Energy efficient “Adaptive Thermal Strategies” for renovation of the post war houses in Netherlands

Research in Urbanism and Architecture II

Energy efficient “Adaptive Thermal Strategies” for renovation of the post war houses in the Netherlands.

Worldwide a large amount of energy is consumed by the residential sector to provide thermal comfort. In case of Netherlands too, the dwellings use a lot of energy in heating and ventilation systems in order to maintain comfortable temperatures in the interiors.This initiates the need of well designed and energy efficient strategies for providing thermal comfort.

Therefore it is important to study, analyse and implement various adaptive strategies of thermal comfort that are energy efficient without compromising to the desired comfort level.

These adaptive strategies involve creating a balance of active strategies that use purchased energy such as electricity or natural gas and passive strategies that use ambient energy like sunlight or wind.

In Netherlands,the necessity to renovate the post war housing is increasing day by day.

These post war houses also consume immense amount of energy to provide thermal comfort. This research paper thus aims at understanding “Which adaptive thermal strategies can be deployed in the refurbishment of post-war housing in the Netherlands to provide thermal comfort with increased energy efficiency.” The paper looks into literature providing information regarding the already used strategies and recent developments in adaptive methods used to maintain the thermal comfort. Moreover, it also involves study of three different case studies of refurbished buildings and a comparative analysis to understand which of the strategies work best for the renovation of the post-war houses.

Written by: Mehta. M., Piao. X., Schenk B.A., and Tippireddy. S.R. MSc students, Department Architecture, Building and Planning 2018-19; University of Eindhoven.

Keywords: Adaptive thermal strategies; active and passive strategies; thermal comfort; energy efficiency.

Title

Introduction In Netherlands, the energy consumption of buildings

lighting, heating and cooling. The purpose of this research

accounts for around 16% of the total energy consumed

paper is to analyse various active, passive and adaptive

(André Meurink, et al., 2017).

strategies which can improve the level of comfort for the user and also enhance the energy efficiency.

Passive strategies use ambient energy sources instead of purchased energy like electricity or natural gas. These strategies include daylighting, natural ventilation, and solar energy. (Jeremy Faludi, 2018) Active strategies use purchased energy to keep the building comfortable. These strategies include forcedair heating and ventilation systems,air conditioning, heat

Figure 1. Energy consumption of houses in Netherlands (CBS,2018)

pumps, radiant panels or chilled beams, and electric lights. (Jeremy Faludi, 2018) Adaptive strategies use some mechanical energy to enhance the use of ambient energy sources. These

Table 1. Gas consumption in post war houses (CBS, 2019)

strategies include heat recovery ventilation, economizer ventilation, solar thermal systems, radiant facades and even ground source heat pumps might be included in this category. (Jeremy Faludi, 2018) Table 2. Electricity consumption in post war houses (CBS, 2019)

Thus looking at these different adaptive, passive and

From table 1& 2, it can be observed that a post war houses

active thermal strategies which can work together to

consumes about 1200 m3 of gas and around 1100 kWh

further decrease the thermal energy wastage in the

of electricity to provide thermal comfort. Thus, lowering

post war houses to maintain the level of desired thermal

the energy use of residential buildings that now account

comfort and provide energy efficiency.

for major total energy use in the Netherlands will have

The research is carried out with an understanding of

a significant impact on the lowering of total energy use.

thermal comfort and strategies used to maintain thermal comfort in Netherlands. Later it focuses on specific case

After the Second world war, there was a desperate need

studies involving the use of active, passive and adaptive

for housing in Netherlands. Due to housing shortages, the

strategies in renovations. The first case study looks

focus shifted to producing larger quantities of housing

upon strategies used in renovation of Megisterparken

instead of high-quality housing. As years pass by they

in Denmark, to give a broader outlook on the strategies

lacked the sense of thermal comfort and required regular

used in countries with similar climates. The next two

renovations. Thus focusing on the post-war houses in

case studies give an insight on the energy usage within

Netherlands and their refurbishment, maximises the

the range of thermal comfort in the renovated post

possibility of energy redemption in housing sector.

war houses in Netherlands. houses in Netherlands.. As

With sustainability gaining popularity, the housing sector

a conclusion, combination of strategies is chosen that

looked into novel technologies not only for producing

can be best suited for providing thermal comfort in the

energy but also for providing alternatives in insulation,

refurbishment of the post war houses in Netherlands.

