ProAgri Zambia 74

ProAg Pro Agri ri technology for the farmer

Z a m b i a No 74

Free

Into Africa Expo:

Save the date Rumax keeps vineyards clean

Pasture and rangeland:

Expert shares insight

Next level cultivation Meet the Agrico high-speed disc and T1000 ripper www.agri4all.com

www.proagri.co.za

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Manage resources wisely

Cover

W

hen thinking about Resource Management, it reminds me of the words stated by Allan Nation in The Stockman Grassfarmer: “The problem for most farmers is there is too much of their wealth invested in things that ‘rust, rot and depreciate’ and not enough invested in things that grow, add value and reproduce themselves.”

One of the most important agricultural resources is soil. Productive soil allow farmers to obtain high yields with the least expense and damage to the environment. In order to be successful, farmers need not only good soil, but also need access to open lands suitable for farming. Farmers also need to be able to introduce and apply various land management systems to support the farm operation, including irrigation, application of manure and fertiliser, pest control, and the ability to move equipment over roads and bridges.

To be successful in farming, the modern farmer needs to adapt swiftly, not only to the ever-changing larger agri-economic environment, but also to rapid and severe changes in the physical environment, where bare essential natural resources are significantly less predictable and stable than ever before.

Sustainability rests on the principle that we must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet

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their needs. In other words, we have to balance our need for profits and outputs to satisfy our market with the need to conserve our natural resources in such a manner that they are not unnecessarily harmed.

Sustainable agriculture is agriculture that produces abundant food without depleting the earth’s resources or polluting its environment.

In this month’s edition, our focus is on resource management. We look at Agrico’s winning equipment, and Prof Chris Dannhauser, well known pasture and rangeland consultant, shares his knowledge on planted pastures in Zambia. Rumax shows off with the mean machine that keeps vineyards and orchards clean.

We are also excited about the Into Africa Agri Expo that will take place in Mpongwe from 22 to 23 July 2022. Read more about the Expo on page 18.

Remember that you can also receive our publications in digital form.

WhatsApp your name, surname, country, main agricultural activity, and e-mail address to +27 (0)84041-1722 to receive the magazine directly on your phone.

Farm smartly! bianca@proagri.co.za

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The grass is greener where Agrico works Planting quality seeds Valley quenches the thirst of plants in Zambia The Rumax range expands Advanced Polymer: Improve your soil, build roads, and fight fires AMS: Measure the bulk density of your soil accurately Fight fires the clever way with Stafix Security Centres Exhibit at the Into Africa Agri Expo 22-23 July 2022 Shaktiman farm implements and machinery now available in Southern Africa FAW Trucks SA assembles 8 000th unit at Coega Plant Poultry farming Part 4.2: Raising chicks in a brooder Feed your pet the best with Top Dog from Tiger Animal Feeds Beekeeping Part 2: Pollination - a vital service to farmers Processing of condiments Part 15: Pickled Chillies Rabbit farming Part 3: Selecting the correct housing system Feed for thought: Kow Kandy makes a difference in Zambia Agricultural technology news from around the world

ProAgri Zambia 74

Agrico is not only leaders in the irrigation industry, but they also offer farmers a wide range of topquality equipment.

Read more about the benefits of their high-speed disc and rippers on page 3.

ProAgri technology for the farmer

Z a m b i a

Nangwenya House No. 7352 Nangwenya Road Rhodespark +26 (0)97-769-9786 www.proagri.co.za Copyright © 2022. All rights r­ eserved. No m ­ aterial, text or p ­ hoto­graphs may be r­ eproduced, copied or in any other way t­ ransmitted without the written consent of the publisher. O ­ pinions ­expressed are not n ­ ecessarily those of the publisher or of the e ­ ditor. We recognise all trademarks and logos as the sole property of their r­ espective o ­ wners.

ProAgri shall not be liable for any errors or for any actions in reliance thereon.

ProAgri Zambia Editor Bianca Henning > +27 82-326-2572 bianca@proagri.co.za Reporters Benine Ackermann > +27 73-105-6938 benine@proagri.co.za Maryna Steyn > +27 82-261-9177 maryna@proagri.co.za Natasha Kruger > +27 81-736-4236 natasha@proagri.co.za Specialist Writer Annemarie Bremner > +27 82-320-3642 annemarie@proagri.co.za Senior Production Manager: Zainab Pandor > +26 (0)97-769-9786 zainab@proagri.co.za Client Relations Manager: Carin Swartz > +27 84-233-0123 carin@proagri.co.za Marketing Manager Diane Grobler > +27 82-555-6866 diane@proagri.co.za Marketing Xander Pieterse > +27 79-524-0934 xander@proagri.co.za Johan Swartz > +27 71-599-9417 johan@proagri.co.za Tiny Smith > +27 82-698-3353 tiny@proagri.co.za Lelani Botha > +27 74-424-0055 lelani@proagri.co.za Creative Director Christiaan Joubert > +27 72-419-3990 christiaan@proagri.co.za Design Michelle Kruger & Lizelle Erasmus Enquiries Engela Botha > +27 12-803-0782 engela@proagri.co.za Accounts Ronel Schluter > +27 12-803-0782 accounts@proagri.co.za Business Manager George Grobler

1

EQUIPMENT FOR AFRICAN CONDITIONS

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ProAgri Zambia 74

by Bianca Henning

The grass is greener where Agrico works S

oil tillage on Rustgevonden will never be the same again since Agrico implements made their appearance on the farm.

Thys Delport is a Free State farmer in the Ventersburg district on the farm Rustgevonden, who has been farming in this area since 1968. He is a true ambassador for Agrico products, as Agrico has, and is still playing a major role in the success of his farming operations.

Thys has seven Agrico centre pivots of which the oldest one is still in full operation after 37 years. He also owns a HSD630 high speed disc harrow and a brand new T1000 ripper.

Thys farms with maize, sugar beans and wheat.

Agrico HSD 630 disc harrow The Agrico disc harrow on Rustgevonden is 4 metres wide and works at a depth of 160 mm. The working

“My relationship with Agrico started fifty years ago when we had a need for irrigation on the farm. More recently, I added Agrico implements to my farming operation and would recommend any farmer to do so.”

Thys Delport is fully satisfied with his brand new T1000 Agrico ripper.

depth is easily adjusted with a hole-in pin mechanism on the roller.

The harrow works its best at high speeds. Why? Because that is what it was designed for.

Thys explains: “The HSD effectively works 35 ha per day at between 12 and 13 km per hour with a 120-kW tractor. The implement does the work that it is supposed to do, comfortably and accurately. The root development of the plants bears testimony of its efficiency. This is thanks to the optimised disc configuration that Agrico achieved perfectly.”

Thys highlights some of the advantages of the HSD on his farm: • Improved fuel consumption • Time and cost effectiveness • Accurate working • Value for money “You can clearly see that the HSD has been designed and developed locally,” Thys declares. “Agrico uses advanced materials and the best workmanship.

The implement is robust and simple to set up and use.”

T1000 ripper One of the biggest advantages of the T1000 ripper is the effective working of the implement. Its geometric design ensures good stubble flow and reduced clogging, as no material clings to the tines or becomes caught between the tines and the beam, making it unnecessary to stop to remove the build-up.

Ripper tillage makes it easier for rainwater to penetrate the soil, simultaneously combatting soil erosion.

“Rainwater penetrating deeper into the soil means that plants are able to survive for longer periods between rain showers,” Thys says.

Working soil with the T1000 also promotes lateral root growth of crops, enabling the plants to better absorb moisture and nutrients.

“The ideal working depth of this Agrico T1000 ripper is between 400 mm and 630 mm, depending on conditions and the method of tilling.

ProAgri Zambia 74

The mean green machine on the farm Rustgevonden.

Thys Delport, farmer, with the Agrico team of Bethlehem, Johan Joubert and Christo Hepburn.

Thys rips to a depth of 450 mm to break up the compacted plough layer.

One of the advantages of the Agrico T1000 is the excellent flow of material between the tines, which prevents clogging,” explains Christo Hepburn, the branch manager of Agrico Bethlehem.

The T1000 is available in models from 1 to 17 tines, and in frames up to 8,5 metres wide. “Agrico’s ripper stands out above its competitors, because of the customised framework according to my specific needs, and tines manufactured from high strength materials to last longer,” says Thys.

Thys appreciates that he can personally work with Agrico’s experts.

“What stands out the most of Agrico for me, is the availability, durability and quality of products, the after-sales service and most of all, Agrico’s integrity,” Thys concludes.

Christo Hepburn is his Agrico go-to person, and he is just as excited as Thys about the performance of his Agrico implements.

To find out how you can benefit from Agrico’s winning equipment, contact Agrico at +27 (0)83-4555423 or +27 (0)21-950-4111.

You can also send an e-mail to sales@agrico.co.za, or visit their website on www.agrico.co.za.

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ProAgri Zambia 74

Left: Seeds being planted that has been protected with MAXIM® XL and CRUISER® 600FS.

by Felix Tembo

Planting quality seeds S

eeds are a vital input for agricultural productivity. There are many seed companies that offer good seed.

To provide the farmer with the best yields, seed should have the best genetics. But to enhance and help express its genetic potential, resist disease, and withstand pests, seeds should be treated to protect them.

On top of that, farmers must maintain several environmental factors to ensure good crop production. For example, keep seeds out of direct sunlight as this destroys the quality. It must also be kept at the recommended moisture level (12-13 °C for maize), with controlled humidity and airflow.

If all the environmental conditions are taken care of, there are still more that can be done to help it reach its full potential. Syngenta has a department dedicated to protecting all types of seeds distributed in Zambia and beyond. Let us discuss some of Syngenta's technologies offered to the seed industry.

Maize seed In Zambia, maize is a vital crop to the countries in the region. Zambia exports maize seed to the region’s countries.

To be accepted, seed must meet certain basic standards. Many diseases affect seed after planting and germination. Some disease pathogens live on and inside the seed, and some in the soil. They may be dormant, but once sown and germinating, they will infect the seedling. Pythium and Fusarium

Normal plant root growth (on the left) and improved root stimulation as a result of planting FORTENZATM Duo activated seed. (on the right).

Seeds activated with FORTENZATM Duo showing effective root growth and good plant stand. are two common diseases that affect maize production. You can't see them, but you can see their effects on the plant. Symptoms include seedling die-back, failure to germinate, and leaf defects. All of these factors impact plant quality and yield. Also, maize seed is susceptible to storage and soil pests. Some of the storage pests that can damage maize seed are the large grain borer, lesser grain borer, weevils, and beetles. In the soil, the seed, as it germinates, can be attacked by wireworms, white grubs, cutworms, and stalk borers. Even after germination, aphids, grasshoppers, and the deadly Fall Armyworm can attack the new plant.

To effectively cultivate maize, it is important that the seed is protected.

Syngenta has seed-applied fungicides (SAF), seed applied insecticides (SAI) and some seed coatings that helps the products stick to seed, and for good plantability properties. MAXIM® XL is

ProAgri Zambia 74

a seed applied fungicide that farmers can use to protect against soil and early fungal diseases. Protecting your seed with such products is similar to what is done to humans. When a child is born, they are vaccinated against many diseases such as polio, tuberculosis, and measles. MAXIM® XL has two active ingredients; one is contact, while the other is systemic. The implications are that the seed is protected in the soil as it germinates, as well as several weeks after germination. Treating the seed with only MAXIM® XL will protect the seed and seedling from diseases, however, it is also important to protect it from soil pests.

