ProAgri Zambia 034

ProAgri technology for the farmer

Z a m b i a

No 34

Free

Lindsay’s Laterals: Reach every square metre

Handle your sheep with care

reach t he summit wit h R INGLOK ®

Italian pumps, now at sandy’s creations

Circulators

Ce nt rifugal p ump s

S u b me rsible Pum ps B o re h o l e pu m ps

Inl i ne p ump s

Booster Pump s

Swimmi ng pool pumps

Contro ller s

S el f p ri mi ng p um p s Pressure Ves s els

Contact us dab @ s andys creation s.n et +26(0) 21 127 8220 / +26(0) 96 744 3470

Sandy ’s C reati ons i s l oc ated al ong Kafue Road, ne xt to Baobab C ol l ege, i n Li l ay i , Lus ak a

Superb Italian craftsmanship: DAB has a pump for every application

by Du Preez de Villiers

Yotam Zimba is the friendly Sales Manager who heads the DAB sales team. He has many years of experience in the pump industry and passed the DAB training course. He will ensure that a farmer is provided with the most suitable pump for his application, for years of trouble free operation.

Y

ou can’t miss Sandy’s Creations if you drive south out of Lusaka on Kafue road. The neat premises on the right-hand side is home to the world renowned DAB water pumps. Sandy’s Creations was formally appointed as their sole distributor in Zambia in January 2017. The neat DAB showroom and shop is situated in the extreme left corner of the premises and farmers are invited to come and have a look at their wide range of exquisite Italian water pumping equipment.

Crispin Kanchule, General Manager of DAB says: “DAB is one of the leading pump brands in the world. Since Zambia has such a huge agricultural potential which goes hand in hand with water supply and irrigation, we foresee an exciting journey and partnership with our farming community.”

Currently, DAB is appointing distributors and is still looking for more eager candidates to chase this opportunity in all the provinces. Their next step is to use their distributors in the northern region including the Copperbelt and North-Western Province to enable them to springboard into the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

DAB has already appointed the following dealers in the southern region of Zambia, which includes Lusaka:

ProAgri Zambia 33

• • • • • • • •

Phoenix Zambia Limited Voltic Electrical ZIKO Hardware Falcon Industries Limited NWK Agro Limited Green Energy Water Circles, the water engineering specialists Leza Teka, also water engineering specialists

their worth by supplying DAB equipment to institutional customers like the Zambian Defence Force and the hospitality, education and health sector.

Today, the Milenge Hospital in Luapula Province benefits from one of their installations. For residential applications, DAB offers the quietest and most powerful and energy-efficient swimming pool pumps in the world at very competitive prices.

Crispin says: “We stock pumps for residential and commercial purposes, and we strongly focus on farmers. Our pumps mainly consist of submersible, booster, drainage and centre pivot pumps. In addition, we shall soon have the most technically advanced solar pump system for submersible and booster pump applications.”

Their prices are very competitive and the introductory offers promise to be even more favourable for clients.

On top of that, they offer one of the most durable and quality equipment brands in the world. Like any decent supplier, DAB backs their pumps with a proper warranty. They also have a fully equipped workshop and can supply spare parts in a jiff y.

In 2019 DAB will be present at the Agritech Show in Chisamba, the CHIMAX Mining and Agriculture Exhibition in Kitwe and the Agriculture and Commercial Show in Lusaka to meet farmers.

DAB’s highly versatile Sundiver power system will soon be available at Sandy’s Creations.

A wide variety of pumps of all models, shapes and sizes are available at the DAB showroom.

• •

Handyman’s Paradise Lemar Hydraulics in Mazabuka, who looks after the Zambia Sugar out grower farmers Sandy’s Creations already proved

For more information, contact +26(0) 21-127-8220 or +26(0) 96-744-3470, or send an e-mail to Crispin Kanchule at dab@sandyscreations.net 1

WHEN THE AFRICAN SOIL CALLS...

WE ANSWER

2

Wise Sibindi +26(0) 21 122 7497 / WSibindi@bhbw.co.zm

Barry Hutchinson +26(0) 96 802 2320 / BHutchinson@bhbw.co.zm

ProAgri Zambia 33

Letter from the Editor

ProAgri No 34

Free

Cover

Lindsay’s Laterals: Reach every square metre

S

mall, frustrating steps. That is how farmers are fighting to sell their maize at a reasonable price. Minister of Agriculture, Michael Katambo, recently imposed an administrative measure on the export of maize, but he emphasized that it is not a ban. The old argument was put forward - food security is paramount to free market principles.

One just has to ask how other nations around Zambia manage to accommodate both of these.

On the other hand, the Food Reserve Agency is far from reaching their target of buying 500 000 tonnes of maize. Around 40% has already been acquired and nobody knows how the new planting season will turn out. But according to the Millers Association of Zambia (MAZ) there is enough maize in the country to last until the upcoming harvest period. The renewed politics around maize trade in Zambia surprises us every season, because nothing really changes…

7

13

15

Talking about the planting season which is already upon us, smallholder farmers are eagerly awaiting their FISP sponsored inputs. Some remote places in North West Province received their inputs in time, but limited infrastructure, communication and inadequate banking facilities still cause many headaches.

This month we introduce a new short series on calf weaning by NoseRing, the Dairy Board of Zambia makes an important announcement, Vitamech tells us more about two of their exciting products to ensure maximum harvest, and Zimmatic does not cut corners with their lateral irrigation system.

Farm smartly!

Du Preez de Villiers dupreez@proagri.co.za

16

23

27

1

Superb Italian craftsmanship: DAB has a pump for every application

7

Bonnox Ringlok® fencing excels over hills and dales

8

Sheep farming made easy: Part 10: Handling systems

13

NoseRing: Weaning cattle for maximum production

15

Novatek addresses broiler production during heat stress

16

Aquaponics 4: Building with bacteria

20

Spray to protect your crops: Part 10

23

Pivot irrigation technology: Reach every square metre with a

25

The Vitamech MacDon windrower and FlexDraper ensure bumper

27

Make more from your crops: Processing of oil seeds: Part 10

31

Generator or solar: You can depend on non-stop power with Saro

33

Soil: The farmer’s most important asset: Part 27

37

Dairy farmers look forward to the digital age

Zimmatic Lateral

Content

Z a m b i a

technology for the farmer

crops

ProAgri Zambia 33

Handle your sheep with care

reach the summit w i t h R I N G L O K®

The Ringlok® joint design from Bonnox is flexible and makes it possible to erect a fence on hilly terrain without bending or folding over. Read more about this ingenious fence design on page 7.

ProAgri technology for the farmer

Z a m b i a

Office no. 3 Fens Investment Building Lusaka Show Grounds +26 (0)96-216-9801 www.proagri.co.za Copyright © 2018. All rights reserved. No material, text or photographs may be reproduced, copied or in any other way transmitted without the written consent of the publisher. Opinions expressed are not necessarily those of the publisher or of the editor. We recognise all trademarks and logos as the sole property of their respective owners.

ProAgri shall not be liable for any errors or for any actions in reliance thereon.

ProAgri Zambia Editor Du Preez de Villiers > +27 82-598-7329 dupreez@proagri.co.za General Manager and Distribution Zambia Quintus Grobler > +26-(0)96-216-9801 (WA only) South Africa + 27-078-978-6339 quintus@proagri.co.za Reporters Annemarie Bremner > +27 82-320-3642 annemarie@proagri.co.za Benine Ackermann > +27 73-105-6938 benine@proagri.co.za Senior Production Manager: Zainab Pandor > +26 (0)97-769-9786 zainab@proagri.co.za Marketing Manager Diane Do Nascimento > +27 82-555-6866 diane@proagri.co.za Marketing Xander Pieterse > +27 79-524-0934 xander@proagri.co.za Tiny Smith > +27 79-531-0024 tiny@proagri.co.za Anelda Strauss > +27 76-687-4419 anelda@proagri.co.za Gerhard Potgieter > +27 74-694-4422 gerhard@proagri.co.za Design Christiaan Joubert > christiaan@proagri.co.za Enquiries Engela Botha > +27 12-803-0782 engela@proagri.co.za Accounts Ronel Schluter > +27 12-803-0782 accounts@proagri.co.za Business Manager George Grobler

3

PLANT P LCATALYST ANT CATALYST

®

A nutrient absorption enhancer.

®

A nutrient absorption enhancer.

