Introduction to urban planning: group site analysis report

Introduction to Urban Planning Melbourne: Group Field Study & Issues Report Semester 2 2018

Prepared by Jacqueline Darwis (1000557), Judy Cin Huang (997542), Manasi Chopdekar (935401)

Tutor: Mr. Lakshmanan Madhu Tutorial 1

Part of Melbourne CBD and remainder small area Group Field Study & Issues Report

CONTENTS

Jacqueline Darwis, Judy Cin Huang, Manasi Chopdekar

MAPS

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1.1.

1.2.

1.3.

Introduction Vision set for the area Study area and key zones Study area and key landmarks

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2.

2.1.

2.2.

2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.3

Focus theme 1: Transportation Issues location map Modes of transport Walkability Tram and tram routes Bus and bus routes Motorway network Opportunities for more development

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3.

3.1.

3.2.

3.2.1.

3.2.2.

3.3.

Focus theme 2: Catering Issues location map Types of Catering Outdoor seating services Service lanes for catering Opportunities for more development

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4.1.

4.2.

4.2.1.

4.2.2.

4.2.3.

4.2.4.

4.3.

Focus theme 3: Heritage Issues location map Heritage buildings Heritage overlay and gradings Height hierarchy Accessibility Heritage vegetation Opportunities for more development

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Conclusion

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6.

Bibliography

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Focus area in context of Melbourne Focus area in context of given site boundary Focus area Melbourne planning scheme zones within focus area Focus area with key landmarks of Melbourne around it Issues location map for transportation Accessibility in terms of walkability Tram and tram routes Bus and bus routes Heat map for traffic volume Motorway network and closed lanes Issues location map for catering Catering services in focus area Catering services that offer outdoor seating Service lanes for catering places Issues location map for heritage Heritage overlay on focus area Heritage buildings categorized in their grading Height hierarchy of heritage buildings in context to neighborhood Accessibility for heritage sites Vegetation around heritage areas

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Part of Melbourne CBD and remainder small area Group Field Study & Issues Report

Jacqueline Darwis, Judy Cin Huang, Manasi Chopdekar

1. INTRODUCTION This group’s focus area, within the given site boundary, is part of Melbourne CBD and remainder small area. It is bounded by Victoria street, Russell street, La Trobe street and Elizabeth Street. It currently has the highest population of residents born overseas (City of Melbourne 2013, p. 4) with the median age being 26 (City of Melbourne 2013, p. 7) and occupies an area of 16.8 hectares (QGIS 3.2.2 2018) and is equipped with roads for a extensive tram and cycling network in addition to limited bus and car routes. It is also a pedestrian friendly area with many road crossings and footpaths. Due to its proximity to the CBD and the nature of its age demographics, the site area is also teeming with a notable variety of culinary institutions that offer a variety of food services, including take-outs. The site also has a number of important heritage buildings such as the Francis Ormond building, Former Magistrate’s court and the City Baths. Together, they form an outstanding medieval revival streetscape.

Fig. 1 Focus area: context of Melbourne (City of Melbourne 2013, p. 6)

Fig. 2 Focus area: context of given site boundary

1.1. Vision set for the area By 2050, the City of Melbourne aims to accommodate an additional capacity of 10.4 million daily trips through expanding rail and road capacities as well as upgrading existing infrastructure. Furthermore, the city plans to increase the rate of active transport such as walking (Plan , p. 64).

The city also intends to utilize the built form to commemorate its ‘social, cultural and national heritage’ (Metropolitan Planning Strategy 2017, p. 90). A considerable aspect of this goal is the importance of respecting heritage areas (Metropolitan Planning Strategy 2017, p. 91).

As part of its project to create vibrant ‘20 minute neighborhoods'’, the government places importance in eateries to encourage social interaction within the community (Metropolitan Planning Strategy 2017, p. 99).

Fig. 3 Focus area

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Part of Melbourne CBD and remainder small area Group Field Study & Issues Report

Jacqueline Darwis, Judy Cin Huang, Manasi Chopdekar

Purpose of the key zones:

1.2. Study area and key zones

1. Capital city zone: 1.1. To identify and support land development in regards to particular purposes (like catering and transportation).

1.2. To utilize urban design to shape a visually pleasing, invigorating and physically safe area.

2. Public use zone – education: 2.1. To acknowledge the use of public land for the community-related activities and general public happiness.