Syngenta’s most popular SAIs is FORTENZATM Duo. This is activated on the seed and offers protection against soil pests, as well as foliar pests up to four weeks after planting. This is very important because the impact of soil pests on productivity are significant because they reduce the plant population. Plant population in maize production has a direct bearing on yield.

In addition to the soil pests, FORTENZATM Duo also provides protection against Fall Armyworms for up to four weeks after germination. The product will also offer protection against aphids, thrips, and grasshoppers.

Additionally, the product also has some activity in stimulating root growth, both in length and volume or mass. This is very important because it allows the plant to maximise water and nutrient uptake.

To allow these products to stick to the seed, a product called polymer, which also gives colour, is added. The polymer also allows the seed to freely flow when being planted. Therefore, the quality of seed is determined by the genetics of the seed, the environment in which it has been kept, and the protection that the seed has been treated with. Next time you want to buy seed from an open area, think twice because you could just be buying fake seed.

Other crops, such as wheat, also have products from Syngenta. In wheat, Syngenta supplies a product called CELEST® Top, which has three active ingredients: two fungicides and an insecticide. This gives the seed total protection from one product.

For more information about solutions to protect any type of seed, visit www.syngenta.com or contact Felix Tembo, Seedcare Syngenta Key Account Manager for Southern Africa, by sending an e-mail to felix.tembo-1@syngenta.com, or call +260-967-382-102.

5

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• Aside from pre-owned whole goods we also assist producers with the importation of used equipment and used spare parts.

• Clients can rest assured that all the legal aspects of exportation and importation will been adhered to.

Visit www.senwes.co.za/used-equipment

6

ProAgri Zambia 74

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8

valleyirrigation.com/365 ProAgri Zambia 74

by Bianca Henning

Valley quenches the

thirst of plants in Zambia

Z

ambia has a very short rain season.

Therefore, farmers need a reliable supplier such as Valley® for all their irrigation needs. Valley® is an American company with a prominent presence in Africa. From its Head Office in South Africa, an abundance of equipment, knowledge and experience in irrigation and water application techniques is available throughout the African continent.

Climate change with more heat units and dry seasons mean irrigation trends in the future need to adapt to less water applied more efficiently. Besides, a growing world population means that production does not dare decrease if farmers want to remain competitive.

Charl Marais farms between Livingstone and Kazungula in Zambia. In 2005, Charl purchased his first two Valley pivots and today he is the proud owner of six Valley® pivots.

Two of them cover 30 ha each, and the other four 25 ha each. During the winter months he grows wheat, and in summer, seed maize and seed groundnuts. He also recently started to grow oranges under a 25 ha pivot.

“I have been farming in Zambia for

The mist caused by Victoria Falls 20 km away from Charl Marais’ farm in Zambia.

sixteen years,” Charl explains. “We mainly irrigate our crops from the Zambezi River.” The first centre pivots that I bought, still run every day, seventeen years after I invested in them.

Valley® provides a high-quality product, but in the end, everything depends on how the farmer maintains his machines.

“We have a very good relationship with Irritech, the local Valley® agent based in Lusaka. Whenever we order parts, they send it by courier to Livingstone. If I call for parts today, I'll be able to pick it up tomorrow,” Charl says.

Based in Lusaka, Irritech has been a Valley Irrigation® agent in Zambia for the past 32 years. Valley® clients in Zambia have become accustomed to the excellent service provided by Irritech.

Irritech Zambia keeps enough stock in Lusaka to meet the farmers’ needs.

They assist with the whole process of installing an irrigation system, from planning to erection and after sales service. Valley Irrigation® has been providing African farmers with excellent service and high-quality irrigation products for the past 48 years.

Irritech installs a complete range of Valley® centre pivots of various sizes.

They determine the farmer’s needs and design a unique solution for every farmer to ensure that he gets the best from his irrigation system.

For farmers in Zambia, some of the biggest challenges are the high price of fertiliser and the low price obtained for their products, so it is of utmost importance that a farmer gets the best yield at the end of the day.

“We farm on Kalahari sand, so our timing with irrigation is of critical importance — thus, we cannot afford any interruptions.

“In the beginning of the summer months, October and November, our average temperatures are between 40 and 44 °C with an evaporation rate of

ProAgri Zambia 74

15 mm per day. Should we fail to irrigate our summer crops for two or three days, the results can be devastating,” claims Charl.

“Most of the farmers in our area prefer Valley® pivots.

“We are four farmers down the road here who decided to follow the Valley® route together. Should you urgently need something, you can quickly drive to your neighbour, and so we help each other out.

“We intend to set up a few more Valley® centre pivots in the future as our farming setup expands,” Charl says.

“The newer pivots have so many amazing features built in to increase efficiency and to make the farmer’s life easier; the most important thing is to keep up with everything!”

Charl says: “Valley's® prices have always been pretty fair compared to other brands, and you get real value for your money. Valley® provides excellent pivots with a proven design. I would definitely recommend Valley® to other farmers.”

Valley® remains dedicated to each of their clients and strives to assist more farmers in growing their businesses.

Valley Irrigation® is situated in Nigel, but their agents are located throughout South Africa, as well as Southern and East Africa. Over the past 50 years, Valley® farmers have become accustomed to the excellent service that Valley® and its agents provide across the region.

One of the six Valley pivots on Charl Marais' farm between Livingstone and Kazungula in Zambia, with the mighty Zambezi River in the background. This was also the winning photo of week five in the Show me your Valley contest.

For more information, contact Francois Griesel on +27(0)10350-0055 or e-mail francois. griesel@valmont.com, or André van Wyk from Irritech Zambia on +26(0)97-877-2550 or send an e-mail to andre@ irritechzm.co.zm.

9

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ProAgri Zambia 74

Left: The Rumax under vine mower in action in the vineyards.

The Rumax range expands: Meet the mean machine that keeps vineyards clean

T

hanks to an innovative mindset, Rumax is always improving on existing products, and developing new ideas. That is why it is no surprise that many new projects are on the horizon.

“Our standard machines that we build — the pellet machines, feed mixers and hammer mills — have already proven their worth. That is why we have taken on a new challenge and decided to build a different type of machine,” Jaco Pieters from Rumax explained.

With herbicides becoming scarce, expensive, and unpopular, many farmers requested Rumax to find a solution for cutting the grass and growth under vines in vineyards.

“We are busy with the development of our third type of under vine mower.

I never imagined this range would be so popular,” Jaco stated. “We already have a long list of people who are eager to acquire one.”

The Rumax under vine mower has various mounting options, such as this configuration for the threepoint hitch of a tractor.

These mowers are in demand because farmers with orchards or vineyards need to cut the undergrowth, as they are being penalised for using herbicides. Making use of an under vine mower is a shift towards a more organic way of farming.

The under vine mowers are designed for various needs and specific functions. One farmer may want to only cut one side at a time, while others may want to cut both left and right simultaneously as they move through the vineyard. “Someone wants his mower mounted in the middle of the tractor, but another person wants his on the three-point hitch. That is why the same machine has different mountings,” Jaco elaborated. Rumax already produces mounted trimming blades that help to easily prune vines.

Jaco believes that because Rumax already builds muck spreaders, the under vine mower is a good addition to the equipment used under vines. “We are also developing a harvest machine to assist nut and olive farmers,” Jaco says. The nut tree shaker is a nimble machine that shakes every branch of the tree. It can move up and down, forward or backwards, or from side to

ProAgri Zambia 74

side. “The machine clamps around the branches and then vibrates to cause the nuts or olives to fall down.”

All machines are built by Rumax with each farmer's specific needs in mind.

That is why every piece of equipment is designed and manufactured to serve the farmer’s specific needs. “Only the best materials are used, and we have all the machinery and equipment to provide farmers with only the best products to perfectly suit their needs,” Jaco explained.

This year, the Rumax team is looking forward to attending Nampo Bothaville and Nampo Bredasdorp. Harvest day, Nampo is particularly important to Rumax. At these events farmers can explain their equipment needs, as well as make suggestions regarding product development and improvements.

At the 2022 Nampos, Rumax will display some of the rechargeable electric motorcycles that they manufacture under the name Jolt. “The running cost is very low — we’re talking 20 cents per kilometre where a bakkie is about R3 per kilometre,” Jaco stated.

“We convert existing vehicles, motorbikes and quad bikes into electric vehicles. The electric bike is particularly popular amongst farmers, but we get many enquiries about the electric bakkie as well,” he added.

“We’re looking forward to this year,” Jaco said. “It will be good to have personal conversations and interactions with clients again.” Jaco adds that agriculture to him is not an e-mail, it’s a one-on-one personal relationship.

This under vine mower has blades that can cut both sides simultaneously.

If you wish to find out more about the Rumax quality product range, contact Jaco Pieters on +27(0)-82-335-3970 or +27(0)-23-342-6070.

You can also send an e-mail to jaco@rumax.co.za or visit their website at www.rumax.co.za.

11

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• EARLY & INCREASED GERMINATION WITH Increased activity & population of beneficial microorganisms, converts unavailableHIGHER nutrients to an available form for plants.

PLANT SURVIVAL Results•in ACTIVATES optimum & constant up SOIL take of all nutrients.

BIOLOGY DEVELOPS PROFUSE ROOT SYSTEM WITH THICKER &ROOT LARGER • ADEVELOPS A PROFUSE ROOTS, LEADING TO: Landline Landline (South (South Africa) Africa) SYSTEM WITH THICKER & +27113977979 +27113977979 Water and nutrient uptake from a larger root zone results in early Mobile & higher Mobile (South (South Africa) Africa) +27828027135 +27828027135 LARGER ROOTS flowering & fruiting.

Reduced Irrigation

ACTIVATES SOIL BIOLOGY:

Non-toxic & biodegradable!

Zydex ZydexIndustries IndustriesPrivate PrivateLimited Limited Zydex ZydexHouse, House,61, 61,Gotri GotriSevasi-Road, Sevasi-Road,Vadodara Vadodara--390 390021.

021.Gujarat.

Gujarat.INDIA INDIA Tel Tel::+91 +91265 2653312000 3312000 E-mail E-mail::zytonic@zydexindustries.com zytonic@zydexindustries.com Web Web::www.zydexindustries.com www.zydexindustries.com

Soft, Aerated & Porous Soil Increase in Biological Activity

Profuse root system results in reduction in watering cycle.

An effective product for the use on class A fires.

Perfect for controlled firebreaks, to fight fires and Biological to protect valuables against imminentBooster fire loss and damage.

Available in 2,5 kg for use in the Bakkie Buddy system and in 100 g sachets for the use in backpacks.

DON’T GET CAUGHT WITHOUT IT! 12

For Basal, Top Dressing & Foliar Application (Spray / Sprinkler / Flood Irrigation /

BEN

Enhanced resistance against pests disease healthy plants Drip /&Drenching)

DOSAGE & APPLICATION Basal application : 25 Kg / Ha Top dressing : 5 Kg / Ha FEATURES (once a month) EARLY & INCREASED GERMINATION WITH HIGHER PLANT SURVIVAL: Softer soil with improved porosity & aeration

Yie

improves soil health

CONTACT US: +27 (11) 397 7979 ACTIVATES SOIL BIOLOGY: enquiries@advancedpolymers.co.za Higher soil water holding capacity

Increased activity & population of beneficial microorganisms, converts unavailable nutrients to an available form for plants.

