Studio Booklet: Yangtze, China. Climate Change & Contemporary Landscape Urbanism Strategies.

TABLE OF CONTENTS 0_ Studio Challenge

1_ China’s Challenges

research Thesis

MARTA FINOTELLO

China Facing Food Security OLIVIA MISSIAEN

Hybridising Performative Water Landscapes QUANG MINH NGUYEN

New Yypologies: 21st Century Zero-impact & Hybrid Typologies in Urban and Rural China SARAH VAN DE VELDE

Micro-dynamics in the migration Maelstrom of the Yangtze River Delta MAARTEN VAN HULLE

China’s Post-carbon Future: a Mission for Technology and Urban Design MARIA ZAHAROVA

Real Estate Development Dynamics

2_Vision for Taihu Baisin

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Transect

3_ Strategic projects

four 5x5km sites & 11 individual site

ANSHU AHUJA - MINH QUANG NGUYEN

Taihu Lake

SIJIN CHEN - MARTA FINOTELLO- SARAH VAN DE VELDE

Jiangnan Polders

OLIVIA MISSIAEN - MAARTEN VAN HULLE - MARIA ZAKHAROVA

Anting New Town

MANOLA COLABIANCHI - LAVINIA ISAN - YUXI WU

Pudong Coast

4_ Acknowledgements

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0_ Studio Challenge Studio brief & Taihu Basin 5

Climate Change & Contemporary Landscape Urbanism Strategies Urbanized Deltas

Climate change poses one of the greatest threats to humankind’s future. Bold policy and political will must be matched by the precise understanding of science and creative and out-of-the-box alternatives to its future habitation. Urbanism organizes civilization according to man-made rules and the use of space, yet it is anchored to natural world, which the environmental sciences strive to unravel.

In the KU Leuven spring of 2018, three studios, on three continents will focus on design responses to climate change, including water and forest urbanisms and the development of new morphologies and typologies to create new relationships between nature and culture, water/ agriculture /forests and cities, the unbuilt and the built and public and private realms. The studios will all work in one studio space, follow a common process, have joint workshops and reviews and culminate in the June/ July World Urbanisms Seminar.

Urbanized deltas—which host more than half of the world’s population and produce the lion’s share of global economic value—are amongst the earth’s most inherently vulnerable territories with regards to climate change and man has yet to figure out how to appropriately respond to the predicted consequences of increased vulnerability, which includes storm surges, sea level rise, both increased flooding and drought, and extreme rainfall. The hazard-prone areas threaten water and food security, human settlement and transport. Clearly the stakes, in terms of human and financial capital, are extremely high and need urgent attention. Design attention and creative thinking is thus part of the necessary ‘game-changers’ that must figure into a paradigm shift for such deltaic landscapes.

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© NASA

© JPL/ NASA, 2013

Tete Region, Zambeze River Delta, Mozambique

Taihu Basin, Yangtze River Delta, China

Guayas River Delta, Ecuador

The three studios include the Tete Region, Zambeze River Delta (Mozambique), Taihu Basin, Yangtze River Delta (China) and Guayas River Delta (Ecuador) The studios overlaped and shared as many resources as possible. The studio was developed through model-building at three scales (1:20,000, 1:5000 and 1:500).

The first scale was that of a transect, the second 5 x 5 kilometer zooms and then individual projects within. Fieldwork tested various forms of notational mapping, sections and ‘paintings,’ building on the local traditions of representing the built environment.

For the China studio the schedule was as follows: Week 1: UNDERSTANDING FROM AFAR (introduction to site, fieldwork and studio method, interpretative mapping / preparing of fieldwork / text assignment) Weeks 2 & 3: FIELDWORK IN YANGTZE RIVER DELTA Week 4: COLLECTIVE VISION OF THE TRANSECT Week 5: TERRITORIAL LANDSCAPE URBANISM STRATEGY Weeks 6 & 7: IDENTIFICATION OF STRATEGIC PROJECTS & PRECEDENTS Week 8: MID-REVIEW Week 9 & 10 & 11: DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIC PROJECT Weeks 13 & 14: DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIC PROJECT/ EDITING THE VISION

© NASA

Week 12: CLIMATE CHANGE WORKSHOP WITH RICHARD PLUNZ

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Š Gunther Vogt

Distance and Engagement fieldtrips to landscapes, designing in model, Gunther Vogt

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Š Alexander von Humboldt

Fieldwork Section measurements in relation to topography, Alexander von Humboldt

Installing Commons in Afram landscape appropriations, production cycles, Enrique Gomez & Laura Nagels

Š Enrique Gomez & Laura Nagels

Alexander von Humboldt

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© Junya Ishigami

© Junya Ishigami

“Forest” plan devised in accordance with the given function of the studio, Junya Ishigami

Survey diagram office layout 15 July 2010, Junya Ishigami

© Malangatana © Huguette Caland

Mural as Technique Praça dos Herois Moçambicanos, Maputo, Malangatana

Tapestry painting continuous, consistent landscape, uploaded with specificity, Huguette Caland

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Š Qing Dynasty Š Yao Li

Scroll painting part of the map of the Chianfjiang (Jiangning Prefecture), Qing Dynasty

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Concealment and Restructuring New Mountain and Water contemporary Chinese landscape painting, Yao Li

© Gustavo Endara Crow

Tigua Art ancient heritage and cultural history, Julio Toaqiza Tigase

© Julio Toaqiza Tigase

Magical Realism Pajaros Sobre Azul – Llovendo Campanas, Gustavo Endara Crow

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Taihu Basin, Yangtze River Delta China

China is presently one of the most aggressive countries in the world with regards to policies that are tackling climate change. At the same time, there are a plethora of ancient treatises and indigenous methods that can serve as inspiration for contemporary climate adaptation and flood management. The studio will develop a collective vision of the Yangtze (Chang Jiang in Chinese) River Delta for the near and long-term futures and thereafter individual projects, across a transect of the delta (and across scales), will be developed to strengthen the vision and more specifically create soft infrastructure strategies to respond to sea level rise and storm surge, the relation of the urban and the rural, hybrid morphologies and typologies of housing, social and private buildings in relation to productive landscapes.

The studio ambitions to develop the next evolution of the Taihu Basin of the Yangtze River Delta which has evolved over the millenia.

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© US Library of Congree

Domesticated Nature: 1967

Blue, Green and Grey massive urbanization in the Taihu Basin

British Military Control: 1864 with studio transect and 4 sites

©JNASA

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© British Library

Delta as Archipelago: 1754-60 Provincial Atlas of the Great Qing Dynasty

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1_ China’s Challenges

Thesis research

MARTA FINOTELLO

China facing food security

Looking at projects for agriculture modernisation

Food security in China In times of climate change and environmental crisis, demographic growth and

strategies, and placing on the forefront rural development (Long et al., 2010). In

income appreciation are driving exponential demand for food. In the next 30

2006 the Chinese government launched a national programme named “Building

years, the world population is predicted to rise from 7.6 billion to 9.8 billion (UN

the New Socialist Countryside”, with the declared aim to develop the rural areas

DESA, 2017). Urban growth and migration are steering a “nutrition transition” in

and the farmers living conditions (Jiabao, 2006). Notwithstanding the govern-

the Global South that is determining an increased demand for animal proteins.

ment’s socio-spatial justice propagandistic concerns, it is evident that the primary

This phenomenon is adding even more pressure on the agriculture system, that is

purpose of the rural restructuring process is to provide food security, maintaining

required to drastically adapt to produce more with fewer resources (Mann, 2018).

the country self-sufficient on the long term, towards agricultural technological

The consequence is that the global production of food should augment of the 50

improvements and increased subsidies for farmers.

per cent to satisfy the future humanity nutritional needs (FAO, 2018a). In the light

The Chinese renewed attention to the rural territory, induced by side effects of the

of all these predictions, it is clear that food security represents one of the main

intense urban growth, namely climate challenge, food insecurity and migration, is

challenges governments have to face before it becomes the catalyser for major

promoting social and technological innovations that often find them space at the

conflicts and environmental disasters.

threshold between rural and urban territories.

China, a nation where massive rural-urban migration and industrial development

In the Chinese agriculture modernisation process, the private entrepreneurs are

engendered uncontrolled expansions of urban areas and loss of cultivated lands,

playing a significant role. The central government incentivises the start-up of

well understood the risks that a national food crisis could imply. The country

farmers cooperatives, often constituted by the association of food-industry entre-

possesses the 7 per cent of the world agricultural land, but it is inhabited by the

preneurs and farmers. These, in literature, are often defined as “fake cooperatives”,

18.7 per cent of the total world population (World Bank, 2016). By 2030 because

because the traditional power dynamics are maintained and do not promote the

of the climate change impact on grain harvest, China will need extra 10 million

empowerment of the farmers status (Schwoob, 2018: 240). New players are enter-

hectares of arable-surfaces to feed its growing population (Long et al., 2010). This

ing into the agriculture industry, frequently in rupture with the traditional farm-

means that food insecurity in China could have severe consequences also beyond

ing culture and to some extent defining new landscapes, like the alien vineyards

its national border (Schwoob, 2018). Since the early 2000’s food security became

on the Ningxia region.

a priority for the government, driving a shift in macroeconomic development

The urban civil society is also contributing to social innovation in agriculture.

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Š Zhang Yuqing

The future of the rural village, 1958

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The urban’s elites search for safe and healthy food is incentivising some farmers

Public authorities own the agricultural lands while rural households only own the

to reinvent the relationship producer/consumer, taking advantage of the location

right to use it. The state intently disciplines the household’s right of use. Collec-

in suburban areas, in the proximity of big metropolis. Community-Supported

tive organs regulate Bequeaths, transfers and leases, and individuals cannot freely

Agriculture (CSA) farms are successfully developing in the proximity of Beijing.

decide how to manage the land they are in the right to use (Zhao and Jin, 2013).

Here farmers are growing organic products that they sell directly to the consum-

Nowadays this system is called into question by the diffuse urbanisation, the

ers, previously stipulating an agreement of “mutual support” (Fao.org, 2018).

rural-urban migration, but also by the entry of new players into the agriculture

Concerning technological innovation, the country is investing in the development

production. Modernisation in agriculture is driven by hi-tech companies that are

of precision agriculture with the aim to increase productivity and sustainability.

not at all connected with the local context and traditions. These new players ques-

Land consolidation policies and subsidies are fostering agriculture mechanisation,

tion the role and the future of traditional farmers that have the rights of the land,

transforming the traditional organisation of the farms’ properties. Biotechnology

but not the means to participate to agriculture modernisation.

research is also participating in the modernisation process. Researchers of the Yangzhou University recently developed a new rice variety that can grow on sea-

Today, in China, the spatial transformation of the countryside is mainly driven

water, promising to transform one million square kilometres of unproductive land

by land consolidation practices for the creation of modern farms, where scientific

into fertile paddies (Kentish, 2017). Ongoing government projects, both in rural

and technological development is represented by the introduction of precision

and urban areas, exemplify the high ambition of the Chinese agriculture mod-

agriculture and the use of highly performative breeds (Kendall, 2017). Investments

ernisation process. Here social and technological innovations are the catalyser for

also are made to upgrade the degraded traditional settlements. This questionable

several spatial innovations.

top-down process usually consists in the demolition and reconstruction of entire villages, in place or the periphery of the closest towns. Despite the radicality of this operation, some exciting projects are exemplifying the potential of these in-

Solving the rural-urban divide

terventions. An example is the SWA’s project for the Nanhu New Country Village

Into the current agriculture innovation process, the most striking aspect is the

in Jiaxing. Here a community project is associated with agricultural production

new boundaries between the rural and the urban environment that the food

and ecosystem restoration, defining a renewed functional, productive landscape

industry is breaking. If in the past rural and urban duties were clearly defined, and

(Swagroup.com, 2018). Since 2006, the process of land consolidation was cata-

the city was relying on the rural space for food production, nowadays the massive

lysed by the establishment of legal status for farmers cooperatives. Governmental

urbanisation of the countryside and the increased land use conflicts make the

policies incentivise the formation of cooperatives, capable of reaching more easily

landscapes of food production fuzzy. This new phenomenon makes necessary to

higher productivity and the economies of scale. According to recent researches,

differentiate agriculture’s innovations in rural and urban areas. In these two con-

the significant part of these cooperatives includes the presence of industry stake-

texts, we assist to various trends, which define different spatial transformations.

holders, which take advantage f financial and fiscal support provided to farmer’s

In China, the differentiation between rural areas, for agriculture, and cities for ser-

cooperatives by the government (Schwoob, 2018). Land consolidation is one the

vices and industrial production are strongly highlighted by different development

main ongoing process in China. In rural areas, massive destruction of villages

policies and the houko household registration system. This divides the Chinese

and industries seems to be at the heart of the building new socialist countryside

population into rural and urban citizens, attributing to them different rights.

strategy.

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Village and industy in Luzhi, 2018

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The government is allocating 1.7 trillion yuan to land consolidation over the 13th

n.d.). There is also a healthy relationship between these projects and the promo-

Five-year Plan period (2016-2020). The aim is to promote the development of

tion of rural tourism, to develop new types of rural economies for social upgrad-

high-yield farms and increase the size of arable land of 26.7 million hectares by

ing. On the other side, in the urban areas, the increased concerns for food security

2020 (English.gov.cn, 2018). Doing so, China works towards two primary objec-

opened the urban space to agriculture production in a kind of colonisation pro-

tives of its building new countryside policy, namely food security and improve-

cess of agriculture duties into the urban domain. It is not a coincidence that two of

ment of the rural household living conditions, since farmer’s annual income

the densest urban areas of the planet, Singapore and Hong Kong are the cities that

should also benefit from the more efficient exploitation of the fields. This pro-

are the most experimenting and innovating in urban agriculture. The lack of space

cess is drastically transforming the rural Chinese landscape, in particular delta’s

for food production and the increased concern for food security is pushing these

fragmented productive territory is turning into a landscape of plastic greenhouses

urban areas to hybridise agriculture making it extremely space efficient.

and rice monoculture, raising some doubts on the environmental sustainability of

In urban areas, the main technological innovations are about indoor aquaculture

these modern farms.

and hydroponic agriculture. The entrepreneurs developing and using these technologies are mainly startuppers and citizens associations that aim to sensibilise

Aside from the large-scale land consolidation trend, there is a smaller scale

society on healthy food consumption and sustainability.

process, that is driving a qualitative transformation of some rural areas, linked to the creation of eco-villages and organic farms. These small-scale spatial changes

Spatially these socio-technological innovations are defining new architectural

are linked with the growing concern of the urban elites for the consumption of

typologies and the hybridisation of new and existing buildings. Vertical farms are

healthy and safe food. After the many recent scandals linked to the commercialisa-

parasitising existing buildings or are reconverting former industrial buildings.

tion of contaminated and adulterated food, the citizens’ demand for new trustable

One early example is the Panasonic factory in Singapore, started in 2014 inside a

food chains is driving the development of many innovations in the food produc-

warehouse, where greens are grown in a hyper-technological and controlled space

tion. The organic food market is in rapid growth in China, although the price of

where LEDs shine at a frequency that stimulates plants to grow faster. This project

the organic products is three to five time higher than the traditional one (Duggan,

shows how the production of vegetables is becoming more and more industrial-

2015).

ised giving form to a new type of farms that from the outside look like traditional industrial shelters, while in the interior as a scientific laboratory. New mixed-use

In this sense, a significative transformation in the rural food production land-

neighbourhoods, where food production and quality of the living space are at the

scape, is the creation of community supported agriculture farms (CSA), in the

forefront are starting to be developed in the metropolitan areas. Vertical farms

vicinity of some metropolitan areas. Also born from the demand of citizens for

experimentation projects become an integral part of the public realm in Sasaki’s

safe and healthy food, these farms are based on the principle of membership and

Sunqiao Urban Farming District in Shanghai (Sasaki.com., 2018), while fertile

risk sharing between producer and consumers, in return for safe food. The first ex-

fields are integrated into urban parks and university campus in Turenscape’s pro-

ample of this cooperative, in China, was the Little Donkey Farm founded in 2008,

jects. In the following pages, some examples of Chinese innovations in agriculture

by a scholar doing researches on Chinese rural development. The farm in Beijing’s

are analysed underlying them different nature linked to the place where these are

periphery had a remarkable success thanks to the political support, and it incen-

embedded.

tivised the creation of more than 200 CSA cooperatives all around China (FAO,

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Agriculture innovations are blurring the edge between urban and rural areas

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01_Urban farming ALESCA LIFE

Fujitsu Ltd.