4

ProAgri Zambia 33

ProAgri Zambia 33

5

hingejoint®

ringlok® Avoid poor imitAtions And buy directly from the only bonnox fActory, situAted in sunderlAnd ridge, centurion only A bonnox invoice serves As A certificAte of Authenticity.

zane@bonnox.co.za • gerda@bonnox.co.za • linda@bonnox.co.za

6

www.bonnox.co.za • 012 666 8717

ProAgri Zambia 33

Bonnox Ringlok® fencing excels over hills and dales

by Du Preez de Villiers

The 1,8-metre high Bonnox Ringlok® fence looks smart on the gradients of Panbult farm. It keeps unwanted cattle out and Erna’s variety of tame domestic animals in. Erna and Kobus Pretorius are quite pleased with their Bonnox fence.

I

f you believe that everything has to be fenced safely in its own domain, Bonnox is the fence that will do it for you.

Kobus Pretorius and his wife, Erna, gave up their town existence for Panbult, their own piece of paradise – a smallholding in the plantations near Amsterdam on the Eastern Highveld in South Africa – when they bought a nine hectare piece of land in 2014.

“I have always had a dream of one day herding a variety of farm animals.

I am now living my dream,” says Erna.

The mountainous patch on which the house was built initially formed part of a bigger farm before it was subdivided.

This plot is now home to chickens, geese, ostriches, sheep, pigs, calves, donkeys and goats, roaming all over the farm, and, of course, watchdogs.

Erna can now pet, caress, care and groom to her heart’s content while Kobus works for a nearby mine.

“When we arrived here, there were fences and camps, but firefighting equipment flattened them with time and it was never maintained,” says Kobus. “Furthermore, the cattle of the local community made a feast of Erna’s gardening eff orts.”

The first arrivals on Panbult were ostriches with the idea that they would also act as “watchdogs”, but to keep man and beast safe from the beak and toenails of a fiery ostrich, a proper fence is a prerequisite.

Kobus realised that the slopes would limit his choice of fencing. Standard wire could not do the job on a hilly terrain with cliff and precipice; it simply lies flat or bends and makes fencing an impossible task.

“I then surfed the internet for fencing material. I was aware of Bonnox because I had heard mention of it,” ProAgri Zambia 33

Kobus initially bought Bonnox fencing to keep their vigilant ostriches inside. says Kobus. “I then went to their website and saw the Ringlok® design which allows the wire to move up and down and sideways at the fastening points.

I phoned them. Zane was most helpful and gave me excellent advice.

“I ordered 20 rolls of 1,8 m high fencing mesh to enclose the 2 km around our plot. We could cut some of the wire in half where we needed a lower fence. You cut it a little above the Ringlok® link and bend the loose points over to let the Ringlok® links remain in position.

“I hired a local contractor to erect the fence. He had no previous experience of fencing with Bonnox but quickly understood the principles and method. Erecting the fence became a smooth job.”

Kobus also bought the Bonnox wire clamp which makes the work easy in combination with his wire strainer. The Bonnox fence was laid down all along the boundary, picked up, held in place, strained and fastened.

One of the advantages of Bonnox fencing is that it gives way and then returns to its original shape if an animal runs into it. It is important for Kobus that smaller game on the farm should not be injured. Bonnox is there to protect them against injury.

Two trees have already fallen onto the fence, but Kobus and a labourer simply pulled it upright and it does not look as if any harm was done.

“Initially the contractor and I were both nervous because we did not know Bonnox, but today I am more than satisfied with my wonderful fence,” Kobus says. “Bonnox was the best decision that I could ever have made.”

Sifiso Hlophe, general labourer on Panbult, demonstrates how a Bonnox fence can be repaired in the wink of an eye after a tree had fallen onto it.

Phone Bonnox on 012-666-8717 or 076-169-9068 or send an e-mail to gerda@bonnox.co.za; linda@bonnox.co.za; or zane@bonnox.co.za, or visit their website at www.bonnox.co.za for a quotation.

7

Sheep farming made easy Part 10: Handling systems

A loading ramp is in integral part of your sheep handling facility. Photo: proway.com.au

T

he sheep handling facility consists of ramps, pens and scales. A practical approach is the secret in designing the facility and even aspects such as sheep behaviour should be considered.

This month we look at fixed, adaptable and mobile loading ramps.

We thank the ARC Institute for Agricultural Engineering in South Africa

for making their manual on sheep production and facilities available to the readers of ProAgri Zambia.

The lay-out of the handling facility will determine how effective it is regarding labour requirements and the movement of sheep. The specific lay-out, however mainly depends on the requirements of the manager and

A mobile loading ramp will reduce time and labour whenever sheep must be loaded to be transported.

8

the choice of the site. These two factors vary drastically and it is therefore almost impossible to suggest the ideal layout.

A general objective in the design of the facility is that various tasks must be performed with the minimum movement and labour. Tasks that can be done simultaneously must not influence each other adversely. Facilities not used simultaneously can be used for more than one activity, such as using the reception pen for the dip, loading platform, crush or work walk-way.

Great cost savings can be obtained by using durable local material that needs little maintenance for the construction of the handling facility. Typical materials include wood, steel, bricks or concrete. Although steel is usually more expensive than wood, it will last longer and is therefore the better choice. The use of bricks and concrete gives a neat appearance, but can cause problems during changes, or extension to the complex.

Elements of the handling facility The typical handling facility can include the following: • Loading ramp • Shearing pens • Adapting pens • Holding pens (reception and dispatch pens) ProAgri Zambia 33

• • • • • • •

Crowding pen or reception pen Gathering pen Crush or working alley Sorting pens and sorting gates Weighing scale Dip facilities Dripping pens

Loading ramp A loading ramp is provided in the system for easier loading of sheep. The loading ramp can be part of the facility or a mobile unit, if there is more than one loading point. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate various types of loading ramps.

Important points include: • Sheep must preferably not be loaded against the sun.

• The loading ramp must be placed in such a way that free access is provided for a vehicle, for both side and rear loading methods.

• The loading ramp must have a nonslip floor surface to prevent injuries.

• The sides of the loading structure must be smooth and without any protrusions to prevent injuries.

• There must be no opening between the loading ramp and the truck. It will make sheep hesitant to climb onto and from the truck and can cause injuries if the sheep should step into the opening.

• If the loading ramp is wider than the truck, the openings between the loading ramp wall and the truck must be closed with adjustable gates to prevent the sheep from jumping down.

Figure 1: Permanent loading ramp unit Adjustable loading ramp: A simple adjustable loading ramp can be constructed of wood or steel. An upward portion is built the same way as a fixed ramp and the last portion is adjustable as shown on the accompa-

are especially suitable for extensive conditions where camps are far from the main handling facilities, or at large production units where more than one loading point is present at the handling facility. See Figure 3 on page 10.

The three types of loading ramps, namely fixed, adjustable and mobile, are briefly discussed: • Fixed loading platform: In cases where the layout of handling facilities as well as the height of the truck or LDV on which sheep are loaded is fixed, a loading ramp, built of concrete and bricks is recommended. A concrete floor is usually provided, and sides of the loading ramp can be covered with a brick wall, steel, timber or wire partitions. The bottom sides of the upwards ramp can be made of brick walls, corrugated iron sheets or wood and filled with earth and compacted.

The most general height for a fixed loading ramp is 1,2 m above ground surface.

The sides of the loading ramp must be between 1,0 and 1,2 m high so that sheep cannot jump down. A general width is also between 1,0 and 1,2 m and the slope must be approximately 12°. In many cases, a 500 mm operator’s platform is made on one or both sides of the loading ramp to make inspection and support of sheep during the loading process possible.

Figure 2: Mobile loading ramp unit nying sketch. The measurements of the loading ramp are the same as for a fixed loading ramp. This type of ramp is especially suitable for larger units or auction yards where trucks and LDV’s of different heights or multiple decks load and unload sheep.

• Mobile loading ramp: A variety of commercial mobile loading ramps, adaptable to various handling systems, are available in the trade.

This loading ramp is normally mounted on a set of wheels so that it can be easily hitched onto the LDV and towed.

It is usually difficult, expensive and time consuming to build a loading ramp such as this. These loading ramps

ProAgri Zambia 33

9

Not concrete 1650

16600

T-Channel section ø50 mm Treated wood spars Angle iron (50 x 50 x 3 mm) Channel iron H-profile (152 x 152 x 6,6 mm)

1000

180 x 91 x 19 mm pipe profi le 5000

1400

ø38 mm x 2 mm pipe ø38 mm x 2,5 mm thick

1000

1879

IPE profile (160 x 82 x 16 mm) Heavy duty chain

DETAIL OF LIFT MECHANISM

PLAN: RAMP PORTION OF STATIC PORTION

900

498 1200

1200

2000

Off louding Concrete Operator's platform LDV's louding and unlouding

Sliprod

100x50x6mm C-channel Channel iron 2000 3000 8000

460 1200

Off louding

500

Concrete DETAIL OF SLIP SURFACE

4200

500

0

Operator's platform Concrete

Next month we shall look at the different kinds of pens needed on a sheep farm.