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Research in Urbanism and Architecture II

Methodology A mixed-methods approach is used to conduct this

strategies which are more energy efficient are selected

research. To be able to come to an inclusive answer to

and finally a combination of these strategies is chosen

the research question, different methods are used such

to maintain a balance. After the analysis, the strategies

that each of them contributes in a different way towards

which are more energy efficient are selected and finally

finding the conclusion. A literature review is carried out

a combination of these strategies is chosen to maintain

that gives an idea of the existing strategies used for

a balance. Corresponding conclusions are finally drawn

maintaining the thermal comfort in Netherlands. Further

through these research processes and embedded in the

the case studies are explained with the help of literature

paper.

review, photo studies and artefact analysis. Later, with

Methods - Literature review, Case studies, Photo studies

concept mapping, combination of strategies is selected

and Artefact analysis and Concept Mapping

that could work best for the post war houses.

Firstly, to gain primary knowledge, a literature review is conducted that gives a better idea of research done already in the field of adaptive, active and passive strategies used to provide the thermal comfort in the dwellings of Netherlands.

Secondly, a case study of generic strategies on active, passive and adaptive strategies in a similar climate is carried out, particularly in terms of refurbishment with support of a case study- Magisterparken, Denmark. This provides a wider horizon of the strategies that are used in other countries and are also useful for Netherlands.

Thirdly, the existing thermal comfort strategies are studied which have already been used for attaining the thermal comfort in Netherlands during refurbishment of De Kroeven in Roosendaal, Netherlands. Both of the case studies uses photo studies and artefact analysis to understand the projects and the techniques that are used and implemented successfully.

Later, a comparative analysis is carried out based on the above mentioned strategies. The main focus is given to the strategies which are suitable for the Netherlands and those that can be applied to the post war dwellings in Netherlands. Then, with the use of concept mapping, the

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Energy efficient “Adaptive Thermal Strategies” for renovation of the post war houses in the Netherlands.

Results Literature review

problems are not caused directly by the weather.

Thermal comfort has been defined by Hensen as ‘‘A

Overheating in dwellings is due to the trapping of heat

state in which there are no driving impulses to correct

from incoming solar radiation and internal gains. Installing

the environment by the behaviour’’(Hensen JLM,1991).

adaptive

The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and

vents helps in naturally cooling of houses in summer.

Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) defined it as ‘‘the

Further important aspect is to reach the energy saving

condition of the mind in which satisfaction is expressed

potential for adaptive heating when necessary and at

with the thermal environment’’ (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard

the level required rather than having fixed day and night

55.,2004). In 1962, Macpherson defined the following six

temperatures. (Noortje Alders, 2016)

factors as those affecting thermal sensation: four physical

Various aspects of thermal comfort are obtaining proper

variables (air temperature, air velocity, relative humidity,

temperature by heating and cooling, ensuring effective

mean radiant temperature), and two personal variables

wind flow with ventilation and maintaining relative

(clothing insulation and activity level, i.e. metabolic rate).

humidity. In this research paper, we will focus on the two

(Lin Z, Deng S., 2008). Based on the above definitions,

major aspects of thermal comfort - adaptive heating in

comfort is not a state condition, but rather a state of

winters and adaptive cooling in summers.

natural

ventilation

system

with

operable

mind. The definition of thermal comfort leaves open as to what is meant by condition of mind or satisfaction, but

Adaptive heating in winters

it correctly emphasizes that the judgment of comfort is

The most widely used strategy to provide thermal comfort

a cognitive process involving many inputs influenced by

during the winters is to use the heating system. The

physical, physiological, psychological, and other factors.