© AlescaLife

Beijing

Alesca Life is a start-up agricultural technology project started in 2013 in Beijing. Founded by Stuart Oda, a former investment banker, Alesca Life developed an indoor automated hydroponic farm using shipping containers as primary module. The reduced dimension of this system allowed it to be placed in the dense urban area and inside buildings. These farms are cloud-connected and have sensors collecting data helping the urban farmer to efficiently manager of the vegetable production. The farms are connected to the farmers through a smartphone application monitoring the container’s environment.

Oda’s company aims to implant urban farms, inside the city, able to provide

fresh food to close consumers, cutting logistics costs, and building a trustful proximity producer-consumer. As narrate on the video sequences above, the company envisions this to happen through an app connecting farmer to consumers in the search for a fresh take away salad.

As stated by the founder the initial idea was to find an efficient way to provide trustable healthy food to the city dwellers. After many food-chains’ scandals Chinese urban elites are developing paranoiac attention to the provenience of the food they eat (Duggan, 2015). The concern of these citizens for the safety of

FARM 66

Farm 66 Investment Ltd.

Š Alibaba Entrepreneurs Fund

Hong Kong

food is becoming a trigger for new forms of business linked to agriculture.

Farm66 is an organic aquaponic farm, inside a former industrial building in Hong Kong. It was founded in 2012, by Gordon Tam inspired by his master thesis on sustainable development.The farm consists of a closed indoor environment where ideal lightening and climate conditions are artificially created to trigger the fast growth of plants. The vegetables are cultivated using hydroponic technologies and the water irrigating and fertilising the system come from indoor fish ponds. The highly controlled and close space in which these

vegetables, many salads, and fishes are yielded limit the risk of insects, fungus and bacterial infections without the aid of pesticides. The water is filtered, and ultraviolet disinfection avoids pollution with heavy metals. The founder’s aim to produce sustainable, healthy and trustable food in urban areas, is familiar to many other urban farming entrepreneurs.

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01_Urban farming Sky Farm

Š Daniel Holmes and Shi Yangkun/Sixth Tone

Shanghai

Sky Farm is an educational project that aims to reconnect children to nature and food production. The highly technological farm is implanted on a 700-square-meters roof of the Guan Sheng Yuan Group industrial park, where vegetables are cultivated into internet-connected planters. Children can rent a plant and follow its growth through a camera also deciding when to water it from a smartphone application. Urban elites concern for healthy food is expressed also by the growing number of citizens association promoting urban farming. Kids’ education to healthy food consumption is one of the consequences of the renewed interest for the environment and sustainable growth.

Guan Sheng Yuan Group

Kokai Studios

K11 Art Mall

K11 Art mall is located in the core centre of Shanghai. At its interior, a various number of planters are dedicated to the cultivation of vegetables. It is expressly an urban-elites addressed project. Here indoor farming has mainly a decorative aim catering to the renewed interest of the urban citizens for safe and healthy food.

Š Charlie Xia

Š Kokai Studios

Shanghai

02_Rural farms modernization Tony’s Organic Farm

Tony Zhang Tonggui

© Tan Weiyun

Pudong, Shanghai

Tony’s Shanghai Organic Farm was founded in 2005 as a reaction to the many food scandals occurring in China, by Tony Zhang Tonggui, a restaurants entrepreneur, concerned for the products his restaurants were using. This organic farm is nowadays one of the biggest in Shanghai area to be certified by the Organic Food Development and Certification Centre of China.

Tony’s first farm was established in the Pudong district, and since fe w years it also expanded in the Chongming Island, occupying a total surface of 225 hectares. In the vision of the founder this farm is not only a place where to

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grow healthy food but also a place that the consumers can experience, building a trustful relationship producer-consumer. The promotion of a natural lifestyle became here a commercial product since the farm also hosts a restaurant and an exhibition centre (ArchDaily, 2018). Moreover, Zang decided to open a new building in the Shanghai city centre to advertise an organic lifestyle, transforming the preoccupation of Shanghai’s citizens into a booster for the booming organic business.

29 © Haian Guo

02_Rural farms modernization Changyuncun Modern Farm Kunshan

2017

Š Google Earth

2009

In 2012, the farmers of the Changyuncun village in the Jiangsu province decided to create a land stock cooperative. Together they agreed to reconvert the shrimps and fish-ponds to rice fields, restoring 2000 mu of paddies. Doing so they formed a new modern collective farm managed by professional farmers.

This farm is representative of the primary trend in China of cooperative farm creation with the help of professional farmers with a stronger educational background. Land consolidation is one of the policies aiming to foster agriculture production, and cooperatives work in this sense since they transform the highly

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fragmented landscape pattern of small properties into a solid monofunctional territory for industrialised agriculture.

31 © China Pictorial

03_Landscape transformations in Shanghai’s periphery Land consolidation Anting

In the Chinese eastern coastal region and in particular in the Yangtze River Delta, the cultivated surfaces decreased significantly from 1980, mainly due to “The household responsibility reform” that trigged the development of township and villages’ enterprises in rural areas (Li, 2017; Sharma and Jha, 2018).

Today the territory is densely urbanised and has the highest economic density of the country, represented by the highest percentage of secondary industry in GDP and the lower share in agriculture GDP (Long et al., 2010). Its rural areas have the smallest farming holdings, characterised by high level of mechanised agriculture, producing mainly rice, vegetables and cash crops. Fishery industry,

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here, is the most developed of the country, representing almost the 7 per cent of the cultivated lands (Fanfani and Brasili, 2010; Khan et al., 2008; Ling and Weimin, 2010).

Challenges the Yangtze River Delta has to face are multiples, namely air and water pollution, land degradation and rural-urban migration, and they are inseparably linked to both rural and urban economies. The peculiar socio-spatial interrelation between cities and countryside, in a densely urbanised territory, at first sight, appears problematic because of the conflicts of interest related to

2017

Š Google Earth

2009

resources allocation. Nevertheless, the dense network of infrastructures and the economic and technological capitals of this area could be the support and the catalyser for a new hybrid rural development, where the agricultural industry is associated with energy production, water de-pollution and ecosystems restoration. Today the Yangtze River Delta’s residual rural zones are undergoing a massive process of land consolidation. This traditionally fragmented landscape, marked by omnipresent water-management topographic transformations, is endangered. Many villages and scattered industries are being destroyed to make way for highly-performative farms.

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03_Landscape transformations in Shanghai’s periphery Land consolidation through industries demolition Poudong coast

Š Google Earth

2009

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2017

Land consolidation through villages demolition Qiandeng

2017

Š Google Earth

2005

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Conclusions Addressing inclusive rural transformations and food security seems to be one of the main ambitions of the Chinese government. Many investments have been made to foster sustainable development and to support agricultural modernisation, giving the hope that China could drive significant technological innovations able to face food and environmental security simultaneously.

Nevertheless, the social and technological innovations in agriculture raise some doubts about them real inclusiveness. If on the one hand, the rediscovered interest in agriculture has fostered innovative entrepreneurship, on the other hand, these appear to exclude the rural population. The Chinese countryside is going through a radical transformation driven by external forces poorly linked with its millenary agrarian traditions (Liu et al., 2015). The newcomers into the rural landscape raise questions about the future of its inhabitants. Technologies are making the farmers’ job more comfortable, but less in need of human labour, defining future socio-economic challenges. Pragmatic urgencies drive the current transformations of the territory. This operational approach lacks in consideration of the significant cultural legacy of these territories. Displacements and radical agriculture modernisation are not only erasing the bond between the rural population and the place it is born in, but also the possibility of skilful stewardship of these millenary landscapes.

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Farmers in Anting, 2018

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References Books and scientific articles : Fanfani, R. and Brasili, C. (2010). Regional differences in Chinese agriculture: Results from the 1997 First National Agricultural Census. Journal of Peasant Studies, 30(3-4), pp.18-44.

FAO (2018a). 2017 The State of Food and Agriculture: Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformation. Rome: Food & Agriculture Org., pp. XI-XVII. Kendall, H., Naughton, P., Clark, B., Taylor, J., Li, Z., Zhao, C., Yang, G., Chen, J. and Frewer, L. (2017). Precision Agriculture in China: Exploring Awareness, Understanding, Attitudes and Perceptions of Agricultural Experts and End-Users in China.

Advances in Animal Biosciences, 8(02), pp.703-707.

Li, Z. (2017). Reform and development of agriculture in China. Singapore: Springer, pp.115-120.

Ling, C. and Weimin, W. (2010). Wastewater Management in Freshwater Pond Aquaculture in China In: K. Fukushi, K. Mahbub Hassan, R. Honda and A. SuSmi, ed., Sustainability in Food and Water. An Asian Perspective. Dordrecht: Springer, pp.181-190.

Liu, P., Ravenscroft, N., Harder, M. and Dai, X. (2015). The knowledge cultures of changing farming practices in a water town of the Southern Yangtze Valley, China. Agriculture and Human Values, 33(2), pp.291-304.

Long, H., Liu, Y., Li, X. and Chen, Y. (2010). Building new countryside in China: A geographical perspective. Land Use Policy, 27(2), pp.457-470.

Schwoob, M. (2018). Food Security and the Modernisation Pathway in China. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp.237-244.

Zhao, D. and Jin, M. (2013). Social innovations on land use in rural China: an asset-based analysis. China Journal of Social Work, 6(2), pp.208-219.

On-line documents and websites : ArchDaily. (2018). Tony’s Farm / Playze. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/311024/tonys-farm-playze [Accessed 1 Jun. 2018].

Duggan, J. (2015). China’s middle class turns to organics after food safety scares. The Guardian. [online] Available at: https:// www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/may/14/china-middle-class-organics-food-safety-scares [Accessed 1 Jun. 2018].

English.gov.cn. (2018). China to spend 1.7 trillion yuan on land consolidation. [online] Available at: http://english.gov.cn/state_ council/ministries/2017/02/15/content_281475568502864.htm [Accessed 4 Jun. 2018].

FAO (n.d.). Revitalizing Agroecology in China. [online] Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-be865e.pdf [Accessed 1 Jun. 2018].

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Fao.org. (2018). Community supported agriculture thriving in China | FAO. [online] Available at: http://www.fao.org/familyfarming/detail/en/c/325680/ [Accessed 12 Apr. 2018].

Jiabao, W. (2006). New Socialist Countryside - What Does It Mean? Beijing Review, [online] (14). Available at: http://www. bjreview.com.cn/special/third_plenum_17thcpc/txt/2008-10/10/content_156190.htm [Accessed 9 Apr. 2018].

Kentish, B. (2017). Chinese scientists develop rice that can grow in seawater, potentially creating enough food for 200 million people. Independent. [online] Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/rice-seawater-chinese-scientists-food-200million-a8017971.html [Accessed 18 Apr. 2018].

Mann, C. (2018). How Will We Feed the New Global Middle Class? The Atlantic, [online] Available at: https://www.theatlantic. com/magazine/archive/2018/03/charles-mann-can-planet-earth-feed-10-billion-people/550928/ [Accessed 12 Apr. 2018].

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(2018). Dissatisfaction with food safety pervasive, survey finds - China - Chinadaily.com.cn. [online] Chinadaily.com.cn.

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OLIVIA MISSIAEN

Hybridising Performative Water Landscapes From Flood Control to Controlled Floodig

Southern Floods, Northern Droughts. The ancient Chinese saying already points to the climatological extremes within the enormous landmass of China (Nadin, Yinlong, & Opitz-Stapleton 2016:53). Currently, such extremes are exacerbated under climate change conditions and, consequently, the adaptation measures taken throughout the country vary widely. Therefore, the National Adaptation Strategy (NAS), China’s main policy to tackle climate change, provides a “macro-framework for provincial plans” instead of providing a generalising national plan. (Nadin et al. 2016:310). However, the NAS strategy still ranges from building resilience in the primary sectors (from ‘human heath’ to ‘water resources’), mitigating and reducing environmental catastrophes and their resulting economical setbacks.

In order to see the forest trough the trees, this paper will primarily focus on the perspective of performative water landscapes, and the case studies and policies are selected with the eye towards their suitability for the Yangtze River Delta (YRD).

On the one hand, these new performative water landscapes are a response to the fast urbanisation process of the YRD which have extreme consequences for the environment and consequently on climate change (Gu, Hu, Zhang, Wang, & Guo 2011:546-551). The reduction of both the quantity and quality of waterbodies is due to land reclamation, over-extraction of groundwater and heavy industrialisation. On the other hand, climate change itself has greatly impacted urbanisation.

Sea-level rise and increasing precipitation variability have led towards increased flooding, salination processes and the reduction of developable land.

40

(The Guardian, 2015)

(Chineseposters.net)

“In agriculture, learn from Dazhai” During the 1970s, the national propaganda programme under Mao Zedong, aimed at learning from the site of Dazhai, exemplary on the manipulation of the water body by terracing the territory and installing irrigation canals.

“Humanity and water in harmony: North and South both benefit” The Danjiangkou damming is part of the South–North Water Transfer Project, which targets a water transfer of almost 45 billion cubic meters each year from the humid south of the country to the arid north.

New performative water landscapes demonstrate a recent paradigm shift in

by the shifting of seasons and the increasing of the both daytime and nighttime

government measures: from flood control to controlled flooding. Historically,

temperatures (Gu et al. 2011:551). The Anning River New South precedent hy-

fluctuating waterbodies of the delta have been subject to various state-of-the-art

bridises its “future historical hydrology” with cultivation of a reciprocal synergy, as

engineering projects for flood control (Seavitt 2014). In China, the Three Gorges

‘cultured ecologies’ become ‘ecological culture’, and vice versa (SWA Group 2018).

Dam, the South-North Water Transfer Project, and the more recent 11,000 kilom-

The second theme is the possible synergy between the new water landscapes and

eter Great New Wall (the coastal defence system) all display a technocratic vision

the civic realm, specifically along former water transportation routes. As old fac-

for a new China (Nadin et al. 2016: 98). At the same time however, a number of

tories and warehouses vacate former industrial trade routes to Shanghai, there is

recent projects employ soft measures instead of hard engineered construction,

both the need for water treatment and an opportunity to create a new civic realm

moving towards controlled flooding (Seavitt 2014). Exemplary is the Sponge City

within the industrial heritage of brownfields (Turenscape 2009). The Shanga-

Plan of 2014, aiming at urban sustainability and flood control by an “urban runoff

hi Houtan Park revives ecological quality based on the Sponge City policy, and

control” strategy (Jia, Wang, Zhen, Clar, & Yu 2017:1). As well, apart from the

repurposes the remnants of a former steel factory in light of public education and

new physical environments, the government is encouraging programmatic soft

recreation.

measurements such as public and governmental education, hydro-meteorological monitoring and early warning systems (Gu et al. 2011:552).

