ProAgri Zambia 69

ProAg Pro Agri ri Z a m b i a

technology for the farmer

No 69

Free

Manage your irrigation needs easily and efficiently with Valley Scheduling™

How to ensure successful early-stage layer pullet rearing

New era of late blight and downy mildew protection For use in tomatoes, cucurbit, vegetables and speciality crops.

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www.proagri.co.za

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Cover

Letter from the Editor

T

he emerging farmer is the future of agriculture in Africa. This is evident in the fact that the emerging farmers and small-scale farmers represent the largest segment in the African agricultural industry.

These young people have a passion for agriculture and an entrepreneurial spirit that drives them. Like any other business, they have to start with the capital and resources that they have available, but their aspirations are to employ more people, produce more agricultural products, and make more profit.

The challenges that they face are access to resources such as business loans, and secondly the knowledge and expertise required to farm on a more commercial level. Over the past two decades commercial agriculture has evolved to become more precise and more scientific than ever before. Anyone who wants to farm on a commercial scale needs to understand this and have the knowledge and support to be able to compete.

The good news is that there is an increasing awareness of the emerging farmer segment among the large agricultural corporations. Companies are reaching out in various ways. This paradigm shift in the industry should be an encouragement to emerging farmers throughout Southern Africa. This is an opportunity for Africa, and more specifically Southern Africa, to show that agriculture can lead the way out of the economic woes that have been preva-

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11

lent on the continent, especially in the COVID-19 aftermath.

ProAgri Media, through its numerous platforms, also play a role in providing free information that empowers emerging farmers to keep abreast of the latest farming techniques and technology. We aim to provide training through our series of educational articles on various forms of livestock such as pigs, poultry, cattle and goats, while our scientific article series on soil, crop protection and irrigation will enable the crop farmer to increase his productivity and profit.

Apart from providing the farmer with the information he needs, we can also provide all the products that he needs through the agricultural e-commerce platform, Agri4All.com. There is no need to look any further to find everything that you will need to farm successfully.

Remember that you can also gain access to our information through our various online and digital platforms. Find us on Facebook at ProAgri and select your country, or visit our website at www. proagri.co.za. For all your buying and selling needs, visit www.agri4all.com.

Readers are also encouraged to contact me directly via the e-mail address provided below. I would love to hear what you are busy with on your farm, or what is happening in your region.

Farm smartly!

Jaco Cilliers jaco@proagri.co.za

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15

23

3.

Tiger feeds: Feed requirements for proper milk production in cows

7.

Reap the fruits of success with John Deere

11.

25

Pullet rearing: Building a foundation for profitable layers

Valley® Scheduling™: Use water wisely with accurate data 15. Land preparation: The basics of planting

Content

13.

19.

Farm smarter with Ctrack: Bespoke solutions for the agricultural industry

21.

Omnia: MAXI GREEN™ ensures the right maize nutrition for healthy plants and stable yields

23.

Let Stafix help you live and work safely

25.

Processing of condiments Part 11: Fermented cucumber pickles

30.

Infectious bronchitis variants: what are they?

ProAgri Zambia 69

Farmers face increasing problems caused by the changes and challenges in our environment. Syngenta offers innovative solutions to help farmers overcome these challenges.

ProAgri technology for the farmer

Z a m b i a

Nangwenya House No. 7352 Nangwenya Road Rhodespark +26 (0)97-769-9786 www.proagri.co.za Copyright © 2019. All rights r­ eserved. No m ­ aterial, text or p ­ hoto­graphs may be r­ eproduced, copied or in any other way t­ ransmitted without the written consent of the publisher. O ­ pinions ­expressed are not n ­ ecessarily those of the publisher or of the e ­ ditor. We recognise all trademarks and logos as the sole property of their r­ espective o ­ wners.

ProAgri shall not be liable for any errors or for any actions in reliance thereon.

ProAgri Zambia Editor Jaco Cilliers > +27 71-893-6477 jaco@proagri.co.za Reporters Benine Ackermann > +27 73-105-6938 benine@proagri.co.za Bianca Henning > +27 82-326-2572 bianca@proagri.co.za Specialist Writer Annemarie Bremner > +27 82-320-3642 annemarie@proagri.co.za Senior Production Manager: Zainab Pandor > +26 (0)97-769-9786 zainab@proagri.co.za Client Relations Manager: Carin Swartz > +27 84-233-0123 carin@proagri.co.za Marketing Manager Diane Grobler > +27 82-555-6866 diane@proagri.co.za Marketing Xander Pieterse > +27 79-524-0934 xander@proagri.co.za Johan Swartz > +27 71-599-9417 johan@proagri.co.za Tiny Smith > +27 82-698-3353 tiny@proagri.co.za Anelda Strauss > +27 76-687-4419 anelda@proagri.co.za Janine Vermaak > +27 71-872-3059 janine@proagri.co.za Creative Director Christiaan Joubert > +27 72-419-3990 christiaan@proagri.co.za Design Michelle Kruger & Lizelle Erasmus Enquiries Engela Botha > +27 12-803-0782 engela@proagri.co.za Accounts Ronel Schluter > +27 12-803-0782 accounts@proagri.co.za Business Manager George Grobler

1

NEW ERA OF LATE BLIGHT AND DOWNY MILDEW PROTECTION

ORONDIS® Ultra is a step change chemistry oomycete control in vegetables and speciality crops having:

• New mode of action with no cross resistance with other oomycetes products.

• Locally systemic & translaminar movement in the plant tissue to protect developing leaves. ORONDISTM Ultra is rapidly taken up in the plant into the wax layer after which it is distributed steadily into the plant tissue.

• Offers durable and long-lasting disease control.

• Excellent preventive fungicidal activity, controlling all key life cycle stages of pathogen.

• Best in class rainfastness, even in less than 1 hour after application, the product will not wash off.

• Highly potent, offers excellent efficacy and crop safety at very low use rates of ai per hectare ORONDISTM Ultra is registered for use in tomatoes, cucumbers, squash, melons and grapes

ORONDIS® Ultra protects new growth

Xylem-systemic movement

Applied preventatively, oxathiapiprolin (ORONDIS®) outperforms mandipropamid, the current standard for late blight & downy mildew control.

ORONDIS® moves through the xylem - the plant’s water conducting vessels - and moves upward and outward to protect the plant as it grows.

Systemicity - biological activity outside of the treated area ORONDIS® applied as droplets across a band in the middle of the leaf

2

SYNGENTA ZAMBIA

Plot 5255, Mukwa Road, P.O Box 33088, Heavy industrial area, Lusaka, Zambia

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sales.zambia@syngenta.com 096 762 4634

ProAgri Zambia 69

Tiger animal dairy feed:

Feed requirements for proper milk production in cows

by Given Hamanungu

R

uminants need a daily supply of all nutrients required for maintenance and production: milk, meat, growth and pregnancy. Profitable milk production depends upon healthy, high yielding animals. The ultimate purpose of dairy cows is to produce milk, so their diet must allow them to fulfil the functions of lactation, and reproducing annually. The cow must be fed a balanced ratio and peak at a high level of milk production if milk yield in the lactation is to be maximum.

Feeds available The feeds available for dairy animals are as follows: • Calf Starter • Dairy Budget 15 (Urea) • Dairy 19 (no Urea)

• • •

Dairy 19 (With urea) All these feeds are available in mash and pellets All these feeds are available in 25 and 50 kg bags

Feeding recommendations • Calf Starter – to be fed ad lib up to 7 months of age • Dairy feeds – 200 to 500 g per litre of milk/animal/day depending on the animal’s condition • No more than 12 kg must be fed per animal/day • Please note that the dairy feeds are not full feeds and are meant solely for supplementary use; quality roughage (hay or silage) should always be available ad lib

Calf: Starter

Dairy: Budget 15

Dairy: No Urea

Dairy: With Urea

Moisture

12

12

12

12

Protein

18

15

19

19

Fat

5

5

5

5

Fibre

10

9

9

9

Calcium (Max)

1.4

0.8

1.2

1.2

Phosphorus (Min)

0.7

0.4

0.4

0.4

Table 1: Composition of dairy feed.

Medication or special additives • As indicated, some of the dairy feeds contain urea in order to help the animal, cost-effectively, make the most of poor-quality grazing (Remember the urea is completely safe if the feeding recommendations are followed).

• The calf starter contains both a coccidiostat and a growth promoter. The calf starter must not be fed to mature animals.

General comments • Milk is expensive and one should always consider the cost of feeding milk to calves as opposed to feeding a balanced feed.

ProAgri Zambia 69

• • •

Dairy cows produce more when they are receiving sufficient nutrients.

A healthy, well-fed dairy cow will produce more milk, more calves in her life and have a longer life.

The use of urea is very safe, and it is a very cost-effective source of protein for the cow. The use of urea in rural areas, where cattle are grazed on natural pastures, is a necessity if production is to be maximised.

Economic considerations / profitability Records are the most critical and one should be measuring the following: • Body condition score (1= very thin; 5 = very fat; 3 to 3.5 = optimum) • Litres of milk per day • Inter-calving period • Breeding records – to understand farm breeding procedures and improving the herd for better performance • Health record system for effective diseases treatment and prevention Criteria for record-keeping: • Effective monitoring of animal performance right from birth • Evaluation of management and feeding systems • Individual animal comparisons to assist in breeding, culling and other decisions • Breed society, milk recording and computer program usage • Extraction of useful herd indices for evaluation and comparison • Production of Action Lists for management

Contact Given Hamanungu, Livestock Technical Advisor of Tiger Animal Feeds on +26097-540-3834 or +260-96-7933658, or givenhams@gmail.com for more information.

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RRLITY EA ATU

I Y MEAD TURIT M

M

L Y RRITY EA T A U M

L Y EATR URITY MA

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NEW

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I U M

IU Y MEAD TURIT

Y MEAD TURIT

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L Y R ITY EA ATUR M

DINA NS

BEA SOYA

TRANSFORMING AGRICULTURE TOGETHER.

4

­

ProAgri Zambia 69

final K ®

Protected Potassium. Better quality!

• Increase Yield & Quality • Increase resistance against drought stress • Increases the efficiency of potassium uptake

2+

Ca 2+ Mg

Anti-Blocking Agent Optimizes Potassium penetration in the leaves & protects K against antagonisms in hard water with Ca and Mg.