2.2 To support development with aims suitable to a public land use area.

2.2.1. RMIT university campus 3. Mixed use zone: 3.1 To support uses complementary to mixed-use character of the area 3.1.1 City baths – have catering, fitness and health ` facilities, sports facilities 3.2 To promote development appropriate with the existing neighborhood identity 3.2.1. Keeping the streetscape nature in mind 3.3 To organize land use in the area in regards to state-determined objectives (Victoria State Government 2018, p.1)

Fig. 4 Melbourne planning scheme - zones

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Part of Melbourne CBD and remainder small area Group Field Study & Issues Report

Jacqueline Darwis, Judy Cin Huang, Manasi Chopdekar

1.3. Study area and key landmarks

Fig. 5 Study area with key landmarks of Melbourne around it

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Part of Melbourne CBD and remainder small area Group Field Study & Issues Report

Jacqueline Darwis, Judy Cin Huang, Manasi Chopdekar

2. Focus theme 1: Transportation The focus area includes a variety of transport services but they can be broadly classified into private and public transportation.

2.1. Issues location map 1. Lack of Linkage between Different Mediums of Transport • Within the site area, there are no bus stops in close proximity to tram stops. (see Fig. 8) • This was structured this way in order to prevent congestion on roads.

2. Accessibility on Roads • In our site area, there is no tactile paving on footpaths. This shows a lack of concern towards the ease of walking of visually impaired people.

Fig. 6 Percentage of high and low floor trams 2009-2017 (Yarra Trams 2015, p.13)

• In addition, not all trams are low floor and thus accessible for citizens in wheelchairs (Yarra Trams 2015).

3. Road Planning • Additionally, there is a high rate of tram-vehicle collisions as a result of the lack of designated routes for the different modes of transport.

• Furthermore, this rate of collisions has increased by 2% from 2016 to 2017 (Transport Safety Victoria 2018).

Fig. 7 Current road usage (Metropolitan Planning Strategy 2017 , p. 67)

No tactile paving

Fig. 8 Issues location map for transportation

Same lane for different transport mediums

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Part of Melbourne CBD and remainder small area Group Field Study & Issues Report

Jacqueline Darwis, Judy Cin Huang, Manasi Chopdekar

2.2. Modes of transport Apart from walking and cycling, other modes of transport encompass the tram, train and bus network.

2.2.2 Tram stops and routes

2.2.3 Bus stops and routes

2.2.1 Walkability According to Victoria Walks (2013, p. 16), it is a goal of the State Government to create ‘20 minute neighborhoods' or neighborhoods’ in which at least 95% of residents can access everyday amenities- including educational institutions, healthy restaurants, green spaces and a pharmacy or clinic- within a 1 km distance. As of current conditions, the area can fall under the category of ‘20 minute neighborhoods’ due to its unique proximity to the RMIT campuses, numerous restaurants, green sections along the street and a Priceline Pharmacy. In regards to catchment area walkability, Elizabeth and La Trobe Street are walkable in six minutes, Victoria in seven and Russell in three (Google Maps 2018).

In the site area, there are disruptions to pedestrian footpaths due to the development of the Metro Tunnel between La Trobe Street and Little La Trobe Street (Victoria State Government 2018).

Fig. 9 Easy accessibility – catering and transportation stops within walking distance

Fig. 10 Tram and tram routes

The area is part of an extensive tram network, with five tram stops in or very close to the site. Within the site, there are the RMIT University Franklin and RMIT University Swanston stations. At the boundary, there are the Victoria Market, Elizabeth Street and Russell Street tram stops (Yarra Trams 2018).

During peak hours, the trams operate at an average frequency of a tram every two minutes. During offpeak hours, the average frequency is a tram every five minutes (Yarra Trams 2018).

Tram Stop

Routes Services

RMIT University Franklin Stop

1, 3, 5, 6, 16, 64, 67, 72

RMIT University Swanston Stop

1, 3, 5, 6, 16, 64, 67, 72

Queen Victoria Market Stop

19, 57, 59

Elizabeth Street Stop

19, 30, 35, 57, 59

Russell Street Stop

30, 35

There are two bus stops in the site area.

They service the lines 200 and 207 respectively.

During peak hours, the bus routes have an operation frequency of once every 15 minutes. During off peak hours, the bus routes in the area have an operation frequency of once every 20 minutes. On weekend, the operation frequency slows down to once every 30 minutes (Yarra Trams 2014).