The last theme of densification moves the focus from mere food security to even larger socio-economic problems of population growth and massive demographic

In each of the cases, the interdependency of climate change and socio-economic,

changes. The Home Farm introduces innovative use of vertical aquaponics, to-

political and environmental problematics, is seen as an opportunity to hybridise

gether with vertical soil based roof and ground agriculture, constituting a dynamic

new types of performative water landscapes (Gu et al. 2011:544). Within the scope

agriculture and performative landscape which is hybridised with the new typolo-

of this paper, the hybrid cases are categorised in three main themes: food security,

gies for inter-generational living modes, supporting the nation’s aging population

new civic realm and densification.

with elderly homes, care and job opportunity (SPARK architects 2014).

The first theme is food security. China’s food security, which is already under pressure due to its ever-expanding population, is currently even more threatened

41

01_Cultured Ecologies, Ecological Culture

New performative landscapes hybridised trough food security

ANNING RIVER NEW SOUTH

SWA Group

Miyi County is located in the Anning Valley, an alluvial plain in the south-west of China (Waldheim et al.

2018:56). The fertile soil is ideal for cultivation, and three of four residences in the valley rely on agriculture for their livelihoods. Based on agriculture as the identity and economy of the area, the new ecological district seeks to revisit its water ecology and relation to the productive landscape. It seeks to diversify cultivation with recreational, commercial and residences, becoming a resort town for regional eco-tourism.

42

(SWA Group)

(SWA Group)

(SWA Group)

Miyi County, China

(SWA Group)

(SWA Group)

Future Historic Ecologies The existing hydrological system is evaluated through its historic relevance, current function and future potential within the new ecological district (Waldheim et al. 2018:57). Currently, the agricultural canals contain chemical fertilisers and mountain streams bring in an abundance of sediments, making the Anning River polluted and unsuitable for recreational use. SWA Group proposes a two-folded water strategy, on the one hand a “refitting”, or improvement of the territory’s historic systems and on the other hand “synchronous”, integration of new performative infrastructures within the existing waterbodies.

Synchronous, Transitional, Retrofitted The transitional infrastructure binds the existing, often hard-engineered with the new, synchronous infrastructure, for example the “sculptural diversion” (1) which directs the water from the existing hard edge of the dam, towards a new formal lake (2) (Waldheim et al. 2018:60). The synchronous infrastructure aims to create a synergy between culture, ecology and infrastructure. The “Pattern Art Ecology lake” (2) is wetland vegetation to settle sediments, but is also accessible by a tow-level walkway. The retrofitted infrastructure includes accessible terraced agriculture (6), in which the exiting section of water and productive land is revisited for recreational use and wherein the formal agricultural structure is highlighted.

43

(SWA Group)

(SWA Group)

New Performative Water Treatment Train The new performative water landscape or “treatment train” constitutes a series of waterbodies running parallel to the Anning River (Waldheim et al. 2018:59). The waterbody is diverted into the North Lake (15) where floating wetlands absorb pollutants. The cleaned water is then removed from redundant mountain sediments in the “Central Park” (12) and further cleaned at the wetland park before its final stage the South Lake (15). After leaving the “treatment train”, when water quality is at its best, the lake serves human recreation and ecological habitation. In the masterplan, a sequence of open and build spaces is envisioned along the riverbanks and the parallel waterbody in relation to the hydraulic system.

44

(SWA Group) (SWA Group)

Waterfront Agriculture The preserved agriculture becomes part of the new performative landscape by means of an integrated dyke system (Waldheim et al. 2018:64). The levee separates the main river waterbody from the irrigation canals of the productive landscape but makes it accessible by boardwalks that lead down below the 20 year flood line. The formerly hard engineered edges of the levee are flood resisted by wetland vegetation on the sides and a rubber band in the waterways maintains the water levels during dry season and making a recreative landscape throughout the year.

45

02_Sponge City Industrial Revitalisation

New performative landscapes hybridised with civic realm

SHANGHAI HOUTAN PARK

(Turenscape)

Shanghai, China

The Hanphu River is the last segment of a long and ancient trade route going from Suzhou to Shanghai (Ball 2017:109). Due to deindustrialisation policies which seek to make room for global city functions, the Hanphu River has an abundance of industrial -formal and informal- archeology (Ng et al. 2009:268). On the other hand, with “black and stinking� Suzhou Creek as its main tributary, the Hanphu is also a severely polluted ecological system. The Shanghai Houtan Park project restores the area of a former steel factory and shipyard into an ecological corridor. It is part of the Sponge City Policy and repurposes the valuable industrial heritage along the river to create a new civic realm with low maintenance, yet high performance landscapes (Turenscape 2009).

46

Turenscape

Ancient cascade cleaning system to restore ecological corridor After former steel industries vacated the brownfield, the Hanphu River was at the bottom of national water quality ranking, and was considered unsafe for swimming (Turenscape 2009).Through a system of terraced paddies, the nutrient-rich water is cleaned and the landscape strip is first and foremost restored as an ecological functioning corridor. The ancient Chinese system of cascades is employed and uses a variety of wetland plantations to tackle different pollutants in the river and restore the water for recreational use.

(Turenscape)

(Turenscape)

(Turenscape)

Sponge City Plan With the new Houtan Park design, Shanghai is inscribed within the Sponge City Plan (SCP). The policy was first introduced in China in 2014 to promote urban sustainability. (Jia et al. 2017:1) Rapid draining is replaced by a more natural urban run-off through vegetation, integrating green and blue with grey infrastructure. The Sponge City Plan promotes not only urban flood control but also rainwater harvesting, using “stormwater as a resource rather than a waste product.� (Jia et al.

2017:1)

47

(Turenscape)

(Turenscape) (Turenscape)

48

From floodwall to wetland controlled fooding Besides the restoring the water quality, the project also targets water quantity (Turenscape 2009). In light of the national Sponge City Plan (SCP), the existing floodwall which was designed for a 1000year flood event capacity, is replaced with a design for controlled flooding. A terraced wetland provides the necessary waterbody and simultaneously prevents the shoreline from erosion. The newly created riverbanks don’t only allow natural species to thrive, but also for humans to reenter the formerly inaccessible water.

(Turenscape)

Steel factory and shipyard brownfield requalified as Huangpu River Front Along the pedestrian paths, the Hanging Garden is part of a system of ‘nodes’, constructed from industrial relics (Turenscape 2009). The industrial heritage is repurposed to create a new civic realm and as well emphasise the reuse of materials. New panels were folded out of steel panels left on site to frame the Shanghai skyline and relate to ancient principles of imperial gardens whereby one fixes the eyes to the site.

(Turenscape)

Public education on urban agriculture In the implementation of the SCP, there was public outreach and the creation of educational facilities (Jia et al. 2017). On the flanks of the terraced riverbanks, a diversity of crops and wetland plants are displayed in order to give learning opportunities about urban agriculture to visitors (Turenscape 2009). The paths that run through the project provide full accessibility, highlight the visibly changing seasons and constitute an educational and recreational experience.

49

03_Rationalising Aquaponics, Upscaling Typologies

New performative landscapes hybridised with diversified densification

HOME FARM

(SPARK Architects)

Singapore

In light of the current and future aging of the Asian population and the continuous food security issue, the project provides an integrated model which combines housing for the elderly and vertical farming (SPARK architects 2014).

50

Spark Architects

(SPARK Architects) (SPARK Architects)

(SPARK Architects)

Integrated urban farming typologies The farming consists of vertical aquaponic farming, soil-based linear farming and traditional soil-based farming (SPARK architects 2014). The aquaponic system, a combination of aquaculture and hydroponics, is integrated as a new typology of building facade. At the top of the building, a microbes fish tank (1) converts the ammonia from fish waste into nitrates which in turn serve as plant compost. The nutrient-enriched water (2) is used to fertilise the aquaponic pipes. The used water of the aquaponics (3) is then again naturally filtered by plants and, together with rainwater (7), transferred to the fish tank (1). And the cycle can start again.

51

(SPARK Architects) (SPARK Architects)

Adult diapers were outselling children’s nappies in Japan Within Asia, the number of people over retirement age is heavenly increasing (The Gerontologist 2018:463).

For China, it is predicted that the present 8.3 percent of population older then 65 will increase to 22.6 percent by 2040. In absolute figures, this is an increase from today’s 112 million people to 329 million in 2040.

Traditionally, elderly care in China has been a family responsibility, one of ‘filial piety’ or ‘xiao’ (Feng et al.

2011). According to Confucianism and as well literally stated in the Chinese constitution “Parents have the duty to rear and educate their minor children, and children who have come of age have the duty to support and assist their parents.” However, bearing the consequences of the long-standing one-child policy, family structures are evolving towards to 4:2:1, where four grandparents depend on two children and one grandchild. These numbers reveal the incompatibility of traditional ways of living and current socio-demographic changes.

52

The SPARK model proposes retirement communities to be self-sufficient, alluding also to the notion of stewardship and a sense of community (SPARK architects 2014). The seniors who work on the low-input farm could gain salaries, rent reduction or in-kind medical health care. The jobs focus on ‘aging-in-place’; they range from planting and harvesting to sales. The project includes an organic supermarket, produce market, food court and packaging workshop. Apart from health care, the Home Farm includes a social centre, kindergarten and library, thereby enlarging the public realm beyond the elderly.

(SPARK Architects)

From Xiao to new intergenerational typologies In contradiction to the ancient xiao, recent decades co-habitation between parents and children has been rapidly declining due to substantial changes in social attitudes and increased economic mobility of the younger generation (Zeng 2014:193). Currently, almost half of the elderly are living only with their spouse, while two- and three-generation models are slowly decreasing (The Gerontologist 2018:463). The Home Farm proposes a diversity of intergenerational typologies (SPARK architects 2014). The greatest number of types are studios. The rest are equally divided among two-generation living as two bedroom apartments for co-residence with one child, or dual-key apartments for grandchildren, and three-generational living.

53

OLIVIA MISSIAEN

Water keeps the boat afloat, but can also sink it

Throughout history, deltas are -ironically- equally attractive for habitation as they

Suzhou Creek, the main natural structuring element of a transect between Lake

are dangerous with regards to climate change. This is certainly true for the Yang-

Taihu and the sea, has been a trading route to Shanghai for centuries. Since the

tze River Delta (Seavitt 2014). The low water table and warm and humid climate

19th century, the transport corridor attracted both national and international

during summer are favourable for cultivation, yet disastrous for sea level rise. As

industrial capital, and a sequence of factories and warehouses settled on the banks

the ancient Chinese proverb 亦能覆舟 says ‘water keeps the boat afloat, but can

of the creek (Ng et al. 2009:268). However, since Shanghai wants to profile itself

also sink it’ (Ball 2017:266). The new performative landscapes as revealed in the

as innovation centre and heavy manufacturing is being relocated more inland, the

case studies demonstrate the possibilities of relying on natural processes to ‘keep

Creek is currently left with an abundance of industrial heritage. At the same time,

the boat afloat, but not to over anchor it’ in times of urgent climate change chal-

the water system remains with remnants of most polluting industries, including

lenges. In reference to the precedents, the variety of topographical, socio-econom-

noxious textile dying. Taihu Lake is often represented as a black stain on the map

ical, political conditions within the YRD (and more apparent in the transect) are

of water pollution, and the Suzhou Creek has been nicknamed the “black and

an opportunity to hybridise new performative water landscapes.

stinking” water body. Turenscape’s project explores the reviving of ecologies as an opportunity to repurpose the sheer volume of industrial heritage along these

For the Yangtze River Delta, hybridising performative landscapes with agriculture,

former trade routes as a new civic realm (Turenscape 2009).

is mere a return to origins rather than a cutting edge new feature. Historically, the territory of the Yantgze River was famous as China’s “Grain Basket” (Seavitt 2014).

Since Shanghai has put a cap on its population growth by 2035, its present grow-

By means of micro-topographical manipulations, the fertile alluvial soil, with its

ing population and changing demographics put enormous pressure on the land

shallow water table, was transformed into an extended polder landscape, ideal

resources along in the Taihu Basin. The precedent of Home Farm demonstrates

for cultivation and protected from flooding. Since the delta has a rich history of

that as the problem of demographic changes and food security are connected and

agricultural ecologies being part-and-parcel of cultural landscapes, an intensive

propose an integrated model where the traditional close relation between the scale

reading of the cultural and ecological heritages, could lead to the design of “future

of the land and its inhabitation is pursued (SPARK architects 2014). The ration-

historic water ecologies”, which can adapt to resilient to sea level rise while simul-

alisation of the cultivated, performative landscape goes hand-in-hand with the

taneously addressing food security issues (SWA Group 2018).

densification and diversification of the urban landscape.

54

Articles

Books

Gu, Hu, Zhang, Wang, & Guo. (2011). Climate change and urbanization in the

Ball, P.. (2017). The Water Kingdom: a Secret History of China. The University of

Yangtze River Delta. Habitat International, 35(4), 544-552.

Chicago Press.

Jia, H., Wang, Z., Zhen, X., Clar, M., & Yu, S. (2017). China’s sponge city construc-

Nadin, R., Yinlong, Xu, & Opitz-Stapleton, Sarah. (2016). Climate Risk and Resil-

tion: A discussion on technical approaches. Frontiers of Environmental Science &

ience in China. London: Routledge.

Engineering, 11(4), 1-11.

Wang, W. (2012). China’s climate change policies. London: Routledge.

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS AND SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN CHINA. (2016). The Gerontologist, 56(Suppl3), 463-464.

Feng, Zhanlian, Zhan, Heying Jenny, Feng, Xiaotian, Liu, Chang, Sun, Mingyue, & Mor, Vincent. (2011). An industry in the making: The emergence of institutional elder care in urban china. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 59(4), 73844.

Luo, He, Takara, Xiong, Nover, Duan, & Fukushi. (2015). Historical assessment of Chinese and Japanese flood management policies and implications for managing future floods. Environmental Science and Policy, 48, 265-277.

Ng, M., Feng, L., Wang, Y., Zhong, S., Zhou, J., & Liu, W. (2009). Tales from Two Chinese Cities: The Dragon’s Awakening to Conservation in face of Growth?

Debates and Compromises: Conservation and Development of the Northern Old Hongkou in Shanghai Historic Conservation and Economic Development: Are They Necessarily Rivals?—The Case of Suzhou Creek Industrial Heritage in

Websites ArchDaily. “Shanghai Houtan Park / Turenscape.” ArchDaily, 1 May 2011, www. archdaily.com/131747/shanghai-houtan-park-turenscape+.

Seavitt, C. (2014, January 03). Yangtze River Delta Project. Retrieved April 18, 2018, from https://scenariojournal.com/article/yangtze-river-delta-project/ SPARK Architects (2014). The Home Farm. http://sparkarchitects.com/portfolio_page/homefarm/ SWA Group. (2018) “Anning River Masterplan.”

Turenscape. “Shanghai Houtan Park / Turenscape.” Turenscape , 24 Nov. 2009, www.turenscape.com/en/project/detail/443.html.

Waldheim, C., Czerniak, J., Hung, Y., Aquino, G., Robinson, A., (2018) Landscape Infrastructure by SWA Group. issuu.com/quangvinhvu/docs/landscape_infrastructure_-__case_st.

Shanghai Heritage Conservation in China’s “Instant City”—Shenzhen. Planning Theory & Practice, 10(2), 267-297.

Sereny, M. (2011). Living arrangements of older adults in China: The interplay among preferences, realities, and health. Research on Aging, 33(2), 172-204.

Wu, Zhou, Chen, Wei, Dai, & Li. (2014). Determining the contributions of urbanisation and climate change to NPP variations over the last decade in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Science of the Total Environment, 472, 397-406.

Xu, Tan, Chen, & Yang. (2014). Changing patterns and determinants of natural capital in the Yangtze River Delta of China 2000–2010. Science of the Total Environment, 466-467, 326-337.

