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CONSTRUCTION 3: SUSTAINABILITY COLLECTED WORKS

Convenor: John Sadar & Mehrnoush Latifi By Mark Datiles | 6327095 Unit Code: DIA30001

contents introduction 4 precedent maps 6 environmental mapping 9 precedent studies 17 building simulation 20 conclusion 27 retrofit 28 existing rooms 30 design iterations 32 considerations 34 site context 36 plans + circulation 38 ground floor programs 40 first floor programs 41 esd strategies 42 radiation + visibility 44 materiality + conclusion 46 lectures 48 readings 55 bibliography 60

This document follows the developmental process in exploring the environmental quality of my studio apartment. The following series of information will show some of my findings based on the data gathered around the premise.

introduction. 4

precedent maps. 5

manhattanâ€™s pulse.

This map demonstrates the overwhelming amount of commuters going in and out of Manhattan. The pulsing bar animation is quite effective in that the information ties back into life; human circulation acting as the blood going in and out of the heart which is the city. 6

the footprint. Perhaps itâ€™s not the most unique, but the use of bubble/circle-diagrams that form into two large footprints showing the worlds carbon emission is effective in getting the message across. The map simply breaks down every countries carbon dioxide expulsion per annum. 7

migration pattern. 8

This example shows the inflow (blue) and outflow (red)patterns of people migrating between the year 2010 to 2015. The minimal use of colours with the dotted animation shows an efficient way of communicating the information.

environmental mapping.

The following illustrations and writings demonstrates the process of analysing the recent environmental quality at home. I have taken two types of sensorial data; Sound (db) and light (lx). I used mobile applications such as Sound Meter & Photometer (both Android) to gather all the required information for this exercise.

the site. located on the ground floor of a secluded compound, the subject site is a part of multi-residential development that was built in late 80â€™s. IThe adjoining buildings are mostly of the same built/nature, but there are also a few highrise buildings nearby. Infront of the flat are some private car parking spaces / driveway. Behind the flat [north side] are also private car parking spaces for tenants. 10

the process. The initial steps in the process of mapping the environment were measuring the subject areas and locating relevant center pointsfor the data collection. After dividng the spaces into roughly 1.5x1.5m grids, I started to tinker with Sound Meter & Photometer to determine the best way to achieve multiple data samples that will then be calculated to average total. For the lighting test, I found that it was necessary to take incremental spin from each grid to get a variety of results (taking 30 samples per grid). The process for the sound test was simple, in that I only needed to stand at a certain point for a bout 15 seconds to get the average result. In terms of data gathering times, I conducted the test at 1pm for the majority of times. This is an attempt to pontetially get some fluctuation in the data from potential traffic outdoors (lunctime, people moving in and out of homes, vehicle arriving etc.).

the sound test. Due to the nature of the space, I decide to do the test for the whole flat. I started with the sound testing. I expected that I will get some variations of sound levels in the flat (being right infront of the driveway/car park). Suprisingly, majority of the sounds from the space was coming from within the flat. The area where the highest average decibel recorded is near the refridgerator area / sink [grid zero-c]. My speculation is that I was picking up noises coming form the party-wall, where some of the existing services are located (water services). The second highest frequency area is at the entry door, picking up sounds from the outdoors (mostly birds). The quietest area in the flat is the bathroom. My only speculation for this result is that it is facing our deck area/ rear yard and that area is mostly unoccupied during the day (we mostly stay in the living room). In general, I am very satisfied with the level of sound that we are currently experiencing in the flat.

the light test. Right after the sound test, I follow up with the light test. As mentioned previously, I try to do an incremental spin when I am taking the test for every grid. This is to get a variety of light samples from every corner of the grid (30 samples). After a weekâ€™s testing, the results are somewhat expected. The brightest areas in the flat are located at the main entry door (glass swing door with full height windows) and the bathroom (being located on the north side). The bedroom does not get as much sunlight in comparison to the bathroom due the shading coming from the rear palm tree and also the building directly across the rear driveway. The bathroom has great solar access as it is situated across the main driveway (going out of the property) of the rear multi-residential building. I believe we are still getting enough adequate light in the flat in general. The floor to ceiling windows on the southern side provides enough lighting in the day for work and other indoor activities. The backyard also provides a space to get some direct sun light on sunny days and some outdoor time, which is significant as per our current circumstance.

precedent studies

The Walsh House | Glenn Murcutt | 2005

(A)

The Walsh House The Walsh house is located on Wattamolla Rd, Kangaroo Valley in New South Wales. The building sits in the middle of the property and stands at 100m above sea level. The area is predominantly of valleys and grasslands; overviewing the Wedding cake mountain to the north side and the old volcanic peaks on the east. The climate is temperate, and ranges between the average of 26 degrees during summertime, and 23 degrees in winter. Apart from the brick underlays (a flipped brick veneer wall configuration) and the proud steel structures, the house is mostly consisted of lightweight materials with a mix of timber cladding and glazing (opaque and clear glazing). The main faรงade, which is populated by sections of glass, faces a few degrees off true north; exposed to direct sun light especially during summer. The house features extruding sections that are also glazed (used as sitting and study nooks) that has adjustable louvres/blinds that allows regulation of sun light from within. The wide-spanned skillion roof acts as both a shield to direct solar access (to slow down heat gain from coming in), and as a wide water catchment; As the area receives approximately 1,500mm of rainfall per year. The rain water is then directed and stored to six, 2.5m diameter rain water tanks on the southern side of the house. The southern face is mostly populated with large grated vents, which are exit points for internal heat, with a few windows mostly in the kitchen area. The programs within the house is organised in a linear manner, with a series of connected paces arranged in a back-to-back horizontal fashion. The garage is located on the west side of the house followed by rooms that are accessible from the south. The rooms connect to the living areas (kitchen and dining) where the fire place is situated (keeping the house warm during winter, with the inclusion of sub-floor heating) and through the eastern veranda where the shallow pond is located. 18

the walsh house | overall diagram. 19

building simulation

sun path | wind | radiation | sunlight hours The following series of diagrams show various simulation studies that were conducted based on the environmental state/quality of my studio apartment. The information used for these simulations were based from the energy plus weather data of Melbourne. This information was used to run Ladybug tools to configure environmental qualities such as the sun path, wind speed & direction, radiation and sunlight hours.