Published with acknowledgement to the ARC Institute for Agricultural Engineering for the use of their Sheep Facilities Manual. Visit www.arc.agric.za for more information.

1000

7000

12 0

5200

2774

Concrete

Optional spotlights for off-loading IPE profile (180 x 91 x 19 mm) Chain pulley

700

3000 Detail A 2300

3000

150 x 14 mm Flat iron (protrudes 4 mm above concrete)

1000

Wooden spar

Foundation

SIDE ELEVATION

DETAIL A

NOTES: • Sliprods are fi tted to the loading platform that will ensure that it is hoisted vertically.

• All sides of the loading platform are covered with 1 mm metal sheets.

• LDV-loading and off-loading is 700 mm high from the front and slope down to the gate.

• Railing of loading platform section that slips, protrudes on both sides of static portion of loading platform

Figure 3: Deck loading ramp unit.

Technical Services

Livestock advisory services in: Veterinary Agro Chemical Fencing Fish Farming

Artifical Insemination Nutrition Lab Diagnostic Services Livestock Production Training

Products

Poultry vaccines and antimicrobials | Poultry equipment and egg trays | Cattle vaccines and antimicrobials | Dips and dewromers | Semen for Dairy cattle | Specialised veterinary products | Milking equipment | Pet and horse products | Finished stock feed | Stock feed ingredients | Protective clothing | Fencing material | Wire and poles | Crates | Fertiliser | Seeds | Seed trays and growing medium | Bailing twine | Crop chemicals | Pest control products | Water tanks and pipes | Livestock handling equipment | Livestock equipment and instruments Physical Address: Livestock Services, Pamodzi Highway, Off Nangwenya Road, Showgrounds Telephone: 254024, 254497 and 254498 or 0975 474119 and 0969 635407

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ProAgri Zambia 33

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ProAgri Zambia 33

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ProAgri Zambia 33

Weaning cattle for maximum production

by Judy Richardson and Michael Cox Another method to reduce separation stress is to fence wean. You need a very strong fence to divide the cows and calves. This allows them to see and communicate with each other but not be able to suckle. The disadvantage of this method is that calves may be very determined and can force their way through any weak spot in a fence resulting in broken fences and the need to separate the cows and calves all over again.

The most stress-free method of weaning is the use of a weaning device, such as a NoseRing. By fitting NoseRings to calves while they are still with the cows, the cows will wean the calves themselves. The calf will adjust to life without milk while still being in the comforting presence of its mother.

By applying effective weaning techniques and performing them during the ideal time, a cattle producer improves the chance of producing high-quality calves and preserving the health of his entire herd.

For stress-free gradual weaning, NoseRings allow the calves to be in the comforting presence of their mothers while giving the cows the opportunity to maintain or improve body condition for the next calving season. Read more in our next issue.

Effective weaning that minimises loss of production is critical for successful beef cattle production.

W

eaning is an essential task for cattle farmers but it tends to be a very stressful time for both the farmer and the cattle. Separating cows from calves at weaning is often characterised by broken fences as cows and calves try to re-unite, unsettled cattle, bawling calves and bellowing cows. The stress of weaning not only takes its toll on the farmer but on the cattle as well.

Cows and calves lose weight which can demand a considerable amount of time and money to regain.

When to wean When to wean is just as important as how to wean. The weaning process is key to continued calf production as weaning the calf from the cow can have a significant impact on the cow’s next conception. Removing the calf from the cow at the right time, preferable before she falls below a body condition score of 3, gives her time to improve body condition allowing her to focus on her next gestation. The condition of a cow at calving determines the time it takes for re-conception.

Calves are normally weaned between 7-8 months of age. This allows the gestating cow to recover her body condition before the next calving. For maximum weaner production you want your calves to stay with the cows as long as possible to benefit from the cow’s milk for at least seven months. At seven months of age milk makes up only 10% of the feed required by the calf.

Weaning methods and techniques There are many methods and ideas on how to wean cattle by separating the cows and calves. Most are determined by the type of operation and the facilities available. But the least stressful option for the cattle is the best for everyone.

Conventionally, calves are separated from the cows and moved far enough

ProAgri Zambia 33

Calves are normally weaned between seven to eight months of age. away that they are unable to hear the cows bawling. Putting them into a feed kraal takes the calves off milk and grazing at the same time and requires them to adjust to new feed and water.

This is the most stressful option as it immediately and aggressively changes the calves’ environment. This results in significant weight loss in the calves as well as the cows. Because of the aggressive nature of this method, it is likely that cows will try to find their calves resulting in broken fences and lost animals. One way to reduce the stress of this method is to place dry cows with the calves to provide a comforting presence.

Cows will tend to search for their calves in the last place that they knew they were. So one way to minimise the impact of this instinct is to the return the cows to the paddock where they were last once you have removed the calves. They will then search for their calves in that paddock and, hopefully, not escape to look for their calves elsewhere.

NoseRing is available at Livestock Services. Visit them at Pamodzi Highway, Off Nangwenya Road, Showgrounds, or call them at 254024, 254497 and 254498 or 0975 474119 and 0969 635407.

Adapted from American Cattleman July 2018 – Stress-free Weaning by Michael Cox (p 14-16).

NoseRing

®

• Wean with ease • No stress • Next to the mother

Whole Concepts cc PO Box 1806, Vryburg,8600, South Africa

Tel: +27 (0)53 927 4999 Cell: +27 (0)82 459 9451 E-mail: judy@nosering.co.za www.nosering.co.za

13

A member of the Zambeef Group of Companies

14

ProAgri Zambia 33

Broiler production during heat stress

by MarnĂŠ Meyer

I

n Zambia, October is the most challenging month for broiler farmers as the heat and humidity increases drastically. Since the majority of farms in Zambia do not have temperature-controlled housing, the chickens are exposed to the environmental factors and subsequently leads to a drop in broiler growth and production. However, there are measurements that can be taken by the farmer to reduce the impact of heat stress and ensure maximum production in a less favourable environment.

Heat stress is a physiological state in which the body heat production is greater than the body heat loss of the bird.

The bird starts to pant in an attempt to reduce body temperature, but as the environmental temperature increases beyond the upper critical temperature the bird enters heat stress. During the summer season it is important to be vigilant of the bird’s behaviour in order to identify heat stress and prevent any loss as soon as possible. Broilers will move away from other birds to reduce heat, lift their wings away from their bodies, consume less feed, increase water consumption and start to pant.

Broiler farmers can do the following to reduce the impact of heat stress: Correct house design The first step to successful broiler is to ensure proper infrastructure. The broiler house should be constructed on an east-west axis to ensure minimum direct sunlight into the house. The roof of the house should be high enough to increase ventilation. Insultation is a great ProAgri Zambia 33

investment as it will be beneficial both in the summer, to reduce heat and in the winter, to prevent heat loss from the house. Another practical tip is to paint the roof white or with a reflective paint to prevent environmental heat from penetrating into the house.

Reduce stocking density Metabolic heat is produced when a bird consumes feed that is metabolised into nutrients that are used for maintenance and production. As the growth rate increases, the metabolic heat production increases, creating a hot micro-climate inside the broiler house. By reducing the stocking density, the heat in the house will be reduced and the birds will also have more space to spread out and reduce their body temperature. Reducing the stocking density will also allow birds easier access to feed and water.

Reduce water temperature Water and feed intake have a direct relationship in broilers as chickens consume approximately two milliliters of water for every one gram of feed consumed. Thus, if water intake is restricted, feed intake will be affected. Reducing the temperature of the water will greatly impact water intake. Just imagine drinking an ice-cold glass of water on a hot day! There are many methods to reduce the water temperature such as adding ice to the water and ensuring proper insulation of the water tank.

Feed a well-balanced diet During heat stress birds tend to reduce their feed intake in an attempt to reduce the amount of metabolic heat produced

and this will directly affect growth rates.

The general rule is that feed intake will be reduced by three point six percent for every one degree Celsius above twenty-seven degree Celsius. Feeding a well-balanced diet with easily digestible ingredients will thus ensure a smaller impact on growth rates and production.

Although the farmer is not capable of controlling the environmental temperature, he is able to reduce the impact thereof on his business through the above management practices.

As environmental temperatures increase, management becomes critical.

You can contact Wiehan Visagie at wiehanv@novatek.co.zm or MarnĂŠ Meyer at nutritionist@novatek.co.zm for any information on feeding and feeds.