heating of a post war house during winters uses about

(Lin Z, Deng S., 2008). In this article, we will mainly focus

700 m3 of energy. This initiates the need to find different

on the adaptive architecture strategies for improving

measures that avoid use of energy and are more passive

indoor thermal comfort, aiming to provide some universal

in nature.

design approaches for the refurbishment of post war

Providing comfort during winters is a major task. Adaptive

houses in Netherlands.

solar gain thus is to be taken into consideration. In order to maintain thermal comfort, combination of adaptive

The outdoor climate influences indoor comfort because

ventilation, heating and solar gain works best to increase

humans can adapt to different temperatures during

the energy efficiency and reduce the overall heavy energy

different times of the year. The Adaptive Thermal

consuming active installations. Moreover, a moderate use

Comfort System increases the stability in air temperature

of active strategies such as sensor and control system

by optimizing the adaptive characteristics for the room

along with heating system and proper materialization

temperature to remain closest to the comfort temperature

further adds to energy efficiency.

without energy expenses.These adaptive thermal comfort

For energy saving in the heating season, it is very effective

systems make use of the adaptive strategies involving both

to apply high insulation values and minimise ventilation to

active and passive strategies to ensure thermal comfort.

conserve energy together with allowing maximum solar

During past 25 years, Netherlands has known successive

radiation into the room. This can save up to around 80% in

methods for the design, simulation and assessment of

heating energy compared to the reference situation with

thermal comfort in buildings. In Netherlands, overheating

constant ventilation and average insulation value in case it

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Research in Urbanism and Architecture II

would be possible in the future to harvest all solar radiation

The research deals with Independent factors (sunlight,

falling on the facade as heat. These measures should be

ventilation and micro climatic conditions), dependent

combined with adaptive solar gain and adaptive heat loss

factors (buildings design, thermal comfort and efficiency

factor (more easily obtained by extra adaptive ventilation

of energy ) and controlled factors (level of refurbishment).

than adaptive thermal insulation) to prevent overheating

By studying these factors and understanding their

problems outside the heating season. If it is possible to

variables, suitable strategies are drawn that helps to

block all solar radiation this can eliminate practically all

achieve adaptive thermal strategies for refurbishment of

need for cooling.(Noortje Alders,2017)

houses in the Netherlands.

Adaptive cooling in summers

Case studies

Orientation plays and important role in order to provide

Case study-I: Magisterparken, Denmark

adaptive cooling during the hot summers in Netherlands.

Architect : C.F. Møller Architects.

To optimize effectiveness of the adaptive solar gain

Area of project: 18500 m2

both for saving energy for heating as well as cooling

Year of construction : 1964

by allowing maximum solar radiation in and blocking maximum solar radiation, the rooms with the highest

Magisterparken, located in Aalborg, Denmark, is a fine

heating demand and/or very variable comfort demand

example of a renovated building with improved thermal

should be oriented in the direction where most solar

comfort using adaptive thermal strategies. The climate

radiation comes from, considering the time of day of the

of Denmark is relatively colder and similar to that of the

highest heating demand. (Noortje Alders, 2017)

Netherlands. Therefore, this Danish case can be used as

Air flow helps not only is effective cooling and maintaining

a reference for Dutch housing renovation which helps to

desired temperature levels but also in obtaining necessary

understand the adaptive thermal methods.

humidity levels. The concept of adaptive ventilation

This project is a refurbishment of public housing complex.

ensures proper flow of air. To ensure the effectiveness

It involves focus on energy retrofits, new housing

of the adaptive ventilation the layout should not hinder

typologies, barrier-free facilities, and public facilities.

the air flow through the building. In case of a heating

This 12-floor apartment building was built in 1964 and

demand this free air flow can be temporarily disabled by

had faced many technical structural problems, such

(automatically) closing doors and vents. The ventilation

as damaged concrete, lacking insulation and thermal

can be aided by designing the dwelling with increased

bridges. The size of the project is 18500 m2, and it was

cross ventilation, increased stack ventilation or a “venturi”

refurbished between 2012 and 2015.