Yi Ge, Wen Dou, & Jianping Dai. (2017). A New Approach to Identify Social Vulnerability to Climate Change in the Yangtze River Delta. Sustainability, 9(12), 2236.

Zeng, I. (2014). Household and Living Arrangement Projections: The Extended Cohort-Component Method and Applications to the U.S. and China (The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis, 36). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands : Imprint: Springer.

55

MINH QUANG NGUYEN

The need for new typologies Hybridization, affordability and zero impact

Shifting lifestyles create a smaller and diverse family structures According to the National Health and Family Planning Commission, there are 430 million families in China and they have tended to get smaller since 2014. The average household size has decreased from 5.3 in the 1950s, to 3.96 in 1990, to 3.10 in 2010 and to 3.02 in 2014(en.nhfpc.gov.cn,2014a:1). Furthermore , family patterns are becoming more diverse and now include young singles, single elderly and childless couple (called dinks, dual Income no kids) and couples with one or two kids. In other words, the traditional nuclear family is no longer the dominant family form and the extended family with married brothers living together is rare (Yi Zheng, 1986). More specifically, in the period of 2000-2010, coupled households increased by 68 percent and single person households were doubled (en.nhfpc. gov.cn,2014a:3). Moreover, the sheer number of these different types of families is predicted to rise. The reason behind the transformation obviously is a shift in lifestyle. Nowadays, the fast pace of life requires more mobility. As in other parts of the world, it is common that children start their own lives as soon as they go university or begin working. As people become busier earning a living, many find it is difficult and inconvenient to have a child. As well, the average age of marriage has increased and there are more people who want to remain single. While urban life is all-consuming and more convenient with regards to services, rural family units are likewise witnessing the syndrome of “empty nest,� since younger family members leave the countryside and to find jobs in the city. There is a growing tendency where the working-age population abandons their elderly parents and young children to

56

uleloncar_ns

http://mychinesenotebook.blogspot.com/2011/10/chinese-relationship-tree.html

Traditional extended family structure

New family structure and patterns

make a living. The unprecedented urbanization of China supports this phenomenon

significant amounts of energy for heating, cooling and lighting. Development as

(Cheng.J, 2015).

well contributes to the urban heat island effect in several metropolitan areas. Now

Lack of affordable housing

is clearly the right time to encourage the energy saving and emissions reduction

Based on figures of the Ministry of Construction, more than 80% of China’s housing stock was privately owned in 2002. Capitalizing on the huge demand for housing, owners and developers capitalize on the rapidly rising the price per square meter.

In 2010, based on the annual “Economic Blue Book”, 85% Chinese people could not

policies and programs (Cong, Zhao and, Li 2015).

The transformation of family structures, lack of affordable housing and the consequences of climate change demand new typologies that are more diverse, affordable and have low- to zero-impact.

find an affordable house in the country’s urban areas. Moreover, even farmers are not able to live on the land they used to cultivate because investors have covered it with real estate. (Den Hartog, 2010a). From middle of 2001, the Chinese government established a new social housing system with low-rent housing. In this system, the government provides subsidies to enhance the living quality of the lowest income class. It makes a chance for low-income people to benefit from society’s progress.

There was also established a standard for the smallest dwelling with one bedroom to have 35m2 (Pei Ju,2002: 2).

Increasing of C02 emission and impacts of climate change China is urbanizing at an unprecedented pace, with an increase in its urban population of approximately 200 million over the past decade (Den Hartog.H, 2010b). This process is speeding up the amount of floor area constructed. The increase in floor area of buildings is directly reflected in energy consumption, which in turn emits an ever-increasing amount of C02. In fact, most Chinese buildings require

57

01_Typology for new family structure KITAGATA APARTMENT BUILDING

SANAA (2000)

http://indayear3studio-1516s1.blogspot.com/2015/08/

Gifu, Japan

Gaash.N,2007a

The module (2.5x2.3m) as housing, terrace, staircase rhythm and shading system The Gifu Kitagata apartments are part of an urban project with new social housing located close to the city of Gifu. SANAA designed the building as a single, thin- slab volume that follows the geometry of the site. In this way, the number of apartments is maximized.

This project utilizes a module of 2.5x2.3m. The collection of modules creates a grid system facade. In this regulating framework, there are various compositions of modules that create different types of apartments with a relatively low cost. Each apartment is a combination of a few modules and the terraces always have a size of one module. The strategy of the module is as well used for defining the rhythm of shading screens and fire staircase.

58

T= Terrace B=Bedroom D=Dining room J=Traditional Japanese room

Gaash.N,2007b Gaash.N,2007c

(Chan, 2012a)

Housing for several types of nuclear family Since the number and types of families will increase, the project aims to provide a wide- range of housing typologies from a smallest (65.86 m2) to the largest (129m2) with basic functions which would accommodate the needs of young and middle -aged singles, as well and couples as well.

Most of the apartments are those in the middle- income bracket.

“Given that this building is made up of rental apartments, it could be assumed that various types of families would live in those units. In other words, we imagined that forms of co-habitation would not be restricted to the existing standard family, but that different types of groupings of people should be considered ”(Sejima, 2000a:6).

Basic typologies

Gaash.N,2007d

Environmental friendly “In order to control the massiveness of the built volume, we reduce the whole to a thin slab, perforated by random holes. Each apartment has a terrace, and 107 terraces create as many holes in the structure which allow for glimpses through the building to the landscape beyond.... Also the terraces planned as “rooms”, with the initiation of introducing as much exterior space as possible into the living areas.” (Sejima, 2000b:5)

59

02_Affordability INTERACTIVE AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROTOTYPE

A bridge - the pedestal for residential towers The project in Tanglang Village explores the possible of interactive architecture. Through the structural anchoring of social and climate-dynamic processes, interactive design addresses desperately required cheap accommodation for China’s growing low class. The urban design proposes a bridge that becomes a base for residential towers. The bridge provides a flexible place covered by shadow for several activities. This space is available to local traders, thereby helping to maintain the microeconomy of the village (Dömer. K,2014a:90).

60

http://www.archiprix.org/2019/qview/?id=3467

DÖMER. K, DREXLER. H,SCHULTZ-GRANBERG. J (2014), Housing for everyone affordable living, Jovis, Berlin,pp.91

Tanglang Village, Shenzen, China

Klaus Dömer (2013)

Cost-effective structure and self-building strategy Life is organized around neighbourhood-like communities. The simple stacking of prefabricated apartment modules creates an economical system.

This structure provides a regulating framework for a flexible process of living which can be altered by individual dwellers according to their needs.

Residents can easily double the size of their apartments to 74m2 by building a mezzanine.

(Dรถmer. K,2014b:94).

South-facade in winter

Dรถmer. K,2013c

Phase 2: Finishing the floor

South-facade in summer

Dรถmer. K,2013b

Dรถmer. K,2013a

Phase 1: Constructing the floor structure

Climate-dynamic interaction Different facades are designed according to the sites specific climate situations and make full use of the energy from the environment for cooling and heating. During the winter, the north-facade prevents the cold wind and . residents are able operate the windows of the south face. The double-facade keeps protects from wind and rain.

At the same time, sunlight is able to enter and warm interiors. In the summer, cool wind blows from the sSouth entrance the building through the permeable facades. Such a smart system creates a passive building and reduces the demand of energy for heating and cooling.

61

03_Sensitive environment EARTHQUAKE RECONSTRUCTION IN JINTAI VILLAGE

Courtesy of Rural Urban Framework

Jintai Village, Nanjiang, Bazhong, Sichuan

Prototype for earthquake reconstruction The project in Jintai village develops a prototype that is socially and environmentally sustainable for earthquake reconstruction. 26 houses are rebuilt and there is as well a community center. The design of new houses reveals a new way of using local materials, green roofs, biogas and accommodation for cattle and poultry. It is part of the development of China’s new countryside. The project aims to provide an alternative typology to the structures already built following the 2008 earthquake. Understanding the limitations of both traditional housing and modern generic typologies, the project demonstrates a feasible new alternative. (RUF,2014:176).

62

RUF (2014)

The The green green roof roof is is used used as as an an additionadditional al recreational recreational and and storage storage area. area. With With options options to to be be used used for for drying drying crops, crops, socializing socializing and and planting. planting.

Bedroom Bedroom

Entrance Entrance

Rainwater Rainwater is is collected collected by by the the roof roof and and stored stored in in an an underunderground ground tank tank

The The facade facade is is composed composed of of different different types types of of brick brick infill infill in in the the concrete concrete frame frame structure. structure. Each Each section section has has aa differdifferent ent pattern pattern texture, texture, or or structure, structure, according according to to the the needs needs of of the the interior interior program. program.

Courtesy of Rural Urban Framework

Courtyard Courtyard

New economy and gathering space The whole new elevated platform is a place for growing vegetations to strengthen the economy of the village. Under the platform is a place for people to gather and have workshops.

Courtesy of Rural Urban Framework

The The exterior exterior walls walls are are aa composite composite of of brick brick with with aa layer layer of of compressed compressed straw straw and and plaster plaster on on the the inside. inside. Straw Straw is is an an excellent excellent thermal thermal conductor, conductor, keeping keeping the the building building warm warm or or coo. coo.

Village Ecology Through the design of the houses, the tradition courtyard typology is reinterpreted to become a multi–story and passive-energy building. The vertical courtyard brings light and natural ventilation and stores rainwater. There are four types of village houses, which are designated by different stepped roof tops. The roof is created as a place for drying food, planting and extra outdoor spaces. The entire village, with its combination various stepped roofs, blends with the mountainous landscape. The walls are made by various local material such as brick, stone or mud. These materials create thermal mass that helps to cool down the houses in the summer and warm them up in the winter (RUF,2014:177).

63

04_Living and working INDUSTRIAL PARK

DC Allience (2015)

City Mountains and Rivers The new industrial park is a small and reclusive world between tradition and fashion located in an area of mountains and urbanism. Such environment echoes the foundation of the Anzheng fashion group. The design provides an industrial base and comprehensive cultural and ecological framework which assimilates living, business, working, office, and exhibition. The design features a process of “building mountains,� and refers to a traditional green and blue landscape painting style. A traditional landscape of mountains and rivers is re-interpreted. The outer and inner walls of the town mirror a landscape structure of peaks and valleys. (DC Allience 2015).

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http://www.dccd.com.cn/en/projects_show.php?-

http://www.dccd.com.cn/en/projects_show.php?-

Anzheng, Haining, China

North side: Production

East side: Housing West side: Business

http://www.dccd.com.cn/en/projects_show.php?-

South side: Office

Hybridization of living and working functions The functional areas are divided in four sectors.

Each sector has a specific orientation that is suitable for various functions. In particular, the east with a good natural condition (temperature, sunlight, wind), is a place for living. A business department is configured for the west . The south is used for offices. Finally, since the production area requires stable light, is located on the north.

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05_Collective living TULOU COLLECTIVE HOUSING

Historical reference rethought The Tulou is the traditional housing typology of the Hakka people. There are several functions such as housing, shopping parking, storage and public space. Urbanus has intervened a�new Tulou� to metropolitan areas and through the re-examination its configuration and economical, social terms, and as well in relation to urbanism.

The design imposes the strong Tulou circular-form within an existing urban morphology, which includes green space, crossings, thruways, and left over residual urban land. The construction cost was supported by the municipality, which is an vital factor in the development of affordable housing. The close proximity of each Tulou helps to prevent negative influences from the outer world such as noise and chaos, at the same time creating a warm and comfortable environment inside the several layers of courtyards (Urbanus, 2008).

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Urbanus,2010

http://www.urbanus.com.cn/projects/tulou-collective-housing/?lang=en-

Urbanus (2008)

http://www.urbanus.com.cn/projects/tulou-collective-housing/?lang=en-

Wooden screen

Roof garden Public space

Public space

Apartment

Apartment

Inn Courtyard

Inn

Library Bike Parking Billard

Bike Parking

Various typologies

Central Courtyard

Restaurant

Fitness

http://www.urbanus.com.cn/projects/tulou-collective-housing/?lang=en-

Pitched roof

Computer room

Collecting housing surrounding a flexible courtyard On the ground floor of the Tulou is a combination of public functions and small business to accommodate daily life. The upper floors are divided into different compartments with diverse types of apartment arranged in circular-form, thereby configuring a safe, communally used central courtyard. The courtyard is separated into several functional areas. People uses these areas as sunny roof terraces where they dry their clothes, and grow vegetables. The flexible courtyard can become a shady place to enjoy fresh air, eat, drink and play together (Urbanus, 2010).

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Conclusion

The future of new typologies

How can architects and urban designers react to the need of new typologies?

Through the case studies presented, it is clear that the fast pace of urbanization in China has led to different transformations of both social structures and the environment. Such changes have an enormous impact on daily life. It should be evident that there is an urgent demand for new typologies respond to new lifes styles, family types and to adapt to and mitigate the consequences of climate change. In the five case studies it is clear that, although the sizes of families is decreasing, the size of houses and apartments is becoming disproportionally smaller and contains only the basic element, thus creating affordability. At the same time, the overall amount of living areas must be increased to match with China’s rising population. There needs to be socially and environmentally sustainable approaches from architects and urban designers. At the architectural scale, mid-rise, high-density buildings offer alternatives to high-rises and can includes various dwelling types. The case studies sought passive energy strategies to create low- to zero-impact buildings. The reduction from high-rise to mid-rise typologies, it affords the opportunity to develop natural ventilation, thereby saving a large amount of energy. The thorough understanding of climate contexts can lead to strong passive energy strategies. As well, designing with local materials reduces the impact of buildings to the environment and construction costs. The contemporary

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shifts in lifestyle requires mix-use buildings which include living, working, business and shopping. With regards to semi-public spaces flexibility is an and inevitably improves the living quality.

At the broader to the scale of urbanism, China requires not only novel living areas but also increased and more efficient agricultural lands. During the 2000s, the Chinese government has focused on rural development with the slogan the ‘New Socialist Countryside’. The government revealed a

Bibliography

BOLCHOVER, Joshua. and LIN, John. (2013), Rural urban Framework, Birkhauser, Germany, pp.176,177 CHENG,J. (2015), Changing family structures in China, gbtimes, China <https://gbtimes.com/changing-family-structures-china-0>

DEN HARTOG, H. (2010), Shanghai New Towns, 010 Publishers, Rotterdam,

policy to protect at least 120 million hectares of agricultural lands from

pp.34,70,242

urban extension. Therefore, the ideas of Urbanus and RUF, to create

DÖMER, K., DREXLER, H., and SCHULTZ-GRANBERG, J. (2014), Housing for

models of sustainable and alternative typologies is useful if up-scaled to even higher densities and therefore limiting urban expansion. In this way, the agriculture land will remain safe which simultaneously creating more green areas. Such spaces help to absorb C02 emissions and reduce the urban heat island effect. These concepts can be considered as useful for the development of ‘a new countryside’.

everyone affordable living, Jovis, Berlin, pp.91

EN.NHFPC.GOV.CN. (2014), Interpretation of the 2014 Chinese Family Development Report, Chinadaily, China JU, Pei .(2002), The low-rent housing system in China, Chinese Registered Urban Planner China Architecture Design & Research Group, pp.2 TONGLI University (2016), Painting with building: A cultural picture book of DC’s works, Tongli University Press, pp.183 Urbanus (2008) <http://www.urbanus.com.cn/projects/tulou-collective-housing/?lang=en> VIDAL, B. and ASEGINOLAZA, U. (2014), Kitagata Gifu Housing 2006, pp.5,6

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SARAH VAN DE VELDE

Micro-dynamics in the migration maelstrom of the Yangtze River Delta Three narratives of Luzhi Water Town

Macro-dynamics of world’s greatest migration

During the course of the past decades, the global economy witnessed the overwhelming force of China’s rapid expansion on the international market.