A-class buses have a seating capacity of 40 people and a maximum capacity of 65 people in the CBD. B-class buses have a seating capacity of 13 seats and a maximum capacity of from 15 to 25 passengers (Public Transport Victoria 2014).

Bus services in the site area are currently disrupted as a result of road closures for construction projects.

Fig. 11 Bus and bus routes

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Part of Melbourne CBD and remainder small area Group Field Study & Issues Report

Jacqueline Darwis, Judy Cin Huang, Manasi Chopdekar

2.2.4 Motorway and metro network The car transport network has been compromised due to an area between Swanston Street and La Trobe Street in which cars are not allowed. Additionally, the smaller one-way lanes do not contribute to easing traffic but instead add pressure to main roads – they redirect vehicles to and from oneway lanes back to the main road (e.g. – Elizabeth street to Swanston street via La Trobe street is the only option because there are no other existing shortcuts for vehicles to avoid traffic).

Partly road closure in Franklin St

Fig. 13 Motorway network and closed lanes

End road closure at A’Beckett Street

Fig. 12 Heat map for traffic volume

Temporary road closure at Little La Trobe & Swanston Street

The intersection between Victoria and Swanston street experiences heaviest vehicular traffic partly because certain section of Swanston street does not allow private vehicles so they would have to take detours along smaller lanes and then circle back to the main road. This concentrates all those vehicles in one area – the intersection.

Full road closure at Stewart Street

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Part of Melbourne CBD and remainder small area Group Field Study & Issues Report

Jacqueline Darwis, Judy Cin Huang, Manasi Chopdekar

2.3 Opportunities An area that could be improved is Russell Street. The street has 2 lanes per direction, meaning that it has a total of four motor lanes. It also has a barrier in between the lanes.

There could be an opportunity to develop a tram line in that area by reducing the motor lanes to one per direction, similar to Elizabeth Street, and removing the barrier in between.

Elizabeth street → 1 vehicle lane on each side, 1 on street parking on both sides Russel -- 2 vehicle lanes, 1 on street parking on both sides. Remove one from each side, traffic lane 3m Tram lane- 8.2 meters (Swanston street)

Fig. 15 Section of Swanston street

Fig. 14 Section of Russell street

Fig. 16 Section of a street – guide (Global Designing cities initiatives 2018)

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Part of Melbourne CBD and remainder small area Group Field Study & Issues Report

Jacqueline Darwis, Judy Cin Huang, Manasi Chopdekar

3. Focus theme 2: Catering The focus area includes a variety of catering services but they can be broadly classified into 2 categories: Pubs, bars and taverns, and cafes and restaurants.

3.1. Issues location map 1. In our site, there is a safety issue. The pubs, bars and taverns in our area are located beside small lanes or alleys. This is dangerous because these alleys are not welllit at night. The City of Melbourne (2013, p.

19) aims to increase street safety through lighting in critical areas in the central city.

One way of attaining this is by making sure that roads are immediately visible (p. 13). As seen from the image above, this has not been accomplished. This is a safety concern, especially for intoxicated individuals coming back from these pubs, bars or taverns late at night.

Fig. 17 Issues location map for catering

Back lane in Little La Trobe Street

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Part of Melbourne CBD and remainder small area Group Field Study & Issues Report

Jacqueline Darwis, Judy Cin Huang, Manasi Chopdekar

3.2. Types of catering There are many catering establishments located in the site. However, more catering spots are located in the left side of the site. Noticeably, the area by La Trobe Street and Swanston Street is where there is the highest concentration of restaurants. This is because that side of the site is a Capital City Zone. As much, land development in that zone is meant to cater to the needs of the people by designing a pleasing, refreshing and safe place (Victoria State Government 2018, p. 1). The area on the lower right side is a Public Use Zone (Education) thus the land development in that particular area is devoted to education. In addition, the triangular area on the right side of the site is a Mixed Use Zone. The building on that side is the City Baths. Since the building is a fitness area, there is only one restaurant there to accommodate the people who work out there.

3.2.1 Outdoor seating services In the site area, there are few culinary establishments that offer outdoor seating. In smaller lanes such as Literature lane, this is because there is insufficient space due to the narrow footpath area.

However, the presence of street furniture is absent on Elizabeth Street despite sufficient space. This is emphasized by the various street furniture on the street parallel to Elizabeth Street outside our site area. Another observation is that the other side of Elizabeth Street had a higher volume of foot traffic.