chimney. The ventilation can be controlled in mainly three ways. Firstly, Pressure controlled inlet with constant inlet flow and mechanically controlled exhaust. Secondly, CO2 controlled ventilation with minimal ventilation and mechanically

controlled

exhaust.Thirdly,

Temperature

and CO2 controlled ventilation with minimal ventilation mechanically controlled exhaust. (Noortje Alders,2016)

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Energy efficient “Adaptive Thermal Strategies” for renovation of the post war houses in the Netherlands.

Figure 2: Magisterparken, Denmark

How the strategies have affected the efficiency in the renovated house The renovation design of the building adopted many adaptive strategies such as solar heating, change the ratio of surface to volume, buffer zone and improvisation of the

Figure 3: Before renovation

Figure 4: After renovation

thermal effect and ventilation.

The most featured strategies this building used is the addition of balconies, they provide an energy saving buffer zone. The addition of a balconies has an enhanced effect in energy efficiency. The reason for this strategy to be most efficient is that it combines various strategies in together such as change in the ratio of surface to volume, provision of a buffer zone and improved thermal effect of ventilation.

*Figure 5: Facade extension before and after

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Research in Urbanism and Architecture II

Change the Ratio of Surface to Volume:

Sunspace:

This method involves change in the shape of the building’s

Warm air can flow into adjoining spaces via openable vents

outer shell without affecting the volume of the inner

located in the common wall at the top of the sunspace.

envelope. A closable courtyard or sunny space changes

Cool air is returned from the living spaces through lower

the proportion of the exterior surface to the inner space.

vents to be heated as part of the convective loop. The

This additional space acts as pockets for reducing the

addition of a sunspace thus improves the thermal effect

direct heat loss.

of ventilation.

*Figure 6: Change the ratio of surface to volume Buffer Zone: The buffer zone or sunspace functions as an intermediate space between the inside and outside of the building. By

*Figure 8: Ventillation adjustment during day and night

effectively adding another layer to the building envelope, the sunspace becomes a thermal buffer rather in the manner of air within a cavity wall.

*Figure 7: Buffer zone

*Figure 9: Adjusting temperature

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Energy efficient “Adaptive Thermal Strategies” for renovation of the post war houses in the Netherlands.

Figure 10: De Kroeven, Netherlands

Case study-II: De Kroeven, Roosendaal, Netherlands

insulated on the outside to obtain an Rc value of 4. The

Architect : DAT Architects.

new house has an Rc of 6 for facades, floor and roof. The

Area of project: 5000 m2

higher the Rc value the more the efficiency due to less

Year of construction : 1960

heat loss. The windows are equipped with HR ++ glass and insulating window frames.

Social housing estate De Kroeven in Roosendaal consists of 68 apartments, 22 single-family homes and 12 patio dwellings that were renovated. Earlier, De Kroeven was a modern neighbourhood, with modern facilities of that time which provided decades of living pleasure. But, all the houses had problems of poor ventilation and thermal comfort and therefore the renovation was a necessary step (Opstelten, I., Bakx, M., & Laumans, C. , 2011)

*Figure 11: Insulation for reducing heat loss

How the strategies have affected the efficiency in the

South-oriented desk roof

renovated house

The new house will be equipped with a south-oriented

Insulation outside the facade

desk roof so that there is plenty of room for generation of

The façade of the existing terraced house is being

solar power and solar heat.

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Research in Urbanism and Architecture II

Skylight The skylight is on the north side which is an advantage for utilising maximum solar heat and prevent shading.

Sun shading The house is provided with a balcony and a buffer space with sun shade above to prevent heat to reach the inside directly.

Sun protection and Spray ventillation

Figure 13: HR Boiler

The house is equipped with sun protection and drainage.