sun path diagram | winter to summer 21

wind direction + speed

0m 2m

10m

WINTER

0m 2m

SPRING

10m

SUMMER

0m 2m

10m

AUTUMN

10m

0m 2m

10m

radiation analysis | annual

North Side | Rear Yard

South Side | Entry 24

sunlight hour analysis

0m 1m

At 900mm high

At 1700mm high 25

radiation rose | annual

0m 2m

10m

conclusion. Overall, the conducted simulation studies provided reasonable amount of information that seem to align with our experiences. The radiation and the sunlight hour analysis proved an accurate depiction of our living condition. We received decent amount of solar access from the north [rear courtyard], but not excessive as we are shaded by the existing palm tree. It makes sense that the balcony/walkway above receives high levels of radiation as it is directly exposed to sunlight. Furthermore, the sunlight hour analysis shows long duration of solar access within our rear yard. Oppositely, it shows the lack-of/short duration of solar access within the bed room, which is accurate due to the overhanging walkway and also the shade from the palm tree.

(B)

retrofit. After the previous simulation and environmental studies conducted to our homes/ rooms, this task looks at re-purposing our room, along with three other members (and their spaces), to form and proposed an office suite for a design practice. In linking the rooms, the brief requires that we retain the existing conditions of our rooms, and additions/changes to be kept minimal. Along with this, we were also to retain the current orientation of our rooms. The outline requires that we accommodate the following programs to the linked spaces: a computer room, a model-making studio, a library and a meeting room. The aim of this exercise is to improve the existing condition of our rooms, along with meeting the standard requirements of the required programs; to create spaces that are comfortable for the users, improve the buildingâ€™s performance using renewable resources and minimise its impact to the environment.

existing rooms. The first step in linking the rooms was to assess the result of each member’s simulations. Once all the members became familiar with each other’s spatial conditions, we started to outline the pro’s and con’s of the rooms. With my environmental studies, I found that my room takes minimal sunlight hours. This is due to the wide cantilever situated on the north. I found that our palm tree on the northern side of the room also adds to the lack of solar access to my room. After going through the constraints, we started to formulate possible scenarios and solutions in improving our rooms (first) and how to link those spaces in an orderly manner (second).

(B)

>7.0

6.3

0 400

WEST WINDOW: 1400W x 900H, 1200 AFFL

EXTERNAL BRICK

0 315

- Active or passive ventilation (louvres)

MARK’S ROOM

TIMBER FLOOR

DOWNSTAIRS / MEETING ROOM

>7.0

6.3

4.2

SUMMER

2.8 2.1 1.4 0.7 0

38 34

NOISE MAP

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS - Block out curtains manage daylight - Plants improve air quality & wellbeing - Quiet neighborhood with little traffic

NORTH WINDOW: 1250W x 900H, 1600 AFFL

32 42

0 400

3.5 2.8 2.1 1.4 0.7 0

23 22 21

NOISE MAP

- Quiet space - Lacks solar access due to rear tree and massive eave - Northernly wind blocked by tree

OPPORTUNITIES

3000

36 50

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

OPPORTUNITIES - External shading would be beneficial in the summer - Operable windows to the north/south to 00 increase 5ventilation & air quality 0

ANNUAL

4.2

EXTERNAL BRICK

4.9

WINTER

PLASTER WALL

5.6

3.5

NOISE LEVEL DB

SUNLIGHT HOURS 305 0

2800

2600

ground floor rooms. (B)

- Quite warm due to external west wall & upstairs location - Inconsistent sunlight levels - Minimal cross ventilation

6.3

4.9

NOISE MAP 20

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

>7.0

5.6

NORTH WINDOW: 1200W x 640H, 1475 AFFL

2440

3000

2440

RENDERED BRICK

- Thermal & sound insulation from external facing walls (green wall or facade skin)

00 38

31 00

0 31 window to the north-east 00 - Open 400 00 38 - Two doors for more circulation options

TIMBER FLOOR

0.7

OPPORTUNITIES

OPPORTUNITIES 50 00

DOWNSTAIRS / WORKSHOP

1.4

NOISE LEVEL DB

NOISE MAP

- Located in Vietnam with tropical monsoon weather - High humidity and high rainfall - High temperature due to hot climate - Heavily affected by noise on the street

MICHELLE’S ROOM

EAST WINDOW: 2424W x 1320H, 790 AFFL

SUNLIGHT HOURS

2.1

2800

32 42

2.8

WINTER

3.5

NOISE LEVEL DB

36 50

SUNLIGHT HOURS

50 00

0.7

2440

0 315

1.4

NOISE LEVEL DB

SUNLIGHT HOURS 3000

32 42

2.1

SUMMER

4.2

WINTER

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 2800

2600

2800

level 1 rooms. (B)

2.8

EXTERNAL BRICK

4.9

3.5

PLASTER WALL

5.6

SUMMER

4.2

36 50

CARPET FLOOR

UPSTAIRS / LIBRARY

6.3

4.9

NE WINDOW: 1400W x 1000H, 1200 AFFL

NAOMIE’S ROOM

EXTERNAL BRICK

>7.0

5.6

305 0

PLASTER WALL

TILED FLOOR

UPSTAIRS / COMPUTER ROOM

2600

MIA’S ROOM

31 00

305 0

150 003

- Reduce eave/cantilever to increase solar access 36 50

32 42

design iterations. After gathering information regarding each otherâ€™s room requirements and standards, we started to look at connecting our spaces. We began with numerous sketches and scenarios; hoping to find the most logical position for each room with the intention of creating a smooth flowing transition/circulation from each spaces. Due to my roomâ€™s minimal sunlight, the idea of being next to a space that offers solar access came to mind. By creating an Atrium; a breathing space in a work environment, which not only provide sunlight but also organises and links all the spaces.