According to a joint study by Street Furniture Australia, the ACT government and the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects, street furniture can double an area’s foot traffic (Street Furniture Australia 2018). Hence, it can be inferred that a major reason for the difference in foot traffic between the two sides of Elizabeth Street is street furniture, which makes a place more inviting.

Fig. 18 Catering services in focus area

Outdoor seats in Elizabeth St & Swanston St

Fig. 19 outdoor seating for catering services in focus area

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Part of Melbourne CBD and remainder small area Group Field Study & Issues Report

Jacqueline Darwis, Judy Cin Huang, Manasi Chopdekar

3.2.2. Service lanes/ loading bays In our focus area, the service lanes do not obstruct the main roads. Furthermore, the lane parallel to both Therry Street and Franklin Street is too small to accommodate cars. This is good because the supply trucks are usually very big and the unloading of supplies could greatly exacerbate traffic. Thus, the delivery of goods does not greatly impact the flow of vehicles in the site.

3.3. Opportunities To physically secure the safety of their patrons, a regulation could be implemented in which employees of establishments next to dimly lit areas must periodically look into them during night time.

Food and beverage establishments in new buildings in the site area can be encouraged to have outdoor seating looking out into little streets to ensure that there are eyes on any activity there.

Fig. 20 Arrangement of service lanes

Example - Level 1 of Scape Swanston student accommodation - showing outdoor dining facility and how the view offered adds a sense of security in the lane right below via enabled visibility - creates alertness as well.

Service lane between restaurants in Little La Trobe St

Service lane of RMIT city campus

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Part of Melbourne CBD and remainder small area Group Field Study & Issues Report

Jacqueline Darwis, Judy Cin Huang, Manasi Chopdekar

4. Focus theme 3: Heritage There are several heritage sites interspersed in the focus area. The region with the highest concentration of heritage buildings is between Bowen Street and Russell Street.

Drill Hall

RMIT building 22

4.1. Issues location map 1. Development of new modern building structures that are non-complementary to the character of the heritage buildings • Within the site area, there is evidence of new structures around the heritage buildings that overshadow the beautiful heritage structures. (e.g. – Drill Hall, RMIT building 22).

2. Visibility • Along La Trobe Street, heritage buildings such as the Francis Ormond and Former Magistrates’ Court are unable to be seen from afar because they are much shorter than the skyscrapers around them.

Fig. 22 Issues Location map for heritage

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Part of Melbourne CBD and remainder small area Group Field Study & Issues Report

Jacqueline Darwis, Judy Cin Huang, Manasi Chopdekar

4.2. Heritage buildings The different heritage buildings can be broadly classified according to their heritage grade and streetscape levels.

City Bath

4.2.1 Heritage overlay and gradings In the site, all of the heritage buildings are located to the right of Swanston Street. They are all Grade C and above buildings, with most of the buildings having received a rating of Grade A. The buildings rated Grade A are also all part of a Level 1 streetscape (Victoria State Government 2018). They received this particular streetscape grading because they are individually prominent buildings and, as a group, because they are part of an outstandingly well-maintained cluster of buildings from a similar time period or with a similar architectural style (Victoria State Government 2018). There are also heritage areas located along Franklin Street, Stewart Street, Swanston Street, Literature Lane and Little La Trobe Street.

Old Melbourne Gaol Fig. 23 Heritage overlay on focus area

Formal Magistrate court

Building 22, RMIT

Francis Ormond Building

Fig. 24 Heritage buildings shown according to their grading

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Part of Melbourne CBD and remainder small area Group Field Study & Issues Report

4.2.2. Height hierarchy

Jacqueline Darwis, Judy Cin Huang, Manasi Chopdekar

4.2.3. Accessibility

All of the heritage buildings are below 79.4200m in height. However, such as in the case of the heritage building along Literature Lane, they are sometimes located next to much taller buildings. In turn, this may hinder the visibility of these heritage buildings.

Fig. 26 Accessibility to heritage sites

Fig. 25 Height hierarchy of heritage buildings in relation to other buildings in area

The heritage areas and buildings in the site are all accessible. The heritage areas and buildings to the right of Swanston Street benefit from having two tram stops along Swanston Street and two more along La Trobe Street in addition to bus stops along Russell Street. Nevertheless, the heritage spots to the left side of Swanston Street are still accessible due to tram stops along Elizabeth Street, La Trobe Street and Swanston Street.

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Part of Melbourne CBD and remainder small area Group Field Study & Issues Report

Jacqueline Darwis, Judy Cin Huang, Manasi Chopdekar

4.2.4. Heritage vegetation Vegetation close by to heritage areas might potentially be heritage trees.

However, lack of availability of substantial information hinders further research on this topic.