The starting point is that the sun protection is turned on before summer days where it gets really hot. During a

Heating using Energy efficient HR boilers

summer night, when the outside temperature is lower

In the home an Higher efficiency HR boilers are installed

than the indoor temperature, the building becomes a heat

with a energy return of 90% for heating the space and

mass the house is cooled with spray ventilation. Proper

65% for heating tap water.

insulation is provided for these facilities no damp, moist or water can seep in.

*Figure 14: WTW Ventillation

*Figure 12: Sun Protection

Heat recovery (Ventilation system) Heat is recovered from the ventilated air flowing in the house, as a part of the ventilation system. The ventilation system in the house is decentralized and single units are hung in each room. The starting point for thermal efficiency is of 80%. When there is no heating requirement, the heat recovery continues by means of a valve.

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Energy efficient “Adaptive Thermal Strategies” for renovation of the post war houses in the Netherlands.

*Figure 15: Overall adaptive thermal methods used in the building

Figure 17: After the renovation

Figure 16: Before the renovation

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Research in Urbanism and Architecture II

Figure 18: Maassingel building

Case study-III: Maassingel ‘s-Hertogenbosch, Noord-

with HR ++ glass and insulating frames (plastic or

Brabant, Netherlands

wooden passive frames). In addition, temperature zoning

Architect : DAT Architects.

is also used. Dwellings can be realized without loss of

Area of project: 3500 m2

storey height when the intermediate floors are insulated

Year of construction : 1965

(Opstelten,2011,).

The house was built in 1965 with an extension that took place in 1978. The existing house consisted of a large glass surface, cavity walls of 5 cm and a part of the floor was laid directly on sand without crawl space. It had a central heating system and a fireplace for conviviality. *Figure 19: Insulation reducing the heat loss

How the strategies have affected the efficiency in the Ventilation

renovated house.

The strategy uses heat return extraction from air, as part Providing insulation on outside and between floors

of the ventilation system. The starting point is a thermal

The existing house is covered on outside with insulation to

efficiency of 80%. When there is no heat requirement, the

obtain an Rc value of 6. The windows are provided

warm-recovers by means of a valve switched off.

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Energy efficient “Adaptive Thermal Strategies” for renovation of the post war houses in the Netherlands.

*Figure 20: Overall adaptive thermal methods used in the building

Heating using compression heat pump An electrical compression heat pump is installed in the

The strategy also uses solar heat by means of delineation

home used with a COP of 4 to heat the room and a COP

of a solar collector with a 300-liter storage tank. This is

of 2.5 for heating tap water. This provides a high level of

primarily used for hot tap water but can also support

comfort. It is used of a vertical soil source (closed ground

space heating. A shower-WTW ensures that even with a

heat exchanger cellars). This soil source is also used if

small heat supply capacity there plenty of hot water is

necessary for free cooling in the summer. A heat pump

available, which also increases comfort.

with outside air as a source can be viewed as an option.

Sun protection, drainage and free soil cooling The house is equipped with sun protection and drainage.

The starting point is that the sun protection will be turned on before it gets really hot. Through free cooling (with cold from the bottom source) becomes top cooling delivered and the soil source is regenerated. During summer night, when the outside temperature is lower than the building mass, the dwelling is cooled with spray ventilation. For an optimal comfort is acheived in the summer by free cooling with the soil source of 12 MJ / m2.

*Figure 21: Compression heat pump

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Research in Urbanism and Architecture II

Comparative analysis

(

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Energy efficient “Adaptive Thermal Strategies” for renovation of the post war houses in the Netherlands.

Concept mapping As observed from literature review and case studies,

system helps to cool down the space when the sensors

there are enormous adaptive thermal strategies that

detect heat mass inside the house.

can be used in order to maintain the thermal comfort with improved energy efficiency. These strategies can be

Passive strategies

categorized into active, passive and adaptive strategies

Heating

and then compared in order to figure out which ones

Use of insulation is most widely used strategy to

work better for the post war houses.

prevent heat from inside to escape to the exteriors.

