science in Architecture from the University of Michigan. He is currently he is pursuing a Master of Architecture. He is interested in the role of architecture shaping experiences and spaces with a human perspective in mind. Sarah Jammal holds a degree in Sociology with a Public Policy and Studio Art minors from Case Western Reserve University. She is a dual Master of Urban and Regional Planning and a Master of Urban Design student. She is committed to create a more sustainable, safe and equitable world through the design of a considerate and just built environment. Clare Kucera is a third-year dual-degree student pursuing a Master of Urban and Regional Planning and a Master of Science in Ecosystem Science and Management. Her research and work interests include climate adaptation strategies, GIS spatial analyses, and urban ecosystem restoration. Aracely Landero earned a Bachelor of Design in Architecture with a Minor in Urban and Regional Planning from the University of Florida. She is now fulfilling a Master of Architecture. Her work is motivated by architectural agency, its ability to resolve challenges faced by society and the natural environment.

Accelerating Climate Action: Urban Futures for Jaipur

Michelle Lincoln is a second-year dual degree student for a Master of Urban and Regional Planning and Master of Science of Environmental Science at the School for Environment and Sustainability. Her primary research focuses are environmental justice and social and racial equity in the built environment and urban planning. She graduates in December 2021. Talia Moretti holds an Honors Bachelor of Arts & Science with a minor in Business from McMaster University. She is currently pursuing a Master of Architecture. She is passionate about making architecture more sustainable through passive design strategies, adaptive reuse, and circular approaches to design. Neeli Kakal is a second-year Master’s in Urban and Regional Planning with an interest in community engagement and economic development. She holds an undergraduate degree in Architecture from India. Anmol Poptani holds a Bachelor of Architecture degree from India and is currently pursuing Master of Urban Design. Her interests lie at the intersection of local culture and placemaking, creating positive human-environment relationships and livable, sustainable, and inclusive habitats. Anna Thompson is a second-year Master of Urban and Regional Planning student with interests in social justice and sustainable development. She holds undergraduate degrees in Spanish and Peace & Justice Studies from Wellesley College. Huiting Qian holds a Bachelor of Architecture from Southeast University in China and is currently pursuing a Master of Urban Design. Her interests lie in urban data analysis to inform the design of the urban environment improving people’s daily life and promoting an inclusive and liveable urban environment.

Sydney Strawser holds a Bachelor of Science in Architecture from The Ohio State University. She is interested in design methods for affordable and sustainable housing that can accommodate individuals of varying socioeconomic statuses while maintaining a low environmental impact. James VanSteel is a third year graduate student pursuing a dual degree program of a Master of Public Policy and a Master of Urban and Regional Planning with a Certificate in Science, Technology, and Public Policy. He graduated from Michigan State University in 2015 with degrees in Political Theory and English. He plans to pursue a career focused on the intersections of urban policy, environmental sustainability, and social equity. Danielle Weitzman is a graduate from the University of Michigan with a B.S in Architecture and a Minor in Urban Studies. Currently, she is pursing a Masters of Architecture. Her interests include designing with communities, climate justice initiatives, and educational design. Beatrix Yan is a second-year Master of Urban Planning and Regional Planning student. Her interests are in transit equity in increasing accessibility for marginalized communities. She is passionate about community planning and implementation. Jessica Yelk is a third-year dual-degree student pursuing a Master of Urban and Regional Planning, Master of Architecture, and a Certificate of Urban Informatics. Her research interests include affordable and equitable housing, international sustainable development, and the intersection of architecture and policy. She holds a BA in Urban Studies, a BS in Architecture, and a minor in Sustainability Studies from the University of Minnesota.

Students’ Biographies

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