Results in optimum & constant up take of all nutrients.ProAgri Zambia 74 DEVELOPS A PROFUSE ROOT SYSTEM WITH THICKER & LARGER

Red

Advanced Polymer provides advanced solutions:

Article supplied

Improve your soil, build roads, and fight fires F

armers in Africa can also enjoy the environmentally friendly products for a wide range of industrial and commercial applications developed by Advanced Polymer, Incorporated. The South African based company collaborates closely with customers to develop their solutions.

Soil Zytonic-M Biological Booster

Natural soil ecosystems have been destroyed by conventional high intensity farming practices.

Zytonic-M Biological Booster is a proprietary, water-soluble soil activating technology that increases soil porosity and water holding capacity, thereby encouraging natural biodiversity. This leads to increased nutrient uptake, reduced reliance on chemical input, and improved crop growth and yields.

How it works Zytonic-M softens the soil and improves its porosity to increase the soil's water holding capacity. As a result, there is increased plant survival in drought conditions and root zone formation is significantly larger and denser. Under these conditions, the soil microbial population grows at an exponential rate, exhibiting all the characteristics of a more active and healthier rhizosphere.

As more biomass returns to the soil, increasing the amount of organic matter in the soil, there is also an improved, consistent, and optimal uptake of macro and micro-nutrients by crops.

Plants with increased nutritional value and vigour will be healthier and more disease resistant.

Following the application of ZytonicM to soil samples collected from three different locations, it was discovered that the fungal population increased by as much as 300 times. The increase in

bacterial population was found to be up to 200 times greater in the treated soil samples.

End benefits 1. Increase yields by 15 to 50%.

2. High-quality produce in terms of size, nutritional value, and shelf life.

3. Reduction in irrigation by 20 to 30%.

4. Chemical fertilisers reduction by 50 to 100%.

5. Pesticide use should be reduced by 20 to 40%.

Visible effects 1. Higher percentage germination and plant survival.

2. Quick response time within 4 to 10 days.

3. Green to dark green leaves and a large leaf size.

4. Larger root zone.

5. Increased flowering and retention.

6. Softer soil.

Methods of application with water (Dissolve Zytonic-M in water with a 1:200 ratio) 1. Through sprinklers or a rain gun.

2. A central pivot system can be used for fertilisation.

3. Drenching the crops with a knapsack sprayer (manual or electrical).

4. Flood irrigation can be used to apply the solution.

5. Implementation of foliar spray.

Dry application on soil (followed by irrigation) 1. Soil preparation prior to rotovation (broadcasting, spreading, and dustering).

2. Following the application on the soil surface, the seeds can be planted.

3. Applying fertiliser to the soil at the time of seed sowing.

4. Distribute the mixture with the soil or manure.

Composting with Zytonic-M 1. To use Zytonic-M, dilute it in water (1:200) and spray it on organic manure or compost.

2. Cover and store in a well shaded area for two to three weeks.

3. Spread the enriched compost over a large area.

BRING YOUR SOIL TO LIFE!

Roads TerraSil-water resistant soil bases Zydex's patented pavement technologies address problems in the pavement's sub-layers. Lower paving temperatures, improved workability,

ProAgri Zambia 74

and improved adhesion are all benefits of Zydex bitumen additives, while their gravel and rural road technologies provide water resistance, longer life cycles, and lower dust emissions. The International Road Federation (IRF) has accepted their technologies, which have been adopted in over 40 countries around the world.

Fires Fireblock

Fireblock serves as a cost-effective way to fight fire. The product has proven effective in fighting class A fires, including bush fires that burn trees, grass, and other organic material. It is ideal for making controlled firebreaks, to fight bush fires, and to protect valuables such as infrastructure or equipment against imminent fire loss and damage.

The Fireblock product is available in two sizes: a 2,5 kg bag for firefighting skid systems, and in 100 g sachets for backpack sprayers.

Using the product is simple and easy.

All the steps remain the same whether you use the bag or the sachets.

1. Prepare your firefighting unit (trailer, firefighting skid, or backpack sprayer) and fill it with water.

2. Slowly pour in the Fireblock product into the unit. Take care not to dump the product in all at once as it will take more time to dissolve.

3. Mix well.

4. Spray the Fireblock solution onto the areas or infrastructure that you are protecting.

5. When making controlled fire breaks, you can now burn the area and see that the Fireblock covered areas do not burn.

6. Continue to put out the fire.

A SIMPLE AND COSTEFFECTIVE SYSTEM TO FIGHT FIRES!

For more information on Zytonic M and FireBlock send an e-mail to orders@advansedpolymers.co.za or phone +27-11-397-7979.

13

Optimize your ruminants’ production during the rainy season

RAINFOS 15 CONCENTRATE Novatek Rainfos P15 serves as a mineral supplement for cattle, sheep and goats as well as game grazing native pastures.

Lusaka | Zambia E-mail: salesmanager@novatek.co.zm Mobile: +260 9712 52 522 Lusaka l Copperbelt l Northern Region l Southern Region l Western Region l Eastern Region

Mini Soil Auger Kit Kit Includes: - One Regular Auger - One Mud Auger - Four Extensions - 18” Rubber-Coated Cross Handle - Poly-Canvas Carrying Case Kits are available in 2-1/4” or 3-1/4” diameter.

Complete and compact setup for augering to depths of 12’ (3m) or 16’ (5m.)

14

ProAgri Zambia 74

AMS Bulk Density Soil Sampling Kit: Measure the bulk density of your soil accurately

B

ulk density is an indicator of soil compaction and soil health. It is the weight of soil for a given volume.

In general, the greater the density, the less pore space for water movement, root growth and penetration, and seedling germination. If your soil is too compacted, it will also affect plant nutrient availability and soil microorganism activity, which influence key soil processes and productivity.

Bulk density is usually expressed in megagrams per cubic metre (Mg/m3) or grams per centimetre (g/cm3).

Bulk density (g/cm3) = Dry soil weight (g) / Soil volume (cm3) An accurate determination of bulk density starts with a proper sampling technique to ensure that the sample collected represents the soil’s natural condition.

The AMS Bulk Density Soil Sampling kit comes with everything necessary to take accurate interval specific core samples to a depth of 0,9 m (3 ft). The kit is ideal for sampling the soil surface, in auger holes or in profile pits.

The Soil Sample Rings found in this kit are made from .062 w stainless steel tubing (SST). These SST sample rings are ideal for laboratory studies and for undisturbed core samples. The volume of each SST ring is 90,59 cubic centimetres. From this known volume and the weight of the sample liner, you will be able to calculate the bulk density of the soil sample.

Exclusive features of the kit Standard AMS Core samplers have a 2,54+ cm (1 inch+) gap between the tip of the core sampler and where the sample liner internal shelf begins. The sampler included in this kit has a much shorter (0,9 cm) gap which provides a more representative core and reduces compaction as the soil enters the sampler.

The Core Sampler Cap has a built-in waste barrel which provides a full 5 cm (2 inches) of relief. This helps eliminate compaction from overdriving the sampler. It also eliminates the need to load multiple rings inside the sampler, which can cause sample blow-by and skew sample calculations.

Operation and sample procedure: • Unscrew the cap of the sampler, load a sample ring inside the sampler, and screw on the top cap with built-in waste barrel.

• Avoid spots that have rocks.

• Attach the 61 cm extension rod for ergonomic purposes.

• Attach either your hammerable cross handle or your compact slide hammer, depending on which kit you have.

• If you are taking a surface sample; drive the sampler approximately 10 cm into the soil. There is no need to worry about compaction with the built-in waste barrel cap. If you are sampling at the bottom of a pre-augered hole, always use the provided planer auger in the kit to remove loose soil and slough from the bottom of the augered hole. The flat, slotted design of the planer auger will pick up the excess soil and provide a flat sample surface.

• Always attempt to pull the sampler out of the soil gently to avoid agitation to the soil core. If the core sampler cannot be removed from the soil using your own strength, use the AMS Mini-Removal Jack to extract the sampler smoothly and easily.

• After pulling the sampler from the ground, scrape the soil cleanly off the bottom of the core tip with a knife or spatula.

• Carefully unscrew and remove the top cap of the sampler.

• Use a wooden dowel to gingerly slide

your liner out the top of the sample core barrel.

• Cleanly cut your sample, top and bottom, with a knife or spatula to separate the excess soil from your sample ring.

• If you intend to bake the sample inside the ring, firmly press on end caps on both ends of the sampler for easy transport back to the lab.

Otherwise simply discard the soil from inside the ring into your sample bag.

The samples can be used for testing moisture content, water permeability, weight by volume, density, soil profiling or chemical analysis. The soil core sampler cup cap in this kit is equipped with a 1,6 cm (5/8”) NC male threaded connection, so it can be connected to extension rods, the hammer head cross handle, or the compact slide hammer attachment.

The kit includes a core sampler cup, core sampler cap, hammer head cross handle or compact slide hammer attachment, an open face auger, a regular soil bucket auger, a planer auger, extension rod, rubber coated cross handle, 25 stainless steel rings with their own aluminium carrying case with foam inserts, 50 plastic end caps for the rings, two adjustable wrenches, an auger cleanout tool, nylon cleaning brush, impact absorbing hammer, and a sturdy AMS deluxe carrying case with handles and wheels for added portability.

Everything you need to take a proper soil sample for measuring the density or your soil is in the AMS Bulk Density Soil Sampling Kit; all in handy, sturdy carrying cases.

It is always better to take a few samples to get an overview of the condition of your soil.

ProAgri Zambia 74

Order your AMS Bulk Density Soil Sampling Kit online at www.ams-samplers.com or e-mail ams@ams-samplers.com.

15

RELIANCE POULTRY EQUIPMENT

WE OFFER A WIDE RANGE OF EQUIPMENT: LAYER CAGES

A-frame 2, 3 and 4 tier new specification according to SAPA code of conduct,

vertical H-frame 3 and 4 tier, automation

on feeding and manure removal.

REARING CAGES

A-frame with automated feeding,

Valli - Vertical rearing cages up to 8 Tiers.

The leaders in poultry equipment manufacturing and distribution in Sub-Saharan Africa with over 3 decades of experience

BULK FEEDING

Auger systems, 75 mm, 90 mm and 125 mm, bulk feed tanks from 6 Mt to 32 Mt per tank.

BROILER EQUIPMENT

Drinking systems, pan feeding systems.

RELIABLE, DURABLE, QUALITY ENSURED

VENTILATION EQUIPMENT

Fans, Rotem climate controllers, inlets, curtains, suspension systems, cooling systems – evaporative pads and nozzle misting.

BROILER BREEDER EQUIPMENT

Chain feeding, breeder drinking systems, Big Z Ziggity, Roxell pan feeders (male and female), 24 hole nest boxes.