The strategies are selected which can be used in the

Adding insulation to facade (walls and windows both),

refurbishment of post war houses depends on certain

intermediate floors as well as roof improves the efficiency

factors such as - efficiency, usage, techniques and

of thermal comfort.

materials used, ease of application and feasibility.

Solar gain is another major passive strategy that works well to keep the space warm. Orientating rooms such

Active strategies

that maximum solar gain is attained, providing skylight

Heating

in the north side to attain proper energy from sun and to

Different types of active systems are used to provide

prevent shading and providing sun space as buffer zone

thermal comfort by heating the space during the winters.

are few ways to ensure efficient solar gain in the house.

HR-boilers which are 90% returning can be used in order

Adding a balcony works as the most efficient solution.

to provide additional heating to the space. Compressive heat pump can also be used to heat the space during

Cooling

winters. The additional advantage of using compressive

Natural ventilation is one of the best ways to cool the

heat pump over the HR-boilers is that the compressive

house during summers. Changing the layout to such a

heat pumps can also be used with reverse action to cool

way that the air flow is maintained naturally saves a large

the space in summers.

amount of energy as compared to active ventilation systems.

Cooling

Providing sunshades and sunspace also helps to keep the

Adaptive ventilation systems are available in many forms.

space cool in summers. Moreover, they they are useful

Operable vents that work on the basis of sensor system

in both cooling as well as heating in winters. Adding

depending on the indoor and outdoor temperatures are

manually operated vents to along with buffer zone is also

easy to use with window systems. One example being

very beneficial.

the operable vents is Co2 controlled ventilation system

Adding a balcony is one of the most efficient passive

that facilitate the fresh flow of air by enabling use of

strategy to improve thermal comfort with minimum or

smart sensors detecting the Carbon Dioxide levels. In

no use of energy. It is amalgamation of various strategies

contrast to the system above, WTW ventilation system can

like change in the ratio of surface to volume, provision of

be installed that works on the principle of decentralized

a buffer zone and addition of sun shade which in turn

ventilation with different systems for every room

improve thermal effect of ventilation and enhance quality

depending on the necessity of ventilation in that space.

of thermal comfort.

Sun protection and spray ventilation systems can also be used for cooling during summers. The spray ventilation

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Research in Urbanism and Architecture II

Conclusions For the residential sector to become more sustainable

strategies are not yet as effective in attaining thermal

and energy efficient, adaptive thermal strategies act as

comfort as the active strategies.

a promising system in providing thermal comfort. For becoming more energy efficient, simple essence has to

Active strategies such as providing openable vents

be applied without compromising to the desired comfort

(adjoining windows or balconies) adjust according to

level.The overall energy consumption has to be reduced

the temperature of the house, to open and give out hot

and some sort of energy has to be produced.

air and keep the space cooler. Moreover, these vents close during winters in order to prevent the heat from

Noticing from literature review and understanding

escaping out. Different types of ventilation systems can

the thermal strategies that are already applied in case

be used depending on the layout of the house. Use of

studies, it is clear that adaptive (combination of active

compressive heat pump is also advantageous. It can be

and passive) thermal strategies can be used effectively

used during winters to heat the house and also during

to maintain the desired temperatures in the indoors.

summers to cool the house by respectively heating and

From concept mapping it can be observed that, there

cooling the soil below the house.

are enormous active and passive strategies which can be used together. On one hand, active systems work on

A balance between active strategies and passive

the energy from external source and use certain amount

strategies is what brings out the efficacy in energy

of energy in providing high quality thermal comfort. On

usage. Hence, adaptive thermal strategies utilize this

the other hand, passive strategies use ambient energy

combination of strategies to provide the desired level of

and are comparatively less efficient in providing high

thermal comfort and also increase the energy efficiency.

quality thermal comfort. Thus, a balance of both active

Use of photovoltaic solar panels along with these

and passive strategies reduces the amount of waste of

strategies makes the house energy neutral, thus making

energy and increases the efficiency in providing thermal

it highly energy efficient.

comfort.