SKETCH | GROUND FLOOR

(B)

SKETCH | FIRST FLOOR

internal (blinds)

shading strategies

natural (trees)

upstairs + west window = quite warm noon-evening

external (vertical shading)

high concentration: <50 dB

booths

double as focus working space bench + stools

thermal mass element

thermal insulation

facade as second skin

desk & task chairs additional workpoints

green wall limited direct sunlight, in consistent

addition of north-facing window will improve natural light levels

west-facing window: 1400W x 900H 1100 AFFL

built-in seating

quiet escape

double as breakout or relaxation space 320-500 lx

informal soft seating

reading area should be localised around window

may require task lighting

Reading

requires tables / seating

no adjacent rooms, isolated on upper floor

room dimensions: 3800L x 3100W x 2440H

room area: 11.78 sqm

corridor space as a buffer

soft carpet flooring

200-240 lx

textile wall coverings

acoustic treatment

storage of printed materials

Acoustic Treatments

suspended / ceiling acoustic panels

Model Storage track

closed cupboards

Library

artificial

material storage

Noise Insulation Airlock

Tool Storage above work stations

downlights pendant

Laser Cutter (noisy) equipment

bench space

lighting

Dremel

Cleaning Area

Soldering

workbench

Air Compressors

performance

windows

Meeting Room

clerestory

ARTIA

Corridor as buffer space

3D Printer

Cutting natural

sliding doors

max 85 dB for 8hr shift 140dB peak (risk to hearing)

green wall

library (general): 40-50 dB library (reading): 40-45 dB

open shelving

high concentration: <50 dB routine, fast-paced, attentive work: <70dB

quiet environment

Model Making machining & fabricating

acoustic

exhaust system

Eye Wash Station

safety precautions temperature

Zoning

cross-ventilation

conventional one big flexible

table

screen

4.2L x 3.6W x 2.75H

2 windows (north & east facing)

Definition Projector

Computer Room

board

localise work bench near windows

15.2 sqm

seats

room dimension: 5m x 4m 3m h

Existing conditons

isolated

add windows and shading for the north east facade

window 1m4 x 1m: facing north-east

~320 to 500 lux

natural lighting

Comfort facilities/ spaces

wall texture & construction 50 db -70 db for an ideal office

acoustics

Workstation computers

Working facilities Printing machine

Working area Time-Planing board

carpet floor

Display screen

floor texture Include personal lock/ storage

Humidity level: 40% to 70% Comfortable temperature: 20Â°C to 26Â°C

Computer tables & chairs ~500 lux (minimum)

internal thermal comfort

(close to windows) Light shelf and reflectors

trees Bean bag chairs/ Sofa Mineral water machine

Coffee making machine

(D)

PPE Station

1200-1600 lx

existing conditions

modular

First Aid Kits

Sink

considerations. While doing our iterations, the team continued the research to improve the performance of the proposed office suite. Along with this, we also did our own research tin regards to our individual rooms. Using a creative online platform (Miro), we brainstormed and chunked elements (macro vs micro) in solving every programs. We went from looking at feasible ESD strategies to furnitures. As per the needs of the meeting room. My aim was to protect the meeting rooms from potential noises, to have it placed to an area where thereâ€™s solar access, to have a consistent lighting that can be controlled in different levels, and to provide a space for flexibility (ie. social use).

site context.

SUBJECT SITE: 345 QUEENSBERRY ST, NORTH MELBOURNE

In forming the office suite, the team decided to look for an existing site around Melbourne. As per the nature of the proposed building, I started looking at spaces around the CBD; a spot with somewhat high traffic which is suited for growing a design practice.

QUEENSBE

RRY ST

PEEL ST

We found multiple locations around the inner-cbd areas. But this site on the corner of Peel St and Queensberry St in North Melbourne seemed suitable for our needs; near public transport, access to cycling, near the CBD etc. QUEENSBERRY ST 36

PEEL ST

COMPUTER ROOM

LIB

ING

RO O

WO R

LA TR

IUM

KS H

distribution. (B) For our proposed design, the placement of the rooms and circulation revolved around a northern atrium. While keeping the existing positions and openings of each room. Fluid circulation and accessibility were main considerations in planning the connecting common spaces as well as making a clear distinction between front-of-house and back-of-house areas. The atrium acts as a reconnection to nature, while maintaining a relationship to the urban surroundings. 37

MAIN ENTRY

LOUNGE

ATRIUM / COURTYARD WORKSHOP TEAPOINT

LOCKERS

BIKE STORAGE MEETING

STAFF ENTRY

ground floor. plans + circulation.(B) We located the main entry close to the north-west corner of the building. The lounge room is located near the entry creating clear visual connection to the courtyard.. The proposed meeting room is placed next to the atrium to receive solar access. The workshop is strategically positioned on the east wing of the ground floor (insulated by the airlock) to prevent noise from entering the meeting room. On the first floor, the proposed library is placed towards the west wing next to the patio; an attempt to create and indoor/outdoor reading connection. Breakout spaces are placed in the south-central corridor which links to the computer room and to the east wing patio. 38

PATIO

ATRIUM

LIBRARY

COMPUTER

BREAKOUT SPACE TEAPOINT

RAINWATER TANK

first floor. staff client 39

ground floor programs. (B) For the workshop, a variety of acoustics treatments were applied to this space. The airlock being the main strategy implemented to prevent noise from entering the building. Model-making activities would increase the need for ventilation due to the use of materials that release harmful or odorous vapours . A strategically placed mechanical exhaust and fully operable windows increase circulation improving air quality . Seasonal thermal concerns addressed with chilled beams and operable windows increasing air circulation and allow to activate night purging. In comparison to the existing condition, The new orientation (being next to the atrium) provides an improved amount of sunlight to the meeting room.