CONTACT US! +27(0) 11 794 4880 sales1@reliancepoultry.co.za

WWW.RELIANCEPOULTRY.CO.ZA

ELECTRIC FENCE AND SECURITY CENTRES 0861 STAFIX/782349 www.stafix.co.za

YOUR ONE STOP SECURITY SHOP

Ø Electric Fencing Ø Gate Motors Ø Batteries Ø CCTV Ø Garage Door Motors Ø Remotes Ø Intercoms Ø Equestrian Fencing Ø Game Fencing Ø Alarm Systems Ø Roboguard Ø Security Beams STAFIX BRANCH LOCATIONS Bethlehem Bloemfontein Cape Town Central Cape Town South

16

Centurion Durban North East London George

CCTV SURVEILLANCE TECHNOLOGY

Gaborone Harare Jet Park Kimberley

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Vryheid Windhoek West Rand

ProAgri Zambia 74

Fight fires the clever way with Stafix Security Centres What is thermal imaging fire detection?

T

he first thing to know about thermal cameras is that they operate differently from regular cameras. Regular daylight cameras and the human eye both work on the same basic principle.

Visible light energy will hit an object, then bounce off it as a light-sensitive detector in the camera receives the reflected light. This is then converted into a visible image and displayed on a monitor.

However, with the thermal camera, the thermal imager produces pictures from heat, not visible light. Heat (thermal energy) and light are both parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, but a camera that can detect visible light won’t ‘see’ thermal energy, and vice versa.

Thermal cameras capture infrared energy and use the data to create an image.

Thermal cameras can detect mild differences in temperature change.

This feature allows thermal cameras to detect objects with a large temperature difference as opposed to the average temperature of the scene. As fires usually have much higher temperatures than the surrounding environment, Dahua thermal cameras are thus able to detect the presence of fire.

Thermal cameras can detect heat through smoke and so are widely used by firefighters. Soot particles in smoke effectively block visible light, but allow infrared radiation to pass through, letting firefighters or other first responders navigate through smoke-filled environments.

Dahua thermal cameras have two automatic fire detection modes: anti-jamming and high response mode. These are used for different scenarios.

High response mode detects fire depending on the relative temperature difference between a fire and the background. When the temperature of an object or area is several times higher than the average temperature of the current scene, the camera will trigger a fire alarm, and all objects which have reached or exceeded the temperature threshold will be detected and tagged as a suspected fire.

The advantages are that high-sensitivity can detect all high temperature objects and has a low missed alarm rate.

The disadvantages include a high false alarm rate as it's unable to distinguish between high-temperature objects, such as a boiler or a fire.

This mode is recommended to be

Early fire detection

Wide coverage

Thermal imaging cameras can detect the source of fire much earlier than human eyes and visible light cameras.

Support for fire detection of up to 10 km away effectively helps users to detect fires early on.

All weather

Multispectral linkage

Dual-channel monitoring allows thermal cameras to detect the fire which can then be visibly tracked.

In a variety of complex environmental conditions, a thermal imaging camera can still effectively detect a fire.

ProAgri Zambia 74

used in long range detection scenarios and in areas with low tolerance of missed alarms.

Anti-jamming mode is based on high response mode. Anti-jamming mode adds analysis and judgment of fire features, such as shape, size, and fire burning characteristics. It estimates whether there is a fire or not through multiple criteria, rather than merely temperature difference.

The advantage is moderate sensitivity that can distinguish between fire and common static objects with high temperatures.

The disadvantage is that a large distance between the camera and target can lead to missed alarms when the fire is too small in the thermal view. For this reason, the fire size should reach a certain number of pixels. Thus, this mode is recommended in short or medium range detection in areas that require high fire alarm accuracy.

Thermal cameras have become prevalent in the prevention of forest fires. With the cost of these cameras having dropped over the last few years, they now present an excellent option in preventing unwanted and costly run-away fires.

Visit www.stafix.co.za to view our range of security solutions and to locate your nearest dealer.

17

Exhibit at the Into Africa Agri Expo 22-23 July 2022 I

nto Africa Agri Expo is the only professional bespoke agricultural event in the Copperbelt that caters to the needs of the entire agricultural chain in Zambia. This new expo focuses on the full chain network — from sourcing resources to reaching customers. From large-scale commercial farmers to emerging, small-scale farmers, there is something for everyone.

The Into Africa Agri Expo invites all brands across the agricultural sectors to boost brand awareness at this event. Be involved in this value-added marketing campaign to broaden your reach. 67% of executives have reported that they found at least one new supplier at the last show they attended. Now, it is your chance to be seen.

Meeting face-to-face can benefit your sales too. A personal approach can turn prospective sales into a reality.

This event is ideal if you want to: • Launch or introduce a new product, • Showcase machinery and equipment, technology, or agrochemicals, • Gain exposure for your agri-input company, • Present poultry/livestock or other agricultural solutions, • Build valuable connections and explore business opportunities.

Start conversations, discuss industryrelated issues, share your insight, and invigorate existing relationships by rubbing shoulders with other individuals in agriculture.

Contact us to secure your place today!

Visiting the Into Africa Agri Expo 2022 in Mpongwe, Zambia

What to expect:

• Compare the offerings of multiple suppliers in one place at the same time • Get a first-hand view of the latest promotional products on the market • Grow your business by engaging with new suppliers • Gain knowledge and insight • Experience one-on-one access 18

Exhibitors from across the agricultural industry were present at the last Into Africa Agri Expo. to industry experts • Benefit from expo deals and specials only on offer at the Into Africa Agri Expo — Mpongwe Zambia • Branding experts • Financial providers • Logistics providers • Packaging specialists • Technology distributors • Post-harvest solutions • Dealers and distributors • Government • Agricultural associations and institutions • Agricultural research and development • Agricultural companies • Machinery equipment and implements • Agri technology • Irrigation solutions • Agro-chemicals, such as fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides • Seeds and other agricultural inputs • Poultry, livestock, and fisheries • Greenhouse tunnels technology

Into Africa Agri Expo 2022 in Mpongwe caters for the whole family!

Provisions are made for festival-goers of all ages. Trained professionals will be present in the play area to entertain the little ones while parents visit the various stands.

Attend the craft market, admire art, or stop by one of the many food stalls. A unique gin tasting experience and delicious craft beer stands will be present.

Activities at the expo include a fun 5-km mountain bike experience with colourful costumes, a 50-km mountain bike challenge for the more experienced riders, and an air gun competition.

There will also be a ‘Guess the bull’s weight’-competition and live music from local and international bands.

The venue Chuckys is home to the Into Africa Agri Expo Zambia. This private venue is situated in the agricultural block of Zambia, in the small town of Mpongwe ProAgri Zambia 74

in the Copperbelt Province. Chuckys Private Venue offers a restaurant and a fully licensed bar, as well as a pool, and a grass and tree covered camping site with clean ablutions. Chuckys Private Venue is located about 47 km from Great North Road. It is about 150 km from Kitwe, 125 km from Ndola and 300 km from Lusaka.

Arrive by plane Should you choose to travel by plane, there is an airstrip 15 km from Into Africa Agri Expo Venue. A shuttle will be available between the airstrip and the expo. For landing queries, please contact Emma Groenewald via e-mail: agriexpozm@gmail.com.

Car rental • Europcar • Voyagers • Early booking is strongly suggested as flights, car hire and accommodations are generally in heavy demand during the event’s period.

Day entry Adults - K100, children - K50, U/10 free entry. Mountain bike and competitions entry details on Into Africa Agri Expo Facebook page.

Toll gate There is a toll gate on the way to Mpongwe when travelling from the Great North Road. Plan for an additional fee of K20 per passage, as well as extra travel time.

Accommodation Accommodation and camping at Chuckys Private Venue can be arranged. Additional accommodation is available within a 30 km radius. Remember to book early as accommodation is limited.

Many well-known brands had stalls at the previous Into Africa Agri Expo.

From seed to chemicals, equipment to livestock, any supplier in the agricultural industry can be an exhibitor.

Please contact us if you have any additional concerns or queries on (+260)96-883-9796 or (+260)96-883-9802. For more information, send an e-mail to agriexpozm@gmail.com. Visit our Facebook page at www.facebook. com/intoafricaagriexpo.

ProAgri Zambia 74

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HELIODOR HELIODOR VERSATILEV AND E COMPACT R S AT I L E

The Heliodor is a true all-rounder: Heliodor it is ideally suited not only for shallow The isstubble a cultitrue vation of light and vation medium soils, but offers of outstanding performance even in seedbed me light and preparation for mulch seeding and after ploughing! preparation for mulch Benefit from its numerous other advantages: Benefi t from its numer

 The optimum angle adjustment of the discs  ensures The good penetration optim and intensive mixing intensive m  Maximum clearance to prevent clogging  Maximum  Low lifting power requirement due to low weight Low lifting  Flexible uses for both soil cultivation and tillage  Flexible us  Hydraulically adjustable levelling tines for optimum Hydraulica levelling

lemken.com lemken.com

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ProAgri Zambia 74

Good news for farmers:

Shaktiman farm implements and machinery now available in Southern Africa Article supplied

E

TG Logistics (ETGL), distributors of farming equipment and automotive products in Southern Africa, is once again expanding their product offering and is now distributing the Shaktiman range of agricultural machinery in Southern Africa.

Incorporated in 1997, Tirth Agro Technology Pvt Ltd (Shaktiman) has been a pioneer in introducing technologically advanced agricultural implements in India to revolutionise farm mechanisation and to address the difficulties faced by farmers globally which were limiting their profitability and livelihood.

With their vast experience of agricultural technology, Shaktiman has a state of the art manufacturing facility spread across 25 hectares at Bhunava near Rajkot, India, where manufacturing processes with the latest technology and concepts like TQM and TPM ensure superior quality, strength and durability to products.

Shaktiman is not only the world’s largest manufacturer of rotary tillers, but also offers farming machinery such as sugar-cane harvesters, self-propelled boom sprayers, mulchers, power harrows, tree pruning platforms, silage balers and mobile shredders.

They furthermore offer a wide range of implements such as reversible mould-board ploughs, deep chisels, one to three tine subsoilers, reverseforward rotary tillers, disc harrows, conical and square fertiliser spreaders, post-hole diggers, hay rakes, round balers, grooming mowers and rotary slashers, covering all aspects of the crop cycle starting from seedbed preparation to crop residue management.

Besides being a dominant player in the Indian market, Shaktiman is the largest exporter of agriculture machinery from India with a market share of more than 30%, exporting to more than 90 countries.

Recently, GRIMME from Germany (a world leader in potato, sugar, beet and vegetable farm machinery technology) and Shaktiman announced a joint venture to develop and market potato and other root crop machines. This joint venture will combine the excellent German technology from GRIMME and the state-of-the-art manufacturing capabilities of Shaktiman to design and develop full-line solutions for potato and other root crops.

ETGL operates an established automotive and farm equipment distribution business in South Africa, Namibia,

Lesotho, Swaziland, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Tanzania, and Kenya, with plans to increase their footprint in East and Southern Africa, amongst other regions.

Rajeev Saxena, ETGL CEO, commented: “The expansion of our product offering will create more opportunities for the Group to delve deeper into the Southern and East African farm equipment market, serving a wide range of agricultural customers.”

ETG has developed into a global player with a diverse portfolio of expertise across various industries, encompassing agricultural inputs, logistics, merchandising, food processing and supply chain optimisation.

For more information, please visit www.etgworld.com or www.etgldistribution.com.