A single post war house in Netherlands uses a considerable amount of energy to provide thermal comfort. While refurbishing these post war houses, the right strategies can be applied such that less energy is consumed to attain thermal comfort.

Passive strategies such as adding insulation to facade walls and windows, intermediate floors and roof, help to prevent heat from escaping. From different case studies it can be seen that providing balconies and sun spaces is one of the most efficient ways to not only for solar gain but also to protect space from overheating during summers. Even though highly methodical, these

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Energy efficient “Adaptive Thermal Strategies” for renovation of the post war houses in the Netherlands.

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Figure 1. : CBS (2018), Energy consumption of houses in Netherlands Alders, EE & Kurvers, SR.(2011) Adaptive Principles for Thermal Comfort in Dwellings - From Comfort Temperatures to Avoiding Discomfort, Proceedings of PLEA 2011; Architecture and Sustainable Development, p.p. 601-606.

Figure 2. : Fotopoulou.A, Semprini.G, Cattani.E, Schihin.Y, Weyer.J, Gulli.R, Ferrante.A, (2017). Magisterparken, Denmark ,http://isiarticles. com/bundles/Article/pre/pdf/157809.pdf.

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 (2004). Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. [ebook] American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. Available at: http:// www.aicarr.org/Documents/Editoria_Libri/ASHRAE_PDF/STD55-2004. pdf

Figure 3. : Fotopoulou.A, Semprini.G, Cattani.E, Schihin.Y, Weyer.J, Gulli.R, Ferrante.A, (2017). Before renovation, ,http://isiarticles.com/ bundles/Article/pre/pdf/157809.pdf.

C.F. Møller. (2019). C.F. Møller. [online] Available at: https://www. cfmoller.com/

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Fotopoulou.A, Semprini.G, Cattani.E, Schihin.Y, Weyer.J, Gulli.R, Ferrante.A, (2017). Deep renovation in existing residential buildings through façade additions: A case study in a typical residential building of the 70s. [ebook] Available at: http://isiarticles.com/bundles/Article/pre/ pdf/157809.pdf.

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De Kroeven, Netherlands, https://passregsos.passiv.de/images/b/b7/ Huisvolenergie.pd

Figure 16. : Huis vol energie inspiratie voor energieneutraal wonen.

(2011). Before the renovation, https://passregsos.passiv.de/images/b/b7/ Huisvolenergie.pd

Huis vol energie inspiratie voor energieneutraal wonen. (2011). [ebook] http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/deed.n. Available at: https://passregsos.passiv.de/images/b/b7/Huisvolenergie.pd

Figure 17. : Huis vol energie inspiratie voor energieneutraal wonen.

(2011). After the renovation, https://passregsos.passiv.de/images/b/b7/ Huisvolenergie.pd

Huis vol Energie. (2019). Publicatie Huis vol Energie. [online] Available at: https://huisvolenergie.nl/publicatie-huis-vol-energie [Accessed Jan. 2019].

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(2011). Maassingel building, https://passregsos.passiv.de/images/b/b7/ Huisvolenergie.pd

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Maassingel building

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Table 1. Gas consumption in post war houses (CBS, 2019) Table 2. Electricity consumption in post war houses (CBS, 2019)

*All other illustrations are drawn by the authors of the paper.

Monge-Barrio, A. and Sánchez-Ostiz, A. (2015). Energy efficiency and thermal behaviour of attached sunspaces, in the residential architecture

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Research in Urbanism and Architecture II

Acknowledgements Several people played an important role in achieving this research paper and we would like to acknowledge and thank everybody. First we would like to thank our prof. Mr. Torsten Schröder for his valuable his guidance and support. We are also thankful to the other teachers and fellow students for their peerreviews which helped us to improve our paper at every step. Finally we would like to thank all the researchers for their hard work, which helped us in completing our research in this field.

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Energy efficient “Adaptive Thermal Strategies” for renovation of the post war houses in the Netherlands.

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