+

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Crop Maize Soybean

Dose 1-2 x 2-3 L/ha via pivots 2 - 3 L/ha

8 leaves -ear development/maturity Mid Flowering - Fruit development

tradebor Mo ®

Better flowering, higher yield! control 2 seeds

tradebor Mo 3 seeds

Crop Maize Soybean

• • • •

Homogeneous flowering More pollen fertilization & fruit set Better grain quality Vigorous plant growth Flowering Pollen vitality

Dose 1 L/ha via pivots 2 L/ha

...more Fertilization Fruit set

...more Grain quality of the pods

...more Yield

...more Return on investment

8 leaves - Mid flowering Pre-flowering - Mid flowering

Distributed by Steward +260 977505031 Eric +260 977486836 info@planthealthagri.com ProAgri Zambia 69

5

John Deere has a solution for your orchards and vineyards

THESE TRACTORS CAN ASSIST IN APPLICATIONS SUCH AS: Carting of Harvest

Planting

Spraying

Compost Spreading

Call your John Deere dealer today to arrange a demo *Terms and conditions apply. (Available at www.deere.com/sub-saharan) www.deere.com/sub-saharan I africa@johndeere.com I Customer care: 0800 983 821 JohnDeereAfrica 6

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ProAgri Zambia 69

Good news for vineyard and fruit farmers:

Reap the fruits of success with John Deere N

ew growth is bursting out all over the country now that the winter rest is over. The picky local and export markets are already eagerly awaiting the tasty, tender fruits produced by South Africa's fruit and grape farmers – ranging from table grapes, apples, oranges, plumbs, and peaches, to many more. Our fruit farmers produce a large variety of healthy fruits of the best quality every year, and this is also a big reason why half of our agricultural exports are fruit.

However, like all good things, fruit production does not happen by itself.

It costs a lot of money to establish orchards or vineyards, and it takes a long time before the first decent harvest can be gathered. After that, pests and other challenges increase production costs, so that only a farmer with grit can finally reap the fruits of his labour.

Fortunately, the farmer has a good friend supporting him with one purchase that he cannot make a mistake with – John Deere's good green tractors that he can count on through thick and thin for establishing new orchards or vineyards, the maintenance of existing ones ... and of course for hauling in the harvest.

John Deere's value does not lie in its name or the colour of its paint, but in what the tractor or implement does for you, the service you receive and the availability of spare parts.

John Deere offers the fruit market a range of tractors that not only do the job quickly and exemplary, but also offer a comprehensive value solution that fully justifies the investment you make with your purchase. Quality and durability are synonymous with the John Deere 5D and 5E series tractors, which are fully manufactured in the same John Deere factory, and exported to 110 countries worldwide.

5D series There are three models in the John Deere 5D series tractors: the 5039D (29 kW), the 5045D (34 kW) and the 5050D (37 kW). They are all equipped as standard with an 8F / 4R CollarShift (CS) gearbox.

This compact tractor is excellent for use with orchard sprayers, thanks to their easy handling and agility in confined spaces, their formidable lift capacity of 1 400 kg and their 540 / 540E PTO’s.

5E Series The 5E series also offers three models; the 5055E (41 kW), the 6065E (49 kW) and the 5075E (56 kW), all equipped

with the popular John Deere 3-cylinder 2,9-litre turbodiesel engine. The 5075E is available as open station as well as cabin models.

The farmer also has the choice of a 9F / 3R SyncroShuttle (TSS) or 12F / 12R PowerReverser (PR) gearbox for his 5E tractor. The tractors are equipped as standard with a Category II three-point lift that easily lifts 1 800 kg, as well as a 540 / 540E PTO and hydraulic remote-control valve.

These tractors are extremely suitable for efficient use in orchards with suitable tools such as a plough, field hoe, planter, sprayer, and trailer.

The additional 37% torque reserve of the 5E enables the tractor to comfortably manage the increased loads that normally occur during tillage. In addition to increased productivity, the net effect is also improved fuel consumption during tillage.

5EN and 5EF The John Deere 5EN and 5EF series tractors are speciality tractors specifically designed to work comfortably in vineyard and orchard applications, with a minimum width adjustment of 1,32 m to the outside of the rear tires.

The 5EN series offers two models, namely the 5076EN (56 kW) and 5090EN (67 kW); and the 5EF one model, namely the 5076EF. All these models are equipped with John Deere 4-cylinder 4,5-litre turbodiesel engines. This 4,5-litre engine with its proven reliability is found in John Deere tractors of up to 135 kW and offers complete peace of mind in terms of performance, fuel efficiency, quality, and durability.

The small and compact 5EN tractor makes spraying in vineyards and orchards easy.

ProAgri Zambia 69

Invest in the future - invest in John Deere.

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ProAgri Zambia 69

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ProAgri Zambia 69

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ProAgri Zambia 69

Pullet rearing: Building a foundation for profitable layers

by Marné Visagie

P

ullet rearing serves as the foundation for the layer phase. If the pullets are reared correctly, the layers will perform efficiently and increase the profitability of the farm.

However, pullet rearing is often neglected and this leads to problems in lay, resulting in a less efficient business unit.

The purpose of the pullet rearing phase is to ensure that the bird reaches the correct body weight at the correct age to ensure sexual maturity is

reached at the right time. One can either raise pullets on the farm or purchase them from a pullet farmer as point-of-lay birds. Both of these have their advantages and disadvantages.

It will depend on your business unit to determine which one will work best for you.

Previously, a “fat” pullet was considered undesirable, but this additional fat reserve can be extremely beneficial during the laying phase, especially during heat stress. The modern-day pullet and layer have been bred to have a lower feed intake; these birds are considered shy eaters. It is thus more difficult to raise a fat pullet than an underweight pullet.

As the pullet reaches peak production, it has a very high energy demand.

It requires energy for maintenance, growth, oviduct development as well as production. This high energy demand, coupled with a low feed intake, may lead to an energy deficit. If the bird has a fat reserve that was built up during the rearing phase, it can draw energy from this reserve in order to combat the negative energy balance.

If, however, the bird faces an energy deficit and it does not have a fat reserve, there may be a post-peak dip in production. This is due to the fact that the bird does not have enough energy and will thus have to conserve it by reducing production.

Pullet rearing has proven to be complex, and if not done correctly, may lead to a variety of problems. Thus, if the farmer does not have a good record keeping system, it is difficult to find the root cause of the problem.

Together with accurate record-keeping, pullet managers must ensure that the breeder guidelines are followed when raising their growing birds. It is also important to consider not just age in weeks when looking at feeding guidelines, but more importantly, body weight and condition to make sure that the birds reach their target weight at sexual maturity.

Therefore, it is important to buy a well-balanced feed as it provides the necessary nutrients to ensure that pullets and layers reach their full genetic potential. Good pullets will lead to healthy, profitable layer birds.

For more information on how to build a foundation for profitable layers, contact Wiehan Visagie at wiehan.visagie@ novatek.co.zm or +260-979-763-250.

ProAgri Zambia 69

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Francois Griesel:

+27 (0)67 412 9089

|

francois.griesel@valmont.com

ProAgri Zambia 69

Valley® Scheduling™:

Use water wisely with accurate data

by Benine Ackermann

The moisture probe measures the moisture in the soil.

A

Valley Scheduling™ ensures that farmers give their crops just the right quantity of water.

The Valley weather station ensures that all weather data is accurately recorded, enabling farmers to make informed decisions on their application methods.

ll forms of agriculture revolve around water, therefore, effective application of water is crucial to every farm.

This is exactly why farmers are so impressed with Valley’s water scheduling system for centre pivots.

The system assists farmers in applying just the right quantity of water – not too much, nor too little – to avoid over or under-irrigating, which are both equally harmful to crops. Moreover, Valley Scheduling™ saves farmers time and money.

“Valley Scheduling™ collects accurate data, and based on this, recommends when, where, and how much water needs to be applied,” says David Muller from Uitdraai Boerdery near Prieska. “The system also provides meaningful, easy-to-understand analytics, according to which farmers can plan their water delivery.”

David grows maize, wheat, lucerne, onions, pecan nuts and pistachio nuts.

Most of these crops are irrigated by Valley centre pivots.

Uitdraai Boerdery is one of Valley's three demo-farms in South Africa, where the Scheduling™ system is continuously tested to ensure its accuracy and efficiency.

Valley Scheduling™ technology contributes to precision farming practises, ensuring that crops get exactly the right quantity of water.

David Muller and Valley's technical team at the site where his Valley Scheduling™ system weather station was installed.

ProAgri Zambia 69

This is how it works: The farmer’s information, field data, and preferences are entered into the scheduling programme. The software compiles the data, processes it, and shows the farmer when, and how much water must be applied to obtain optimal conditions for his/her crop growth. The farmer can choose how the data is displayed, for example, in a map or list format. The software then gives the farmer easilyunderstandable irrigation recommendations for his/her particular soil type and crop.

David uses his smartphone and computer to keep an eye on his Scheduling system. When asked what impressed him most about the system, David responded, “I like the sophistication of the algorithm; it is quite user friendly and it keeps record of historical events.

Valley also uses a weather station on the farm to collect very accurate onsite data such as wind and temperature conditions.”

Advantages of the Valley Scheduling™ system: • Easy to use for farmers • Connects with the Valley 365 systems that displays farmers' irrigation data • Saves time • Increases yield and profitability • Improves crop health and reduces the risk of disease • Easy to access via your smartphone, tablet, or PC • Makes smart farming easily accessible • Reduces pressure on resources by applying the precise quantity of water and fertiliser in the right place, at the right time.

• Helps the farmer make more informed decisions • Monitors potential crop stress due to over or under-watering • Uses a weather station to monitor the weather on site Valley offers excellent products and services to farmers. To find out more, and to order the Valley Scheduling™ system, contact Francois Griesel at francois.griesel@valmont.com or +27-67-412-9089.

13

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ProAgri Zambia 69

T

he planting season has begun. Most farmers have decided which crop they will plant, and now land preparation is their next focus. This is a key process to successful crop establishment.

Good crop establishment depends on many factors, and the best practices will vary from one farm to the next because of differences in rainfall or soils.

Farmers can lose yield due to uneven tillage, resulting in poor crop establishment, so it is worth the effort at the start of the season to get it right.