First and foremost, this monstrous growth is facilitated by its giant army of lowcost migrant labour (Murphy 2002:1). The country’s swift economic progress is embedded in a dynamic internal migration complex, which has historically been strongly regulated and directed by China’s ‘house registration system’ of hukou and consecutive land reforms. In 1958, Mao Zedong promoted, through mesmerizing socio-economic propaganda, a ‘New Society’ based on the social order of ’ ‘the collective’. The village served as the seed for the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution to pave the way towards rural collectivization and modern industrialization (Lange 2014:124). Productive land —that for centuries had been in hands of village collectives – shifted to the hands of the State; People’s Communes were converted into production teams. Farmers were tied to the cultivation of their land to increase agricultural production, which in turn supported rapid urban industrialization.

To prevent geographic mobility of the population, a restrictive hukou (household registration system) was created within each administrative entity, dualizing society into a protected ‘urban class’ —employed in the industrial sector and granted with access to the social welfare system— and a ‘rural class’ —excluded from access to public services. As such, the rural hinterland was easily exploited as it provided cheap labor (Chan 2012b:188). Mao’s ‘Great Leap Forward’ with a vision of social equality deteriorated into the ‘Great Chinese Famine’1 . However, in 1978, economic reforms and an ‘open-door’ policy under Deng Xiaoping turned the tide and drastically altered socio-economics of urban and rural alike. Collective land-ownership was returned to the countryside in which individual land-use

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(Chan, 2012b)

(Chan, 2012a)

Chinese society structured by hukou type During the last decades, the ‘rural migrant’ appeared as an intermediate category. Although he moves to an urban area, he remains tied to his rural hukou.

Internal migration The 20 largest interprovincial migration flows eastwards (2005-2010). The east coast remains a magnet for economic opportunity.

rights and production quota were assigned to each household (Lange 2014:125).

For the first time, farmers had individual responsibility of their products, and any agricultural surplus could be traded in an open market system. From the 1980s onwards, a successive series of hukou relaxations allowed massive migration of the working age population from inland provinces to coastal manufacturing zones2.

In 2010, already 200 million peasants left the countryside for the city in response to its high industrial labor demand (Chan 2012a: 68). The massive influx of ‘rural migrant labor’ (nongmingong) towards the manufacturing delta regions (Yangtze and Pearl River), fuelled China’s economic engine. This dynamic allows the country to become the export-oriented factory of the world (Chan 2012b: 187).

to boost the country’s food production (Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, 2014). Paralleling the need for more agricultural land is also a policy to more equally distribute economic activities and wealth across the nation; new areas of industry and production are being created in the western part of China.

Consequences in the Taihu Basin

In the Taihu Basin of the Yangtze River Delta, the rapid urban and industrial development quickly consumed vast patches of open land and covered the ancient structure of the Jiangnan polder landscape. As products of industrial expansion, large and small factories mercilessly turned highly productive land into polluted territories, compromising the country’s food security. As a result, in the 2000s, a dramatic shift in government focus reflects a renewed interest in rural development under the slogan the ‘New Socialist Countryside’. In order to safeguard farmland from further urban encroachment, the government has set a bottom-line to ensure food security. This ‘red-line’ policy precepts at least 120 million hectares of arable land to be preserved (or created anew) for agricultural production. As China strives to “take control of its bowl” and to reach self-sufficiency, it is reducing its dependence on imports and is principally relying on domestic grain supply.

Therefore, subsequent land reform policies currently target rural revitalization

Micro-dynamics within Luzhi Water Town

Within this ever-evolving socio-economic mechanism of China’s mammoth migration, there are distinct micro-dynamics. The research focuses on Luzhi, an ancient watertown in the Taihu Basin, which contextually-embeds the notion of the contemporary migrant. In 1995, Luzhi was “listed as one of the four pioneering cultural and historic towns by Jiangsu Province” (Fan et al. 2008:654). Luzhi exploited its unique water town identity and valuable cultural heritage as attraction for tourism. However, before the 1990s, Luzhi focused its economic development mainly on industrial expansion, turning a significant amount of its agricultural polder landscape into polluted territories. Currently, the reverse happening. The large-scale demolition of scattered villages and industries is making room for a rationalized and high-performance landscape for food production. Stirred by an institutional framework of subsequent changes in land-use rights, economic reforms and relaxations in hukou conversion, a substantial effect on spatial patterns is clearly visible. This paper explores Luzhi as a case-study to visualize such territories in flux.

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Migrant remittances The first narrative concerns the effect of the rural diaspora on the left-behind relatives and their villages. Fieldwork uncovered a contradictory process at work, where new residences are constructed by a shrinking and aging rural society. As the working-age population leaves the countryside to become factory workers in town, children are raised by their grandparents.

These left-behind communities are then financially supported through migrant remittances, significantly raising the overall wealth in the countryside. In turn, such money transfers allow the replacement of dilapidated courtyard houses by modern family houses that are complete with private plumbing; residences become the status symbol of the familyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economic wealth (Bolchover & Lin 2014: 15).

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(Baidu Maps 2016)

From Farm to Factory

(Š Sarah Van de Velde)

01_Rural Diaspora

(© Sarah Van de Velde)

(© Sarah Van de Velde)

(© Sarah Van de Velde)

(© Sarah Van de Velde)

Goverment investment In addition to these economic dynamics, rural villages are also injected with external government investment in line with the ‘New Socialist Countryside’ policy. On the one hand, modern construction materials are subsidized and ‘New Village’ schemes are encouraged. On the other hand, the State provides new infrastructure and public services, tailored to the needs of the left-behind villagers (Lange 2014:127).

Sometimes this dual investment culminates in cooperative investments of government and villagers. As a result, the enhanced accessibility of the village, together with its elevated level of wealth, empowers the return of migrant workers. This shift is very beneficial, since the outflow of the working-age population has caused both a decreased productivity of farming and a high degree of economic dependency on the city.

Simultaneously, large-scale rationalization and mono-cultivation by commercial farms results in a substantial loss of landscape stewardship.

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Rural Urban Framework (2006)

(http://www.rufwork.org/)

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:NOITACOL anihC ,ecnivorP gnodgnauG ,ytnuoC ijiauH :RONOD GNINOISSIMMOC .dtL yteicoS noitomorP erutluC esenihC / iasT ycuL

(http://www.rufwork.org/)

From reliance towards economic self-sufficiency :SRONOD LANOITIDDA The intervention of Rural Urban Framework cinatoB dnengages a mraF eirooin daKthe ,tsulong-term rT elbatirahC uaS miH ekuL in QuinmolaVillage nedraG transformation of the Chinese Countryside, tailored on its current demographic extremes.

The officeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s :SROTAROBALLOC TCEJORP sustainablelareconversion of a traditional cinatoB dna mraF eiroodaK ,gnoK gnoHcourtyard fo ytisrevinU ehT school into a communityeplatform gelloC naissofor naCeducation t raeH dercaS ,nedraG and demonstration is premised on ecological :SLcyclic IATED TCEJORP innovation. Agricultural experiments with 8002 peS :waste etaD noissimmoC farming techniques integrate household 9002 yaM :etaD noitelpmoC with feed livestock that in turn produces manure mqs 054 :eziS for crops (Bolchover & Lin)B2014:134).

Through MR 000,081( DSU 005,22 :tsoC latoT experimenting with economically )mqs/BMR 0profitable 04( mqs/DSU 05 :tsoC tinU products and sustainable techniques, villagers learn how to capitalize from their land within a transitioning economy. As such, the intervention of RUF pursues the shift towards economic self-sufficiency within a context of increasing dependency of the rural village on the city.

Rural progress is no longer solely dependent on remittances, but instead relies on village-based knowledge (KĂśgel 2012).

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(https://www.world-architects.com/)

anihProvince, C ,ecnivoChina rP gnodgnauG Huaiji, Guangdong

(Bolchover & Lin 2014: 130)

(Bolchover & Lin 2014: 131)

(https://www.iconeye.com/)

(Chan, 2012a)

The power of knowledge Adolescents who receive scholarships for higher education in turn educate younger children about their experiences. This education loop stimulates children to perpetuate their learning. In parallel with the community education centre, Rural Urban Framework provided a new primary school on the edge between the village and its farmland.

Through a traditional cut-and-fill strategy an S-shaped dyke is created in order to blend the new building with the landscape. While the classrooms overlook the field, the roof faces the village. As such, the social infrastructure acts not only as a school for children, but also as a public platform for the aging village community (Bolchover & Lin 2014:141).

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In-situ urbanism Since the rural village is no longer victim of infrastructural isolation and dis-investment, brandnew highways and broadband internet access is fuelling renewed rural entrepreneurship. The second narrative highlights this reverse flow of migrant workers from the city to the village and with it the demolition of industrial areas for (renewed) agricultural productivity. Around 7 million migrant workers have exchanged their wage-labor in cities for self-employment in villages (Changfu Minister of Agriculture as quoted by Xiaodong 2017). Arising with the phenomena are new economies, for example e-commerce businesses3 to promote and trade agricultural products online. Opposing the conventional model of suburban city expansion, this “phenomenon where rural settlements and their populations transform themselves into urban or quasi-urban settlements without much geographical relocation of the residents” (Zhu, Lin, Lin & Chen 2013:43) is described as ‘in-situ urbanism’.

This return to the villages is not only a natural process, triggered by the attractiveness and accessibility of a flourishing area, but markedly the result of a deliberate government strategy. To lure working-age populations back home, ‘satellite factories’ are erected in the hinterlands, where land and labor are cheaper. This inland transfer of industries aims to counter abundant migration to the east coast. New factories are (as well) adopting tailored work-shifts, in order to allow people to farm in their free time, thus facilitating a higher contribution in terms of overall food security (Feng 2018).

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(Baidu Maps 2016)

From Factory back to Farm

(© Sarah Van de Velde)

02_Rural Entrepreneurship

(© Minh Quang Nguyen)

(© Sarah Van de Velde)

(© Minh Quang Nguyen)

(© Sarah Van de Velde)

Post-industrial experiment Through the deliberate re-purposing of valuable industrial heritage, combined with mass-scale demolition of most, polluted territories are being returned to productive farmland. Once the engine of China’s manufacturing economy, the former factory sites are essential in the nation’s definition of a more hybrid productive landscape based on experimentalization and diversification.

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02_Rural Entrepreneurship POST-INDUSTRIAL FARMING

Thomas Chung (2013, 2016)

Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China

(https://divisare.com/)

(https://inhabitat.com)

(https://divisare.com/)

‘Value Farm’ - exploring rooftops’ productive potential through post-industrial legacy Within the on-going process of de-industrialization, the project of Professor Thomas Chung reacts to the returning trend of farming in densely urbanised areas, which helps to ensure accessibility of local food production. This evolution again grants urbanites close-knit ties between land, food and community — one of the ancient foundations of Chinese society (Divisare 2015). The site of the former Guangdong Glass Factory is transformed into a multi-layered composition of pavilions, platforms and paths which explore the productive capacity of Hong Kong’s abundant roofscapes (Tomlinson 2015). A variety of soil depths are tailored to the diversity of crops. The project exposes both the site’s industrial legacy, as well as its underlying landscape. Natural water sources are developed into a sprinkler network that irrigates crops, while former factory walls are remodelled as the site’s main access. As such, “nature is excavated anew from Hong Kong’s urban past” (Chung, as quoted by Tomlinson 2015).

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(https://divisare.com/)

(http://www.arch.cuhk.edu.hk/)

(https://divisare.com/) (https://www.archdaily.com)

‘Floating Fields’post-industrial productive pondscape Another meritorious precedent of this postindustrial, productive revival is Professor Thomas Chung’s contribution to the 2016 Urbanism/ Architecture Bi-City Biennale in Shenzhen. By transforming the Da Cheng flour factory into a public, productive pondscape, the project announces the comeback of (urban) farming within Shenzhen bay’s post-industrial landscape.The water-based motif of the intervention clearly draws upon the underlying landscape condition and ancient polyculture tradition. It combines the cyclic ecology of mulberry-dyke fishponds of the Pearl River Delta with the floating oyster-raft practice of Shenzhen’s aquatic commerce. Based on a selfcleansing eco-water chain, the rectangular basins consolidate an open-air laboratory within the civic realm. The former dormitory is repurposed as a multi-use learning centre, including an exhibition space, library and café. This experimental project aspires to become a so-called ‘place-based biosocial urbanism’ founded on the principles of regenerative design, urban food production, and low-carbon urban living (Wright 2016). As such, this case study clearly enlightens the potential of China’s vast industrial legacy, since it contains seeds for more hybrid typologies integrating water recycling, food production and community leisure.

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The middle class farmer The third narrative reveals how, despite their expanding entrepreneurial nature, these improved rural villages increasingly suffer from both urbanization and rationalization pressure.

This narrative embodies the parallel processes of village demolition and compound resettlement on behalf of urban expansion and densification.

The economic restructuring of the 1970s, which granted farmers new land-use rights, gave rise to a new middle-class of prosperous farmers. Some successfully launched their own business, while other became rich by renting living quarters to migrant workers. Former family farms became transformed into multi-story dormitories with shared facilities. Other groups of farmers, in the race towards prosperity, sold their land-rights to large commercial farms, manufacturers or real-estate developers, enabling further urban encroachment (Bolchover & Lin 2014:14).

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(Baidu Maps 2016)

From Farm to Tower

(Š Sarah Van de Velde)

03_Compound Resettlement

(© Sarah Van de Velde)

(© Sarah Van de Velde)

(© Sarah Van de Velde) (© Sarah Van de Velde)

Absent urbanism To accommodate the burgeoning middle-class, new suburban typologies are rapidly popping up within the rural fabric.

Most often, the typology is one of high-density vertical compounds. Water, once the spine for transportation as well as the artery of the public realm, is weaken into a merely dividing element between impermeable enclaves. This swift road-based “absent urbanism” (Richard Marshall as quoted in Shannon 2009:39) relentlessly levels out the existing socio-cultural spheres in favour of a global agenda and detaches ancient ties between settlement and water. Additionally, the accommodation of the new wealthy farmers’ class within the village (becoming a city) also gives rise to transitional consumption patterns. In order to accommodate a more rationalized urban expansion, scattered villages at the threshold of built- and open land are demolished and disposed farmers are relocated in generic, high-density compounds. Financial security is ensured since the dispossessed farmers receive relatively high compensation and are granted an urban hukou, which allows them to legally settle in the city and benefit from its public services (Mangurian and Ray 2014:94).

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03_Compound Resettlement HOUSING FOR RELOCALIZED FARMERS

GAD (2016)

(https://archinect.com/)

Dongziguan Village, Hangzhou Province, China

Courtyard quality replacing vertical quantity In contrast to generic high-rise compounds — the emblem of China’s market-driven development and concurrent corporate urbanization — the GAD resettlement project provides a context-specific alternative, tailored to villagers’ traditional way of communal living. Instead of maximizing vertical density in resettlement enclaves at the expense of public realm, the preservation of local, vernacular morphology prevails. Therefore, the dense traditional fabric, based on the courtyard typology, is transformed by contemporary, modern standards. As the design motive wants to turn away from any generic modelling, the new village was remodelled through continual discussion and participation of the local community. As a result, the project is tailored to local living habits and the demographic structure of the village (Archinect 2016).

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(https://archinect.com/)

(https://archinect.com/)

(https://archinect.com/)

(https://archinect.com/)

Clustered mid-rise living Four different prototypes assemble six units around a communal courtyard, clustering the village into micro-neighbourhoods. This strategy opposes the more common approach of regular high-rise compounds that lack various forms of shared open space. As such, the project tackles the growing divergence between rural and urban settlement (Archdaily 2016).