Contact Brian Mumford at +2772-565-0505 or send an e-mail to brian.mumford@etgworld.com.

BRINGING AGRICULTURAL SOLUTIONS TO AFRICA. POWER TILLERS & COMPACT TRACTORS A RANGE OF 9kW TO 18kW COMPACT TRACTORS AND POWER TILLERS

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COMMERCIAL TRACTORS A RANGE OF 44kW TO 60kW TRACTORS MADE FOR AFRICA.

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS IDEAL FOR AFRICAN CONDITIONS.

QUAD BIKES & ATVs A RANGE OF QUADS AND SIDE BY SIDES IDEAL FOR AGRICULTURAL USE.

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Tanzania.

www.etgldistribution.com - WhatsApp or Call : +27 65 138 4567

ProAgri Zambia 74

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22

ProAgri Zambia 74

Article supplied

FAW Trucks SA assembles 8 000th unit at Coega Plant O

n 9 February 2022 FAW Trucks celebrated another major milestone in its local history as the 8 000th locally assembled unit rolled out of its Coega manufacturing plant, just short of eight years after the production trial period commenced in May 2014.

The very first unit off the line in 2014 was a 15.180FL, but the 2022 honour befell the newly introduced JH6 28.500FT, the flagship in the current local line-up.

“The assembly of our 8 000th unit is an understandably proud moment for us, especially as it comes on the back of the introduction of yet another new model derivative," says Yongjun Li, CEO of FAW Trucks SA. “Since first entering the South African market 28 years ago, we have gone from strength to strength, providing local buyers with products of high

quality that are not only well suited to local conditions, but also boast high levels of safety, convenience and comfort. We have managed to combine this with competitive pricing, low running costs and continuously improving aftersales service.”

FAW Trucks took the top spot in the Heavy Commercial Vehicle (HCV) segment of the local market for the first time in the first quarter of 2021 and continues to maintain its strong sales performance in a highly competitive environment. This success can largely be attributed to a dedicated and strategically located dealer network, a reliable and consistent parts supply, and a continuing expansion of product offerings.

Funded by the China FAW Group Corporation and the China-Africa

Development Fund, the Coega facility was built at a cost of R600 million and spans some 30 000 m². Under the watchful eye of Plant Manager, Peng Lei, 148 people are employed in the Production, Technical & Quality, Operations & Supply Chain, Finance, and Human Resources Departments.

“With a production capacity of 3 000 units per annum, scalable to 5 000 as demand grows, we produced 1 539 units at the plant in 2021,” says Lei. “This will be ramped up to an average of around 200 units per month in 2022, covering six to seven different models.

“If all goes according to plan, we are confident that we will assemble the 10 000th unit in December this year,” he explains.

All units arrive in South Africa in completely knocked-down form and are then assembled at Coega.

“The reason for our continued growth in South Africa is the fact that we cater to virtually every need,” explains Li. “Our line-up includes freight carriers, truck tractors, tippers and mixers, all assembled to exacting standards to be able to withstand the harsh conditions of the African continent.

“All current models in the local FAW Trucks range represent the strength, reliability, affordability and ease of operation that the brand and its products are renowned for. This means that every unit that leaves the Coega facility is truly ‘Built in South Africa, for Africa’,” Li concludes.

For more information, visit FAW's website at www.faw.co.za, or visit www.faw.co.za/contact-us for their contact info.

ProAgri Zambia 74

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ProAgri Zambia 74

Poultry farming Part 4.2:

Raising chicks in a brooder

A healthy young chick needs enough food, water, warmth, and fresh air. (Source; Pixabay)

I

n Part 4.1 of the series on raising chicks in a brooder, we looked at the preparation of a brooder heated with infrared lamps. In Part 4.2 we shall look at the requirements of chicks, as well as the construction of a hay box brooder that does not require an external source of heat.

While the chicks are in the brooder, they require shelter, warmth, fresh air, good food and clean water. They must not only be protected against cold and heat, but also against insects, rodents such as rats that may eat their feed, and other vermin like mongooses that may want to have them for lunch.

Therefore, a brooder must consist of a sturdy construction that will keep the chicks from one day old to four weeks old safely inside.

Feed The chicks must always have access to feed and water. Fifty brooder chicks will eat about 75 kg of chicken mash in four weeks. During the first week, the feeders must be shallow, or feed can be put in egg trays or on clean cardboard or newspapers. Every chick needs 20 mm of feeder space.

If using a trough feeder to feed fifty

day-old chicks, it must be 1 200 mm long if the chicks can feed from only one side, and half that length (600 mm) if the chicks can feed from both sides.

If using a tube feeder for fifty chicks, it must be 300 mm long. (Figure 1) Water One brooder chick will drink up to 80 ml of water in one day. Provide 10 mm

Brooder chicks require the following These requirements are valid for all types of brooders and brooder chicks.

Floor space Day-old chicks remain in the brooder until they are three to four weeks old, depending on whether it is summer or winter. Twenty birds need a floor space of about one square meter.

Chicks in a brooder huddle together for warmth. (Source; Pixabay)

ProAgri Zambia 74

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ProAgri Zambia 74

drinking space per chick, therefore 100 chicks will need 1 000 mm of drinking space. A drinking fount of 100 mm diameter will provide enough water for 100 chicks. Provide fresh water twice a day. An example of a water trough and fount can be seen in Figure 2.

Spinner Hopper Trough

Light Enough light will encourage the day-old chicks to start eating on the first day.

Natural daylight can be used, and electrical or gas lights as well as paraffin lamps can be used at night.

Ventilation It is important to allow fresh air into the brooder, as it prevents hot, humid conditions that create a breeding ground for disease. There must be no draught, however.

Health Litter of 100 m thick consisting of thick, dry, clean hay, such as chopped grass, must be provided. Wet litter must be removed as often as necessary. The brooder must always smell fresh and clean with no lingering odours.

Automatic feeder

Feeding trough

60 mm Bamboo feeder Cut out strip

Short piece of bamboo Cut at two nodes

50 - 80 mm diameter Peg it at either end into the ground Figure 1: Homemade feeders.

Heat The temperature in the brooder must be kept at 30 to 32 ° Celsius during the first five days. Then the temperature can be gradually dropped to about 21 °C when the chicks are four weeks old.

Cold brooder types These include the hay box brooder, the small round hut brooder, and the adjustable hessian brooder. In this issue we discuss the hay box brooder. All three brooders are designed to keep the chicks warm by using their own body heat, and no external heating is required, except sunlight during the day.

The hay box brooder Advantages of the hay box brooder: • It is ideal for use in rural areas where there is no electricity.

• It is constructed using wood that can be cut into the correct size by a hardware store if you don’t own the necessary tools to do so yourself.

• Chicken wire is stretched tightly over the bottom, sides, and top of the wooden frame.

• This brooder box improves the productivity of chickens, as fewer chickens die because of exposure to heat or cold. When it is cold, chicks huddle together, which can lead to smothering.

• Many more chicks can be raised than with natural breeding, when a hen looks after the chickens she has hatched. As the chicks are safely inside an enclosed brooder, they are safe from predators that can catch them when they run around outside.

• The hay box brooder is suitable for

A hen will show her chicks what to eat and drink. (Source; Pixabay)

Water fountain made from a tin and saucer

A 330 mm long water trough for 50 chicks, filled with washed stones to prevent drowning.

Figure 2: Homemade drinkers.

ProAgri Zambia 74

27

Chicks under infrared light. (Source: Pixabay)

Growing chicks in a brooder.

(Source; Pixabay)

With natural brooding, the hen will take care of her chicks. (Source; Pixabay) • all agricultural circumstances.

• It can be used repeatedly, so you need to build only one.

• It is easy to use by women.

• It makes efficient use of resources, and there is no wastage.

• It does not need high technology to build or operate.

• The litter that has been removed can be used in a compost pile.

Size The brooder must be the correct size to keep the inside at the right temperature for the chicks, but it must also allow them with enough floor space to move around.

28

The size of the box can be adapted to the number of chicks you want to raise. A square box of 600 mm and 600 mm high, is big enough for 25 day-old chicks until they are four weeks old.

The size of the inside space of the brooder box can be reduced by putting more litter into the net tube inside the box.

Construction of the hay box brooder Dimensions The box consists of a wooden frame covered with 13 mm chicken wire.

The box is 600 mm square and 600 mm high. The floor consists of tightly stretched chicken wire or wooden slats.

The lid is made of the same materials, which will allow ventilation while protecting the chickens from vermin, like rodents.

The run is the same width as the box and is 1 200 mm long. The sides can be covered with solid boards or planks.

The litter is used as isolation. A net tube is placed in the box and stuffed with litter, such as dry, cut grass. The corners must be round to prevent chicks from getting stuck there. During the first week, the lid can be covered with a sack or bunches of grass to keep the chicks warm at night.

Management of the hay box brooder For successful production, some aspects must be managed carefully. In summary these include: • The feeders and drinkers must be placed in the run. The drinkers must be cleaned and filled with fresh water twice a day, and the feeders must always contain feed.

ProAgri Zambia 74

Construction Frame for the haybox brooder.

Dimensions for a haybox brooder for 50 chicks.

•

600 mm

•

600

mm

1 20 0 mm

6

mm 00

•

Figure 3: Construction of a hay box brooder.

•

chicks can eat and drink as often as they like.

The litter must be 100 mm deep and must be replaced as often as necessary to keep it dry. Stuff the corners to prevent the chicks from crowding there.

The box can be made smaller or bigger by the quantity of litter stuffed inside the wire net. More stuffing will keep the chicks closer together, but as they grow, the stuffing can be removed to create more space.

The brooder must be moved into the sun during the day to keep it dry and sanitised by the heat of the sun. At night the brooder box can be moved into a barn where the chicks will be protected from rain and cold.

The brooder must be properly cleaned and disinfected after every batch of chicks has been moved to the hen houses. The brooder must stand empty at least seven days, but preferable fourteen days, before new day-old chicks are placed inside.

In the next issue, the construction and management of a small round hut brooder made with chicken wire, poles and grass, and a hessian brooder consisting of a wooden frame and covered with hessian or other material, will be discussed.

Chicks in a brooder with ample litter, food, and water. (Source; Pixabay)

References Cilliers, PF. (July 2000) Smallscale poultry housing in South Africa. ARC-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Hay-box brooder: a milestone to increase rural households’ poultry production, Ethiopia. (n.d.) Food and Agriculture Organisations of the United Nations www.fao.org/3/CA3079EN/ ca3079en.pdf

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A young chick begins to grow wing feathers. (Source; Pixabay) • During the first week the chicks are allowed to leave the box to eat and drink from the containers in the run up to six times per day, but the box door is kept closed at other times to retain the heat. During the second

week, the door of the box is left open so the birds can eat and drink whenever they want to, but the box door is closed at night. During the third and fourth week, the door is left open all the time so that the

ProAgri Zambia 74

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Taking care of your dog means feeding him top quality food.

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Dogs rely on their owners to meet all their feeding needs, which include a well-balanced diet containing all the vitamins, minerals, fats, and proteins they require to grow and be healthy.

It is important to remember that the age and different stages of growth have different feed requirements. Puppies, for instance, will require a higher protein diet when compared to adult dogs because they are still growing in structure, frame, and muscle.