Good land preparation is the foundation for successful crop production and contributes to long-term soil fertility, soil moisture retention and weed management.

Done with the right implements at the right time, it makes planting and weeding easier, and results in higher yields.

Good land preparation will help to prepare a seedbed by crumbling and loosening the soil; it will loosen the soil, thereby making it easier for plant

roots to grow and produce stronger crops and better yields; it will allow air to enter the soil to help plants grow strong; it will incorporate crop residues and manure into the soil – this will improve the soil structure and make the soil more fertile; it will help control weeds, pests and diseases; and it will increase water infiltration into the soil.

The main disadvantage of poor tillage occurs when the soil is too wet, or when the soil has been cultivated to the same depth for a number of years. Such practices result in a dense compacted layer just below the depth of tillage.

Poor tillage, which does not incorporate crop residues and manure into the soil, will result in hard, dry soils with low fertility where crops give poor yields or may even die, and crop establishment is slowed down due to reduced root and plant growth.

In hard soils, some plants may not be strong enough to grow and will die.

After a rain storm the soil is too wet and the roots are starved of air, or once the soils dry out, the plant is starved of water, as the plants roots cannot grow through the compacted plough pan.

Crops in poorly tilled soils are weak, will suffer more from pests and diseases, and give poor yields, or the crop may even die as the soil will not hold water and will get very hot in the dry periods.

Tillage is often classified into two types, primary and secondary. There is no strict boundary between them in so much as a loose distinction between tillage that is deeper and more thorough (primary) and tillage that is shallower and sometimes more selective of location (secondary). Primary tillage such as ploughing tends to produce a rough surface finish, whereas secondary tillage tends to produce a smoother surface finish, such as that required to make a good seedbed for many crops.

Land preparation:

The basics of planting ProAgri Zambia 69

by Tapuwa Mashangwa 15

16

ProAgri Zambia 69

Maintenance of the soil structure is critical in producing healthy crops.

Harrowing and rototilling often combine primary and secondary tillage into one operation. Tillage can generally be separated into three systems: reduced tillage, intensive tillage, and conservation tillage.

Reduced tillage leaves between 15 and 30% residue cover on the soil, or 560 to 1 100 kg per hectare of small grain residue during the critical erosion period. This may involve the use of a chisel plough, field cultivators, or other implements. The general comments below show how the quantity of residue can be affected.

Intensive tillage leaves less than 15% crop residue cover or less than 560 kg per hectare of small grain residue. This type of tillage is often referred to as conventional.

Intensive tillage often involves multiple operations with implements such

Mechanised land preparation.

as a mould board plough, disk, and/or chisel plough. Then, a finisher with a harrow, rolling basket, and cutter can be used to prepare the seed bed.

There are many variations. Conservation tillage leaves at least 30% of crop residue on the soil surface, or at least 1 100 kg per hectare of small grain residue on the surface during the critical soil erosion period. This slows water movement, which reduces the extent of soil erosion. Conservation tillage also benefits farmers by reducing fuel consumption and soil compaction.

By reducing the number of times the farmer travels over the field, significant savings in fuel and labour can be achieved. However, conservation tillage delays warming of the soil due to the reduction of earth exposure to the warmth of the sun.

Other subcategories of conservation tillage include: No-till: Never use a plough, disk, et cetera, ever again. Aims for 100 percent ground cover.

Strip-till: Narrow strips are tilled where seeds will be planted, leaving the soil in between the rows untilled.

Mulch-till; rotational tillage – Tilling the soil every two years or less frequently.

Land preparation practices form a fundamental and important departure point for commercial farming and agricultural operations. When done correctly, this process not only enhances the harvest, but also greatly assists in controlling crop disease and pest invasion.

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ProAgri Zambia 69

17

Always Visible

Agri Solutions Ctrack’s tracking solutions help farmers save on costs and improve performance through better planning and decision making regardless of crop type, farm or fleet size.

By providing critical information about your equipment, you can efficiently manage your assets, time and money

investment. Our suite of GPS tracking devices are built for the often rough and remote conditions in South Africa so you can rest assured that your agricultural equipment will always be properly monitored.

Features: Machine usage (operating hours)

Real-time alert (geo zones)

Pattern of use (direction when used)

Potential asset theft or tampering alerts

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ProAgri Zambia 69

Farm smarter with Ctrack Bespoke solutions for the agricultural industry L

eading tracking and fleet management services provider Ctrack offers a wide variety of bespoke solutions aimed at the agricultural industry.

“At Ctrack, we understand the importance of the farming and agricultural sector in South Africa as well as the challenges faced in doing business in a harsh environment such as South Africa. Our solutions help farmers farm smarter and more efficiently,” says Hein Jordt, Managing Director of Ctrack SA. Ctrack’s Agri solutions focus on safety and security, driving behaviour, productivity, control, and asset management and managing these factors help farmers save on costs and improve performance.

Ctrack’s Agri solutions take the guesswork out of the equation by providing you with real, tangible data that allows simple decision-making and the efficient tracking, recovery, and management of moveable assets no matter their size.

Ctrack is well known for its tracking capabilities and is able to keep an eye on agricultural solutions big and small, including harvesters, tractors, trailers, sprayers, loaders, hedgers, bailers, conveyors and more. A wide variety of tracking hardware solutions include wireless, ultra-compact devices that can be easily concealed and feature enough memory to record 25 000 trips.

Real-time data showcases not only the date and time of removal but also where the equipment was taken, inside and outside of the borders of South Africa.

Virtual fences around areas of operation allow managers to be alerted when assets enter, leave, or remain stationary within these predetermined locations.

Real-time visibility, proactive notifications and infographics allow for accurate decision making and result in the optimised and efficient use of assets.

For example, easy to understand usage patterns overlaid on a satellite image assist

in ploughing fields and harvesting to maximum potential. Summary reporting provides an overview of operating hours, usage and kilometres driven.

Detailed reports showcase quality data on how machinery is used and allows fleet managers to stay ahead of maintenance schedules via proactive notifications and reports.

Bespoke Agri solutions can be configured with a variety of hardware and software solutions that cater to your specific needs and budget. Intelligent configuration can showcase the exact data required.

Enhancing the quality data capturing and management capabilities is the addition of one of the camera solutions offered by Ctrack. The Ctrack Iris Dashcam with ADAS is a sophisticated camera solution with a front and in-cab facing camera, improving driver safety through training by surveillance, monitoring crew activities, and visibility on driver actions, ultimately enhancing productivity.

Ctrack’s Agri solution real-time visibility software allows users to monitor the operating hours of machines,

ProAgri Zambia 69

pattern of use, distance travelled and service schedules. A live productivity dashboard enables managers to keep an eye on progress while real-time alerts can be set up according to required geo zones.

Ctrack Mobi is a web-based application that allows the monitoring of vehicles from almost anywhere by utilising a smartphone or tablet.

Ctrack Online is also a web-based application that enables the remote monitoring and tracking of moveable assets from any computer with an Internet connection.

“Ctrack means visibility with additional benefits, as our cutting edge agriculturally focussed solutions are able to assist the farming community in running their operations as safely and effectively as possible,” concludes Jordt.

To get your Agri solution contact Ctrack at +27-(0)86-333-444 or send an e-mail to sales@ ctrack.co.za.

19

COMPOUND MAXI GREEN

Precautionary Statements

Hazard Statements

• KEEP UNDER LOCK AND KEY AND OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN • ALWAYS WASH YOUR HANDS AFTER USING FERTILIZER • DO NOT EAT DRINK OR SMOKE WHILE USING FERTILIZER

• HARMFUL TO AQUATIC LIFE

Eugene Houdry Street Northern Industrial Area Sasolburg 1947

FERTILIZER GRP1 ACT 36/1947

Omnia Fertilizer A Division of Omnia Group (Pty) Ltd

Contains per Kg: 18%N - 11%P205 - 8%K20 4%S - 0,4%Zn - 0,17%B

COMPOUND MAXI GREEN

120mm 730mm

910mm BAG HEIGHT

970mm CUT LENGTH

Omnia Fertilizer (Z) Ltd P.O. Box 39100 Lusaka, Zambia Plot 397 A, Makeni Rd, Lusaka Tel: +211 246 542/44

COMPOUND MAXI GREEN

STORE INSIDE WARNING

KEEP YOUR COUNTRY TIDY

TO AVOID DANGER OF INJURY OR SUFFOCATION KEEP THIS PLASTIC PACKAGING AWAY FROM CHILDREN

: Manufacturing date : Expiry Date : Batch Number ZEMA Product Number : 60mm

20

ProAgri Zambia 69

Omnia: MAXI GREEN™ ensures the right maize nutrition for healthy plants and stable yields

by Kobus Smith, Omnia Fertiliser, Zambia

P

lant nutrition can be a complicated subject, especially since the needs of the specific crop, the nutrient source, as well as the climate and soil of the region must be considered. However, if you find the right combination of products to address the needs of a specific crop and a specific region, this process becomes much simpler and will yield more reliable results.

CUSTOMER: DESIGN:

Let us look at what a maize plant needs to grow healthy and give a good yield: • Nitrogen is needed by young maize plants to boost early growth to develop in a strong and healthy plant. Responsible for good growth and green colour. A maize crop requires 20 kg/Ha N for every tonne of grain produced.

• Phosphorus is essential for the development of a strong and healthy root system. Good roots help the plant to better tolerate water shortages. Maize requires 7 kg/Ha P2O5 for every tonne of grain produced.

• Potassium plays a big role in the transpiration tempo of the leaves and the water usage, thereby improving the water usage of the plant. It also assists the plant in dealing with salt stress. Maize requires 5 kg/Ha K 2O for every tonne of grain produced.

• Sulphur is important in the forma22/06/2020 WOVEN BAG WPP

DATE: DESCRIPTION: MATERIAL:

DBC WOVEN

OMNIA COMPOUND MAXI GREEN 50KG ZAMBIA

FILE NAME: 020295rf20.omnia_compound_maxi_green_50kg_zambia.ai

Kindly examine this artwork carefully and append your signature.

Whilst every care is taken to ensure accuracy, we must remind you that the final responsibility is held by the person passing the artwork. Buyer at his own expense agrees to defend Repro Flex (Pty) Ltd against any claims or liabilities for patent or copyright infringement arising from the printing of this design.