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Territory in Flux as Incubator for a new Rural Urbanity

Symbiosis between rural and urban

While China undergoes the most explosive era of its urban history (Shannon 2009:45), migratory processes simultaneously blur the binary relationship between the rural and urban. Illustrated by the three narratives of Luzhi, new societal configurations result in an ambiguous territory of social imbalances and shifting spatial structures (Bolchover & Lin 2014:11). The parallel precedent that accompanies each narrative shows that the transient nature of these dynamics offer fertile ground for an alternative design approach. Instead of surrendering the rich and multilayered territory of the Yangtze River Delta to a corporate, generic building frenzy, the main design challenge consists of exceeding the transient nature of migratory dynamics. As such, these transitional patterns become an instrument to define the New Countryside of Taihu Basin as an elastic asset that perpetually facilitates a symbiosis of alternative (co-)habitation and efficient agricultural production.

Continuous re-distribution of the population over the deltaic landscape — resulting in fluctuating settlement configurations — offers the opportunity to re-think rigid paradigms and question archaic land-use traditions. In the margin of migration where locality meets globalisation, business-as-usual must be challenged. The territory in flux becomes an incubator for a new urbanity that could create the identity of New Countryside. This alternative urbanity breeds in the disparity between ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ that is exposed by the network of interwoven migration figures. As such, “the synergy between urban and rural, the consumptive and productive landscapes, can become a guiding principle for new urbanization” (Shannon 2009:41).

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Migration flux a leverage

Site-specific strategic projects, sensitive to the social, economical and geographical conditions of the Taihu basin can use internal migratory fluxes as leverage. In their way, they challenge China’s legal land-use schemes and official master planning.

The frictions originated by the consecutive reshuffling of society create energy to bend China’s modernization drive towards experimentalization and self-reliance. It remoulds the indigenous marriage between landscape and settlement, tailored to the contemporary needs of more mobile, self-sufficient communities.

1

Thirty million villagers died in the countryside between 1959 and 1961.

2

These SEZ’s or Special Economic Zones are the most palpable product of

China’s open door-policy during the eighties.

3

For further elaboration on how the rise of e-commerce fuels a reverse migration I refer to the

following article: Liu, C. (2018, March 18). Returning migrants: the Chinese Economy’s Next Great Hope. Retrieved April 10, 2018, from South China Morning Post: http://www.scmp.com/week-asia/ business/article/2137034/returning-migrants-chinese-economys-next-great-hope

Bibliography Books Bolchover, J., & Lin, J. (2014). Rural Urban Framework: Transforming the Chinese Countryside. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag.

Murphy, R. (2002). How migrant labor is changing rural China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Stokman, A., Rabe, S., & Stefanie, R. (2014). Designing for A New Urban Countryside . In B. De Meulder, & K. Shannon, Village in the City (pp. 102-123).

Zürich: Park Books Articles Chan, K. W. (2012a). Crossing the 50 percent population Rubicon: Can China urbanize to prosperity? Eurasian Geograph and Economics , 53 (1), 63-86.

Chan, W. C. (2012b). Migration and development in China: tends, geography and current issues. Migration and development , 1 (2), 187-205.

Lange, C. (2014). The Countryside in limbo. In J. Bolchover, & J. Lin, Rural Urban Framework: Transforming the Chinese Countryside (pp. 123-128). Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag.

Shannon, K. (2009). Can Landscape Save Asian Urbanism? Landscape Architecture China, 5, 31-45.

Zhu, Y., Lin, M., Lin, L., & Chen, J. (2013). The Extent of In Situ Urbanisation in China’s County Areas: The case of Fujian Province. China Perspectives (3), 4352.

Feng, E. (2018, April 2). China moves its factories back to the countryside.

Retrieved April 10, 2018, from Financial Times: https://www.ft.com/content/ fe86f76c-1215-11e8-8cb6-b9ccc4c4dbbb Kögel, E. (2012, April 30). Rural Education. Retrieved April 26, 2018, from World Architects: https://www.world-architects.com/fr/architecture-news/reviews/ rural-education Liu, C. (2018, March 18). Returning migrants: the Chinese Economy’s Next Great Hope. Retrieved April 10, 2018, from South China Morning Post: http://www. scmp.com/week-asia/business/article/2137034/returning-migrants-chineseeconomys-next-great-hope Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China. (2014, January 20).

No.1 Central Document targets rural reform. Retrieved April 8, 2018, from Ministry of Agriculture and rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China: http://english.agri.gov.cn/hottopics/cpc/201401/t20140120_21067.htm Moore, R. (2014, January 22). Icon. Retrieved May 28, 2018, from 2013 Icon Awards winner: Rural Urban Framework, Emerging Architecture Practice of the Year: https://www.iconeye.com/architecture/features/item/10067-icon-awardwinner-rural-urban-framework-emerging-architecture-practice-of-the-year Morgan, H. (2015, January 8). Inhabitat. Retrieved April 24, 2018, from Colossal Green Value Farm Flourishes Within a Former Factory in China: https:// inhabitat.com/green-value-farm-flourishes-within-former-chinese-factory/valuefarm-thomas-chung-7

Fan, C.N., Wall, G., & Mitchell, C. (2008). Creative destruction and the water town of Luzhi, China. Tourism Management , 29, 648–660.

Rural Urban Framework. (2006). Qinmo Primary School + Community Centre.

Retrieved May 29, 2018, from Rural Urban Framework: http://www.rufwork.org/ index.php?/project/06-qinmo-old-school/

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School of Architecture CUHK. (2016). School of Architecture CUHK. Retrieved May 28, 2018, from Design Research Units Research Centres Research Projects Floating Fields (Shenzhen) by Prof. Thomas Chung: - http://www.arch.cuhk.edu. hk/research/research-projects/floating-fields-prof-thomas-chung/

Archdaily. (2017, January 3). Archdaily. Retrieved May 30, 2018, from Dongziguan Affordable Housing for Relocalized Farmers / gad: https://www. archdaily.com/802369/contemporary-rural-cluster-dongziguan-affordablehousing-for-relocalized-farmers-in-fuyang-hangzhou-gad

Tomlinson, P. (2015, Oktober 13). South-China Morning Post. Retrieved April 24, 2018, from Rusted-out Shenzhen factory reborn as a thriving urban farm: http://www.scmp.com/property/hong-kong-china/article/1866954/rusted-outshenzhen-factory-reborn-thriving-urban-farm

Archinet. (2016). Archinet. Retrieved May 30, 2018, from Contemporary Collective Living: New Forms of Affordable Housing for Relocalized Farmers in Hangzhou, China: https://archinect.com/gadarchitects/project/contemporarycollective-living-new-forms-of-affordable-housing-for-relocalized-farmers-inhangzhou-china

World Architects. (2012, April 30). World Architects. Retrieved May 30, 2018, from Rural Education: https://www.world-architects.com/fr/architecture-news/ reviews/rural-education

Divisare. (2015, Augstus 10). Divisare. Retrieved April 24, 2018, from Thomas Chung. Value Farm: https://divisare.com/projects/296157-thomas-chung-valuefarm Divisare. (2016, March 16). Divisare. Retrieved April 24, 2018, from Thomas Chung. Floating Fields: https://divisare.com/projects/312982-thomas-chungfloating-fields-shenzhen-china

Wright, H. (2016, March 17). Archdaily. Retrieved May 29, 2018, from “Floating Fields” Wins Shenzhen UABB Award And is Set to Continue Through 2016: https://www.archdaily.com/783314/floating-fields-wins-shenzhen-uabb-awardand-is-set-to-continue-through-2016 Xiaodong, W. (2017, September 30). Migrants returning home to start businesses. Retrieved April 10, 2018, from China Daily: http://www.chinadaily. com.cn/china/2017-09/30/content_32673003.htm

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MAARTEN VAN HULLE

China’s post carbon future: a mission for innovation and urban design including urbanism in the paradigm of sustainable-energy innovation

A world leader with high ambitions

Breaking Business as usual

As China has become the second largest economy in the world due to expansive

Next to high ambitions in renewable energy production, the country has also

export-driven industrialization (O’Brien, 2017) it has undergone major waves of

become a major protagonist in eco-urbanism. As one of the first amongst the

urbanization (Ji, et al., 2017). Because of this China has since 2011 snatched the

developing countries, China has been strategically promoting the development

first place from the United States as the world’s largest energy consumer (U.S. EIA,

of sustainable urbanism and planning on a national and regional level. From the

2015). Moreover, the country emits the largest amount of greenhouse gasses as

300 new cities that are to be build between 2010 and 2025, 25 of those would

primarily coal makes up 77 percent of the total national produced energy (Yang,

be eco-cities. China is therefore seen as a testing ground for eco-urban projects

et al., 2016). Therefore as China continues to foster economic growth it is fac-

for planners all over the world. More recently, the strategy regarding sustainable

ing major issues regarding its future urban development and has to confront the

development is going beyond these rather carte blanche eco-flagship projects. In

challenges of “improving the efficiency of energy use and reducing the intensity of

their 2015 Green book, the central government has redefined eco-cities to be ‘eco-

carbon emissions” (Ji, et al., 2017: 248). Although coal burning is still one of the

logical cities with Chinese characteristics’. Therefore “Chinese eco-cities are not

major contributors to air pollution in Chinese cities (Yang, et al., 2016), the coun-

necessarily brand new cities, but new city brands” (Williams, 2017:20).

try has since 2014 actively declared “the war on pollution” (Branigan, 2014). In their Strategic Energy Action Plan (2014-2020), the Chinese central government

As Thomas Campanella argues in his book ‘The concrete dragon’ it is China

has set the goal to raise the share of energy coming from non-fossil fuels from

that can “show the world how to build a truly sustainable city” (2008:300). In

9.8% in 2013 to 15% in 2020 (Yang, et al., 2016). It is clear China is making efforts

his writings, he is referring to the Dongtang eco-city, an ambitious experiment

to win the war on pollution and to address climate change as the world’s greatest

for green urbanism on the Chongming island in the Yangtze River estuary. This

polluter has become the biggest clean-energy investor in the world and overtook

project could serve as a laboratory for eco-urbanism around the globe. However,

the United States of America to become the largest consumer of renewable energy

the project didn’t progress further than the drawing board as city-administrators

(BP, 2017). Nowadays, the country already has the largest solar farm in the world

eventually were reluctant to take a radical stance and break with business as usual

and is thereby rapidly changing the nation’s energy landscapes (Phillips, 2017).

urban planning. In the end, they withdrew from the ambitious masterplan that really set a blueprint for a truly sustainable development. Not only do many eco-city

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http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/project/2008/2137/ arup/dongtan-eco-city.html

Arup’s proposal for Dongtan eco-city

projects never see the light of day, a great amount of so called eco-developments

The highly differentiated urban landscape of the Yangtze river delta demands a

have been exaggerating their sustainable characteristics. In some cases, they are

sustainable development approach that focusses on the different fronts that have

mere collections of individual low-energy buildings or they are overclaiming the

been described in the previous paragraph. Each of the landscapes in the delta

‘ecological’ importance of simply routine urban improvements such as providing

has their own constraints but at the same time they possess opportunities for a

public green space (Williams, 2017).

low-carbon future. The project cases discussed here can provide lessons that could benefit each of these specific contexts.

If China wants to continue its ambitious path towards a zero-carbon future it has

Pudong’s coastal landscape, on the outskirts of sprawling Shanghai, is

to be willing to break with business as usual on multiple fronts. Policy makers

confronted with a wave of deindustrialization. The clearance of unutilized in-

need to be willing to go beyond a mere global relevant and national strategy of

dustrial plots and the availability of sea water provides the perfect condition for

carbon emission reduction. Low carbon growth must play a crucial role on the

alternative forms of renewable energy production, an approach that will also be

local level as well and by doing so simultaneously tackle imminent development

discussed in the first case.

issues of cities. Including urbanism within the narrative of both the shift to re-

newable energy and the reduction of energy consumption can make cities at the

is highly defined by it’s car-oriented development. The second case that will be

same time more liveable, efficient and sustainable (Baeumler, et al., 2012). Making

discussed learns how cities can counter their car-dependent urban environments

the future city low-carbon is an urban design exercise that unfolds in different

through a design intervention for bike-oriented co-modal transport.

approaches. A first strategy is to anticipate on city-integrated renewable energy

production and to hybridize its programming in order to turn it into an added

system of canals and creeks. The third case discussed in this paper learns how

value for the public realm. Another strategy is to tackle car-dependant urbaniza-

to take advantage of this landscape element and implement it into a new urban

tion by enhancing the efficiency of sustainable transport modes. Finally, designing

design.

Anting, one of the nine new towns in the Shanghai metropolitan area,

The entire delta region is characterised by a dense and non-hierarchical

the urban tissue with the landscape as the main structuring element makes new urban tissues more resilient and more energy-efficient.

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01_Interweaving technology with design CDEFG-PARK

www.algaecompetition.com

www.algaecompetition.com

In order to decrease China’s dependency on unsustainable energy sources, the Chinese government has strongly increased the energy output from renewable sources. Between 2014 and 2015 already 25.4 percent of electrical energy was generated by wind and solar power.

As the contribution of biofuels within the narrative of sustainable energy production is controversial because of the energy-food nexus, algal energy production can provide an alternative (Musa, et al., 2018). With his project the ‘CDEFG-Park’, architect Adrian Lo hybridizes the programming of alternative energy production through algae fields with new green developments along Hong Kong’s riverfront. The design was an entry for the ‘2011 International Algae Competition’ and tackles the issue how algae production can be integrated into future landscapes (Algae Competition, 2018).

www.algaecompetition.com

Hong Kong S.A.R.

Adrian Lo

Highway hybridized use The architect describes the project as a “carbon dioxide eliminating eco-design” (Lo, 2011) and turns waste into power for the city. The site for the algae park is located at a shore front expressway next to high-rise developments in Hong Kong. The elevated highway is were the design begins. A curved wall collects and guide the CO2 downwards and at the same time it works as a noise barrier between the transit corridor and the residential buildings (Lo,2011).

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www.algaecompetition.com

3 modules The CO2 emissions coming from the cars are pumped into an algae cell module where marine algae are producing hydrogen and oxygen (module A). These chemicals are pumped into a second floating park module called ‘the fuel cell unit’ (module B). In this unit, the oxygen and hydrogen are transformed into electricity and water as a by-product. The water is used to irrigate the plants within the modules of the floating park and the electricity is transferred to a battery for storage and later fed to the city’s electrical grid. The battery (module C) not only stores the produced electricity but at the same time functions as a platform for various recreational activities (Lo, 2011).

With the design of the floating park the designer has turned an unattractive space below an expressway into a green urban extension. Not only are CO2 emissions turned into an alternative renewable energy source, the floating parks are also bringing the residents again closer to the waterfront as the highway has before been functioning as a strong barrier between the urban space and the water body. This expressway is not only functioning as a canopy cover and CO2 supplier for the park, it also becomes a support for climbing vegetation (Lo, 2011). Lo’s design for a city-integrated renewable energy system shows how energy production can create an asset for the public realm.

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02_Countering car-dependant development XIAMEN BICYLCLE SKYWAY

Dissing+Weitling architectu-

http://www.dw.dk/xiamen-bicycle-skyway

Xiamen, Fujian, China

The 82.5 km long Xiamen BRT system of seven lines runs along the main arteries of the city on dedicated roads (ESCI, 2014). As the bus lines run on elevated motorways, it has been argued that they provide a poor accessibility to the transportation demand located at the street level and therefore need a lot of staircases (Velasquez, et al., 2017). Although the BRT provides a more sustainable alternative to travel through the city, it is as equally important to provide a sustainable and safe option to cover the last mile, getting from the bus station to your destination. As Xiamen’s infrastructure was merely focussed on car and bus transport, the city of Xiamen has been working on improving the environment for bicycle transport in the city centre (Dissing+Weitling Architecture, 2018). As part of this strategy, Danish architecture office Dissing+Weitling proposed an 8 kilometer long ‘bicycle skyway’ on raised platforms that would run along and underneath the BRT motorways.