A key point to remember is that dogs’ stomachs are sensitive to sudden changes in diet, so try not to change the The Top Dog type of feed often as 20 kg bags.

this may lead to vomiting and/or diarrhoea. Overfeeding may also result in the dog vomiting or becoming overweight.

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Medication or special additives: • There are no special additives or medications in this feed.

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• It contains real meat and bone meal.

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• The feed can be fed as it is, according to the recommended feeding instructions.

• Clean, fresh drinking water must always be available.

• Due to the higher fat content of the feed, please store the feed in a cool, dry place to maximise shelf life.

• Top Dog should not be stored for more than four months after the date of production.

Top Dog is available in the market, so, give your pet the good feed it deserves!

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ProAgri Zambia 74

Please contact Brian Sitali, Tiger Animal Feeds' Technical Advisor, at +260-978-686-441 or +260-967-946-215, send an e-mail to brian.sitali@tigerfeeds. com.zm or visit their website at www.tigerfeeds.com for additional information.

31

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11 797,46 ha

Walk in and start farming opportunity in Botswana close to Serowe Excellent mixed grazing farms located in the 3 Units: western Sandveld with good rainfall and close Unit 1 29MP (4084,68) lease tot 19/10/2052 to tarred roads.

Unit 2 49 MP(4092,78 ha) lease tot 23/2/2061 Unit 3 14MP (3620 ha) lease tot 28/03/2053 Fences are in excellent condition.

Cattle, goats and equipment for sale as well.

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Farms are divided into 16 camps.

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ProAgri Zambia 74

Beekeeping Part 2:

Pollination - a vital service to farmers

A

bout eighty percent of all flowering plants must be pollinated and this is mostly done by insects and other animals, such as birds and bats.

Pollination affects more than a third of global crop production and increases the output of nearly ninety percent of food crops worldwide.

Pollination is crucial to produce food for humans and animals, and directly links agricultural production systems to wild ecosystems.

Most flowering plants need pollina-

tors to move pollen from the male anther to the female stigma of flowers.

Without it, interconnected species and processes in an ecosystem will collapse, as plants will not produce fruit.

While these pollinators visit flowers to gather pollen and honey for food in their own hives, they help to transfer pollen from male plants to female plants of the same kind. This process leads to fertilisation, which ensures that healthy fruit, vegetables, nuts, and grains are produced for human use.

ProAgri Zambia 74

What is pollination?

Pollination, which takes place while plants are flowering, refers to the movement of male pollen grains from the anthers of male flowers to the stigma of a female flower.

In some plants, male and female flowers occur on the same plant, while others have either male or female flowers.

Some plants self-pollinate, which means the same plant’s pollen is carried from the anther to the stigma of

33

A dragonfly on a flower.

Petal Stigma Style Anther

Filament

Ovary

Nectary

Diagram 1: Parts of a flower. the same flower. Pollen can also be spread by wind, water, and living organisms. Usually grains like sorghum, maize, and wheat, are pollinated by wind, while pollinating insects and animals spread the pollen of vegetables and fruit.

Most plants need cross-pollination, which refers to the pollen that is delivered to the female flower of a different plant of the same kind.

Once the female flower is pollinated, fertilisation takes place, and the plant can produce seed and fruit.

Most pollinators depend on natural areas, such as forests, for at least part of their life cycles. Birds and bats must have nesting sites where they can have their babies. Insects lay their eggs in holes in trees or termite mounds, among others.

Bees are most often seen visiting flowering plants. While they look for pollen and nectar, they visit the same plant types during a flight. While they visit the flowers, the pollen stick to the hair on their bodies.

All bees are equally important, because different types visit flowers at different temperatures, during different times of the day and during different seasons; some are more efficient on specific plants.

Pollinators worldwide are threatened by the loss of habitat because of growing human populations and degradation of land, diseases, the use of pesticides 34

on crops, as well as climate change.

We must do everything we can to help these pollinators survive because they are very important for the future of plants, which provide us with food.

Pollinators are also important for the economy, because without bees there won’t be fruit, vegetables, grains or nuts to sell and buy. Hives are specifically placed near or inside orchards to help bees to pollinate the blossoms to ensure perfect fruit.

Habitat and forage Wild and managed pollinator populations, and especially bees in hives that are put in orchards to pollinate fruit trees, need a habitat and food to survive. The loss of these in and around agricultural land, puts crop production at risk.

The way in which you manage your farm can keep wild and commercial pollinators safe, which will benefit the pollination of all ecosystems and contribute to crop diversity, soil health and less use of pesticides.

Cross-pollination leads to more productive farmland and increased seed sets. Seed set refers to the number of ovules (see diagram 1) that successfully develop into seeds to harvest. It also influences the number, size, and quality of the fruit.

Pollinators will thrive if agriculture is sustainable and takes into consideration the well-being of pollinators. Com-

Some birds, like the rufous hummingbird of the USA, have long beaks for taking nectar from deep inside the flower.

Butterflies are well-known pollinators.

ProAgri Zambia 74

Butterflies are very sensitive to climate change and need our care to ensure their survival.

Various fly species, like this hoverfly, are also pollinators.

A fly feeding on a flower.

munities can help by providing food and habitat for pollinators by: • providing a constant source of pollen and nectar; • leaving some areas undisturbed to allow nesting places; • limit the use of pesticides but instead allow beneficial pests to control unwanted ones; and • by creating a garden with many different types of plants that can provide food for the pollinators.

Moths are pollinators that work at night.

Benefits of natural areas on farmlands By leaving some natural areas uncultivated, it will provide pollinators with habitat and forage. Such a strip of natural land can also act as a windbreak that will help reduce soil erosion.

By removing unwanted weeds before they go to seed will help prevent them from invading natural areas.

Natural areas provide a safe place for pollinators and ensure that the ecosystem processes continue. They are also home to the natural enemies of harmful pests. These areas also serve as carbon sinks that reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Farming practices that impact on pollinators If an agricultural landscape provides pollen, nectar, clean water, and nesting sites where pollinators can complete their lifecycle, not only the pollinators will benefit, but the land will also increase its yield.

The bumblebee also contributes to pollination when visiting flowers.

Farming practices can be improved by: • minimum or no tillage, which will reduce evaporation and erosion; • no burning, which will leave plant material to decompose naturally and return nutrients to the soil; • planting cover crops like red sun hemp on unplanted lands, that will provide nitrogen to the soil and forage for pollinators; • crop rotation by planting legumes, which will restore nitrogen to the soil;

ProAgri Zambia 74

• intercropping by growing two or more crops closely together, which will benefit each other, the soil and provide forage; • planting of trees that fix nitrogen, absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it in the soil, and provide nectar and pollen year-round, will provide a natural environment for pollinators; • preventing water pollution; • preventing overstocking and overgrazing by livestock; and • limiting the use of pesticides.

Pesticides If the use of pesticides is necessary, the negative effect can be reduced if it is used while the plants are not flowering. If that is not possible, pesticides should be used while the bees are inactive or when the flowers are closed at night.

Pesticides should be used with care, which includes not using broad-spectrum pesticides that kill a wide range of insects, including those who are beneficial to plants.

It is best to use pesticides for specific harmful insects and only when the pest continues to do damage.

Follow the instructions carefully and don’t mix it with sugar, as it will lure bees.

Liquid and granular pesticides are better than powder, because they can be better controlled to reach only problem areas.

Health and food security depend on pollinators Pollinators greatly benefit fields, gardens, and orchards, as well as fruit and seed production of wild trees and other plants that provide food for animals, and food and medicine for humans.

Alphabetical list of plants and their pollinators • Apple (Malus domestica): Bees • Avocado (Persea americana): Bees, wasps, and thrips • Baobab (Adansonia digitata): Flies, 35

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ProAgri Zambia 74

The sting of a wasp is very painful.

Careless use of pesticides kills bees.

Four different pollinators on a flower.

• bats, and wind • Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceria): Bees, bats, and hawk moths • Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale): Flies, ants, and bees • Coconut (Cocos nucifera): Wind and bees • Coffee (Coffea arabica): Self-pollination and bees • Common bean (Vicia fava): Selfpollination and bees • Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata): Selfpollination and bees • Cucumber (Cucumis sativus): Bees • Eggplant (Solanum melongena): Bees • Fig (Ficus carica): Fig wasps • Guava (Psidium guajava): Self-pollination, bees, and other insects • Hot/Sweet pepper (Capsicum spp.): Self-pollination and bees • Litchi (Litchi chinensis): Bees, flies, ants, and wasps • Marula (Sclerocarya caffra): Bees and other insects • Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis): Beetles

• Cacao (Theobroma cacao): Midges, thrips, and ants • Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus): Self-pollination, bees, wasps, flies, birds, and beetles • Orange, lemon, Citrus spp.: Bees and other insects • Papaya (Carica papaya): Butterflies and hawk moths • Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis): Large bees • Pumpkin squash (Cucurbita spp.): Bees • Sausage tree (Kigelia africana): Insects and birds • Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum): Self-pollination and large bees • Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus): Bees • Wild loquat (Uapaca kirkiana): Insects In the next chapter, we shall discuss life inside the beehive. The inhabitants include the queen bee, drones, and worker bees, and we shall look at their lifecycles and tasks.

ProAgri Zambia 74

The carpenter bee can sting but is not aggressive.

References Mayes, D. (2011) Pollinators in Africa: Understanding is the first step to protecting. Sanbi www.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/pollinafricabookletweb.pdf Botha, L. (2020, July 8) Making agriculture more bee-friendly.

Farmer’s Weekly www.farmersweekly.co.za/agritechnology/farming-for-tomorrow/ making-agriculture-more-beefriendly/ Pollination & human livelihoods. (n.d.) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations www.fao.org/pollination/en/

37

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ProAgri Zambia 74

Processing of condiments Part 15:

Pickled Chillies

Storage of fresh chillies (optional) Harvested chillies may be stored for up to 14 days under cool, humid conditions, with good ventilation in order to remove the accumulating ethylene that will accelerate the fruit ripening and senescence. Storage temperatures of between 7 and 10 °C, and a relative humidity of 95% are recommended.

– small scale C

hilli peppers can easily be pickled in a brine or vinegar solution, alone or with other vegetables and seasoning.

The bright red-coloured chillies make attractive pickles. Certain varieties can be pickled as whole pods, while larger peppers are cut into strips.

Process description

Chilli peppers Harvesting

Examples of small-scale pickled chillies:

(Storage) Washing (potable water) Selection of ingredients (Peeling) Pickling (remaining ingredients)

(Image Source: countryskillsblog. files.wordpress.com)

Canning (Labelling) Pickled chilli peppers

(Image Source: woodridge.files. wordpress.com)

Harvesting of chillies Chillies are harvested at full maturity.

Picking is done by hand at 7 to 14 day intervals over a harvesting period of

ProAgri Zambia 74

about three months. The chillies are usually picked with the calyx and fruit stalk attached, in order to prevent bacteria and fungi from infecting the scar left by removal of the calyx.

Washing of chilli peppers The harvested chillies are washed in a water bath assisted with soft rotating brushes or by gentle jet sprays to remove impurities such as soil and insecticide. The wash water may be chlorinated up to 100 ppm chlorine. After washing, the excess water is removed by draining, spin-drying, or blow-drying.