Although every precaution is taken to produce barcodes to GS1 specifications, the responsibility for conformance of the barcode rests with you the consumer and begins with the correct design and positioning of the barcode. Repro Flex (Pty) Ltd will not be held responsible for any designs that do not conform to the full requirements as specified by retailers.

WIDTH: PITCH: EYEMARK SIZE: EYEMARK POSITION: BARCODE: BARCODE GS1 COMPLIANT:

580 mm 970 mm 80 x 10 mm LHS -

CYLINDER SIZE: STEP ACROSS: STEP AROUND: SURFACE / REVERSE: PLATE THICKNESS: PLATE PROCESS: PLATE TYPE:

970 mm PANTONE 1 COLOURS 1 1. PANT 137 C SURFACE 2. PANT 355 C 2.84 mm 3. PANT 1797 C CDI 4. BLACK ACT

LINE SCREEN SCREEN ANGLES -

-

UNWIND DIRECTION

2

PRINTER APPROVAL

SALES

READ

L

R

READABLE OUTSIDE FEET FIRST

PRODUCTION

CHECKED BY

SUBSTRATE COLOUR: WHITE

PRE-PRESS

AREAS OF CONCERN: -

CUSTOMER’S APPROVAL

PLEASE NOTE: IF PANTONE COLOURS JOB OP NAME: KURTIS ARE NOT SPECIFIED, PLEASE SUPPLY. PLATES OP NAME: --

PRINT NAME

SIGN

DATE

-------

FERTILIZER GRP1 ACT 36/1947

Precautionary Statements

Hazard Statements

• KEEP UNDER LOCK AND KEY AND OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN • ALWAYS WASH YOUR HANDS AFTER USING FERTILIZER • DO NOT EAT DRINK OR SMOKE WHILE USING FERTILIZER

• HARMFUL TO AQUATIC LIFE

COMPOUND MAXI GREEN

Contains per Kg: 18%N - 11%P205 - 8%K20 4%S - 0,4%Zn - 0,17%B

Omnia Fertilizer A Division of Omnia Group (Pty) Ltd

730mm

COMPOUND MAXI GREEN

Eugene Houdry Street Northern Industrial Area Sasolburg 1947

COMPOUND MAXI GREEN

910mm BAG HEIGHT

Omnia Fertilizer (Z) Ltd P.O. Box 39100 Lusaka, Zambia Plot 397 A, Makeni Rd, Lusaka Tel: +211 246 542/44

970mm CUT LENGTH

120mm

30mm

580mm 530mm IMAGE WIDTH

STORE INSIDE WARNING

KEEP YOUR COUNTRY TIDY

TO AVOID DANGER OF INJURY OR SUFFOCATION KEEP THIS PLASTIC PACKAGING AWAY FROM CHILDREN

30mm

60mm

: Manufacturing date : Expiry Date : Batch Number ZEMA Product Number :

The new MAXI GREENTM Compound from Omnia is an all in one fertiliser solution for maize farmers.

•

tion of proteins and in the formation of chlorophyll. Deficiencies have a great influence on crop yields. The maize plant needs 3 kg/Ha S for every tonne of grain produced.

Zinc and Boron – these micronutrients are needed in small quantities by the plant, but are important in disease resistance, plant health and crop yields.

All of these in one product Omnia has recently launched a new product, specifically for Zambian maize growers, that contains all these elements in the right quantities to ensure a good maize crop.

MAXI GREEN™ contains the following nutrients: • Nitrogen (18% N) in the ammonium nitrate form. Ammonium nitrate is the superior N source as it is more plant available and will not escape into the air like urea tends to do.

• Phosphorus (11% P2O5) as Nitrophos, which also contains nitrogen. This source is completely water-soluble and is immediately available for plant uptake.

• Potassium (8% K 2O) as potassium chloride.

• Sulphur (4%) • Zinc (0,4%) • Boron (0,2%)

A few important factors have to work together to ensure a healthy maize plant.

How to apply MAXI GREEN™ As basal fertiliser, we recommend 250 kg (five bags) of MAXI GREEN™ per hectare. This should be followed by 200 kg (four bags) of GREENSULF™ per hectare as a top dressing. GREENSULF™ contains ammonium nitrate nitrogen, as well as calcium and sulphur.

These recommended rates will ensure enough nutrients to yield at least four tonnes of maize per hectare, if enough water (rain) is available and a good pest and weed control programme is followed.

In summary MAXI GREEN™ is a superior plant basal fertiliser specifically formulated for Zambian maize producers. It contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, boron and zinc and supplies all the required nutrients in the correct ratios. It improves yields when used as a basal fertiliser in combination with GREENSULF™ as a top dressing.

Use MAXI GREEN™ and GREENSULF™ for a healthy and GREEN maize crop and reap the rewards!

ProAgri Zambia 69

Zambian farmers will have reason to smile when using the new Compound MAXI GREEN™.

Contact Moomba Nang’amba at 097742-1311, or Phidelis Mubagwe at 097-726-8404 for more information.

21

Volac’s Lifeguard range of milk replacers all contain Imunopro®, our unique concentrated milk protein, which enables better development of the early life immune system and stimulates the young calf’s digestive system, crucial for fast, healthy and sustainable growth. feedforgrowth.com

TAKE A MOMENT

TO REFLECT.

Feed supplements for Africa

For further information: Call Jaco Faasen: Cell 082 607 6601 Email jaco@nutribase.co.za · Visit www.feedforgrowth.com Copyright © 2021 Volac International Ltd. All rights reserved.

22

ProAgri Zambia 69

Let Stafix help you live and work safely

by Annemarie Bremner

C

riminals attack when you sleep or least expect it. The only way to protect yourself, your family and your property is to be prepared. Proper access restriction and early warning systems from Stafix Electric Fence and Security Centres give you the edge over criminals.

With the support of Stafix, any property, from the border fence to the inner rooms of your house, can be monitored and placed under 24-hour security.

With advanced technology, you, your closest neighbours, the neighbourhood watch, and your security company can be alerted to criminal activity.

Your first security zone starts at your border fence and entrance gate. For access control, Stafix offers the Centurion Gate Motor Range which can also be controlled from your mobile phone.

You don't even have to leave the safety of your vehicle! And with Stafix's Dahua Range of CCTV Cameras, you know exactly when uninvited guests arrive.

Even in the dark, Stafix's Dahua camera systems keep an eye on everything from the perimeter fence, across the property to the inside of your home.

Sophisticated radio equipment, which operates over long distances, enables images and videos to be transmitted from different cameras to a central point and when the system is connected to the internet, you will be able to monitor your property from your phone

anywhere in the world. For instance, a farmer can check his livestock, dam levels, et cetera – even when on holiday! The digital video recorder's footage can also be played back or stored for later use and record purposes. A reliable camera system must be able to record a decent, identifiable, clear image in all conditions. With Stafix's expertise, the right type of camera is recommended for every purpose.

Shaun Williamson, Managing Director of Stafix, says: "Anyone can buy a cheap system of CCTV cameras off the shelf, but often the cameras can't do what the customer expects and then cheap eventually gets expensive."

Stafix offers many ways to combat criminal activity. Stafix's mobile Roboguard Motion Sensors can track access roads, scan yards and interiors from the shed door to the milking parlour aisles and can even be linked to your cell phone to give you early warning of intruders wherever you happen to be. Roboguards are very popular among farmers; not only are they affordable, but the units can also

ProAgri Zambia 69

be moved easily and quickly to various locations to prevent theft.

Apart from their wide selection of security products offered at their 28 stores nationwide, Stafix Electric Fence Centres also have expert staff trained to offer you advice on all the different security options, and can recommend approved installers.

Stafix are the importers, manufacturers, and distributors of a wide range of electric fence energizers and accessories – both JVA and Stafix equip systems from high-powered, perimeter patrolled security systems; to animal control fencing – both domestic and wildlife; strip grazing fences for pasture management; permanent and temporary fences for equestrian purposes and even pet protection and control.

Visit www.stafix.co.za to see their range of protection options and to locate the nearest dealer.

23

NEWLY RELEASED

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MATURITY: Early Herbicide Herbicide Herbicid PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY: 110 - 120 days TONS PER HECTARE / YIELD: 9 mt/ha KEY SELLING ATTRIBUTES:

MORE THAN Protect Protect your crops your crops

Semi flint grain | Good yielder in early segment | Prolific hybrid Good overall disease tolerance | Good green maize option

TARGET PESTS/WEEDS: TARGET PESTS/WEEDS: TARGET PESTS/WEEDS: Roundup: Burns all plants Roundup: Burns all plants Roundup: Burns all plants Auxo: Broad leaves and grasses Auxo: Broad Auxo: Broad leaves and g Bullet: Broadleaves leavesand andgrasses grasses Bullet: Broad leaves and grasses Bullet: Broad leaves and g

DKC 80-23

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Treats 8 x 50 kg bags of maize Treats 8 xyour 50 kg bags Protects grain upof tomaize 12 months Protects your grain up to 12 months

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Mode of Application Remarks KEY SELLING ATTRIBUTES: Semi Action Rate flint grain | Good yielder in early segment | Prolific hybrid Post harvest Active Mode of Mode of Application Remarks Goodflint overall disease tolerance | Good green maize option Semi grain | Good in early segment | Prolific hybrid treatment powderyielder to Contact and stomach 50g/100kg Ingredient Action Action Rate of

DKC 80-23 DKC 80-23 DKC 80-23 Good overall disease tolerance | Good green maize option

PostLGB/ harvest control maize action maize grain treatment powder Deltamethrin 2% Deltamethrin Contact and stomach 50g/100kg of 2% weevils and maizeto control LGB/ maize action maize grain grain moth weevils and maize grain moth

MORE THAN MORE MORE THAN Just a seed Just WE PROVIDE FOOD SECURITY - Buy our maize varieties Target Pests Target Large Pests grain borer

Contact and sto action

Crops

Withdrawal Time & Duration of Effectiveness CropsTarget Withdrawal Time & Duration Last upEffectiveness to 6 to 12 months Maize grain Pestsof

and weevils Last up to 6 to 12 months Maize graingrain borer Large grain borer Large and weevils and weevils

Crops

Maize grain

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ProAgri Zambia 69 WE WE FOOD SECURITY PROVIDE - Buy our maize varieties FOOD Keep safe, always observe covid guidelines CONTACT US We provide food security.