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http://www.dw.dk/xiamen-bicycle-skyway

In line with the rapid growth of China’s urban population, the amount of motorised vehicles is expected to exceed 200 million by 2020 compared to the 154 million today (EU SME Centre, 2015). As the huge amount of extra vehicle kilometres travelled not only have negative impacts on air pollution and congestion it also ads a large share of the global temperature rise. Providing an efficient alternative through a combination of public transport modes can not only reduce impacts on safety and health but also helps to mitigate climate change. Following the example of several South American cities, China has been developing Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) corridors at a faster pace than any other country worldwide (Velasquez, et al., 2017). In the city of Xiamen, China’s first elevated BRT system was put into operation in 2008.

The 5 m raised bike infrastructure is integrated with the infrastructure of the elevated bus corridor as it runs underneath it at many places.

standard.co.uk/news/world/longest-elevated-bike-path-in-world-opens-in-china-a3465761

http://www.dw.dk/xiamen-bicycle-skyway

The bike infrastructure not only allows for pedestrians and bikers to connect to the bus stations of the BRT more easily, it also provides a safer way to get around along the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main arterial routes (Dissing+Weitling Architecture, 2018). The Xiamen bicycle skyway not only aids to reduce traffic congestion in the city centre, it also allows for an efficient and sustainable alternative to cover the last mile for those using public transport in Xiamen city. The skyway functions as a complementary tool to the BRT system and creates a series of intermodal transport hubs where one can switch from the public transport system to the bike network. Therefore this intervention complements the BRT to make it a sustainable choice from departure to destination.

An infrastructure integrated with the urban environment The bicycle path which is 7.6 km long has eleven entries connecting to eleven bus stations and two subway stations. The architects therefore not only provided for an easy switch between transport modes but also connected the infrastructure to its urban environment. At several points, the path connects directly to public service buildings, plazaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, shopping malls and overpasses through a series of slopes, elevators, and staircases. Added to this, a series of bridges included in the design must make it easier for pedestrians to cross the big groundfloor motor roads (Dissing+Weitling Architecture, 2018).

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03_Designing for sustainable urban tissues WULIJIE ECO-CITY

Turenscape

From the numerous new towns that have been built all over China the past decade in order to accommodate rapid urbanization, many are claimed to be eco-towns. Although, it has been argued that the ecological nature of many are overestimated as they are nothing more than parks or well-insulated industrial zones within the city (Williams, 2017). In other cases, these so-called eco-cities are badly planned and not at all taking into account their environment and ecological impacts (Saunders, 2012). The vision by Turenscape for Wulijie New Town is based on an alternative approach by using the landscape as an ecological infrastructure in order to frame the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban design (Turenscape, 2011).

retrieved from Saunders, 2012

Wuhan, Hubei, China

The new Wulijie eco-town is designed for a population of 100.000 inhabitants and located 30 km east of the city of Wuhan. The ten square kilometres city is to be located in a region with rolling hills characterised by a series of ponds and basins (Saunders, 2012).

starting from the existing Based on the existing hydrological system of streams and ponds, a water-based ecological infrastructure sets the main frame for the design of this eco-town. This infrastructure takes into account the existing series of ponds that already catch stormwater in the wet season and provide water for irrigation during the dry season (Saunders,2012).

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local water retention system Three levels of stormwater retention capacity that are based on different simulations of rainfall amounts are taken as a measure to determine the area and pattern of the new pond and wetland system. The map above, showing the needed capacity for the different daily amounts of stormwater will be used as a base for the development of the ecological infrastructure. Within this infrastructure, the wetland system is designed in order to retain and clean all stormwater locally. This strategy must reduce the construction costs of underground drainage pipes and allows for the integration of native wildlife habitat and wetland vegetation in the urban tissue (Saunders, 2012).

retrieved from Saunders, 2012 retrieved from Saunders, 2012

retrieved from Saunders, 2012

The entire urban form of the city is defined by this ecological infrastructure and it also steers the urban development. The land closest to and overlooking the ecological infrastructure will be developed first. New buildings along the corridors will have roof gardens and living green facades. The section below shows the sequence of landscape elements that have been introduced in the corridors. In order to function as true water retention bodies, the corridors consist of a series of bio-swales, terraces and infiltration wetlands.

Besides, the corridors also leave space for productive agricultural fields as community gardens for the residents (Saunders, 2012). Thereby this case study clearly demonstrates the development of a new-town that, in contrast to others, does take itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s environmental impact into consideration and translates it into a sustainable urban design.

water as structuring element The water-based ecological infrastructure integrates public spaces in three types of green and water corridors. The hierarchy in the width of the three types of corridors is related to the amount of water runoff they will catch during storms. Together these corridors create an interconnected ecological infrastructure for storm water retention and filtering. Pedestrian and bike paths are part of the corridors of the ecological infrastructure, allowing residents to commute and at the same time enjoy green spaces. Also the maximum distance from anywhere in the city to a bus stop is set at 600 m, encouraging the residents to combine walking and biking with regional public transport (Saunders, 2012).

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Conclusion

Pursuing the radical stance As china’s rapid economic expansion has turned the country into the world’s number one polluter, it has become clear that at the same time the country’s environmental ambitions are high. It has already become the world’s top generator of solar power and it is hugely investing in other renewable energy sources. However, even though the country is making huge efforts to become a leader in renewable energy production, the country will have to break with business as usual on multiple

The rich variation of the urban landscape of the Yangtze river delta demands site-specific interventions. The three cases have illustrated how it is possible to break business as usual practices within these different contexts through urban design. Therefore a low-carbon future for China is one where alternative ways of energy production are decentralized and integrated in the city and become extensions of the public realm. It is a future where car-dependency is combated by promoting the co-modality of bicycle and public transport and by making it

fronts in order to make a difference.

the most efficient option in the city. Finally it is a future where the environmental

It has been clear that China is not afraid to introduce radical policy shifts. Their

forces of the landscape bring.

national afforestation program that foresees in a drastic increase of the forest coverage proves that point. In order to attain a sustainable economic growth that also has effect on the quality and liveability of the urban environment, the country must continue their radical attitude towards sustainable policies and planning on regional and local scales. In doing so, climate change mitigation measures and interventions to improve environmental quality are simultaneously beneficial for the rapidly growing urban environments. Illustrated by three cases, it has become clear how urban designers have succeeded in doing so by turning innovative technologies, transport infrastructure and environmental security interventions into assets for the public realm and the overall quality and efficiency of the city.

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impact of urban tissues is minimized by maximizing the profits that the natural

Bibliography Books

Campanella, T. J., 2008. The concrete dragon. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.

Saunders, W. S., 2012. Designed ecologies: the landscape architecture of Kongjian Yu. Basel: Birkhauser.

Williams, A., 2017. China’s urban revolution: understanding chinese eco-cities. New York: Bloomsbury Academic.

Articles & Reports Baeumler, A., Ijjasz-Vasquez, E. & Mehndiratta, S., 2012. Sustainable Low-Carbon City Development in China. s.l.:World Bank Publications.

BP, 2017. BP Statistical Review 2017: China’s energy market in 2016, s.l.: BP. Ji, Q., Li, C. & Jones, P., 2017. New green theories of urban development in China. Sustainable Cities and Society, Issue 30, pp. 248-253.

Liu, W. & Qin, B., 2016. Low-carbon city initiatives in China: A review from the policy paradigm perspective. Cities, Issue 51, pp. 131-138.

Lo, A., 2011. CDEFG-PARK, s.l.: Algae Competition.

Musa, S. D., Zhonghua, T., Ibrahim, A. O. & Habib, M., 2018. China’s energy status: A critical look at fossils and renewable options. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Issue 81, pp. 2281-2290.

Branigan, T., 2014. Chinese premier declares war on pollution in economic overhaul. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/ mar/05/china-pollution-economic-reform-growth-target[Accessed 12 April 2018].

Dissing+Weitling Architecture, 2018. Xiamen Bicycle Skyway. [Online] Available at: http://www.dw.dk/xiamen-bicycle-skyway/ [Accessed 28 April 2018].

ESCI, 2014. Energy Efficient Urban Transport Network. [Online] Available at: https://esci-ksp.org/project/xiamen-bus-rapid-transit/ [Accessed 28 April 2018].

EU SME Centre, 2015. The Automotive Market in China. [Online] Available at: https://www.ccilc.pt/sites/default/files/eu_sme_centre_sector_report/ [Accessed 28 april 2018].

O’Brien, F., 2017. China to Overtake U.S. Economy by 2032 as Asian Might Builds. [Online] Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-10/u-s-chinatalks-said-to-have-stalled-over-high-tech-industry [Accessed 11 April 2018].

Phillips, T., 2017. China builds world’s biggest solar farm in journey to become green superpower. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jan/19/china-builds-worlds-biggest-solar-farm-in-journey-to-become-green-superpower [Accessed 12 April 2018].

Turenscape, 2011. Begin with an Ecological Infrastructure: The Wulijie Eco-City.

[Online] Available at: https://www.turenscape.com/en/project/detail/451.html [Accessed 1 May 2018].

U.S. EIA, 2015. China: International energy data and analysis, s.l.: U.S. Energy information administration.

Velasquez, J. et al., 2017. Bus rapid transit in China: A comparison of design features with international systems, s.l.: World Resources Institute.

Websites Algae Competition, 2018. The 2011 International Algae Competition. [Online] Available at: http://www.algaecompetition.com/algae-competition/1design/ [Accessed 4 April 2018].

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MARIIA ZAKHAROVA

Real Estate Development Dynamics Housing Policies and New Typologies

Emerging from the 1970s, China’s real estate market is now the largest in the world, comprising of about 20% of the nation’s economy. Chinese housing policies, as well as its ownership system, were changed dramatically during the course of 20th century. Before the 1930s, Chinese housing was traditionally developed with a huge impact of foreign concessions (primarily English, American and French), which dominated urbanism in the large cities and developed the ‘Lilong houses’ as the most prominent urban type of housing stock (Lu, 2001). In the socialist era, housing was distributed directly from industrial compounded to worker families. With the priority on functionality, most of the industrial-owned houses had a simple typology of rectangular boxes of four to six stories.

The first important housing reforms were implemented in the 1980s, where a public housing provision system was established in all cities and large towns. Housing reforms resumed in the early 1990s, where residential development was carried out by commercial developers rather than the public sector. Housing privatization was the primary element of the reform programs. During the gradual movement towards a market economy, the main housing policy was the Urban Housing Reform of 1994. It included a dual system of housing provision with social housing for middle- and low-income households and commercial housing for high-income families (Cao, 2015).

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Real Estate Policies in China. Overview Narional scale and Yangtze River Delta

Stimulation measures for real estate within the market economy led to an ex-

quences for the environment, such as the urban heat island effect, loss of biodiver-

tremely overheated housing market by the middle of the 2000s. This became

sity etc.

a reason for the next shift in real estate policies. The policy of the last decade

3. Limitation of housing policies for rural populations. Most of the housing pol-

can be understood as a ‘Macro Policy Adjustment Era’, with the promotion and

icies in China are still restricted to urban areas. Rural populations and rural mi-

protection of ‘basic housing rights of all people,’ including social rentals housing

grants in the city do not have access to affordable housing and in fact, are almost

subsidies for the urban poor (Wang and Murie, 2000). In addition, other housing

not included in the development of new typologies.

policies became connected to emerging environmental policies (across various

4. Social sustainability of real estate. The realisation of real estate projects, as well

scales), including the ‘Pilot Low-Carbon Cities Building Program,’ which started

as the urban renewal programmes, often leads to social segregation, inequality,

from the end of the 2000s and the national introduction of the ‘Environmental

and exclusion, ultimately increasing the gap between the rich and the poor.

Impact Assessment’ method as a real-estate standard. Finally, another crucial aspect is the ‘National New Countryside Policy,’ which supports rural populations

The following examples aim to show some of the most significant cases which deal

and the needs of the of special rural housing typologies in order to increase the

with these four issues in China’s current real estate dynamics.

living standards outside the cities.

There are four main issues which can be distilled from an overall review on the Chinese housing policy dynamics : 1. Affordability of housing. Chinese housing prices are growing faster than wages and life quality that makes housing unaffordable, especially for young people and migrants.

2. Environmental impact assessment of real estate. The massive amount of new real estate has an enormous footprint and presents different hazardous conse-

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01_Affordable Housing LONGNAN GARDEN SOCIAL HOUSING ESTATE

Atelier GOM

Shanghai, China

Away from the high-rise Longnan Garden Social Housing, by Atelier GOM, is an example of a new affordable housing typology in the Yangtze River Delta. Atelier GOM began the investigations of the domestic living environment in China in 2002.

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https://www.gooood.cn/longnan-garden-social-housing-estate-by-atelier-gom.htm

https://www.archdaily.com/874649/longnan-garden-social-housing-estate-atelier-gom

The project is premised on an understanding of the traditional courtyard housing typology and reintroduces the â&#x20AC;&#x153;fortress besiegedâ&#x20AC;? by development of a specific urban block morphology. It goes away from the current real estate paragigm with its high-rise and low-density typology in favor of living comfort.

https://www.gooood.cn/longnan-garden-social-hous-

https://www.gooood.cn/longnan-garden-social-housing-estate-by-atelier-gom.htm

Affordability through the smart design and low maintenance One of the most prominent restrictions in Chinese residential real estate is the sunlight standard which typically leads to the simplistic construction of high-rise towers.

In Longnan Garden Social Housing, sunlight restrictions were considered an opportunity for design. The system of courtyards, inclined roof structure and the height of residences ensured the necessary sunlight condition and simultaneously created a high-density yet human-scaled environment. Finally, the social housing complex was developed with the principle of diversity of functions and typologies. Its design combined eight perimeter middle-rise blocks, five of sets of small flats (40-60 sqm), two are sets of single dormitories (35 sqm) and also several commercial buildings. Due to the relatively small apartment sizes, the design paid attention to the public spaces, which also reinterpret the courtyard traditional typology.

The projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s affordability is ensured not only by the small-sized apartments but as well by a low-maintenance program. The materials and technologies used in the construction aimed to avoid management and maintenance as far as possible and in order to last the life cycle of the project.

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02_ Housing for Social Mix

http://www.gooood.hk/new-youth-commune-in-jilin-china-by-meta-project.htms-

Jilin, China

Current real estate responses to the social issue Because of the specific social organisation which has deep roots in Chinese history, nowadays the borders between different social strata are still alive that often appear spatially. The issue of social sustainability to avoid social segregation, inequality and exclusion through the social mixing and community development has a substantial meaning for China.

Most of the current real estate projects tend to facilitate the social segregation through the creation of as called ‘gated communities’ (also known as ‘sealed residential quarters’) - real estate complexes surrounded by a fence, which usually serve for the accommodation of people from the same social strata. In fact, gated communities as a typology are deep-rooted in a collectivist culture and need of social control. Moreover, such a typology has a political meaning, because it offers for elites the privilege of privacy and anonymity which is ‘equivalent to liberation’ (Wang and Murie, 2000). The paradox of the ‘gated community’ is that it was developed to save the collectivist culture but in fact tend to destroy a collective urban experience and facilitate the social exclusion.