WORKSHOP

LIGHT STANDARDS Difficult work & visual tasks: 1200 - 1600 lx

MICHELLE

MEETING ROOM

LIGHT STANDARDS Meeting room: 500 lx

MARK

*Controllable lighting

*Circadian LED Lighting >90 CRI

NOISE STANDARDS Working with extra fine tasks: 50 - 70 dB

CHILLED BEAMS

ENVIROACOUSTIC WOOD/WOOL TILES

FURN. & EQUIP. Timber workbenches Timber joinery Ergonomic stools Mobile toolboxes Industrial basin Compressed air 3D Printer

RECYCLED RUBBER TILES

NOISE STANDARDS Normal office (quiet): 50 - 70 DB CHILLED BEAMS

CEILING BAFFLES

FURN. & EQUIP. Meeting table Meeting chairs Multimedia outlets Projector Projector screen

CARPET TILES

GYPROCK SOUNDCHECK PLASTERBOARD

SUNLIGHT HOURS VIRIDIAN VLAM HUSH GLASS AIRLOCK

0.7 1.4 2.1 2.8 3.5 4.2 4.9 5.6 6.3 7.0

SUNLIGHT HOURS

DOUBLE ROLLER BLIND (SHEER/BLOCKOUT)

0.7 1.4 2.1 2.8 3.5 4.2 4.9 5.6 6.3 7.0

EXTERNAL GREEN WALL

OPERABLE LOUVRES

MECHANICAL EXHAUST

Dimmable Artificial LED lighting was installed to allow for adaptable environmental use based on activities performed. Acoustically, the use of baffle system, along with the surrounding greenwall prevents noise from entering the room and ventilation considered through installation of exhaust grills.

STRATEGIES

STRATEGIES - ACTIVE VENTILATION: Mechanical

- AIRLOCK: Hush glass & Soundcheck

- ACOUSTIC MATERIALS: Green walls &

- THERMAL CONDITIONING: Green walls

exhaust & operable window on opposite walls to increase air flow & quality - ACOUSTIC MATERIALS: Floor, ceiling and wall treatments absorb noise with timber joinery to soften

plasterboard prevent sound entering - THERMAL CONDITIONING: Chilled beams for seasonal use, operable windows for night purging, warm colours for perceived

ceiling baffles diffuse noise, carpet softens sound - LIGHT MANAGEMENT: Daylight levels controlled by blinds & artificial lighting with dimmable LEDs

insulate, chilled beams to regulate seasonal climate - PASSIVE VENTILATION: Cross-ventilation through north window & southern exhaust grills

thermal comfort

COMPUTER ROOM

LIGHT STANDARDS General office: 320 lx Workstation: 500 lx

MIA

NOISE STANDARDS Normal office (quiet): 50 - 70 dB CIRCADIAN LIGHT SYSTEM

LIBRARY

LIGHT STANDARDS Shelving: 240 lx Working: 320 lx Reading: 320-500 lx

NAOMIE

NOISE STANDARDS General: 40 - 50 dB Reading: 40 - 45 dB

LIGHTING OVER TASK AREAS CHILLED BEAMS

CHILLED BEAMS

FURN. & EQUIP. Desks & Chairs Workstation PCs Shelving & Storage Printer

FURNITURE Bookshelves Integrated desk Task seating Informal seating

CEILING BAFFLES

CORK FLOOR FOCUS DESK BY WINDOW CARPET FLOOR

CLERESTORY WINDOWS

SUNLIGHT HOURS 0

0.7 1.4 2.1 2.8 3.5 4.2 4.9 5.6 6.3 7.0

DOUBLE ROLLER BLIND (SHEER)

SUNLIGHT HOURS

ACOUSTIC WALL TEXTILES

DOUBLE-SKIN FACADE OPERABLE LOUVRES

0.7 1.4 2.1 2.8 3.5 4.2 4.9 5.6 6.3 7.0

OPERABLE LOUVRES

first floor programs. (B) For the computer room, Introducing clerestory windows on the North-West wall allowed more daylighting while preventing glare with further window treatment to adjust for daylighting levels. Circadian Lighting was installed for productivity and well being. Louvers were applied above the NorthEast window to increase circulation; shifting hot air from computers to address problems relating to thermal comfort and air quality. For the library, acoustics were the primary concern, followed by thermal comfort, as the room is the most exposed to street traffic The main strategy was to take advantage of the insulating properties of our double-skin facade, as well as adding textured wall fabrics, cork flooring & ceiling baffles to further diffuse sound. Cross-ventilation was introduced with operable louvres opposite the window for passive cooling & improved air quality.