Processing of condiments

Part 11:

Fermented cucumber pickles F

ermented pickles or brined pickles undergo a curing process for several weeks during which fermentative bacteria produce acids necessary for the preservation of the product.

These bacteria also generate flavour compounds that are associated with fermented pickles. Initial fermentation may be followed by the addition of acid to produce such products as half dills or sweet gherkins.

Fermented cucumber pickles.

(Image Source: minnesotaconnected.com) Harvesting of cucumbers Cucumbers can be harvested at a range of developmental stages, but it is generally picked at an immature stage before the seeds are fully enlarged and hard. Fruit size is an important factor that determines the harvesting date and varies according to the specification of the buyer and the specific cultivar. Cucumbers are harvested by hand at regular intervals to reduce the chance of old cucumbers remaining on the vine since this will decrease young cucumber production.

The cucumbers should be cut, twisted or snapped off from the vine. Pulling will damage the vine and can bruise the fruit. The cucumbers are placed in plastic crates and transported to the storage/packaging site as quickly as possible.

As labour costs keep on escalating, increased attention is being paid to mechanical harvesting and harvesting aids. Machine harvesting is possible for certain cucumber cultivars, but results in lower yields.

Selective hand picking is very labour intensive but simultaneously performs the task of field sorting as well. Fruit with signs of decay, insect infestation, yellowing and malformations are discarded in the field.

especially important for mechanised processing.

The cucumbers are inspected upon arrival at the storage/processing site and any damaged, infested, rotten or off-colour fruits are removed along with any remaining blossoms. Culls also include curved, pointed, and constricted fruits.

Cooling of cucumbers Cucumbers should be cooled as soon as possible after harvest to reduce the field heat and the respiration rate of the fruit. This is performed by hydro-cooling or forced-air cooling. In the absence of sophisticated cooling equipment, the cucumbers are drenched in cool water in large tanks or barrels. Hydro-cooling can reduce the fruit temperature from 24 °C to 13 °C in about 15 minutes when using water at 4 °C. Sorting and grading of pickling cucumbers The specifications for sorting and grading vary greatly according to the market and/or processor requirements.

Uniformity of size, colour and shape is

Packaging liquid

(Image Source: karabetian.com)

ProAgri Zambia 69

Process description.

25

THE F50/150/4 FALCON SLASHER THE THEF50/150/4 F50/150/4FALCON FALCONSLASHER SLASHER A Falcon Slasher is built to last and is capable of coping A Falcon A Falcon Slasher Slasher is built is built toto last last and and is capable is capable of of coping coping with the tough conditions unique to Africa with with the the tough tough conditions conditions unique unique to to Africa Africa The off-set hitch is standard on this model The The off-set hitchhitch iscutting standard is standard onathis on this model model andoff-set permits up to boundary fence and and permits permits cutting cutting up toup a to boundary a boundary fence fence Round blade disc with 4 blades: better Round Round blade blade disc withwith 4 blades: 4 blades: better better suited todisc general cutting operations and suited suited to general to general cutting cutting operations operations and and providing a finer, higher-quality cut. providing providing a finer, a finer, higher-quality higher-quality cut. cut.

TOUGH TOUGH TOUGH

RELIABLE RELIABLE RELIABLE

DURABLE DURABLE DURABLE

Formore more information please contact us on033 033330 3304764 4764 visit your nearest Falcon dealer.

For For more information information please please contact contact us on us 033 on 330 4764 or visit ororvisit youryour nearest nearest Falcon Falcon dealer. dealer. www.falconequipment.co.za www.falconequipment.co.za www.falconequipment.co.za

Your YourPreferred PreferredUsed UsedW W hohloelgeogoodosdPartner s Partner 501768 501768

501855 501855

20202020 JOHNJOHN DEERE DEERE 50825082 E E Tractor, Tractor, 200 hrs, 20060 hrs, kw60 kw R 481R700,00 481 700,00 + VAT+ VAT

501834 501834

2014 2014 JOHNJOHN DEERE DEERE 94609460 R R Tractor, Tractor, 5105 5105 hrs hrs R 3 200 R 3000,00 200 000,00 + VAT+ VAT

501843/4/5 501843/4/5

2012 2012 JOHNJOHN DEERE DEERE 6930 6930 P/Cab P/Cab Tractor, Tractor, 5672 5672 hrs, 110 hrs,kw110 kw R 875R 000,00 875 000,00 + VAT+ VAT

3x 2009 3x 2009 JOHNJOHN DEERE DEERE 66306630 O/S O/S Tractors, Tractors, 92 kw,92 2xkw, R 440 2x R000-00 440 000-00 + VAT+ VAT 1X R490 1X R490 000-00 000-00 + VAT+ VAT

www.senwes.co.za/used-equipment www.senwes.co.za/used-equipment 501655 501655

501199 501199

2017 JOHN 2017 JOHN DEERE DEERE 1725 12RY 1725 12RY 0.76 0.76 Planter Planter R 1 300 R 1000,00 300 000,00 + VAT+ VAT

2017 JOHN 2017 JOHN DEERE DEERE MP 25MP 25 Planter, Planter, 4 Row4 Row R 30 R 000,00 30 000,00 + VAT+ VAT

Office Office : 056 : 056 478478 0053 0053 Fax :Fax 086: 554 086 1757 554 1757

10th 1Way 0th Way no. 9,no.

P.O9,Box P.O 197 Box197 197Industria, 197 Industria, Kroonstad, Kroonstad, 9500.

9500.

26

501715501715

501775 501775

2019 2019 JOHNJOHN DEERE DEERE 1524FX 1524FX 0.76m0.76m 24 Row, 24 Planter, Row, Planter, Delivery Delivery on uson within us within SA SA R 2 300 R 2000,00 300 000,00 + VAT+ VAT

QUANTUM QUANTUM 2500L 2500L 18M 18M Sprayer Sprayer P.O.RP.O.R

Theuns Theuns Botha Botha : 056 : 056 478478 0094 0094

Paseka Paseka Maqaza Maqaza : 010 : 010 823823 5760 5760

E-mail E-mail : theuns.botha@senwes.co.za : theuns.botha@senwes.co.za

E-mail E-mail : paseka.maqaza@senwes.co.za : paseka.maqaza@senwes.co.za

**Prices **Prices Subject Subject To Change To Change Without Without PriorPrior Notice Notice and Availability and Availability of Stock** of Stock**

ProAgri Zambia 69

(Image Source: cimg2.ibsrv.net)

Different brands and styles of cucumber pickles. (Image Source: ubcfood.com)

Harvesting cucumbers. (Image Source: bugwoodcloud.org)

Fermenting cucumbers in fresh brine. (Image Source: meatandsausages.com)

Pickling cucumbers must be size graded. Size grading is particularly important when the food product is to be heated or cooled as the rate of heat transfer is partly determined by the size of the individual pieces. Uniformly sized food products also make a better display and are preferred by consumers. Size grading is performed by diverging roll bars according to the diameter of the fruit. Grades vary according to the buyer's specifications.

ed matter and from substances that could be deleterious to the products or harmful to health.

hours, it can be successfully stored.

Bulk storage at the plant or in transport containers requires the following conditions: • Optimum temperature: 10 to 13 °C • Relative humidity: 90 to 95% • Ventilation settings for 6-m containers: 30 m³/h • Fresh air exchange: 100% per hour

Example of processing grades: • Grade 1 = less than 2,5 cm • Grade 2 = 2,5 – 3,8 cm • Grade 3 = 3,8 - 5 cm Washing of cucumbers The cucumbers are washed in highpressure water sprays and soft rotating brushes to ensure maximum cleaning with minimum bruising. To conserve natural resources, the wash water is often recirculated. The recirculated water picks up dirt, trash, and diseasecausing organisms. If the necessary steps are not taken to prevent their spread, these organisms can infect all the produce that is subsequently processed. Always use potable water to clean any food product. Potable water is defined as water free from suspend-

In addition, the water must be treated by flocculation, filtration, chlorination, or another acceptable process, ensure compliance with the following microbiological requirements: • Total microbiological count shall not exceed 100 per ml • Coliform organisms shall not exceed five organisms per 100 ml • Faecal coliform shall not be detectable in 100 ml of the water Washing without sanitising the water has the potential to cause greater postharvest losses due to the easy spread and infiltration of spoilage organisms through the water. The correct use of permitted disinfectants greatly reduces surface microbial loads that could lead to post-harvest infection and premature spoilage. The exposure time necessary for effective disinfection varies according to the disinfectant used. Make sure it is used according to specifications and for the minimum time necessary to gain the desired effect. Take note that chlorination as a means of disinfection could lead to surface bleaching of the product. Various disinfectants are pH sensitive and proper testing of the water should be done to maximise effectiveness of such disinfectants.

Drying of washed cucumbers Proper drying prior to the cucumbers should follow washing and disinfection.

The cucumbers are allowed to drain and are then further dried with fans.

Washing cucumbers. (Image Source: broxosalt.com)

Bulk storage of cucumbers prior to packaging/processing (optional) Although cucumbers are mostly processed or packed within 24 to 36

ProAgri Zambia 69

Cucumbers can be successfully stored for 10 to 14 days under ideal conditions.

Rapid cooling is important, but take note that cucumbers are sensitive to temperatures below 10 °C. Symptoms of chilling injury include pitting, tissue collapse and localised softening. Cucumbers can wilt and shrivel very easily under dry conditions. For this reason, waxing is advised prior to long term storage. Cucumbers are highly sensitive to ethylene (1 to 5ppm) during storage, resulting in rapid yellowing of the fruit. It is therefore not compatible for mixed storage with crops that produce high levels of ethylene such as apples, tomatoes, melons, and bananas.

Cucumbers benefit from controlled atmosphere conditions, and although a few days may be added to the maximum storage life under ideal conditions, it is not in common use.

Take note that cucumbers are sensitive to high carbon dioxide conditions.

Controlled atmosphere conditions are recommended as 3 to 5% oxygen and 0 to 5% carbon dioxide at 12 °C. Brining of cucumbers prior to fermentation The whole cucumbers are brined by the addition of 1,5 to 6% salt (sodium chloride).

Fermentation of cucumbers The salted cucumbers are put into a closed container with a weighted cover.

27

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Cucumbers must be kept 3 to 8 cm under brine while fermenting. After adding prepared cucumber and brine, a suitably sized plate or glass plate is placed inside the fermentation container.