Selection of raw materials for pickled chillies Peppers Choose peppers that are firm, fresh, and free from damage such as bruises, blemishes, and insect damage. Pickling must be done as soon as possible after harvesting and an average of 4 kg of peppers is needed per canned load of nine 500 ml jars.

Salt Only plain salt designated for use in canning or pickling should be used. Table salt must not be used as it contains additives that will make the pickling liquids cloudy, and the iodine in iodised salt turns the peppers dark. As the salt in the pickling of peppers is used for seasoning, it may be safely omitted by those on sodium restricted diets.

Vinegar Only good, clear, standard vinegar, which is free from sediment with at least 5% acetic acid or 50-grain strength should be used. Distilled white vinegar aids in keeping the original colour of the peppers, whereas cider, wine and malt vinegar will darken the peppers a bit, although they may still be used if so desired. Unless it has been tested for the percentage acid, homemade vinegar must not be used.

In order to prevent the loss of acetic acid, long boiling of the vinegar must be avoided.

Peeling of chillies (optional) The chillies may be peeled if desired using the following method: slash between two and four slits in each chilli and then heat it in a gas flame or under a broiler until the skin separates from the flesh. Place the peppers in a bowl and cover, leave for between five and ten minutes. The skins will then slip off easily.

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Pickling of chillies Smaller peppers may be kept whole, but all peppers should be flattened to remove air, and larger fruit must be cut into quarters. The chillies are packed into the canning jars, leaving a headspace of about 1 cm. The vinegar, water, sugar, salt, and garlic (see recipe below) are combined, heated, and allowed to simmer for ten minutes after which the garlic is removed and the solution poured over the peppers, again leaving a 1 cm headspace. Any trapped air bubbles are removed from the jar by running a plastic knife or spatula between the food and the jar, after which the jars are wiped with a clean, damp cloth and the lids and ring bands secured.

A typical recipe would be as follows: • 1,8 kg chilli peppers • 0,7 kg green bell peppers • 0,7 kg red bell peppers • 1,25 ℓ vinegar (5%) • 250 ml water • 10 ml sugar

• 20 ml canning or pickling salt • 2 cloves of garlic Preparation of jars for pickles For successful canning, carefully select and clean jars and lids, discard chipped or cracked jars and always use new lids. The ring bands may be reused, but replace any that are dented or show signs of rust. Clean jars with hot, soapy water and then rinse well.

Canning of pickled chillies For the successful canning of the pickled chillies, the following steps must be observed: • Prepare all lids according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

• Fill the cleaned jars with peppers leaving a 1 cm headspace.

• Cover the peppers with the hot brine, remembering to leave a 1 cm headspace.

• Remove air bubbles from the jars.

• Clean the outside of the jars after filling.

Chilli pepper field. (Image Source: Thompson-morgan.com)

• Place a heated lid on the jar and secure it using the ring band. Again, remember to follow the manufacturer’s instructions.

• Place the jars in a water bath canner with a rack. The rack is used to prevent the jars from touching the bottom of the canner in order to allow the water to circulate around the jars. Add enough water to cover the tops of the jars to a depth of at least 2,5 cm.

• Begin to time the process when the water bath temperature reaches a gentle boil, at about 83 °C. Process the jars for the time indicated below, and do not substitute larger jars than those specified as this will result in the under-processing of the product and an unsafe end-product.

At altitudes of higher than 305 m above sea level, the processing times will be longer, and the proposed times must be used to adjust the processing time accordingly.

• When the processing time has been reached and the jars are removed from the canner, hold them level and do not disrupt the seal. The ring bands must be left in place until the jars have cooled completely.

• For cooling, the jars may be placed on a rack or folded towel, away from drafts and cool surfaces and well separated from each other.

The jars must be allowed to cool, undisturbed, for 24 hours, after which time the ring bands must be removed before storing the jars.

• If the jars have not sealed for some reason, they may either be stored in the refrigerator for immediate use, or reprocessed. Reprocessing lowers the quality of the end product.

• When the jars have cooled, check that all the lids have sealed properly. If the jars have sealed correctly, the lids should be concave and should not give when pressed in the centre.

The recommended processing time for hot pickled peppers in a water batch canner is as follows for pint size containers: • 10 minutes at 0 to 1 000 ft altitude • 15 minutes at 1 001 to 6 000 ft altitude • 20 minutes at above 6 000 ft altitude Labelling of vegetable products Product must be correctly labelled according to the requirements set out in the Labelling and Advertising Regulation R2034/1993.

Published with acknowledgement to the ARC Agricultural Engineering for the use of their manuals. Visit www.arc.agric. za for more information.

Chilli pepper harvesting. (Image Source: npr.org) ProAgri Zambia 74

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Rabbit farming Part 3:

Selecting the correct housing system A

lot of thought and planning should be done before starting to construct and equip anything for rabbit care. When this is done right, it should ultimately reduce the amount of labour required for your farm. Besides, the optimum working environment can only be achieved if the design and layout enable you to keep the housing clean and if it is easy to use.

Selecting the right housing system Most often, rabbit houses should be built on a raised platform to make drainage easier, and they should be in a shaded area to reduce heat stress on the animals. Predator animals, dust, odours, smoke, and other contaminants all pose a threat to rabbit farming. These threats should all be avoided, and water and power should be easily available.

Rabbits can be raised in any one of the housing systems shown below:

Cage system

Cages can be kept inside a shed or outdoors on wooden, metal, or concrete racks. The shed method can be a permanent structure with a half-wall of brick and iron as well as a concrete floor for sufficient drainage.

Wooden posts, planks, and other locally accessible materials can be used to build a semi-permanent structure.

The cages should be stored on racks inside the shed, with a shared walkway running between the rows.

Cages come in a variety of sizes, but

Cage systems that hang from the ceiling over a soil floor to collect manure and urine for compost. (Image source: afarmgirlinthemaking.com) Stackable wire mesh cage systems.

(Image source: accela.eu) most are 90 cm by 65 cm wide and 40 cm high, or 0,6 square metres, and made of welded wire mesh. Cages can also be stacked in a tier system inside the shed to save space and labour.

Hanging cage system

Very similar to the cage system, with the exception that the cages are hanged from the roof with chains or ropes. Those who have enough space, can easily benefit from this method.

A natural soil floor can be used.

Due to its size, this cage type works well in larger buildings, such as barns

ProAgri Zambia 74

or sheds. Hanging cages allow urine to be quickly absorbed by the soil, whereas the faeces remain on the surface.

The transmission of illness is kept to a minimum thanks to the use of individual hanging cages. The danger of snuffles, rabbit viral haemorrhagic disease, and respiratory difficulties is low because of the little interaction with other rabbits. Coccidiosis is not a problem in a herd since the rabbits do not interact with one another.

Hutch system

Rabbit hutches also make good rabbit housing. The construction of this type of housing is more expensive than the others mentioned. Hutches are available in iron, bamboo, and wood.

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allows rabbits to socialise with one another. Each rabbit requires 0,4 square metres of floor space.

A separate area is set out for bucks, does, and kits. In this way, there will be no unwanted mating and fighting.

A rabbit colony housing set-up is appropriate for rabbit barns or other rabbit-related facilities. The house of a colony is made to seem like the natural environment of a rabbit.

For a more natural setting, a colony housing system can be used (Image source: dexters.world).

Rabbit in hutch cage enjoying the view (Image source: flickr.com by Dushan Hanuska).

Natural grazing is made possible by a mobile rabbit tractor cage (Image source: Pinterest).

Rabbit tractor cages

A steel or wood frame is used with wire covering the sides and bottom to prevent rabbits from digging out or predator animals from getting in. The top of the cage needs a roof to ensure the rabbits can seek shelter against the sun and rain.

One corner can be closed with sheeting on the side panels to ensure it is more protected from the elements. The 0,4 square metre per rabbit rule should be followed, so 5 rabbits can be accommodated in a 2 m by 1 m wide and 0,4 m high tractor.

The cage can be moved daily to enable the rabbits to eat the grass beneath the cage.

Nesting box

All pregnant does and does with kits should be provided with nesting boxes.

The doe will require the nesting box in order to keep her babies warm. This box should be approximately 25 cm by 25 cm wide and 38 cm high.

A mobile rabbit tractor cage should be light and strong (Image source: ipet-au.com).

Nesting box for the safety of young kits (Image source: alibaba.com).

Wire mesh flooring should be used for simple cleaning, and each compartment should have the same minimum dimensions as the caged system. A hutch with a small number of compartments that can be moved from one location to another can be built.

When cages are built of wood, the mesh wire should be put on the inside of the cage to cover the wood since rabbits will gnaw on it.

During the summer, hutches can be kept in a shady location to avoid heat stress. Hutches are independent structures and do not require being kept in a barn or smaller building. The flooring found in hutches consists of wire. Adding stress pads and/or natural bedding will prevent sore hocks.

The manure of rabbits is odourless and dry (Image source: bharabbitry. weebly.com).

Colony housing system

Rabbit colony housing is a popular alternative to traditional cages. Colony life, as opposed to meat rabbit cages,

Handling waste Soil is recommended for use as a surface for rabbits. The top soil that soaks up the urine can be removed and used as compost when replaced with clean soil. This is in contrast to wood and concrete, which also absorb urine, water, and other substances, making it extremely difficult to keep odourless and clean.

To avoid disease, the cages need to be cleaned on a regular basis, and they should be kept dry.

They must be protected from the sun, wind, and rain. Because rabbits can handle cold better than heat, it is not essential to place the cages in buildings such as sheds to protect them from the cold, but a roof will help to keep them dry and cool.

The information provided in this article is credited to: The National Department of Agriculture in South Africa in cooperation with JA Erasmus at the Glen Agricultural Development Institute. For more information visit www.daff.gov.za or send an e-mail to DPP@nda.agric.za.

Nurturing the roots of change in rural Kenya in cooperation with Bonnie Ami Holt at the Mitahato Education and Development Fund. For more information visit www.mitahatoedf.com/ or contact them on +254-728-082887.

Dutta, P., Singh, R.K., Dhali, A. & Rajkhowa, C. (2009). BACKYARD RABBIT FARMING. 10.13140/RG.2.1.1742.5440/1. Further discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: www.researchgate.net/publication/273886912

ProAgri Zambia 74

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Feed for thought:

Kow Kandy makes a difference in Zambia

by Prof Chris S Dannhauser, Pasture and Rangeland Consultant

W

e started with research on an annual fodder sorghum (cultivar Kow Kandy), in the Lusaka, Ndola and Livingstone districts of Zambia in 1999/2000. The Kow Kandy was specifically popular amongst the dairy farmers. The local dairy industry and USA Aid were also involved.

USA Aid is an organisation operating in Zambia and helping farmers.

They quote in their report in 2009: “The demonstration plots containing the Kow Kandy pasture crops proved to be very successful with many farmers.

The milk yields were increased as a result of feeding this pasture crop.”

The most encouraging fact was that several of the farmers with demo plots purchased additional Kow Kandy seed, enabling them to grow considerably larger areas of this crop.

Kow Kandy fodder sorghum helped milk production to increase.

The following significant statistics speak for themselves: During the last quarter of 2007 the total milk collected from smallholder dairy farmers around Lusaka was just over 300 000 litres. During the first quarter of 2009, more than 1,3 million litres of milk were collected from smallholders; an increase of 976 000 litres over a period of 15 months.