4.3. Opportunities One way to prevent the further compromising of the character of heritage buildings is to redevelop areas with heritage buildings to look architecturally cohesive.

For example – Ross house on Flinders Lane is a significant building dating back to the 20th century (Victorian Heritage Database 2000). Although there have been new developments in front and around it, it is evident that the building still maintains its aesthetic.

Fig. 27 Vegetation around heritage sites

Ross House

Fig. 28 Ross house – Flinders lane (Traveller 2018 )

Flinders Lane

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Part of Melbourne CBD and remainder small area Group Field Study & Issues Report

5. CONCLUSION

Transport The focus area adheres to the city’s vision of a 20 minute neighborhood.

Contributing factors to this are the walkability of the area as well as the well-developed tram and bus networks.

However, there could be improvements to the motor network. During peak hours, intersections- especially the one between Swanston Street and Victoria Street, are very congested. Additionally, road safety would benefit from the implementation of designated sections for each mode of transport.

The City of Melbourne has a clear vision of its existence in the future in regards to transport, catering and the reflection of its heritage in built form.

Our site is significant to this vision due to its key location near the heart of the city. From the results of our research, we have concluded that our site area is not completely up to standards and could be improved.

Overall, although the site possesses many good qualities in the studied aspects, the site does not live up to the expectations laid out by the State Government of Victoria. Additionally, there is a need for the government to address several issues they have failed to account for such as designated routes for different transport modes, a revisiting to the public lighting scheme in small streets and stricter rules in regards to streetscapes with heritage structures.

Jacqueline Darwis, Judy Cin Huang, Manasi Chopdekar

Heritage The buildings in the site area are very wellmaintained, with government-issued grades of C and above. Nevertheless, our findings state that more consideration needs to be shown towards their treatment. To preserve their charm in addition to their form, there should be consideration towards the type of building they are surrounded by (ex. Height and architectural style). Furthermore, any new structural or decorative additions to heritage buildings should be carefully designed as not to negatively impact the intended character of the building.

Catering The location of food and beverage shops in the site area are very compliant with the city’s plan for individual key zones. Despite this, there are still issues regarding the safety of areas near establishments that serve alcohol in terms of insufficient lighting. The lighting in Literature Lane does not meet the standard established by the government. This greatly affects the livability of the area as safety is considered an intrinsic characteristic of such a place (Badland, Roberts, Butterworth & GillesCorti). Aside from this, the absence of street furniture along Elizabeth Street could also be remedied to improve its inviting nature.

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Part of Melbourne CBD and remainder small area Group Field Study & Issues Report

Jacqueline Darwis, Judy Cin Huang, Manasi Chopdekar

6. Bibliography Badlands, H, Roberts, R, Butterworth, I & Gilles-Corti, B 2015, How liveable is Melbourne?, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, viewed 29 August 2018, <http://www.communityindicators.net.au/files/doc s/How%20liveable%20is%20Melb%202015_Final.pd f>.

City of Melbourne 2013, Public lighting strategy 2013, City of Melbourne, Melbourne, viewed 23 August 2018, <https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/SiteCollection Documents/public-lighting-strategy-2013.pdf>.

Metropolitan Planning Strategy 2017, Plan Melbourne: 2017-2050, Victoria State Government, Melbourne, viewed 1 September 2018, <http://www.planmelbourne.vic.gov.au/__data/ass ets/pdf_file/0007/377206/Plan_Melbourne_20172050_Strategy_.pdf>.

Public Transport Victoria 2014, Yarra trams load standards survey report, viewed 18 August 2018, <https://yarratrams.com.au/mediacentre/news/articles/2014/capacity-boost-fortram-passengers/>.

Street Furniture Australia 2016, White Paper: #BackyardExperiment, viewed 22 August 2018, <http://streetfurniture.com/au/backyardexperiment />.

Transport Safety Victoria 2018, Tram incident statistics for 2017, viewed 19 August 2018, <https://transportsafety.vic.gov.au/railsafety/newsroom/tram-incident-statistics-for2017>.

Victoria State Government 2018, Capital City Zone, viewed 18 August 2018, http://planningschemes.dpcd.vic.gov.au/schemes/ vpps/37_04-Capital-City-Zone.pdf.