The plate must be slightly smaller than the container opening, yet large enough to cover most of the cucumbers. To keep the plate under the brine, place 2 to 3 sealed containers filled with water on the plate.

Covering the container opening with a clean, heavy piece of cloth helps to prevent contamination from insects and moulds while the cucumbers are fermenting. Fine quality fermented cucumbers are also obtained when the plate is weighted down with a very large clean, plastic bag filled with water containing 4,5 to 6 tablespoons of salt.

The bag should be properly sealed to prevent leakage and contamination of the fermenting product.

The initial fermentation period of 3 to 6 weeks is lactic acid fermentation until the final pH is 3,5 to 3,7. The organisms that are naturally present in the cucumber are responsible for the fermentation. Sometimes starter cultures have to be added.

The predominant organisms are the lactic acid producers, Leuconostoc group of cocci, responsible for gas formation, lactic and acetic acid, alcohol, and mannitol during the first 2 to 3 days of fermentation.

The cucumber becomes so acidy (1 to 1,3%) that it suppresses/inhibits the growth of putrefactive (spoilage) bacteria.

After 2 to 3 days, this group of bacteria is superseded (replaced) by homo-fermentative species which produces lactic acid in large amounts.

The development of yeasts, aerobacter, and butyric organisms must be kept to a minimum to ensure a good quality product. The optimum processing temperature is 19 to 21 °C. The acidity rapidly increases during fermentation and is 1,8% (lactic acid) to reach a final pH of 3,5 to 3,7.

The fermentation containers used can be trays, tanks, or other containers that can control temperature and humidity.

The materials used in the construction of the fermentation containers should be acid-resistant and impermeable to any flavours and odours.

Filling and sealing of fermented cucumbers Filling involves displacing the air in the container with a food product prior to sealing. The fully fermented cucumbers may be kept tightly covered under refrigerated conditions for several months, or it may be sealed into suitable containers. The containers are filled with cucumbers, covered with a packaging liquid, hermetically sealed, and pasteurised to ensure long term preservation.

The packaging liquid or brine is

prepared from water and salt. The addition of vinegar and spices is optional.

Spices are usually in the concentrated extract form and may include ginger, pimento, black pepper, chillies, cloves, and coriander. Other optional additions include green pepper, onion, and dill.

The packaging liquid is poured over the cucumbers, ensuring that all air is displaced between the food particles and leaving a 1 cm head space at the top of the jar. Heating the packaging liquid prior to filling slightly raises the temperature of the product, but is not necessarily effective in decreasing the required heat dosage of the pasteurisation since the majority of the pack consists of the cucumber pieces which are filled at room temperature.

The secret to the preparation of good pickles lies in the development of a desirable flavour and texture consistent with a good balance of flavours. The final equilibrium acidity of the product will depend on the acidity of the packing liquid and on the ratio of cucumber to liquid. The liquid can also be added to the shreds in bulk and allowed to stand for a few days before repacking into jars. This minimises the effect of minor variations in cucumber-to-liquor ratio on the equilibrium acidity of the finished pack.

The jars are hermetically sealed with self-venting, acid-resistant lacquered metal closures capable of forming a vacuum seal. The final acidity of the product should be below pH 4,5 and thus only requires pasteurisation for long term storage.

Gherkins should be protected from light at all stages of manufacture and distribution to avoid fading or bleaching, and particular care should be taken to avoid the ingress of copper and iron during processing as these are prime causes of discolouration.

Pasteurisation of pickled vegetables Pasteurisation entails the controlled and limited heating of the pickles in sealed containers that are capable of forming a headspace vacuum upon cooling. It is impossible to give specific time and temperature requirements in a general report such as this, since sufficient pasteurisation depends on the size and dimensions of the container, the starting temperature, the type of equipment used, the type of product, and pH. As a general rule, the point of slowest heating in a mixed pickle with a pH below 4,5 should be held at 71 °C for 15 minutes. However, it is essential to institute the most rapid and efficient heating method possible to ensure that the product is not overheated, resulting in softening of the vegetables and a generally poor-quality product.

Pasteurisation is necessary to ensure a long shelf-life of the product. This is achieved by the heat destruction of spoilage micro-organisms and heat in-

ProAgri Zambia 69

activation of most enzymes that cause darkening, softening, clouding, sedimentation, and flavour deterioration in a pickled product. Pasteurisation also removes air in the product, thus minimising oxygen dependant spoilage mechanisms.

Pasteurisation can be performed by various methods and equipment. Batch operations commonly make use of steam cabinets or batch retorts, while continuous operations use continuous steam cabinets or hydrostatic retorts.

The hydrostatic retort consists of a "U" tube with an enlarged lower section where the pressure is maintained by a column of water at the inlet and outlet (the two arms of the "U"). Hot water fills one of the legs while cold water fills the other. The containers are placed on a chain conveyor and fed into the hydrostatic retort via one of the arms.

The containers are progressively heated by hot water rising in the tube.

At the bottom of the inlet tube, the containers are moved into the sterilisation section where the temperature is increased to 115 to 121 °C. The containers follow an undulating path through this section to ensure sufficient contact time and temperature exposure. After the required residence time in the sterilisation section, the containers are transported to the outlet column where they are cooled progressively.

Cooling and drying of pasteurised pickles Pasteurisation should be followed by rapid cooling. Cooling prevents overheating that would result in loss of sensory quality. The jars are cooled to below 50 °C with cold water. The first stage of cooling takes place in the cabinet/retort by replacing the hot water with progressively cooler water.

Further cooling takes place once the containers have been removed.

Alternatively, the containers are quickly cooled by passing them through misting tunnels.

Cooling of glass jars should be gradual to prevent thermal shock that would result in cracking of the jars. The containers are allowed to dry naturally or blow-dried with hot air blowers prior to labelling.

Labelling of packaging (optional) The packaging material or containers that are not pre-printed are labelled and coded with the necessary information. Various labelling and coding systems are available, depending on the type of label and container used.

Published with acknowledgement to the ARC Agricultural Engineering for the use of their manuals. Visit www. arc.agric.za for more information.

29

Infectious bronchitis variants:

what are they?

By Dr Oscar Blanco (DVM, PhD), Field Technical Support Manager, Phibro Animal Health Corporation

I

nfectious bronchitis (IB) is a viral disease affecting poultry of different ages and diverse productive purposes.

It was initially described as a disease of broiler chickens, characterised by breathing difficulties and high mortality. It was later found in layers, causing important reduction in egg production and alteration in egg quality (discoloured eggs, brittle shells, eggs without shells, liquid egg content, et cetera).

What is the situation of variants in Sub-Saharan Africa?

The constant changes of the virus result in the frequent occurrence of new strains, which have been divided into

groups or lineages of similar genetic makeup. The lineages identified in Africa are presented in Table 1. Viruses inside these lineages continue changing and new variants appear.

Nothing is constant Like with CoVID-19, the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) can mutate, giving origin to new strains. The changes are mainly produced in the S protein on the viral surface.

Sometimes such changes result in IBV variants against which the usual vaccines work less efficiently, or not at all.

Variant 2 (IS1494/06), the newest threat IB variant IS/1494/06 was first isolated in the Middle East in 2006 and has spread to at least 31 countries.

Currently, IS/1494/06 is the dominant strain in the GI-23 lineage. In countries where IS/1494/06 has become established, it tends to be the dominant strain. If there is not routine vaccination against IS/1494/06, there is often co-circulation of virulent variants of G1-23, 793B and QX groups, with dominance of G1-23 viruses.

In Zambia, IS/1494/06 was detected in broilers in 2019. No new cases were reported since then, however, symptoms and lesions observed in broilers and hens suggest its presence.

What does IS/1494/06 variant do to chickens?

30

ProAgri Zambia 69

How to protect your flock The usual Massachusetts strain-based vaccines (for example, H120, MA5) do not properly protect chickens against many of the new variants. Ideally, one should use a vaccine strain that is closely homologous (that is very closely similar) to the field strain/s present at the farm. This would, generally, offer the best protection. Examples are offered in table 2.

There are, however, very few vaccine strains in the market that can offer homologous protection. This means that vaccination programmes need to be adjusted according to the field strains present on a farm. Some vaccine strains can offer cross protection against a range of variant field strains.

For example, TAbic® IB VAR206 can also protect against 793B and some QX field strains. In other cases, however, you may need to use a combination of vaccines to give protection in the field, or you may need to adjust the timing and the interval between vaccine applications on the farm.

When facing an IB challenge in your birds it is important, therefore, to confirm the presence of the virus and identify the strain as soon as possible, so that you can apply the correct vaccination programme. Your consulting veterinarian will be able to help you to confirm the presence of an IB challenge based on the symptoms and post-mortem lesions. He can also take the relevant samples for laboratory testing to confirm the diagnosis.

Please visit Phibro Academy (https://academy.pahc.com), register, and access further information on IBV variants and other poultry topics via their range of online webinars.

ProAgri Zambia 69

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Irrigation made easy Part 17:

Micro-sprayers and drippers M

icro-irrigation systems are used when water that is sprayed directly onto the fruit of plants can cause damage, to irrigate under trees in orchards, or to save water by providing only the water needed by individual plants, without also irrigating non-productive areas in the field.

When dealing with drippers or simple micro-sprayer systems, the pattern of water distribution on the soil surface is no longer important. Irrigation involves placing water in the root zone of an individual plant. Here a wetted root volume is managed. All the water and nutrients needed by the plant are provided in this zone.

DRIPPER IRRIGATION

tems, supplied by buckets at the start of dripper rows, can be an extremely effective system for small garden plots.

100

Irrigation Efficiencies %

80 60 40

A number of different types of drippers are available on the market. They can be fitted externally to pipelines, be inserted into pipes, or be formed as an integral part of the pipe wall. Drippers can have a normal, open flow path, or contain pressure control mechanisms.

Multi-point off-takes can feed microtubes that supply individual pen drippers inserted into the ground.

20 0

Very good management Normal Poor management

Irrigation of watersensitive crops

Irrigating lines of vegetables in a community garden

Dripper line

Wet bulb Active hair roots within the root management zone

Drip irrigation Drip irrigation is most often used on water sensitive crops and on high-value crops when water is scarce. Irrigation efficiency is good as water is placed directly into the root zone of individual plants. Surface runoff and evaporation from the soil surface are reduced to a minimum. All active hair roots of the plant develop inside the root management zone (the wetted bulb formed by water released from the dripper.) The plant searches for all the water and nutrients it needs in this zone. No water is wasted by irrigating areas between plants or plant rows.