15

Aquaponics 4 Building with bacteria

16

ProAgri Zambia 33

I

n ProAgri Zambia 32 we focused on two of the main building blocks of an aquaponic system, namely aquaculture (fish) and hydroponics (plants), and we compared it with traditional aquaculture and hydroponics.

In this issue we focus on bacteria as the third building block. To recap we shall briefly discuss aquaculture and hydroponics: Aquaculture is the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of fish, shellfish, plants, algae and other organisms in all types of water environments. As our natural marine fish resources are becoming more and more depleted, farming with fish is becoming more important worldwide, showing exploding exponential growth. Methods include cages in the sea, rivers or dams, or dams specifically built to cultivate fish.

One of the challenges fish farmers face is water usage. In a traditional aquaculture system up to a third of the water has to be replaced regularly and everything has to be kept clean and sterile.

Hydroponics is a method of growing plants without using soil. In a traditional hydroponics system plants receive their nutrients through the application of growth mixes and chemical fertilisers. It is normally a single crop system because fertilisers are mixed for specific plants.

The waterflow systems include drip irrigation, nutrient film technique (NFT), deep water culture (DWC), ebb and flow and aeroponics. Hydroponics are usually practiced undercover in tunnels and nethouses with different degrees of climate control. It is an intensive form of farming, initially needing a lot of capital expenditure, but it delivers much higher yields per square meter than traditional soil based systems.

In a hydroponic system everything must be kept in a sterile state, and bacteria are not welcomed. Another challenge for hydroponic farmers is water usage. Once the water has run through the system, it usually has to be discarded or sterilised as one cannot be sure which nutrients have been used and what still remains in the water. The water may also contain harmful pathogens which it picked up on its way. So, clean water and a new batch of fertilisers are used every time.

In aquaponics you have to unlearn a lot of what you have learnt in traditional aquaculture and hydroponics.

Suddenly bacteria become your best friends!

There are three basic bacterial systems at work: Nitrification system In this system ammonia is converted into useful nitrates, with an increase in acidity (in other words low pH rates).

Two types of bacteria are always active when there is ammonia (NH³) present in nature, such as the ammonia released through fish gills. The more the ammonia, the more bacterial growth.

Nitrosomonas Bacteria: It changes ammonia into nitrites (NO²).

Nitrobacter Bacteria: As soon as there is nitrite, these bacterias start to grow, changing the nitrites into nitrates (NO³); the nutrients plants need.

Nitrosomonas under a microscope.

Photo: visualsunlimited.photoshelter.com

to happen, therefore it is important to limit the growth of anaerobic bacteria as far as possible. They tend to thrive in places where there is not regular movement of water and oxygen.

Anaerobic bacteria under a microscope. Photo: brighthub.com

Nitrobacter under a microscope.

Photo: twitter.com The nitrification process starts in the biofilter or bacteriological system where little plastic units (K2) are placed to enlarge the surface area to promote bacterial growth. When you start with an aquaponic system, you need time to “cycle up” the system, which means that you need to let the bacteria grow and do their work.

You do not need to add anything; all you need is for your fish to breath.

Bacteria will eventually grow on any surface in the system, it cannot be contained in a biofilter, and you also do not want to contain it. It is a case of the more, the merrier!

NB: Too much ammonia and nitrites in the water will kill the fish. Nitrite is toxic to tilapia at 5 mg/litre. Nitrate is less toxic, but can cause discomfort – the level should be below 300 mg/litre.

Denitrification This is the reverse process through which nitrates are converted into nitrogen gas causing alkaline conditions.

This usually happens when anaerobic bacteria take over. You do not want this

ProAgri Zambia 33

Aerobic bacteria under a microscope.

Photo: twitter.com Heterotrophic bacteria system This is the breakdown of solid organic material, such as fish waste and unused fish food, to release carbon dioxide, ammonia and inorganic material.

The solid organic material can be collected just after the outlet of the fish dam by using filters or swirl tanks in which the water slowly spins out leaving the solids at the bottom. The solids should be moved to a seperate tank for the breakdown process.

This process can be assisted by adding air and an activant which promotes aerobic bacterial growth (such as a composting agent). In an aquaponic system this is known as the mineralisation process and the mineralised water runs back into the system to add even more nutrients for the plants.

17

THE FUTURE OF FARMING

NOW O PEN IN ZAMBI A! CONTACT DETAILS 18

Stand 26592 A, Kafue Road, Lusaka

Tel: +26 977 435681 chinso.chipopola@jupidex.co.za www.jupidex.co.za

ProAgri Zambia 33

The remaining solids should be removed from the system.

If gravel beds are used in a system, earthworms between the stones will also help to process the solid organic material that slipped through the filters.

Microbes There are many other forms of microlife keeping nature in balance. In aquaponics we invite them in.

The organisms include fungi, algae, zooplankton, phytoplankton, nematodes and many more. The beauty of aquaponics is that it is a true ecosystem, so we encourage a diversity of naturally occurring elements. Eventually all contribute to the nutrients available to the plants.

Algea under a microscope. Photo: landcareresearch.co.nz

Daphnia Zooplankton under a microscope.

Photo: aquafind.com

The aquaponic cycle is all about the nitrification of the ammonia breathed out by the fish and the breakdown of solid organic fish waste to provide the nutrients for the plants. Healthy clean water is returned to the fish without any waste along the way.

Summary Aquaponics is the integration of the three systems described above, namely aquaculture, hydroponics and bacteria to form a complete ECOSYSTEM. The water is circulated the whole time; no part of the system functions in isolation or on its own. For example, the bacteria do not just stay in the biofilter where it is encouraged to grow, you will find it throughout the whole system. In the plant system you will find bacteria, lots of microbes and algae.

This is normal, as long as there is biological balance in the system. If you put your hand in the water, it should look like tea!

Phytoplankton.

Photo: apemltd.co.uk

ProAgri Zambia 33

Holopedium Zooplankton under a microscope. Photo: studyblue.com

Bremner, CD & Bremner A, Introduction to Aquaponics, Kleinskuur Aquaponics Training Manual, 2017, Unpublished.

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Spray to protect your crops Part 10: The first step in the calibration process

C

alibration means to measure how much chemicals will be sprayed onto the field and to adjust the sprayer to apply exactly the desired quantity. To adjust means to change the things one can change. But before we can start with the actual calibration process, a few preparatory steps have to be taken.

We thank the ARC Institute for Agricultural Engineering in South Africa, who made this article available to the readers of ProAgri Zambia.

Spraying means more than simply moving up and down a field with a machine hoping to reach the desired results. The machine cannot do it automatically; it needs to be adjusted and handled in a manner that will ensure the right results.

At the end one wants to apply the right quantity of chemicals to all the required spots in the field.

What can one adjust or change?

Change nozzle There are various types of nozzles, and within the same type of nozzle, the hole sizes of nozzles also differ. A nozzle with a bigger hole will deliver more chemicals at the same pressure. If the nozzle is too big, you will have to pump faster to spray correctly. The tank will become empty very soon and a lot of re-filling will be needed. A smaller nozzle will save re-filling time.

The width that nozzles cover also varies. If a nozzle only covers a narrow band at a time, one would have to hold the nozzle high to get the required spray width. This may be uncomfortable for the operator and there is more chance for the wind to blow the spray away.

A wide spraying nozzle is usually the most suitable for a knapsack sprayer.

One may find that a larger nozzle may now be needed to sufficiently wet the spray target.

Change the spraying pressure A harder, quicker pumping action will increase the pressure and more water will pass through the nozzle. Too high pressure forms too small droplets, which you may not want. It also gets blown away more easily by wind.

Practice and choose the lowest suitable pressure while walking.

Walk faster or slower When walking faster, less water will be sprayed onto a spot. The opposite will of course happen when walking slower.

One should however walk at a comfort20

Compiled by J Fuls (Pr Eng)

able pace, to ensure that you will be able to maintain a constant walking speed and maintain good control over the spraying operation.

Change the quantity of chemicals mixed into the spraying water Mixing more chemicals into the water means that more of it will be applied.

To decide how much chemicals to mix into the spraying water, we need to do a calibration.

Measuring out the chemicals To add the correct quantity of chemicals to the spraying water, one must be able to measure the volume of the chemicals. It is best to obtain a measuring jug, which should be available at most supermarkets.

Measuring jugs are usually marked in millilitres. Remember that it takes 1 000 millilitres to make up one litre.

(One teaspoon holds about 2,5 millilitres.)

If one cannot get hold of a measuring jug, plastic cold drink bottles can be used.