In the Copperbelt, Kow Kandy acts like a perennial (bi-annual) crop because of ideal climatic conditions.

During November 2009, Mpima Dairy Producers in the Kabwe district were visited and that was where the Kow

A mixture of Kow Kandy and sunn hemp make high-quality silage.

Kandy was growing for its second summer season.

There was a group of enthusiastic small-scale dairy and Kow Kandy farmers, who were very anxious to learn more about the management, fertilisation, and establishment of the crop.

This was not the only example of the success with Kow Kandy. It was seen growing in the Mkushi, Chingola, Ndoala, Mpongwe, Kaloma and Njase districts. Many of these farmers were using indigenous hybrid dairy cows.

They did it on small scale, with between 5 and 10 cows, each producing 3 to 5 litres of milk per day. Their aim, at that stage, was to improve production to at least 7 litres per day, with improved pastures.

With the help of other agricultural organisations, the production of silage became more popular amongst the farmers. Maize as well as Kow Kandy were used for this. The reason for the interest in silage was the difficulty to make good quality hay in the rainy season.

The use of sunn hemp legume (Crotelaria juncea) also plays an important role. Two commercial farmers, Albert van Wyk and Patrick Dankwerts, in the south western area, use it on a large scale to produce silage. Kow Kandy and sunn hemp were used in a mixture to produce high-quality silage.

Other fodder crops, such as Rhodes grass and Stylo legumes, are also important in Zambia. Rhodes grass was traditionally used as a rotational crop in tobacco farming, and livestock farmers noticed its fodder value.

The use of a Rhodes grass and Stylo legume mixture as hay crop also became popular. Stylo (Stylosanthus spp.) is a legume fodder crop that is doing very well in the higher rainfall areas of Zambia. The interesting part of this is that farmers are selling hay of this mixture, that contains Stylo seeds.

These seeds are distributed in the dung of animals that feed on the hay to further establish it very successfully. This is one of the most successful legume stories in Africa.

Annual winter rye grasses (cultivars Jeanne and Jivet), as well as Tall Fescue perennial winter grass, also gained popularity amongst commercial dairy farmers. Jeanne Italian rye grass is more popular because of its characteristic to grow for more than twelve months. This is because the winters are not cold, which keep it in a vegetative stage and prevents it from producing seed.

Annual Italian rye grass grows for more than twelve months.

A mixture of Rhodes grass and Stylo legumes makes excellent feed.

ProAgri Zambia 74

There is much more to mention about work that was done in Zambia.

For more information, contact Prof Chris S Dannhauser, Pasture and Rangeland Consultant, on +27(0)82-873-4736 or send an e-mail to chriswei@vodamail.co.za.

47

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What’s up?

Crowdfunding asked for all-terrain electric tool carrier A British company called EMotive has turned to crowdfunding to take its prototype zero-emission electric tool carrier to the pre-production stage ready for demonstration and production under licence.

Known as the Scarab, the vehicle can be fitted with both front and rear linkage/pto, and the platform can carry a 4 to 6 tonne payload. It is described as an eco-alternative to the Mercedes Benz Unimog for a range of applications including forestry and farming. The electric architecture of the powertrain includes advanced torque control, smart power distribution, telematics, and the possibility for autonomous control.

All wheels are powered electrically, and the vehicle can be configured to two, four or six wheel-drive.

A wide range of different powers will be available, but peak output of the base vehicle is 668 kW. Electricity is supplied from a battery pack. The details have not yet been released, but Stephen Vale from profi, an agricultural technology magazine, speculates that the options list will include a hydrogen powered fuel cell as a range extender and to recharge the batteries.

It is envisaged that commercial partners will use the technology to produce their own branded e-vehicles under licence.

Crowdcube investors will receive shares and will be able to drive the vehicle on a Land Rover Experience course to see it being put through its paces. (Source: profi)

Agricultural technology news from around the world

The lower soil layers with little humus which are ploughed up in the process are mixed with the topsoil and form new humus-rich topsoil within a matter of only a few years, as carbon is introduced from crops. Overall, the humus content of soils tilled in this manner therefore increases, and soil fertility improves. At the same time, this sustainable soil improvement creates a new business model in the form of carbon farming.

Breaking up compacted soils while also introducing humus-rich topsoil into wells allows plant roots to grow into deeper soil levels and access the water and nutrients retained there. This approach can increase yields by up to five percent even in the first year.

This effect was established as early as in the 1960s and 1980s and has been confirmed by recent field trials conducted by the ZALF. The method can be repeated diagonally to the main direction of work after five to ten years.

This new plough will be available to purchase from mid-2024.

(Source: LEMKEN)

LEMKEN conducts carbon farming research project LEMKEN has developed the concept of a Carbon Farming Plough in collaboration with the Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF). The ZALF research work on yield and climate effects of partial deep tillage are funded by the German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture. LEMKEN will use this research to create an implement for carbon enrichment in arable soils.

This plough is intended to be used to break up compaction and improve the soil as a result. The implement features bodies which plough at alternating depths to create wells below the tillage level in every other furrow, which are then filled with humus-rich topsoil. Analyses of historical trials conducted by the ZALF have shown that more than half of the humus introduced in this manner is retained to secure the long-term storage of CO2 in the soil.

ProAgri Zambia 74

by Annemarie Bremner

Kubota announces a new series Kubota replaced its flagship MGX series with the new M6U series – U standing for utility.

Five models are available. Two are short wheelbased (2,54 m) and use the 3,8-litre Kubota engine. The M6-101U peaks at 77,6 kW and the M6-111U at 83 kW. The three models in the long wheelbase (2,68 m), M6-121U, M6-131U and M6-141U provides outputs of 92 kW, 99 kW and 106 kW, with maximum torque figures of 503 Nm, 544 Nm, and 586 Nm, respectively.

All five tractors have semi-powershift transmission with eight powershifts in three mechanical ranges (24x24). The option of a creeper range increases this to 32x32. Auto-shifting is included in each range.

Rear lift capacities are 5 t (short wheelbase) and 6,1 t (long wheelbase), and a two-speed 540/1 000 pto is standard.

The new models include many other options such as a 2,6-t capacity front linkage, 1 000 rpm front pto, front axle

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ProAgri Zambia 74

Kubota

John Deere suspension, two additional spools and a sunroof for users looking to fit a front loader. (Source: profi) John Deere unveils fully autonomous tractor John Deere has unveiled its first fully

autonomous tractor at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES 2022) in Las Vegas. The 8R model has been used and it would still welcome, and need, an operator to take the tractor out to the field and back to the shed.

360-degree obstacle detection and distance calculation are taken care of by six pairs of stereo cameras. Images are passed through a deep neural network that classifies each pixel in approximately 100 milliseconds and determines if the machine continues to move or stops, depending on if an obstacle is detected. If there is something in the field the tractor is not sure about then it will stop and alert the mobile device user.

The autonomous tractor is also continuously checking its position relative to a geofence, ensuring it is

operating where it is supposed to with 2,5 cm accuracy.

The tractor’s status can be monitored remotely from a mobile device, and the app not only provides access to live video, images, data, and metrics, but also allows the tractor’s speed and working depth of the implement to be adjusted remotely. The app also allows the fuel level to be checked and to see how much of the field has been covered and how much is left to do.

Currently, the technology for the 8R410 is available in combination with a special John Deere chisel plough. A limited number of tractors will be delivered to North American customers this year. (Source: John Deere)

John Deere

Please send your technews to annemarie@proagri.co.za.

FERT, SEED & GRAIN LTD +260 977 610 498 / +260 973 848 229 / +260 973 782 627 / sale@fsgzambia.co.zm / marketing@fsgzambia.co.zm

Wheat is produced as a winter crop in Zambia and is another cereal of importance in the country. The yield of a wheat crop is determined by a number of factors, amongst them is the tillering ability of a given variety. We focus on delivering the correct nutrients to the plant at the ideal stage to get the most out of your harvest.

Superfert Wheat Blend is suitable for soils that need a little extra potash (K).

Nitrogen, phosphate, Sulphur, and potash are the major macro-nutrients catered for by our maize basal fertilizers. Nitrogen plays a pivotal role in the grain filling process in maize, which results in heavier grains and ultimately increased yields.

This is why it is essential to top dress with Superfert Ammonium Nitrate fertilizer at the critical growing periods.

Basal fertilizers

Top-dressing fertilizers

Cereal blend 6:24:16 +5.16S, 0.1B, 0.1Zn, 5.87CI

Urea Ammonium Nitrate (34.5%) Calcium ammonium nitrate

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#3

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ROSS 308 BROILERS ARE THE WORLD'S NO1 BROILER BREED OFFERING FIRST CLASS GENETIC POTENTIAL FOR GROWTH AND FOOD CONVERSION. TO ENSURE YOU MAXIMISE ROSS' GENETIC POTENTIAL, MAKE SURE YOU GET A GOOD QUALITY CHICK BY INSISTING ON THE FOLLOWING PROTOCOLS

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INCUBATION CONDITIONS

#5 52

the hygiene status monitored?

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BREEDERS ZAMBIA

How accurately are these conditions being monitored?

HATCHERY HYGIENE

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EGG QUALITY

How clean or contaminated are the eggs they set?

EGG HOLDING ROOM How well is the temperature and ventilation monitored

How good are the cleaning and disinfection protocols in the hatchery? How is the hygiene status

monitored?

ProAgri Zambia 74

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Rhino 300

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We supply: • Welding rods • Galvanized wire • Cutting discs • Primer paints • Bolts & nuts • Barbed wire • Razor wire • Welded mesh • Diamond mesh • Field fence • Y Standards • Roofing • U Channels • Lipped channels • Roof screws • Structural steel • Insulations • Reinforcing bars • Light & medium sections • Steel plates & sheets

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Your next tractor is on Agri4all.com As well as your next plow, harrow, sprayer, pump, trailer, goat, sheep, cow, house, farm, pipe, dam, feed mixer, combine harvester, planter, grain cleaner, baler, rake, tedder, herbicide, bakkie, fertiliser, pivot, truck, feed trough, neck-clamp, training course, ripper, auction, control unit, filter, TLB, fence, forklift, mixer, scraper, impala, chicken coop, maize seed, inoculation, horse, sprinkler, solar panel, inverter,

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1 Samuel Walterstreet, Worcester

One machine countless materials.

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ProAgri Zambia 74

ProAgri Zambia 74

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A COST EFFECTIVE MIXER FOR A COST EFFECTIVE MIX Most homogeneous mixture The P2000 mixer acquires a premium quality mix at much lower cycle times with a combination of two augers and a large paddle mixer

Easy loading The perfect cut for your cattle A plethora of serrated knifes on the mixer paddle floor and triangular blades on the augers ensure that grass and hay is cut on every pass.

Mixers can be loaded by TLB or by hand from the platform on the back of the mixer

Easy unloading

The mixture is easily discharged through a hydraulic door which is operated from the tractor seat.

Office: +27 (0)11 864 1601 Call or Whats App:

Alomia: +27 (0)65 024 6811 l Fouzia: +27 (0)61 590 3889 l Francesco: +27 (0)83-267-3286

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alomia@drotsky.co.za / fouzia@drotsky.co.za l francesco@drotsky.co.za

ProAgri Zambia 74 www.drotsky.co.za