STRATEGIES

STRATEGIES - REDUCE GLARE: Clerestory windows

- ACOUSTICS: Reduce noise from printer,

- PASSIVE VENTILATION: Operable

- ACOUSTIC MATERIALS: Use of acoustic

increase light levels with little glare - CIRCADIAN LIGHTING: Smart system based on circadian rhythm - PASSIVE VENTILATION: Hot air from computers vent through louvres

computers and prevent noise from workshop below - SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS: Using reused and recycable furniture

louvres exhaust into corridor & into central atrium - FACADE INSULATION: Facade provides insulation from street noise & external heat

wall coverings and cork floors to dampen sound - THERMAL CONDITIONING: Seasonal use of chilled beams to regulate thermal comfort

Due to previously sub-par lighting, additional ceiling lights were placed above reading & working areas. to ensure standard lux levels were met. )

PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS: COLLECT SOLAR ENERGY

SLOPED ROOF: ASSISTS RAINWATER COLLECTION, FLOWS DOWN INTO RWT

SECONDARY RAINWATER TANK: SERVICES WET AREAS & HVAC

CHILLED BEAMS: REGULATES SEASONAL THERMAL COMFORT

SKYLIGHT: SOLAR ACCESS THROUGH ATRIUM

ATRIUM GREENHOUSE: CAPTURES & RETAINS HEAT IN WINTER

esd strategies. (B) The key element driving our programs and ESD strategies is the Atrium, the heart and lungs of our building. The Skylight is placed right above the courtyard providing solar access. Nearby, are the PV panels to collect energy. The roofâ€™s profile acts as a massive basin that directs rain water to the first floor and underground water tanks. To regulate air intake and circulation, operable louvers were placed above the walls. The planters located on both East and west patios act as micro-climate feature to diffuse direct radiation. The green wall provides thermal and acoustic insulation.

OPERABLE LOUVRES: REGULATES AIR INTAKE & CIRCULATION

PLANTERS: MICROCLIMATE FEATURE; TO DIFFUSE RADIATION

GREEN WALL: PROVIDES THERMAL & NOISE INSULATION, PRODUCES OXYGEN

FEATURE FACADE LOUVRE SYSTEM: REGULATES INCOMING LIGHT, HEAT & WIND FOR ATRIUM

UNDERGROUND RAINWATER TANK: SERVICES WET AREAS, HVAC & IRRIGATES GREEN WALLS 42

COLLECTED RAINWATER

water + climate (B) The water system uses both rain water tanks to provide service to ground and first floor wet areas. Stored rain water also goes throughout the HVAC system, whereas grey water from the sinks is filtered and recycled for flushing. Additionally, the underground tank distributes water to the irrigation system of the green wall.

SUPPLIED RAINWATER GREYWATER

In terms of regulating the internal climate, we implemented an internal and external louver system which allows cross-ventilation and deflection of the summer sun. During winter, the lower sun penetrates the atrium louvres and radiates heat to the internals. The HVAC system also supplies active heating.

RECYCLED GREYWATER

EXCESS STORMWATER

water system.

SUN ANGLE INCOMING AIR OUTGOING AIR HVAC COOLING HVAC HEATING RADIANT SUN ENERGY

winter.

summer.

5M 43

>220

WINTER RADIATION kWk/sqm

198 176 154 132 110 88 66 44 22 0

>620

SUMMER RADIATION kWk/sqm

558

496 434 372 310 248 186 124 62 0

radiation + visibility. The intention of our faรงade design was to regulate light, heat, air-intake and visual permeability. We proposed a double layered system; consisted of operable louvres and brick screening which acts as the skin of the building. The environmental studies show how the presence of the faรงade protects the building from summer radiation, and allows comfortable levels of radiation during winter. After ensuring that the facade element allows comfortable levels of heat especially during winter, we looked at the visual connection of the building to the street. We ran a few test to show potential visual loss due to the use of louvres/screenings. We picked 4 key areas where visual permeability would be beneficial. The simulation study suggested that visual permeability will not be hindered with the proposed facade design.

5M 45

EXISTING BRICK

CONCRETE RENDER

TERRACOTTA LOUVRES

materiality + conclusion. In terms of the materiality of the facade, bricks screening and terracotta louvres were used as an outer layer of skin for thermal management. which also act as acoustic buffer for the building. We introduced reclaimed timber for the atrium louvres to reduce solar glare and provide shading in warmer seasons. In combination with the central atrium, they work together to create an open and permeable building. In conclusion, I believe that the environmental simulations that we have used in the earlier tasks played a big role in creating our vision for this building. The results that came out from the initial test paved the way to the solutions to our proposal.

EXISTING BRICK

RECLAIMED TIMBER LOUVRES

As we went on with our design iterations, the constant use of the environmental tools helped us refine the shape/form and materiality of the building; capitalising on the orientation of the building to utilise natural resources that can be harnessed/reused in creating a comfortable environment for the users.

PALE BRICK

(B)

lectures.(C) Ecology, comfort and well-being. Buildings are similar to our bodies. This image taken from the lecture is a sketch of Francesco Di Giorgio Martini relating a well balanced building (it qualities & characteristics) to the human body. Environmental elements such as temperature, light, wind, water source should be considered and be distributed in balanced proportions, along with the buildings physicality (the form, fabric, mechanical systems, controls etc.) The human body is adaptable in many environments. Buildings can be viewed similarly as well in that it can host different programs and uses. This sketches also highlights nature, where a lot of modern buildings fail to create a connection (due to factors such as comfort, convenience) relying on high powered machineries to create system of comfort over designing with consideration on existing natural elements.