Victoria State Government 2018, Heritage Places Inventory, viewed 29 August 2018, <http://dsewebapps.dse.vic.gov.au/Shared/ATSAtt achment2.nsf/(attachmentopen)/D455543CD50D1 C33CA25829600138022/$File/Melbourne+C324+In corp+Doc++Heritage+Places+Inventory+March+2018+Approv al+Gazetted.pdf>.

Yarra Trams 2014, Capacity boost for tram passengers, viewed 20 August 2018, <https://yarratrams.com.au/mediacentre/news/articles/2014/capacity-boost-fortram-passengers/>.

Yarra Trams 2015, Accessibility Action Plan 2015, viewed 21 August 2018, <https://yarratrams.com.au/media/1105/accessibil ity_action_plan_accessible_pdf.pdf>.

Yarra Trams 2018, Timetables & routes, viewed 15 August 2018, <https://yarratrams.com.au/routeguides>.

Victoria State Government 2018, Heritage Places Outside the Capital City Zone, viewed 25 August 2018, <http://planningshcemes.dpcd.vic.gov.au/schemes /melbourne/ordinance/22_lpp05_melb.pdf>.

Victoria State Government 2018, Mixed Use Zone, viewed 18 August 2018, <http://planningschemes.dpcd.vic.gov.au/schemes /vpps/32_04-Mixed-Use-Zone.pdf>.

Victoria State Government 2018, Public Use Zone, viewed 18 August 2018, <http://planningschemes.dpcd.vic.gov.au/schemes /vpps/36_01-Public-Use-Zone.pdf>.

Victoria State Government 2018, State Library Station Dig Site, viewed 17 August 2018, <https://metrotunnel.vic.gov.au/about-theproject/archaeology-and-heritage/state-librarystation>.

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Part of Melbourne CBD and remainder small area Group Field Study & Issues Report

Jacqueline Darwis, Judy Cin Huang, Manasi Chopdekar

6. Bibliography Maps and figures City of Melbourne 2013, Melbourne central

business district & remainder small area demographic profile, City of Melbourne, Melbourne, viewed 3 September 2018, <https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/SiteCollection Documents/small-area-profile-melb-cbd-2013.pdf>.

City of Melbourne 2018, Melbourne Data, viewed 2 September 2018, <https://data.melbourne.vic.gov.au/>.

Dance Informa 2016, Victorian dance festival: bigger and bolder in 2018, viewed 28 September 2018, <http://dancemagazine.com.au/2017/06/victoriandance-festival-bigger-and-bolder-in-2018/>.

Global Designing Cities Initiative 2018, Case Study: Swanston St.; Melbourne, Australia, viewed 2 September 2018, <https://globaldesigningcities.org/publication/glob al-street-design-guide/streets/avenues-andboulevards/transit-streets/case-study-swanston-stmelbourne-australia/>.

Mapio n.d. , Bowen Street, viewed 1 September 2018, https://mapio.net/#gsc.tab=0 Plan Melbourne 2016, Melbourne has an integrated transport system that connects people to jobs and services and good to market, viewed 1 September 2018, <https://www.planmelbourne.vic.gov.au/highlights/ a-more-connected-melbourne>.

SGS Economics & Planning, Queen Victoria MarketBusiness case secondment, viewed 1 September 2018, <https://www.sgsep.com.au/projects/queenvictoria-market-business-case-secondment>.

Wikipedia 2007, Melbourne State Library, viewed 1 September 2018, <https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D 0%B9%D0%BB:Melbourne_State_Library.jpg>. .

Time Out 2015, QV Melbourne, viewed 2 September 2018, <https://www.timeout.com/melbourne/shopping/q v-melbourne>.

Traveller 2018, Sebel Melbourne Flinders Lane, review: A grand dame indeed, viewed 1 September 2018, <http://www.traveller.com.au/the-getawaysebel-melbourne-flinders-lane-gmddfg> Victorian Heritage Database 2000, Ross House, viewed 2 September 2018, http://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/750.

V, Nick 2013, Melbourne city baths, viewed 2 September 2018, <http://melbournedaily.blogspot.com/2013/09/mel bourne-city-baths.html>.

Victoria State Government 2018, Melbourne planning scheme, viewed 2 September 2018, <http://planningschemes.delwp.vic.gov.au/schemes/melbourne/m aps#pso-planningSchemeMaps-grid08>.

Victoria State Government 2016, Traffic count locations, viewed 3 September 2018, <https://www.data.vic.gov.au/data/dataset/traffic_ count_locations>.

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