Cold drink bottles are available in sizes of 500 millilitres, 1 litre and 2 litres: Two 500 ml bottles will fill a one litre bottle and two one litre bottles will fill one two litre bottle.

Then peel off the labels But we shall need to measure smaller quantities than 500 ml of the chemicals.

This can be achieved by making smaller markings on the 500ml bottle:

Take a second 500 ml bottle and pour half of the first bottle into it.

These bottles may be used for measuring.

Before drinking the cold drink, scratch a mark on the bottle at the level of the cold drink.

Scratch a mark on the cold drink level.

Place the bottles next to each other and make sure the levels are the same.

ProAgri Zambia 33

Now we can measure 375 ml, which is 250 ml plus 125 ml. (250 ml + 125 ml = 375 ml) Now rub over the markings with a dirty finger to make the markings stand out clear:

Scratch a mark.

Scratch a mark on this half-level.

Now we can measure off 250 ml, which is half of 500 ml. (0,5 x 500 ml = 250 ml) Repeat this again, with the bottle marked for 250 ml:

Now we can measure off 125 ml, which is half of 250 ml. (0,5 x 250 ml = 125 ml) Next, we can fill one of these 500 ml bottles to the halfway mark, which is 250 ml.

If you have a marking pen, it will be even better.

Empty one bottle and divide the other.

Now add the 125 ml left in the other bottle to this bottle.

Knapsack sprayer calibration.

Photo: windmillfarming. blogspot.com Next month we shall look at the careful steps you have to take in the calibration procedure.

Make sure the levels are even.

And mark the new level.

ProAgri Zambia 33

Published with acknowledgement to the ARC Institute for Agricultural Engineering for the use of their manuals.

Visit www.arc.agric.za for more information.

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Pivot irrigation technology: Reach every square metre with a Zimmatic Lateral

by Du Preez De Villiers

O

n this round earth of ours we prefer to keep our agricultural fields rectangular. It is simply much easier to measure and to fully utilise square fields. For irrigation farmers, a rectangular irrigation system is very practical, but a pivot runs in a circle. The solution is a lateral irrigation system from Zimmatic.

Zimmatic's Lateral irrigation systems offer a wide range of propulsion and guidance options that allow a farmer to choose a system tailor-made to suit his particular needs and circumstances on his farm. Such a Zimmatic system can irrigate a square, rectangular or 'L-shaped' field with very high accuracy and uniformity to utilise every part of the field.

Zimmatic's Lateral 9504L model is a simple, but effective system which has been very well tested. It consists of a cart powered by a diesel engine and generator. Durable electric cables can also be dragged along from control boxes along the route to supply power to the system.

Tanks containing liquid fertiliser and herbicides or pesticides can also be carried on the cart to be fed into the system.

A GPS system keeps the lateral irrigator perfectly on track on its route along the ditch.

The floating pump with its filter delivers 750 cubic metres an hour to the lateral system.

Zimmatic in Southern Africa and Iain Anderson-Slight, managing director of ECM Farm are, equally pleased with the lateral system.

"Our system in Kitwe consists of 22 towers, 11 to the left and 11 to the right of the ditch," said Rhyk. "Every hour 750 cubic metres of water must flow through the system to irrigate the field of 220 hectares. The system is served by a ditch that runs alongside the cart and the ditch is replenished by pumps that pump water from the river.

The current crop on the field is wheat," he said.

It is very important that the lateral cart must remain exactly on track, and Zimmatic offers four different steering systems for this purpose. A cable above or underneath the soil surface can be used to steer the wheels with sensors. A bar with sensors installed in a trench is another option. On ECM Farm a GPS system is used.

Zimmatic's 9500L system consists of medium and high frame structures.

It easily runs over any possible crops, even trees, without causing any damage. A wide variety of sprinkler packages is also available.

Zimmatic's lateral systems are adaptable, flexible, conserve water and energy and promise excellent yields.

A diesel engine with a generator on the cart supplies the drive motors on the wheels and the water pump of Zimmatic’s Lateral system with power.

The control cabinet is also mounted onto the cart. The system consists of an electronic Vision-control panel which allows monitoring and management from a distance through the FieldNet internet portal and smart phone app.

Water can be supplied to the system with a drag pipe of 102, 153 or 203 mm, or from a ditch next to the cart. The ditch may run along the side or anywhere in the field. Farmers who previously had to depend on flood irrigation from ditches find lateral systems a very

The Lateral cart displayed at Nampo-2017 on its way to Zambia. attractive and viable option. A floating intake, filter and pump in the ditch supply a continuous flow of water as they move forward with the cart.

Zimmatic recently erected such a 9500L system in Zambia in the Copperbelt Province, near the town of Kitwe.

Rhyk Welgemoed, Area Manager for

ProAgri Zambia 33

Contact Frederik Nel at +27(0)72-517-7581 or +27(0)21-986-8900 or e-mail Frederik.Nel@lindsayafrica.co.za Also visit their website at www.lindsay.com.

23

THE PROFIT CENTER

VISIT GSIAFRICA.CO.ZA STORAGE + CONDITIONING + MATERIAL HANDLING + STRUCTURES

124 Ridge Road, Laser Park, Honeydew, Ext 15, Gauteng P O Box 4012, Honeydew, 2040, South Africa Phone: +27 (011) 794 4455 | Fax: +27 (011) 794 4515 Email: sales@gsiafrica.co.za | Website: www.gsiafrica.co.za

THE PROFIT CENTER

®

foils The fierce winds . . . to ensure bumper crops

For many farmers in windy regions MacDon’s self-propelled windrower means the difference between profit and loss.

W

ild winds blow in the Overberg region of the Western Cape Province of South Africa. They can cause severe losses to farmers in this region, otherwise perfect for the production of wheat and canola. When these crops ripen, the wind simply whips the grains from the wheat ears and pips from the leguminous canola pods. They land on the ground and are worthless to the farmer.

But a farmer always makes a plan and luckily a company such as Vitamech is always ready and able to help the farmer make his plans come together.

Vitamech’s MacDon M155 self-propelled windrower works quickly and tidily to mow crops cleanly and gently just before they ripen and then pack them into neat windrows where it can dry at its leisure until the combine picks it up to recover every grain and seed.

For windrowing wheat, MacDon’s draper header is the best as it handles the material gently and forms the neatest windrows, but should you want to mow and windrow anything else, such as fodder crops, any type of table can be fitted to the MacDon. The available timespan in which to windrow wheat is very limited before it starts losing kernels – therefore the MacDon is a fast worker at 25 kph on the land and, when one turns it around for road travelling, it runs at 37 kph.

For road travel the operator simply swivels the seat 180 degrees to engage MacDon’s Dual Direction® and there you go in the right direction without wasting a precious minute.

The MacDon’s reliable Cummins engine (116 kW at 2 200 rpm) is a skinflint with diesel, runs quietly and delivers more than enough power for its job.

The M-series has a wide wheel base and an unmatched ground clearance of 1 160 mm below its belly, so as not to damage the neatly stacked windrows.

For the operator, the ultraglide air-

ProAgri Zambia 33

suspension cabin prevents cab roll and chop, and the armchair seat (also airsuspended) makes operating the MacDon windrower a dream-like experience. The computerised header control system shows the operator exactly how the windrower is performing, and every aspect is controlled logically and easily from inside the cabin; even clogging, which rarely occurs, can be unblocked on the move.

Another important feature is that the MacDon M155, for all this top-quality performance, requires the barest minimum of time and eff ort when it comes to maintenance and servicing.

If wheat could choose: Vitamech’s MacDon FD1 draper header It is the ideal of every decent wheat crop to be harvested with a MacDon FD1 Flexdraper. The MacDon FD1 Flexdraper simply follows the slope of the land, neatly cutting the stems and arranging them carefully, heads on the

higher work capacity than previous models; it is easy to adjust and service and it can be mounted onto any selfrespecting combine.

The names of the model series are based on the width of the equipment in feet: FD130 (9,1 m), FD135 (10,6 m), FD140 (12,2 m) and FD145 (13,7 m).

The mainframe is named the FM100 (Float Module).

The hydraulic tank holds 75 litres and three pumps provide all the power needed to perform all the hydraulic actions briskly and soundly.

The drum, with its retractable tines, “Retractable Tine Drum (RTD)”, and its FeedMacX feed technology, can be adjusted to perfectly fit the mouth and working speed of the combine harvester. Auger vanes can be bolted onto the drum in various places to ensure the best flow of material towards the innards of the combine. The teeth on the drum are known as DrumSaver Tines. They are hollow tubes that move in and out faster to improve the feed. Should there be a big obstruction, these tines may break to protect the drum and prevent damage to the insides of the combine.