Drip irrigation systems can be adapted to suit a wide variety of crops and growing conditions. Drippers allow for the management of water application to small areas, and drip irrigation is normally very efficient. The use of drip irrigation is limited mainly by the cost of the dripper lines and the additional cost of filters and control systems required to properly manage the system. A wide variety of drip irrigation systems are used.

Very low-pressure drip irrigation sys-

Drippers are also used to irrigate large orchards. Each tree served by the system can be provided with several of drippers that can supply the plant water requirements at a suitable point of application.

Clay soils

Irrigating trees in an orchid

If the fruit of a high value crop can be damaged by water droplets, or the tree is more susceptible to disease if the trunk gets wet frequently, then drip irrigation is almost always the system of choice.

The distribution of water in the soil below a dripper will vary significantly, depending on soil type and structure.

ProAgri Zambia 69

Sandy soils

In clay soils, water will spread out and wet a larger surface area. As the clay content of the soil decreases, water will tend to drain away and leave only a long wetted sausage. Less water is stored in the sandy soil and the shape of the wetted bulb makes it more difficult for the plant to draw up the water.

37

The way in which a dripper works to control the flow at an emitter does, however, remain constant, regardless of the type or make of dripper used.

Types of dripper: Dripper outlet

Button dripper

Cover plate

The principles used in drippers can be described as follows:

Elastic membrane

Inlet

Spiral flow path

Normally 4 or 8 ℓ/h drippers.

Most often used together with a branch assembly and remote 2 ℓ/h pen drippers to irrigate trees in orchards.

Casing Plug into lateral Dripper assembled and mounted onto pipeline

Outlet Pressure is destroyed by friction between the inlet, long turbulent flowpath and the outlet of the dripper.

The dripper is designed to lose pressure through friction losses, between the inlet and outlet of a long flow path. Pressure at the dripper outlet is very low.

Pipe Branch assembly

Intake filter

Dripper Outlet

Intake filter: All drippers have a small filter provided at the intake to the labyrinth. This filter is designed to rinse clean when the lines are flushed.

Pen dripper Internal inlet

Elastic cover sheet (internal)

External outlet

Dripper inserted into pipeline

Pressure compensated drippers are fitted with an elastic membrane that distorts under pressure to reduce the flow path. This ensures a constant flow rate through the dripper across a range of pressures.

38

Tape dripper

formed as an integral part of the pipe wall

ProAgri Zambia 69

Micro-sprayers

Micro-sprayers are used instead of drippers where sandy soils produce long, narrow wetted bulbs. Plants do not easily find a wet column and the volume of water stored in the root management zone becomes too small to manage effectively. A micro-sprayer spreads water above the soil surface in a manner designed to simulate a group of closely spaced drippers operating on the soil surface (in a restricted area).

Spreading the water above the soil surface helps to improve water distribution in the root zone of the plant. Evaporative losses in the air and from the soil surface can, however, be significant.

As with drippers, micro-sprayer systems normally operate at low pressure.

The design layout is similar to that of a solid-set sprinkler system. The only labour needed is a person to walk around to check that individual sprayers are working correctly and to deal with problems.

G-type sprayer

This type of sprayer is mounted either on a rigid or flexible riser pipe. Where a flexible LDPE pipe is used, the sprayer is held in position by a pentype plastic stake. Both configurations are commonly used. The open frame allows for an all-round distribution of water. The spreader mechanism can be fixed or rotating. A rotating spreader (spinner) allows the sprayer to act as would a mini-sprinkler and spray water more evenly across a large area.

A spray head is mounted on the top of the riser pipe.

Frameless micro-sprayers

Micro-sprayers are assembled using a range of components. A hole is punched into the wall of a supply pipe.

The complete assembly makes up the micro-spray unit that is used to irrigate crops in the field (normally trees in an orchard). Each component could need to be repaired or replaced.

Many manufacturers offer extensive ranges of micro-sprayers. It is not always easy to classify the difference between a micro-sprayer and a minisprayer or mini-sprinkler. In principle a micro-sprayer should be designed to operate as a series of drippers, to increase the root management zone.

The design principle remains that the sprayer provides only the water needed at a single point in the field, and the effects of overlapping wetting patterns are not significant. An accepted definition of the term micro-sprayer is a riser pipe smaller than 5 mm in diameter and outlet nozzles smaller than 2 mm diameter.

Micro-sprayers are loosely classified according to the structure of the nozzle and spreader housing.

Common types include:

A-frame sprayers

A pipe coupling (usually barbed) connects to a small riser pipe.

These sprayers are normally mounted on a rigid riser pipe and operate as free-standing units. Nozzle sizes vary from 0,8 to 2,0 mm in diameter. A range of static or rotating spreader mechanisms can be mounted at the top of the frame. Both nozzles and spreader attachments are normally colour coded according to size and function.

This allows for quick and easy identification in the field. Riser pipes are usually of 4 mm diametre HDPE and up to 500 mm in length.

ProAgri Zambia 69

Many of the earliest micro-sprayers were simple nozzles without a supporting frame. Some frameless microsprayers are still among the best sprayers on the market for certain applications. These sprayers are most often mounted directly onto the supply line, but they can also be fitted to rigid riser pipes.

The spray pattern of micro-sprayers will vary depending on the type of spreader mechanism used.

Jet

Mister

Static spreader

Spinner Spinner

This series is published with acknowledgement to the ARC Agricultural Engineering for the use of their manuals. Visit www.arc. agric.za for more information.

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Rotary tillers are simple but effective Part 7:

Seed drills and planters, tractor preparation and the PTO-shaft Seed drills and planters Seed drills can be attached to certain models of rotary tillers so that primary seedbed preparation and the planting process can be completed in one operation. Sometimes the land must be tilled once with the rotary tiller before planting. Small grain is planted in this manner. Variations of the seed drills can also be found where grass seeds are sown directly in the field in strips. If necessary, ripper tines can be mounted behind the rotary cultivator to loosen the soil to a deeper level.

Planter units, fertiliser hoppers, herbicide pumps and sprayers can be mounted on some rotary tillers, which means that seedbed preparation, planting, fertiliser application and weed control can be done in one operation (see Figure 1).

Tractor preparation Rotary tillers require much power. The tractor must be in top mechanical condition and tuned for maximum power output and optimum fuel consumption.

To provide the desired degree of pulverization, the tractor must have

sufficient power to maintain standard PTO-speed at the desired operating depth and forward travel speed. Adequate hydraulic lift capacity must also be available, or the cultivator must be equipped with lift wheels.

Adding extra weights on the tractor’s rear wheels is unnecessary for normal rotary cultivation. Front-end weights on the tractor must be adequate when using three-point-mounted rotary tillers, because the tractor must be able to carry the tiller easily (see Figure 2).

If the rotary tiller’s width permits, adjust the distance between the tractor’s wheels to such an extent that the tread is wide enough for good tractor stability. The tractor’s rear wheels must, preferably, run on uncultivated soil rather than on loose soil, and therefore the rotary tiller must be offset to loosen the soil behind the rear wheel closest to the previously tilled strip.

Doing this will ensure that the tilled strips overlap all the time while the tractor’s wheels run on untilled soil all the time. If the cultivator is long enough to cover the whole width behind

the tractor, the tilled strips will overlap every time and the tractor’s wheels will run on hard soil (see Figure 3).

To prevent damage when lowering the rotary tiller, the three-point-hitch on the tractor must be operated as slowly as possible. Side-swing when operating the tiller must also be prevented by installing hitch stabilizers or sway chains. No load-and-depthcontrol must be applied to the rotary tiller, and the three-point-hitch on the tractor must be free to float at will.

The tiller will be seriously damaged if it is forced into the soil. Stops on the three-point-linkage of the tractor, must be adjusted to limit the raising of the rotary tiller as this will prevent damage to the PTO-shaft from an excessive angle or over-extension. PTO-shaft safety shields must be used every time.

The PTO-shaft The PTO-shaft must always be used in as straight a line as possible. Most rotary tillers can be used on a variety of tractors by using a range of vertical hitch-attaching points. The power shaft of the rotary tiller must be connected

Figure 1: The planter is mounted on a three-point-hitch behind the rotary tiller, and can be lifted hydraulically when not in use.

ProAgri Zambia 69

41

42

ProAgri Zambia 69

Figure 3: If the rotary tiller is wide enough, the tilled strips will overlap while the tractor is running on hard soil.

Figure 2: Weights are being mounted on the front of a tractor. to the PTO-shaft of the tractor, and the shaft length must be matched to the tractor being used.

To prevent universal-joint shudder and possible damage, it is recommended that the maximum PTO angle does not exceed 40 degrees when the rotary tiller is fully raised or lowered.

This may require limiting the lift height of the tiller or re-arranging the hitch points. Some manufacturers recommend limiting the maximum distance the tiller may drop below normal ground level to about 300 mm (see Figure 4).

Because of the high power requirements of rotary tillers, care must be

Figure 4: Raising of a rotary tiller must be limited as this will prevent damage to the PTO-shaft caused by an excessive angle. taken to assure adequate lubrication of the PTO-shaft for easy telescoping as the rotary tiller moves up and down in relation to the tractor. PTO-shafts cannot telescope freely in operation, it could result in damage to the bearings of the PTO or the tiller’s gearbox.

A slip clutch is usually provided in the tiller’s drive train to protect the cultivator and the tractor, should the blades strike a solid object.

Depending on the shape of the obstacle, the blades may simply lift the tiller and walk over some objects.

The PTO-shaft must have a protective shield and the shaft length must be matched to the tractor being used.

ProAgri Zambia 69

Next month we shall look at preparation and maintenance, field operation and adjustments, rotor care and pasture renovation. We thank the ARC Agricultural Engineering in South Africa who made the information on rotary tillers available to the readers of ProAgri Zambia.

43

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K

15KW--1MW 1MWSolar Solarsytems sytemsto tooffset offsetutility utilitycosts costs 15KW

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FINANCINGAVAILABLE AVAILABLE FINANCING Financingavailable availablewith withStanbic, Stanbic,FNB FNBand and Financing ZanacoBanks.