Concept of thermal comfort. We are all gaining and shedding heat from our environment, and it affects our comfort. If we gain heat and retain it we get hot, and if weâ€™re not able to retain heat and discharge heat faster, we get cold. Heating means creating flow of heat from inside the body into the environment. Similarly, buildings react the same when it comes to climatic changes. For buildings to resist heating up, we have to avoid direct solar access by creating shades or louvres. Another factor to be considered are the ventilation systems as they aid releasing the heat exiting out of the building. To stop a building from dropping temperature, we need to do the opposite. This is done by increasing the access to solar gains, extract heat from mechanical ventilations and limiting air flows by having increased insulation. Another factor for consideration would be the materiality of the building as surface area increases heat exchange. 48

Ventilation systems Current buildings carry mechanically regulated ventilation systems delivered via ducts. Mechanical ventilation systems do circulate air well from such a low cost. However, ducts take up space, cause noise, draughts and temperature variations which can caused illness. Exhaust ventilation depressurize the building in that it retrieves contaminated air in order to let fresh air occupy the building. Exhaust vents are easy to install and does not require huge amounts of space. However, flues can easily get contaminated (dusts, molds, cobwebs, contaminated air). Another type of ventilation is from a supply system. It puts pressure within the building, pushing contaminated air out through vents or openings, with better handle on the exhaust systems. Due to itâ€™s â€˜inwardâ€™ system, it avoids contaminants from entering in. There are other ways of retaining/gaining heat such as the use of heat exchangers (energy recovery). Overhead delivery supplies air from the ceiling (ducts), which is the same for the exhaust. This type of system tend to be more common in commercial and public buildings due to its capacity (bigger equipment). Subfloor supply system is an alternative to overhead supplies as it has a smaller equipment. The air is introduced from the base level of the building which travel up the levels via vents.

Light There are a couple of key factors in measuring light. Luminous intensity (candelas) and Luminous Flux (total power also known as lumens) are the main data that are collected when testing light sources. Illuminance is another important factor which talks about the light source reflecting from a surface. For normal domestic spaces, we normally require between 50 to 500 lux (ie. bedrooms, garages, living spaces etc. In terms of luminous efficacy, daylight is the most efficient light source as it is universal, pollution-free and has numerous effects to our hormonal levels. While daylight is a great source of energy and of course light, it also gives huge amounts of radiant heat and can be excessive for us. Adequate amount of daylight can be achieved (daylight autonomy) by changing the effects of illumination to our spaces by way of strategic spatial planning (orientation, obstruction, materiality etc.). Examples of how to light source can be done regulate is by the applying mechanisms such as shading, skylights, atrium and reflectors. Sound (D) Exposure to sound/noise is a continual experience from a conscious context. The distinction between sound and noise can only be defined as per the individuals experience and perception. Sound is a vibration that propagates as an acoustic wave, through a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid or solid. Noise is unwanted sound that can be associated with negative experiences (i.e.. Stress) to oneâ€™s subjective perception. Sound/Noise is also spatial just like light. Similarly, it can be received directly or indirectly (via sound reflection). As we are binaural, we detect sound distance/location due to the uneven spread of incoming information from the source which is then processed by the brain in a spatial manner. As stated, Sound is created by vibrations of matter; molecules contracting and retracting via natural factors such as atmospheric/environmental pressure (i.e. temperature). The distance and speed of the sound is dependant on its medium, therefore not constant. Sound travelling from Solid or liquid is much faster than the ones through air. Like light, sound waves dissipate as they go further from the source. When measuring unit of sound (decibels, or db), one must consider the distance from the source and the environment where sound is travelling, factoring key elements such as sound reflection, (surface) absorption and scattering.

Sustainability in building design(E) What is a sustainable building? This question can be defined in numerous ways/perspectives. Some of the key elements that one may look at in designing a sustainable building could be the Economy of resources. This talks about the natural energy that can be harvested and stored as per the buildings environment; Sources such as solar energy, water harvesting from rain, and local materials that can be used as a component of the building. Another principle that perhaps may contribute to defining what sustainable building is would be its life cycle. Strategic planning of building phases is just as important as building the structure itself; going over materials, effects and uses of those materials and the possible usage of local resources (pre-building phase), ethical building methodologies (building phase i.e. minimising gas emissions), and the longevity of the building (post-building phase). During the planning stages, one can also consider the possible effects of the building to the user; how structures will influence the habitantâ€™s social connectivity, surrounding conditions and comfort.

Material Ecologies Materials that are more dense or robust tend to have high thermal conductivity. These thermal conductive materials such as steel or masonry score low in insulation due to their highly dense molecular composition. Materials that are of cellulose type such as foams or fabrics (containing air gaps within) performs well in insulating a building. Strong materials also tend to retain less energy, as an example bricks take a while to heat up and cool down; making it a suitable element to prevent heat from entering a building (thermal mass wall). The duration of time in delaying heat from entering a building depends on the level of thermal mass capability of the protective element (walls/roofs); great thermal mass provides longer thermal lag. Apart from conductivity and energy retention of Materials, another consideration is their potential for physical changes driven by temperature. Thermal expansion occurs when a material is exposed to extreme heat changing its structure. Materials that are high in thermal conductivity tend to have low thermal expansion (bricks, steel, concrete) and binding element such as silicones, foam and rubber score high in expansion.

Energy Buildings are some-what of a living organism. And to be able to survive, it requires energy consumption to run and create a comfortable environment within. As per energy consumption, all of us are still depending on the major energy resources such as crude oil, coal, natural gas, or heavy oils. However, a lot of countries are starting to implement and use renewable energy taken from sustainable resources such as wind (commonly using wind turbines), Water (Hydropower), Earth (Geothermal energy), and Solar energy. There are other unconventional energy sources that are much closer to us such as burning human waste to make steam for turbines to provide energy, same as using waste food that produces methane, which can be transformed into electricity. Out of all the renewable source of energy, the sun is the easiest and most accessible source. Not only that it provides Vitamin D to us, Solar energy can also be harnessed for energy commonly via Photovoltaic panels.