There are three floating sections on the pickup and cutting side of the table to follow the field contours exactly, even with the huge 13,7 m table.

The centre section remains the same size in all models, but the length of the flanks differ. The angle of the flanks can be adjusted mechanically, should it be necessary. One can also adjust the header with a lever from “Flex” to “Rigid” should you want not to utilise the flexibility function.

A smart, alert censor follows the height of the cutting bar above the ground and automatically keeps it at the selected height between 1 and 5.

Cutting remains perfect because the reel is mounted on the cutting bar so that the critical small distance is constantly kept between the reel tines and the cutting shaft.

This photograph indicates how the sections of the MacDon FD1 Flexdraper can move to closely follow the field contours for a first-rate cut. same side, on the draper from where they are fed gently and carefully into the harvester’s intake.

This careful handling means a minimum loss of wheat grains and the combine performs better and lasts longer because it is fed steadily without fits and starts.

Die FD1 series boasts with a 20%

Vitamech, the known and trusted supplier of agricultural solutions, is the distributor of MacDon in South Africa. Contact them on (+27) 021907-8000; Louis van der Merwe: (+27) 072-626-8409; Jurie Swart: (+27) 083-375-8840; e-mail: jurie@vitamech.co.za or visit www.vitamech.co.za.

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ProAgri Zambia 33

Make more from your crops Processing of oil seeds Part 10: Production of tofu

By Theresa Siebert, Petrus Britz, Pr Eng and Agrelek

ProAgri Zambia 33

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T

ofu is the soft, white curd prepared by coagulating water soluble soya proteins. It has a gel structure that resembles fresh cheese or firm set yoghurt. Tofu has long been the most popular way of consuming soya beans in East Asia and its use dates back to 164 BC. Since its introduction to the West, tofu has gradually been accepted as an alternative protein source. Tofu is inexpensive, nutritious and versatile, and gaining popularity amongst vegetarians and the environmentally conscious. It can be served as a meat or cheese substitute. This month we look at the traditional and commercial methods of producing tofu.

We thank the ARC Institute for Agricultural Engineering in South Africa who made the information available to the readers of ProAgri Zambia.

Soya beans Cleaning Soaking Draining & rinsing Wet grinding Slurry Filtration "Raw soya milk" Boiling Mixing Preparation of coagulation

Tofu. Photo: dairybaby.com The preparation of tofu is a complex interaction of many factors. It is therefore not easy to produce tofu with consistent quality and yield, even under well-controlled processing conditions.

The preparation of tofu can be divided into three main steps, namely the extraction of soya milk, the coagulation of soya milk and the pressing and packaging of the curd. The wide range of tofu products that are for sale is the direct result of variations within each of these three steps.

Coagulation Stirring Forming & pressing Cooling Cutting Storage

Traditional method of producing tofu

Tofu

The traditional Eastern method for preparing tofu is outlined here:

The production process of Tofu

Soaking of whole soya beans The soya beans are washed and soaked in water overnight. The ratio of the water to beans is approximately 2:1.

Soaking raises the moisture content, making it easier to grind.

Filtrating the slurry The slurry is filtered through (muslin) cloth. The residue is known as soya pulp or okara, and the filtrate is the raw soya milk. The okara can be washed again and remixed with the slurry to obtain maximum protein extraction.

The concentration of the raw soya milk is a very important factor in the preparation of tofu. It is measured in Brix (°B) with a refractometer. With remixing and washing of okara, the total volume of the final raw milk is about eight to ten times that of the original volume.

Rinsing of soaked soya beans The water is discarded, and the beans are rinsed with fresh water until the rinse water runs clear.

Grinding of soya beans The soya beans are ground with fresh water. The water to bean ratio is approximately 6:1. Stone grinders are used.

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Boiling of soya milk The soya milk is boiled for ten minutes prior to processing or storage. Boiling inactivates enzymes and improves the nutritional quality of the soya milk, reduces the bean flavour and denatures the proteins for subsequent coagulation.

Cooling of milk The boiling hot milk is transferred to a coagulation vat where it is left to cool before the coagulant is added.

Preparation of coagulant A coagulant solution is prepared by mixing powdered gypsum (calcium

ProAgri Zambia 33

sulphate) or nigari (magnesium chloride) with hot water and stirring well to form a suspension.

Packaging and storage of tofu The pressed tofu “cake” is left to cool and then removed from the box before being cut into slices or pieces. The fresh tofu is ready for use and can be stored for a limited period. Tofu pieces were traditionally stored in water for up to 14 days, depending on the season’s temperatures. Today, refrigerated storage is used and the storage water is changed occasionally.

Preparation of coagulant.

Photo: amazonaws.com Coagulation of soya milk The coagulant is mixed with the milk as soon as the milk reaches 78°C. The mixture is vigorously stirred for 30 seconds and then left and covered to allow coagulation to take place for the next 30 minutes.

Commercially produced tofu.

Photo: bailyinc.com

Pressing of soya curds The coagulated milk or curds are stirred to break the gel structure.

This causes the whey to be released.

The broken curds are transferred to a shallow perforated box lined with cloth. Once the box is filled, the cloth is pulled up and folded over the curds.

The box is then covered, and pressure is applied to the box by stacking bricks on top of the lid. The amount of pressure applied determines the firmness of the tofu. The curds are only pressed for approximately 30 minutes, during which time whey seeps out of the box.

Commercial production of tofu The traditional process has been adapted for continuous, large-scale production of tofu, but the basic principles remain the same. There are, however, many different types of commercial methods being used, which makes it difficult to make a general summary of commercial tofu production. These methods differ with regard to the way the milk is extracted, the way the proteins are coagulated and the way the curd is pressed and packed. All of these variations affect the tofu quality and yield, resulting in a wide variety

of tofu products on the market today.

Based on the water content and textural properties, tofu can be marketed as “soft” (silken), “firm” or “extra firm”.

Soft tofu types contain 88 to 90% moisture and 6% protein. It is prepared from rich soya milk containing 10 to 12% solids. The milk is mixed with a low concentration of calcium sulphate and allowed to coagulate at 65 to 70°C for 30 to 60 minutes. The result is a fine, smooth curd that is firm enough to retain its shape after slicing.

The curd is not broken or pressed and thus contains the whey. This type of tofu has the highest yield. To produce firm and extra firm tofu, the curds are broken and pressed. The heavier the weight or the higher the pressure applied, the firmer the texture. Firmer tofu is easier to handle and keeps its shape during cooking. It is therefore ideal for frying and dicing into foods or soups.

Further processing of tofu Tofu can be further processed in various ways, thereby adding to its versatility: • Frozen tofu: Freezing causes dramatic changes in the texture and flavour of tofu. Upon thawing, the tofu has a tough chewing texture and is resilient like a sponge.

• Dried and frozen: This greatly extends the shelf life of tofu and produces a concentrated source of protein and energy.

• Deep-fried: Frying imparts a meaty texture, flavour and colour to tofu while extending its shelf life. It also eliminates the need for storage in water. Deep-fried tofu is especially appealing to Western consumers.

• Fermented tofu or “Sufu” is also known as Chinese cheese.

Next month we shall look at the production of soya yoghurt.

Published with the acknowledgement to the ARC Institute for Agricultural Engineering for the use of their manuals. Visit www.arc. agric.za for more information.

LITERATURE SOURCES 1. Applewhite, TH. 1989. Vegetable Protein Utilization in Human Food and Animal Food Stuff s.

2. Lui, KeShun. 1999. Soybeans: Chemistry, Technology and Utilization. Gaithersburg: Aspen Publishers, Inc. 3. Snyder, HE & Kwan, TW. 1987.

Soybean Utilization.

4. Tanteeratarm, K. 1992. Soybean Processing for Food Uses.

Packaging and storage of traditional tofu. Photo: photoshelter.com ProAgri Zambia 33

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ProAgri Zambia 33

generator to send an e-mail all by itself to the farmer and to Saro if there is a problem or when it is due for maintenance.

Another trend is parallel generators.

“For example, during peak demand, a farmer might need 1 000 kVA and generator send an e-mail all by itse during off-peak times, only to 250 kVA. to the farmer If you have a single unit, it will and run to Saro if there is a problem or when full capacity the whole time, which itisis due for maintenance. unnecessary,” Simon says. “If you have Saro Agro’s showroom is a feast of generators and other agricultural equipment. four 250 kVA units, Another they cantrend start is upparallel generators “For example, and shut down according to theduring power peak demand, lectricity is one of the most basic a farmer need needs of any specific time.might This will be1 000 kVA and needs of the modern human being. during off-peak times, an automatic process that will save you only 250 kVA. In sophisticated farming, electricity is If you have a single a lot of fuel and running hours.