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A member of Standard Bank Group A member of Standard Bank Group

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GreenEnergy EnergyDistributors Distributors Green

0976570 570537 537 Plot5031, 5031,Great GreatNorth NorthRd Rd 0976 Plot

Emmasdale,Lusaka, Lusaka,Zambia Zambia Emmasdale,

0976570 570513 513 0976

ProAgri Zambia 69 solar@greenenergyzambia.com solar@greenenergyzambia.com

w ! e N

Premium mix

without the expense

Soft serve Take advantage of swirl and double machines

Incredible versatility - besides standard soft serve, you can make:

frozen yoghurt CULTURE & SYRUP

restaurant quality soft serve + SIMPLE PRODUCTION METHOD + THICK & CREAMY DRINKING YOGHURTstyle gelato We have developed a product range for you, so that you can many other flavours get added value from your milk by making high quality drinking yoghurt.

+ easy to use + high yield + creamy texture

Vegan & sugar-free + DAYO CULTURE sachet diabetic mixes available!

+ DAYO SY

• Each sachet makes 50-100 litres yoghurt!

• Each 25 kg drum tre No more wasted culture cost! per litre yoghurt) • Packed in special foil laminate sachets • Varying the dosage Contact us for recipes.

• Freeze-dried for stability and avourful you w Distribution opportunities available.

• Store in refrigerator • Mix the syrups toge • 20 sachets per insulated outer pack. Carry these in cool avour combination conditions

+ vegetarian / halaal

Culture & syrup

P.O. Box 33614, Lusaka, Zambia Tel: +260 211 272120/1/2 Cell: +260 968 850547

+ simple production method

H

+ thick & creamy drinking yoghurt

DAYO SYRUP

We have developed a product range for you, so that you can get added value from your milk by making high quality drinking yoghurt.

+ dayo culture sachet Each sachet makes 50-100 litres yoghurt!

• Ideal for dairy farmers + dayo syrup Get makes added500 value milk Each 25 kg•drum litresfor of your yoghurt!

• Over 20 avours to choose from

• Simple production • Easy yoghurt with lower cost • High quality, thick and creamy drinking Ideal for dairy farmers | Get added value for your milk | Over 20 flavours to choose from | Simple production yoghurt

Dayo syrup

for 50 litres of quality, great-tasting yoghurt, made easily with dayo:

+ 47 litres milk + 1 kg sugar

+ 1 x dayo culture sachet + 2,5 kg dayo syrup P.O. Box 33614, Lusaka, Zambia Tel: +260 211 272120/1/2 Tel: +260 211 272120/1/2 P.O. Box 33614, Lusaka, Zambia Cell: +260 968 850547

EQUATORIAL FOOD INGREDIENTS LTD Head office: +27(0)21 789 1885 info@capesa.co.za

Cell: +260 968 850547

www.capefoodingredients.co.za

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For more information contact: sales@rototankzambia.co.zm 0960 567 058 / 0971 926 953 www.facebook.com/RototankZambia

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Roto Tanks also supply storage tanks, pipes, fittings, floaters, pontoons & more

ProAgri Zambia 69

51

ENGINE Type

75 HP

POWER TAKE OFF

4 cylinder, Turbo charged, Speed @ ERPM Intercooler, 74.5HP @ 2200 RPM 60 ltr PTO Clutch type Dual stage dry air cleaner

Fuel tank Air cleaner

CLUTCH Type

HYDRAULIC

Double clutch

Lifting capacity Auxiliary Outlet Control

TRANSMISSION Drive Gear box

2WD/4WD Constant Mesh/Partially synchromesh 8 forward + 2 reverse Yes Epicyclic

No of speeds Differential lock Rear Axle

ENGINE Type

TYPES

CLUTCH Type

Double clutch

TRANSMISSION Drive Gear box No of speeds Differential lock Rear Axle

2WD/4WD Synchromesh 12 forward + 12 reverse Yes Epicyclic

BRAKE Type

7.5 x 16 / 11.2 x 24 16.9 x 30

STEERING Type

Power steering - Balanced type

Oil immersed brakes

POWER TAKE OFF POWER TAKE OFF

4 cylinder, Turbo charged, Intercooler, 90HP @ 2 200 RPM 85 ltr Dual stage dry air cleaner

Fuel tank Air cleaner

ADDC with 1 500 kg 2 Draft and position control

Front tyre Rear tyre

BRAKE Type

540@1810 EngineRPM, Multi speed and reverse PTO Independant Clutch

Speed @ ERPM

540/540E & Ground PTO Independant type Independant Clutch

PTO Clutch type

90 HP

HYDRAULIC HYDRAULIC Lifting capacity Auxiliary Outlet Control

ADDC with 2 500 kg 2DA / 2SA (4Nos.) Draft and position control

TYPES TYPES Front tyre Rear tyre

12.4 x 24 18.4 x 30

STEERING STEERING Type

Power steering - Balanced type

Oil immersed brakes

ENGINE Type

50 HP

POWER TAKE OFF

3 cylinder with inline pump, 49.5HP @ 1 850 ERPM 60 ltr Dual stage dry air cleaner

Fuel tank Air cleaner

Speed @ ERPM

HYDRAULIC

CLUTCH Type

Lifting capacity Auxiliary Outlet Control

Single/Dual/Double

TRANSMISSION Drive Gear box No of speeds Differential lock Rear Axle

Front tyre Rear tyre

4 cylinder, Turbo charged, Intercooler, 60HP @ 2 000 RPM 60 ltr Dual stage dry air cleaner

Fuel tank Air cleaner

CLUTCH Type

Type

STEERING

Drive Gear box No of speeds Differential lock Rear Axle

2WD/4WD Constant Mesh 8 forward + 2 reverse Yes Epicyclic

Type

Mechanical / Power Steering

Oil immersed brakes

Oil immersed brakes

POWER TAKE OFF Speed @ ERPM PTO Clutch type

Double clutch

TRANSMISSION

6X15 / 8X24 / 13X28 14X28

BRAKE

ENGINE Type

ADDC with 1 500 kg 2 Draft and position control

TYPES

2WD/4WD Constant Mesh 8 forward + 2 reverse Yes Epicyclic

BRAKE Type

540@ 1810 Engine RPM, Multi speed and reverse PTO Independant Clutch

PTO Clutch type

60 HP

540@ 1810 Engine RPM Multi Speed and reverse PTO Independant Clutch

HYDRAULIC Lifting capacity Auxiliary Outlet Control

ADDC with 1 500 kg 2 Draft and position control

TYPES Front tyre Rear tyre

7.5 X 16 / 9.5 X 24 16.9 X 28

Plot/Farm No.12114, Mumbwa Road, Chinika, Lusaka, Zambia Cell: +260 968 621 933 / +260 979 121 827 / +260 950 970 871 Email: sales@farmtraczambia.com Web: www.growmoreweb.com 52

ProAgri Zambia 69

Rhino 300

Patrick Moonga

Rainmaker 200

Lusaka

Mobile: +260 (0) 978 386660 Office: +260 (0) 211 241286 moonga@saroagri.co.zm

Rainmaker 200 4x4

Clubman 100

Greenkeeper 200

Sportsman 120

The most versatile irrigation system on the market Cane Master 300

www.rotrixafrica.co.za

Hose Master 50/100

Win a motorbike, K30 000 sponsorship voucher, bicycles and phone!

This promotion runs from 1st of October to the 20th of December 2021. and will conclude with a live draw on ZNBC TV1 on 23rd December 2021.

Buy 7 bags Nutri or Master Farmer Broiler Feed and stand a chance to win a K30 000 sponsorship voucher for broiler chicks, feed or poultry equipment courtesy of Ross Breeders Zambia, a Jiapeng 200cc motorbike, Samsung mobile phones or bicycles.

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WE SUPPLY FERTILIZERS FOR ALL CROPS. SuperFert the Formula for Success +260 977 610 498 | +260 973 848 229 | +260 973 782 627

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MANUFACTURER OF:

Feed Mixers, Muck Spreaders, Hammer Mills, Augers, Trimming Blades & Pellet Machines 023 342 6070 54

www.rumax.co.za

1 Samuel Walters Street, Worcester

ProAgri Zambia 69

One machine countless materials.

BEST FORAGE QUALITY through bale silage COST EFFICIENT & EASY TRANSPORT MASSIVELY INCREASE MILK & MEAT YIELD

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ProAgri Zambia 69

WILLA NOLTE 072 333 1051

WWW.KANNAINDUSTRIES.CO.ZA

021 010 0707

1 Samuel Walterstreet, Worcester

086 443 2720

willa@kannaindustries.co.za

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One stop shop

FOR STEEL & STEEL RELATED PRODUCTS • • • • • • • • • •

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Manufacturers of Irrigation HDPE Polypipes, Sewer/Waste Pipes, Garden Hose Pipes, UPVC Pressure Pipes, PVC Borehole Casings Web: www.ritlee.co.za Enq: sales@ritlee.co.za

Showroom. H/O & Branch office A7 Grader Place, 23 Grader Road, Spartan, Kempton Park. 1619.

Office Sales: Dan: 011 452 3434 / dan@ritlee.co.za Spares Dept: Joseph: 011 452 3434 / joseph@ritlee.co.za KZN & Export: Marc: 084 453 4499 marc@ritlee.co.za Rest of RSA: John: 073 930 3799 / john@ritlee.co.za

Ritlee TM3 Compost Turner

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225 Ritlee Gravity feed wood chipper & chip grinder through 8, 10, 12, 15, 20mm screen

ProAgri Zambia 69

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BRING THE FUTURE TO YOUR FARM!

ts you , easy CREATE VARIABLE RATE IRRIGATION (VRI) PLANS stem.

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CREATE USAGE REPORTS Monitor performance and gain insight on your entire operation using FieldNET’s customizable water and energy usage reports.

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Contact us for more information: Chrisjan Jansen van Vuuren +27 (83) 647-8402 www.lindsay.co.za ProAgri Zambia 69

57

U-PVC / M-PVC Pressure Pipes Casing Pipes (Threaded) Sewer / Waste Pipes

58

U-PVC/M-PVCPres urePipes CasingPipes(Threade )

ISO AND ZABS CERTIFIED ProAgri Zambia 69 COMPANY