Water As mentioned from the energy lecture, Water is one of the main sources of renewable energy. Apart from energy, water can also be used to regulate temperature indoors. There are few types of water heating systems that are commonly used in most households; Storage water heater and instantaneous water heater (via heat exchangers). Photovoltaic panel heated water system is another commonly used system where the tank is installed near the panels. Other heating use of water is by putting it through pipes for sub-floor heating. Water is versatile. It all solid, liquid and gas. It has high heat capacity and can almost dissolves anything. Above all, water is an essential element for our survival. In Victoria, we store our natural water into reservoirs, which then treated and transported throughout the aqueducts to our homes. In terms of water exiting our homes, we have two -way system; Stormwater and Sewer mains.

Sustainability Strategy + Analysis (F) The building industry accounts for half of Australia’s electricity consumption and nearly a quarter for our greenhouse gas emissions. To be able to reduce this, a tally of consideration shall be looked at ranging from minimum compliance to high performance capabilities for the project. One of the first component of building design for sustainability is the façade design. Not only that it is the first visual representation of a building, in most cases it’s also the first element that is directly impacted by the surrounding environment: Wind, Radiation, Rain and so on. There are a few way methods to capitalise the use of the façade to improve the buildings performance. Running environmental simulations helps study a sites existing condition in relation to the design. Results from these simulation can provide direction in terms of approaching the façade design; minimising heat during summer, maximising heat during winter, harnessing heat for energy etc. 54

readings Thoughts from ‘The Architecture of a well-tempered environment’ Banham, Reyner. (G) Us, as humans, are sturdy adaptable beings built to survive in most environments. However, due to modern advancements/technology, we have built a culture that is heavily focused and reliant on modernistic elements to claim comfort in our day-to-day, without understanding the multi-faceted ramifications in our society (physical, social, economic etc.) In modern built-environment, building ‘massive’ structures with advanced systems; creating controlled environments is a staple. The book refers to us being detached to the idea of long-term building ie classical architecture with heavy structural elements (less likely to collapse in the event of an earthquake). That our current society’s mindset (revenue based) does not help as we are only specifying for architectural elements that are good for the client’s comfort, which does not leave a long-lasting effect. It talks about how traditional construction is inclusive and thinks about geographical and climatic considerations. ‘Thermal delight in Architecture’ Heschong, Lisa (H) This book tackles the sensorial aspects of people. The author talks about our experiences in feeling ie warm cup of coffee, a smell that relates to a memory, the delight that one gets when under the sun etc. It also delves into thermal sense and its direct communication with our bodies. This is due to our nerve endings having heat flow sensors ; telling if heat is entering or exiting our system. Adaptation is another part that the book focuses on. We can adapt to subtle environmental changes and make that our new norm, becoming oblivious to the changes in temperature, smell, taste, feel etc. Another great example is how we can got to work, in an air-conditioned environment, go to our car after work (also air-conditioned), go to a restaurant and to a movie theatre after (all air-conditioned) but the sudden inconvenience of a hot air can be felt almost immediately once experienced.

Building Services.” In Introduction to Architectural Technology. London: Laurence King, (I) This book glosses over general concepts of building services, elaborating on the following architectural elements: Benefits of daylight and different methods to achieve it (and it’s effects). Acoustic control and insulation; how to improve sound absorption, isolate sound and/or redirect sound. It elaborates on the use of mass in decreasing rating in sound reduction index by increasing air gap in wall cavity and adding glass fibre insulation, improving a wall system’s sound absorbent qualities. It also touched on the meaning of acoustic isolation (preventing sound transmission from one space to another). How it can be achieved by using floating room within a room (space separated from main structure) and that openings are closed using rubber or neoprene gaskets. Different types of building heating are also covered such as direct heating (from appliances), indirect heating (solar, furnace), hydronic heating (radiator system), indirect warm air heating (fan over heated surface) and under floor heating (through loops of waterpipes via electrical heating). 55

Why light needs darkness? By Rogier van der Heide (J)

listenings.

Majority of internal spaces that we inhabit these days have certain amount of lighting (mostly artificial lighting), nominated and regulated through standard industry guidelines. They provide constant light source for the users throughout the day, with little to no variations when it comes to the intensity. However, as humans, we tend to respond differently when spaces are provided with natural lighting (light source from the sun). Sun light that comes through our windows, doors and skylights present interesting effects to our perception of a space due to the variations of intensity given, including the sun’s dynamism (Sun’s light waves/colour). The shadows lighting intensity within a space changes and so as the perception of what is outside the building. Natural lighting that changes space perception (ambient luminescence) can regulate the mood of the users that may suggest feelings such as comfort or relaxation in certain scenarios. Due to the variant levels of light, or one could put it - the balance between darkness and light, gives a play in space which is much more pleasant and engaging to the users. Living beings (humans and animals) have certain levels of spectral beings, and can benefit from (whether physiologically, mentally, or even sustainability-wise) experiencing the natural balance between lightness and darkness. (K) The Sound of Objects, Space & Form by Zackery Belanger Unlike light transmissions, the distance and speed of the sound is dependent on its medium. And depending on the space where the sound is transmitting, the sound can reflect and decay (reverberation) in prolonged or shortened for periods of time. Surfaces (mediums) of surrounding elements have effects to the transmission of sounds as well. The surface areas materiality has a great impact on sound absorption/reflection. Although sound waves are still difficult to mitigate and control, sound absorbing elements are still beneficial in regulating sound transmissions in a particular space. Along with the form of the space and the materiality of the surfaces within, the suited sound levels for that building or room can be designed and regulated for its use. Elements such as ornaments, furniture, fabrics, and users have significant effects on how sound bounces off or reduces within a room depending on the molecular structure of those elements (lose molecules equals to greater absorption, tight/binded molecules equals to greater reverberation). The Next Acoustic Architecture by Zackery Belanger (L) Geometry of a surface or a contained space is a big driver of how sound transmission can be studied and designed. Sound transmission from the source is usually represented in a spherical format which can travel in an ongoing fashion in open space (dissipating from the source). As per Zackery’s first example, he uses a circular room to show how sound travels, starting from the centre of the room, throughout the space. Once it hits the perimeter, the sound wave reflects and gets distributed within the circular room in a slow manner. A square space, as per Zackery’s second example, showed a better (slightly faster) distribution of sound waves. As the form of the room changes, becoming more abstract (bumpy/woven), sound diffusion is improved (faster). And as the form gets radical (tightly woven, filament-like pattern), The sound gets absorbed by the complex form of the boundary, which can be compared in an open space scenario (sound dissipating as it travels away from the source). Both compared results are of zero reverberation (complex geometric enclosure) and infinite reverberation (open space). Prior to the application of diffusers, absorbers, transmitters etc. to control sound, the geometry of space is to be considered in the design stages of creating an acoustic space. 56