It will unit, it will run rapidly becoming a more vital necesfullwhen capacity theof whole also come in handy a part your time, which is sity and for continuous production, unnecessary,” Simon says. “If you hav plant shuts down,” he says.

Agro’s showroom is a feast of generators and other agricultural Saro equipment. back-up power isSaro a must. four 250 kVA units, they can start up can supply a complete project, In 2007, Saro Agro established a and shut down according to the power from costing, right through to backup lectricity is which one of the most basic standalone power department needs of anywho specific support. “We have personnel can time. This will be needs of the modern human being. covers the whole power needs specautomatic go out and assistan a farmer withprocess deter- that will save yo In sophisticated electricity is trum. They’ve become so popularfarming, that a lot of fuel running hours. It will mining his requirements.

Ourand experts rapidly they were contracted to becoming kit out thea more vital necesalso come in handy when a part of you can do professional costing, execution, sity and for continuous production, biggest hospital in Zambia with backplant shuts down,” he says. commissioning and supply backup,’ back-up power is a must. up electricity. Zesco also bought many can supply Simon says. “Some Saro industries prefera complete project The technical team of Saro Agro’s Inprovide 2007, Saro Agro a of their generators to power to established from costing, right service-level agreements where, for through to backup power whichdivision is ready to supply whole townships.standalone power department “Wecontract have personnel who can instance, we signsupport. a one year and support the Zambian farmer covers whole specSimon Nyirongo is thethe Sales andpower needs out spectrum and assistofa farmer with deterto give them the go whole with all his generator back-up and They’ve that Service Manager trum. of Saro Agro’s become Power so popular mining his requirements. Our experts support.” solar contracted theneeds.

Division. He says:they “In were our division we to kit out professional costing, execution Saro Agro sellscan topdo brand generators biggest hospital in Zambia with backhave solar systems and generators. and supply backup,’ for their high endcommissioning market. Their Pramac electricity.

Zesco also bought many In our generatorsup section, we have Simon “Some and CGM generators aresays. powered by industries prefer produce from 2 kVA up to 35 kVA. This The technical team of Saro Agro’s of their domestic generators and generators industrial to provide power to service-level agreements where, for Perkins engines and their Shangai Dieis typically for a household or a small power division is ready to wholegenerators townships.can generators. Domestic instance, we sign a one year contract selsupply sets by Cummins engines. farm that needs to drive a pump or and support the Zambian farmer Simon Nyirongo is the Sales and to give them the whole spectrum of conduct other smaller operations. with all his generator back-up and Service Manager of Saro Agro’s Power support.”

Solar division Our industrial generators can desolar needs.

Division. He says: “In our division we Agro sells top brand generator According to Simon,Saro the Zambian liver from 50 kVA up to 1 000 kVA. have solar systems and generators. for their high endofmarket.

Their Prama electricity grid reaches only 30% the These generators are perfect for In our generators section, we have and CGM generators are powered by population. This means that there is an produce kVA up to 35 kVA. This large applications likefrom pivot2sysdomestic generators and industrial Perkins and their Shangai Die enormous opportunity to engines supply power is feed typically for plants a household or a small tems, dairies, mixing generators. Domestic generators can sel sets by Cummins to 70% of the population with solar engines. and millers.” farm that needs to drive a pump or electricity. “This is something we want other smaller operations.

Saro Agro alsoconduct understands Solar to go into big time.

We division have people Ourresources. industrial generators can dethe value of human According Simon, the Zambian who can go out and design to systems fromheavily 50 kVA up to 1 000 kVA. Simon says: “Weliver invested electricity grid reaches only 30% of th for individual needs.

They determine These We generators in technical manpower. have are perfect for This means that there is a how many panelspopulation. are required and large applications like pivot systechnicians with certificates and enormous opportunity to supply powe what kind of systems will work best. tems, to dairies, even master’s degrees makefeed mixing plants to 70%inverters of the population with solar Saro Agro also supplies and and millers.” sure that we do whatever we do “Thispower is something we want batteries to offer electricity. complete solar Saro professionally. We also doAgro a lotalso of understands go now into use big time.

We have people systems. Farmerstocan the sun of human in-house training the for value aspiring tech- resources. who can out and design systems to power their pumps and go illuminate Simon says: “We invested heavily nicians in our company.”

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SOIL: The producer’s most important asset ProAgri Zambia acknowledges Grain SA for the use of this series which originally appeared in Afrikaans in SA Graan/Grain.

PART 27: Summar y Martiens du Plessis, Soil Scientist, NWK Limited & Prof Cornie van Huyssteen, Lecturer: Soil Science, University of the Free State

I

n the series ”Soil: The producer’s most important asset” the most important soil properties that influence plant production, were discussed. The effect thereof was explained, as far as possible, in a practical and simplified way.

Soil is a permanent resource and cannot be replaced. It can only be improved to a slight extent, but may also be totally destroyed. The management of the farm must be adapted according to soil properties, so that the soil properties are not degraded and that the farm may remain sustainable in the long term.

This article is the final summary in a series that highlighted this particular resource.

What does soil comprise?

In Part 1, the composition of soil was discussed. The minerals, organics, water and air fractions were explained.

The origin of soil is rocks that have weathered (Part 2). Various rocks lead to the provision of various minerals which, in turn, lead to various soil properties.

Some rocks weather to primary minerals and then the various clay types crystallise out of them (Parts 3 and 4). Some rocks had their origin in clay and when they weather, they lead once again to clay. Sandstone, in contrast, formed out of sand which, when it weathers, once again forms sand.

Physical soil properties Particle size distribution (texture) is surely the most well-known physical soil property (Part 5). Soils in which the finest particles dominate, are the clays, while sand has a coarse texture.

Concepts such as gross density, porosity, aeration and specific surface, determine root growth and water movement and it is important to take note of them.

Soil structure refers to the aggregation (clinging together) of individual soil particles to form larger structures (aggregates or peds) (Part 5). The structure of soil is usually strongly developed to form clear structural units.

In contrast, the structure of sand is poorly formed and it is described as ProAgri Zambia 33

structureless. A stable, fine crumbly structure is beneficial to plant growth.

Soil strength refers to the resistance soils offer to distortion (Part 5.3). This is important, as plant roots have to distort the soil as they grow through it.

Soils that are compacted (densified), offer a lot of resistance to distortion and thus inhibit root development. Soil temperature plays an important role in biological activity in particular (for example germination of seed and growth of microbes).

Chemical soil properties Clay plays a very important role in the chemical properties of soil. The clay structure results in it having a nett negative charge. This is known as the soil’s Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) (Parts 6 and 7).

It is the CEC that lends the soil its property of retaining or exchanging positively charged plant nutritional substances (such as Ca++, Mg++, and K+). The anion exchange capacity retains negatively charged plant nutritional substance such as H2PO 42- and NO3-.

The CEC of the various clay types differ significantly from each other. The base saturation refers to the percentage of

Rain (P/I)

Evaporation (E)

Transpiration (T) Intercept

Run off (A)

Infiltration

Capillary rise

Deep drainage (U)

In the groundwater balance equation the profits are indicated in blue and the losses in red.

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ProAgri Zambia 33

the exchange complex which is filled with basic cations (such as Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+).

Soil acidity and the neutralisation thereof (Part 8) has a major influence on the fertility of the soil. Under acidic and alkaline conditions, the majority of plant nutritional substances become inaccessible to plants. This is the main reason why the majority of plants grow best in a neutral to slightly acidic pH. Ground water Ground water levels are very dynamic and vary between soil types and seasons.

One of the most important roles of soils is to store water and then make it available to plants. The composition of the water molecule plays a major role in the process of storage and movement of water in the soil (Part 9).

Concepts such as matrix potential, gravitation water and capillary movement are important for effective ground water management.

These properties lead to certain ground water constants such as: upper limit of plant available water (field water capacity), lower limit of plant available water (permanent wilt point) and plant available water (Part 10). The movement of water in the soil is also important, as excess water must be able to flow out of the profile and water must also be able to move to the plant root.

With the above hydrological concepts in mind, the ground water balance equation may be used to manage the ground water in such a way that the soil may be able to store the maximum amount of water and make it available to the plants (Part 11). The next aspect that is important, is that the plant roots can absorb the ground water (Part 12). Of these, root distribution and soil/water contact are probably the most important.