A wall for all seasons. (M) Modern architectural building provides innovative solution in providing comfort to the users. However, old building principles and standards that were established since medieval times are starting to fade with this on-going pursuit for new design approaches. Buildings that were more geared towards thermal mass (minimal openings to reduce heat gain) have now been commonly replaced by shear walls of glass and steel structures (movement pioneered by Mies Van De Rohe). But as any innovation, awareness of ecology of building design planning also progresses. Heavily glazed buildings tend to consume more energy as its insulation capability is much lower in comparison to a building with wall and smaller openings. Natural light access provided by glazed curtain walls has always provided physiological and mental improvement for the users of a building. However, high energy consumption in regulating the temperature for such buildings is the consequence. This is not environmental nor economical in the long run. Buildings Like Trees, Cities Like Forests (N) As population grow, the need for new buildings are increased. Most of the newly constructed building in this era are highly driven by economic gain (profit). In doing so, as an attempt to maximise profit margins, corners are cut in the construction. Materials used may have long lifespans but have poor renewable capabilities. The value and the meaning of what a ‘building’ is diminishing and qualities/characteristics are lowered. This can be compared to the idea of fast food; it may taste good, but it’s not necessarily good for you. Buildings can be imagined as living organisms. As mentioned a few times in the lectures, It can even be compared to the human body. The materials attached to the façade acts as a protective ‘skin’, the vents acts as the ‘pores’ (vent) and other similar characteristics. Buildings also consume. It consumes energy to ensure our well-being is maintained. Apart from the consumption of fossil fuel, what if buildings work with it’s surroundings? What if buildings tap into natural and local energy flows (sun, wind, water etc)? What if the building works with surrounding elements such as the topography, trees and natural landscapes, and gather renewable energy that may potentially create a circular lifespan; to be used and adapted for the following generations? These changes are slowly being integrated to our society and the more we shift our ways towards this perspective, the longer we can enjoy the ingenuity of natural living. Energy Change (O) We consume energy. It is essential for our day to day. Whether we are using fire to cook or turning on the air conditioning to control indoor climate. Everything we use and need for survival takes some sort of energy. Most the energy used everyday come from fossil fuel-based resources, oil, natural gas, coal, uranium etc. However, these mentioned elements are finite. The use of fossil fuel impacts the environment in that it creates massive interference with tonic consequences, which begins with the extraction, which then leads to contamination or pollution of natural elements (land, water, air and atmosphere). To take matters further, the use of these non-renewable energies are usually backed by energy politicians and advisors that are accustomed by the sponsors who have economical interest to pursue non-renewable sources as a commodity. Companies and politicians ignore renewable sources such as using Solar panels and or wind turbine, that are not only easily extracted from the sources, but also require little to no processing for consumption.

Eyes Sunk, Lips Dark Blue (P) Our population is rapidly growing in a daily basis. A projection by the Australian bureau of statistics based on an estimated resident population conducted in 21 March 2020, that there is one birth every one minute and forty-three seconds. They also stated that there is an overall increase of one person every four minute and thirty-eight seconds. As people migrate, the common approach is to move to a main/established city first. All sorts of establishments are placed in most major cities; administrative district, retail, hospitality etc. are situated as it is the main conductor of a nations economy. Housing is another element that defines a city. High-rise buildings are the usual choice of building typology used in major cities; accommodating the immediate workers and contributors to the city. With businesses, entertainment, retail, food etc. circulating within the city; services for these establishment ( The water supplies, heating /cooling/ and other elements that would improve comfortable living) shall be considered. Designing Green Buildings (Q) As time progresses, innovative methodologies are established to make our lives somewhat easier/comfortable. In regards to designing â€˜greenâ€™ buildings, considerable growth was found over the past decade. Most buildings nowadays have to meet a certain environmental sustainability design standard suited to a particular zone or suburb. However, it is still can be quite difficult to access the efficacy of these standards. Life Cycle Assessment is a method of estimating the environmental impacts and associated financial implications of the product and materials used in construction. There are a few evaluation points that the LCA adhere to: - Environmental impacts of the manufacture and transport of construction materials and products. - Upkeep and maintenance of the building through its lifetime. - Operation of the building, including energy and other impacts. - End of life of the building and its construction products. LCA is an environmental tool and has three advantages as an assessment tool: - It brings a long time-frame into the equation, allowing impacts to be readily comprehended from cradle to grave. - It allows energy, ecological and environmental impacts tobe analysed and set in the context of social and economic beneďŹ t. - It is a holistic tool that bridges design, construction and building maintenance.

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