Soil aeration Respiring plant roots and soil microbes use O2 and deposit CO2 in the soil air system. Oxygen and CO2 must therefore

A “bleeding” marshland. The red is iron which precipitates as haematite after it comes into contact with oxygen. Knowledge of soil and its relationship with marshlands is cardinal in the protection of this resource.

be exchanged between the soil and the atmosphere (Part 13). This exchange takes place at the soil surface and, when the soil surface is sealed, the exchange cannot take place and the CO2 builds up in the soil.

Organic fraction When dead plant material is added to the soil, parts of it are mineralised into plant nutritional substances via biological activities, while parts thereof are converted into stable humus in the soil (Part 14). When soil is tilled, an excess of air and oxygen in particular enters into the soil, and then the humus is broken down into plant nutritional substances much quicker. The waste product is CO2 which is then released from the soil into the air (which then contributes to earth warming).

There are a wide variety of organisms that live in the soil. Some are beneficial, while others are detrimental (Part 15).

The microbes comprise fungi, bacteria, protozoa, actinomycetes, and algae.

Although the organic fraction of the soil is small, it has a significant effect on the soil’s chemical, physical and biological properties (Parts 16 and 17).

Humus makes a major contribution to the CEC of the soil. Adequate organic material leads, for example, to a stable soil structure and organic material is also the food for the soil organisms.

Becoming brackish When salts build up in the soil, we say the soil has become brackish (Part 18).

There are two forms of brackishness, namely salt brack (white brack) and sodium brack (black brack). The reclamation of soil when it has become brackish, entails the washing out of the salts and the sodium is replaced with calcium and washed out. However, this must be done via consultation and expert advice. It is of particular importance in the management of irrigation soils.

Soil degradation Soil degradation can be divided into three groups, viz. physical, chemical and biological degradation (Part 19).

The most important physical properties that usually degrade, are: texture and mineralogical composition, structure, formation of surface crusts and gross density (compaction).

The most important chemical properties of soil that degrade are: lowering in fertility, acidification, chemical imbalances, salination and pollution (Part 19).

In contrast, the most important degradable biological properties are: decrease in quantity of organic material and specific humus, ground fauna and flora and an increase in pathogens.

In Parts 20 and 21, wind and water erosion were discussed. During erosion, it is especially the fertile top soil which is lost. The clay and humus is very light and easily goes into suspension and is then washed away.

ProAgri Zambia 33

Soil classification The most important factors which lead to a specific soil type, are the • mother material from which the soil develops; • topography which supports water provision and plant growth; • climate, which provides water and heat; • organisms, which live in and upon the soil; • time (Part 22).

The processes (Part 23) that are driven by the soil formation factors, are mineralisation and humification; leaching and illuviation; gleysol and plinthite formation, as well as inversion bioturbation.

The above processes and factors lead to the formation of a specific soil type under a specific set of conditions. It means that soil types in bodies of soil may be identified and mapped (Part 24).

The South African soil classification system was compiled specifically with the South African soils in mind. A specific horizon sequence is classified as a soil type. A soil type therefore communicates the factors and processes that are active in a body of soil.

These factors and processes also have an influence on plant growth that occurs on the soil. The processes and factors give rise to certain soil properties, which may be interpreted. The probable effect thereof on a certain form of soil usage, may then be deduced.

In Parts 24, 25 and 26, the processes and factors which give rise to the formation of the 74 soil types that are currently acknowledged, are broadly discussed.

The properties of the soil groups are highlighted, especially with interpretation for agricultural usage in mind.

Summary Soil is the producer’s most important asset, without which food and fibre cannot be produced. A better understanding of the chemical, physical and biological soil properties, is of particular importance in increasing the biological productivity of the soil, without these properties being degraded.

The soil resource is extremely valuable because one cannot make new soil.

Thousands of hectares are lost to agriculture annually as a result of urbanisation, as well as physical and chemical degradation. In addition, the human population is growing at a drastic rate.

Sustainable utilisation of soil is therefore of the utmost importance for the continued existence of humans on earth.

For further information, please contact the authors on: Martiens du Plessis: 072-285-5414 / martiens@nwk.co.za or Prof Cornie van Huyssteen: 051-401 -9247 / vhuystc@ufs.ac.za

35

36

ProAgri Zambia 33

Dairy farmers look forward to the digital age

by Rabecca Mwila

Without strong administrative support, a dairy farm will never develop into a prosperous operation.

T

he Zambian dairy industry, like those of other African countries, is fraught with system inefficiencies which are aggravated by the lack of digitisation.

The lack of improved technology in the industry has stunted the sector as farmers shun dairy farming due to the eroded confidence in the systems available. Small-scale dairy farming is the most affected despite its potential to be a cash generator. Milk production contributes to household food security and can generate an extra income for small-scale farmers.

With the demand for milk in developing countries expected to increase by 25% by the year 2025 due to population growth, the call for digitalisation of the dairy industry cannot be over emphasised.

The Dairy Association of Zambia (DAZ), with support from the Swedish Embassy, has embarked on an ambitious project to digitalise farmers’ operations. This will cover milk recording, input and payments transactions systems, enhancement of financial

Every dairy farmer should dream of the day when his or her administration system is fully digitalised.

Photo: Youtube.com ProAgri Zambia 33

The final measurement of milk before selling is a risky business. It can be easily jeopardised by corrupt elements. This can make or break a farmer.

Photo: Youtube.com. literacy and credit systems to address the concerns in the dairy industry. The project, which will run from June 2018 to May 2020, is called Digital Information Management System (DIMS). This exciting new system has 30 dairy cooperatives and milk collection centres on board, stretching from Mutenda Cooperative in Chingola to Zimba Cooperative in Zimba District, covering four provinces.

Project Manager Victor Ng’andu said digitalisation of the dairy industry through the DIMS project will culminate in increased efficiencies in the collection of milk, which means that precise, real-time, smart data will be generated. Farmers will earn higher profits as elements such as malpractices at milk collection centres concerning weights and measures will be eliminated. He added that the DIMS project will also offer financial literacy, skills development and capacity building in dairy production and productivity. He ap-

pealed to the dairy farmers in the project areas to support the project by ensuring that it is implemented as planned.

In return, dairy farmers have welcomed the initiative by DAZ through the DIMS project to digitalise the industry.

Martha Sambaka, a female dairy farmer from Kanakantapa Cooperative in Lusaka, said digitalising the transactions will improve the standard of living of dairy farmers as they will get precise income from their produce.

She thanked DAZ and the Swedish Embassy for the project and appealed to other prospective dairy farmers to explore the sector and contribute to household food security and the country’s economic growth.

Contact Miriam Mbazima the Dairy Association of Zambia at 097-760-0458 or miriambazima@ airtelzm.blackberry.com for more information on the DIMS project.

37

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LUNIKA FARM ESTATE FOR SALE The Farm Estate is located off Great North Road along Chitambo Mission/ Kasuko Road, TAZARA Corridor Agriculture area, Chitambo District, Serenje, Central Province of Zambia.

Serenje is one of Zambia’s richest and renowned agricultural areas with Government Established Resettlement Farming Blocks. The area has fertile soil and a very good rainfall pattern of between 800mm – 1 200mm per year which runs from the month of October to April every year.

KEY FACTORS ON SITE

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• This Farm Estate is measured approximately 20 000 000 m2 (2 000 hectares) of arable land, bordered with natural trees ideal for ranching, horticultural purposes etc.

• Abundant water supply from three rivers passing through the farm namely Lunika River, Mampwe River and Kasenga River to the eastern border. There is also a large man-made dam for domestic use.

• It is within proximity to Chitambo Mission Hospital, Shopping Centre, Government School e.tc • Easily accessible by well graded gravel road that branches off Great North Road and passing through Mission Hospital.

• The farm is not connected to ZESCO power-line but we can generally comment that Electricity Supply is within tapping distance. Solar power is currently being used at the farm.

These include Main farmhouse comprising an entrance veranda, living room with fire place, dining room, kitchen, common bathroom & toilet, three bedrooms and open carport. The other farmhouse has three bedrooms, kitchen, bathroom & toilet, passage and veranda. Others include workshop, workers quarters, incomplete workers quarters and piggery etc.

OTHER FEATURES The farm estate has great tourist potential as it is bordered by scenic hills with cave paintings. Tourist sites such as Insalu Caves, Kundalila falls, David Livingstone Memorial, Kasanka Game Park are only a few minutes’ drive from the farm.

CONTACT KAMILA INVESTMENTS ON: +260 979 586 371 / +260 964 722 768 / +260 954 893 479 / dumisaniduma2000@gmail.com PRICE AND SITE VIEW ProAgri Zambia 33 ON APPLICATION

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