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META-PROJECT

http://www.gooood.hk/new-youth-commune-in-jilin-china-by-meta-project.htms-

NEW YOUTH COMMUNE

Towards the urban-rural social mix The New Youth Commune by META-project architects is a precedent of addressing the social issues through the social mixing on the border between the city and surrounding indigenous villages, which is the example of collision of different Chinese social strata - rural and urban population. The New Youth Commune is a mixed housing project situated on the edge of the Vanke Songhua Lake Resort in Jilin city. The complex consists of 800 apartments to settle self-employed people from town, students, the staff of Vanke Resort and open to surrounding villagers.

http://www.gooood.hk/new-youth-commune-in-jilin-china-by-meta-project.htms-

In order to facilitate community development, the architects investigated a mixed dwelling phenomenon which is specific to China like hutong (traditional courtyard residences) and tube-shaped apartment in traditional villages. Together with the current trends of youth communities development, the architects created a new spatial structure for reinventing of interpersonal in a community.

Contemporary shared lifestyle Using the typical pattern of the residential quarter, the architects played with the configuration of blocks to create a diverse and attractive living environment supported by inner bridges and staircases. Inner atriums with tiered seating as a forum are designed in an openstreet manner which creates the public routes inside the complex and connects all the communal spaces within it. Such a flexible framework hybridizes the residential units with the public spaces and challenges the edges between the private and public experience. A mix of private, shared and collective zones leads finally to community growth.

The New Youth Commune is a prototype community for the contemporary shared lifestyle which can exist on the border between urban and rural. A mutual cooperation between citizens, students and villagers ensure the equality and self-sufficiency through the new paradigm of community symbiosis.

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03_Housing for the New Socialist Countryside CONTEMPORARY RURAL CLUSTER Dongziguan Village, Fuyang District, Hangzhou, China

Greenton Architecture Design

Improvement of living standards in rural areas The ‘National New Countryside’ policy, which was introduced in China in the 2010s, became an impulse for improving the living environment outside the cities. The stratas of the rural and urban population were traditionally strictly separated and have many confrontations. The most problematic issue for the rural population is restricted access to the affordable housing as most of the real estate program is available only for the official urban residents (hukou).

Therefore the rural population is almost not included in the development of new typologies. The ‘National New Countryside’ policy creates a sharp demand of the new kinds of real estate which can be constructed far from the economic centres and therefore overheated real estate market in the big Chinese cities.

102

https://www.gooood.cn/contemporary-rural-cluster-dongziguan-affordable-housing-for-relocalized-farmers-in-fuyang-hangzhou-by-gad.htmest-by-hassell/)

The current living conditions in large parts of rural China are far from the city where the quality of life is gradually growing. The project of Contemporary Rural Cluster in Hangzhou by the Greenton Architecture Design proposes a new real estate typology for the countryside aims to decrease the urban-rural disparity and tackle with the rapid urbanisation process which affects the Chinese rural areas.

Design for collective living inspired by traditions The ultimate design was inspired by the traditional typology of courtyard housing that is outstanding for the usual affordable housing estate where the traditional models are not maintained because of the construction costs limitations. The courtyard organises the core clusters surrounding by the six private residences with the different types of footprints (11Ă&#x2014;21 meters and 16x14 meters). The courtyard itself serves as a space for communication and participation. All together the parts become a prototype for collective living.

The overall spatial design of the site plan reflects the vernacular village architectural tradition in China, where all the buildings were separated without common walls in accordance with the fire-safety concerns and highly integrated with the landscape and water. The architects also communicated with the villagersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; families in order to understand the specific living habits of the rural population and implement the needs in the layout design on different scales. The houseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design itself reflects the traditions of Chinese vernacular architecture as well as the roof structure and natural construction materials.

The asymmetrical slope roof was developed as a reinvention of the traditional Chinese dual-slope roof.

Towards housing policies for the New Socialist Countryside With these approaches implemented in the different scales, the Contemporary Rural Cluster proposes a response for the countryside housing issue, providing the high quality of life for the currently vulnerable rural population. The cost-efficient design of the project creates the opportunity to replicate such complexes throughout the country and a large-scale housing policy on their basis.

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https://www.gooood.cn/contemporary-rural-cluster-dongziguan-affordable-hous-

Beyond the budget constraints The Contemporary Rural Cluster consist 15,300 square meters of affordable housing in Dongziguan Village which was initiated by the municipal government of Hangzhou city. The main challenge of the project was to create a comfortable and sustainable living environment with the low budget. The overall budget which was available for the project was around 3 million USD or 190 USD construction cost per square meter, that is much lower than the average construction cost in the area of Hangzhou. The aim was to create a high-quality design which can also serve for the maintaining of community living.

04_Real Estate for Low Environmental Impact SINO-SINGAPORE TIANJIN ECO-CITY

International Consortium

Towards radical environmental solutions in real estate The issue of climate change has a particular meaning in China as the country remains to be the world’s largest coal producer. The real estate sector has a great impact on the issue because it has a large ecological footprint as well as support the industry of construction material production which is the biggest polluter among the others. From the beginning of the 2000s, China started to introduce different housing policy to address the climate change issue in relation to the real estate sector (Chen, 2012).

From 2003 the Environmental impact assessment has become a part of real estate projects which allows evaluating the effects from the large-scale development on the environment.

However, the fast economic growth of the 2000s has led to the further declining of the climate issues because of the unprecedented scale of real estate in Chinese big cities. Therefore, from the 2010s the measures became more radical. The ‘Pilot Low-Carbon Cities Building Program’ started from 2007 aims to construct the low-carbon eco-cities across China with the pilot Chinese-Singaporean project in Tianjin (Chen, 2012). Following the several pilot cities, more than 300 low-carbon cities should be constructed until the 2050s.

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https://www.tianjinecocity.gov.sg/bg_masterplan.htm

http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20120503-sustainable-cities-on-the-rise

Tianjin, China

Water reuse, zero-carbon transportation and spatial hierarchy Because of the low level of precipitation on the area, the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water supply will be compiled with the non-traditional methods as desalination. The city-scale water management will be implemented on the principles of reuse and recycle of water.

The transportation will be developed in the most low-carbon manner including light-rail transport, trams, and eco-bases.

Another key aspect of the project is social sustainability which is ensuring through the social mixing of people with various income-levels and from different social strata. The spatial hierarchy of the blocks consists of three levels: eco-cell, eco-community and eco-district.

All the districts will have various typologies of real estate including affordable housing. Public spaces and social infrastructure will serve for interaction between different types of residents and ensure the social integrity.

Heritage preservation Although with such a big scale intervention it is difficult to implement any traditional technics the Tianjin Eco-city project includes the integration of 1000-years old Ji Canal into the city spatial structure. The surrounded villages are also included in the design with the special adaptation strategy.

The project of Tianjin Eco-city is an example big-scale real estate project address the issues of urbanization and population growth with minimising the hazardous consequences for the environment, such as the urban heat island effect and loss of biodiversity.

The idea of the project is to design a model eco-city which can be replicated and scaled throughout the country. The latest investigations of both countries in environmental protection, energy efficiency and transportation should be implemented on the site which is located on 40 km distance from the Tianjin city centre and 150 km from Beijing. The site has an easy transportation access to the nearest Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA). Therefore the eco-city was developed with the strong integration to the surrounding agglomeration.

https://www.tianjinecocity.gov.sg/bg_masterplan.htm

https://www.tianjinecocity.gov.sg/bg_masterplan.htm

Model eco-city for replication The program pilot city -Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city is a product of the international agreement between Chinese and Singaporean governments to develop environmentally and socially harmonious city. The project should be finished to 2020 and settle about 350,000 residents.

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Conclusion

From the new identity of housing culture to fundamental social changes

Chinese real estate has a specific way of development from indigenous traditional typologies to the biggest real estate market in the world realising both in a huge amount of massive housing and high-technological eco-cities distributed throughout the country. Therefore the imposed housing approaches from the West are often not relevant to the Chinese context with its cultural, social and economic differences.

Nowadays the most of real estate in China is high-rise massive housing typologies which were caused by the fast economic growth and huge housing demand. However, in the long-term perspective economic growth can slow down, living standards of Chinese people can change together with the new relationship between rural and urban and sharp environmental concerns. Therefore, the new solutions for the real estate policies and typologies are necessary.

While the current Real Estate Policies are moving in the direction of the social housing, social mixing and rural development, the cases discussed in the paper give the lessons how to tackle with the current issues of real estate as affordability, environmental impact, a limitation for rural estate and social segregation. Most of the cases above address several issues simultaneously.

Longnan Garden Social Housing Estate address an issue of affordability through the creation of low-maintenance energy efficient typologies which simultaneously ensure the human-scale. Contemporary Rural Cluster in Hangzhou works with the affordable housing typology for the rural population as a part of the New Socialist Countryside policy. New Youth Commune housing project works in direc-

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tion of social and cultural mixing that is challenging the Chinese social structure.

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While these three projects have a relatively small scale and can be considered as

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incremental changes of real estate, Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city is the most

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to the existing urbanisation in terms of environmental impact, there is a risk of

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repeating the patterns of the massive real estate just in a more ecological manner.

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approach which can better work with the various social issues.

investment (International real estate markets). London: Routledge.

Therefore, the future real estate projects should consist the advantages of both

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ways - be complex enough to be able to tackle the environmental issues but re-

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the idea of housing as a fortress, using pattern of vernacular clusters, traditional

evolving legal system (Law, property and society). Burlington: Ashgate.

design (like a dual-slope roof), using ancient canal system. Therefore the cases

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2_Vision for Taihu Baisin Transect 109

CHINA STUDIO

TRANSECT VISION

Requalifying Suzhou Creek as a Zero-Carbon Elastic Spine

Existing (landscape) conditions The transect is a 140 km x 10 km strip, located in the Taihu Basin of the Yangtze River Delta. The landscape emerged through subsequent processes of natural sedimentation. Two distinct water landscape conditions frame the transect. In the west is Taihu Lake, which is the third largest freshwater lake in China and supplies drinking water for 10 million people. The lake is a valuable tourism resource, supports fishery and extraction for irrigation water. In the east, is the Pudong coast. Successive waves of coastal defense have created a landscape where the dyke infrastructure of former coastlines remains strong barriers. The current coastal defense structure is part of the 11,000km long “Great New Wall’ along the East China Sea, the world’s largest human-made intervention against sea level rise.

The open landscape contrasts with the carpet urbanization which characterizes the area. A continuous, non-hierarchical pattern of urbanization spreads over the landscape between Suzhou, an ancient water town of 10 million inhabitants, in the west, and Shanghai, a metropole of 24 million inhabitants, near the coast.

The historic city of Suzhou was configured according to ancient gridded canals, and many of the contemporary housing enclaves work with grid-efficiencies.

Agricultural-based settlements are primarily linear and developed on the high alluvial banks of rivers and polder systems. Evident in the existing spatial structure are successive processes of irrigation, polder-making, dyke and

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infrastructure development. The latest wave of road infrastructure has resulted in a series of extra-large north-south highways; they are clear cuts through the landscape and disturb its continuity. The underlying, east-west water network, particularly as evident with Suzhou Creek, has become secondary and mostly neglected.

Challenges + vision The two extremities of the transect consist of two distinct water landscapes, both of which are confronted with extreme water challenges directly and indirectly caused by climate change. While the coast has to cope with sea level rise (predicted to reach 1 meter by 2050), Taihu Lake suffers from issues related to both water quality and quantity. In reference to ancient Chinese techniques for floodwater management in deltaic landscapes there is the opportunity to move away from flood control towards controlled flooding. The hard-engineered flood control devices such as the seawall (on the coast) can be rethought and complemented by soft infrastructural systems including berms along canals and restoration of floodplains.

The vision for the transect is premised on the ecological rebalancing and creating new landscape structures to both adapt to climate change and frame future urbanization. Across the transect, new landscape and settlement morphologies and typologies are developed. There was an explicit focus on four 5km x 5km sites

followed by the development of eleven strategic projects.

the creation more (and new) land for agriculture in order to address food security;

For the overall vision, the large water structures were the starting point. During

2) a national policy that aims to relocate a significant number of industries to the

the last decades Taihu Lake’s rapid industrial and urban development has

western parts of China in order to address economic disparity and capacity-level

dramatically increased reclamation along its waterfront. There are a number of

migration to the east coast; and 3) the “Shanghai 2035 masterplan” that limits the

detrimental consequences that have accompanied this, including reduction of

growth of the city to 25 million inhabitants by 2035. (this population cap aims to

the lake’s storage capacity, increase of water pollution and a rise of the water level,

control the size of the city and to meet a defined quota of essential greenspace/

which nowadays challenges the region with increased flooding. In the territorial

inhabitant). As consequence of these policies, low-density dispersed villages and

vision, the lake’s shores are reconfigured to restore water ecologies and to rethink

industrial platforms, in rural areas are being demolished. Former farmers are

places that are no longer thriving settlement areas. Along the shoreline, cut and

relocated to high-density compounds that appear as enclaves.

fill processes reverse the reclamation process while mountain-side forestry is forcefully reintroduced.

Following the global decentralization trend of energy production and in combination with the Chinese dream of self-sufficiency, the newly developed

Further eastward, the lake and the Grand Canal, a new integrated system of

urban tissue is based on zero-carbon typologies. Within the logic of hybridized

rainwater reservoirs are created to create new sources of downstream water supply.

landscapes, energy production can as well be interwoven with the public realm. At

Again, processes of cut-and-fill are employed within existing plots. The reservoirs

the scale of the transect, this is primarily evident along the massive existing north-

serve both as sponges for rainwater (mitigating floods) and storage to be released

south highway infrastructure which cuts through our transect. Our intervention

into the water network in the dry season. The fill is utilized to create high, dry and

builds on and extends China’s strong tradition of tree filters along its path. By

safe platforms, planted with trees, for new civic programs.

re-designing and up-scaling these thin row of trees as urban forests, they can function as carbon sinks, counter the heat island effect and provide biomass for

Most importantly, Suzhou Creek is requalified to become the territory’s primary

alternative energy.

spine which, in turn, restructures open and built space. It is reestablished as the lifeline, literally and figuratively of Taihu Basin. The former water trade-route

The vison for Taihu Basin builds on these policies and rationalizes open land

to Shanghai is reimagined as the territory’s future east-west transport system

systems. Presently, small family farms are replaced by larger plot structures,

linking the lake to the coast. It is as well a linear ecological threshold which is

commercially managed and with larger yields. The project develops new, medium-

conceptually elastic in that it contains a sequence of productive, performative

rise high-density typologies which remain rooted to the productive landscape

and recreational landscapes. Orchards mark an expanded public realm and

and, at the same time, are part of and contribute to ecological stewardship of the

reveal its continuity. The new hybridized, elastic water spine also frames strategic

territory.

densification. Within the logic of constructing a New Socialist Countryside, a territory of new nature is established to simultaneously absorb flood waters and

Finally, the vision proposes a series of innovation centres, or think tanks, at

future population growth (within new hybrid, medium-rise, high-density zero-

strategic points in the transect focusing on hydrology, ecology and agriculture.

carbon typologies).

In addition to water challenges, the transect is also confronted by simultaneous processes of de-urbanization, densification and new urbanization. In the west, around Taihu Lake, ageing fishing and rural villages are emptying out as the young generation moves to cities. In the project, the de-urbanization is viewed as a natural process and pretext to return the landscape to nature. Further east in the environs of Suzhou and Shanghai, a controlled process of de-urbanisation and densification is already occurring, as the consequence three national initiatives: 1) the initiative of the so-called, ‘New Socialist Countryside’ policy, which requires

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3_ Strategic proposals

Four 5x5km sites 117

TAIHU LAKE ANSHU AHUJA MINH QUANG NGUYEN

GUANGFU: FISHING VILLAGES (

(

)

Hurong Village · Organic and formal urban tissue · Economy based on fisheries and aquaculture Chongshan Village · Historical village of more than 100 years · Organic urban tissue · Around 1000 inhabtants · Economy based on massproduction of Buddha sculptures, tree nurseries and aquaculture

Hufeng village & Huzhong village & Taihu fishing village Hudong Village · Residential area constructed in the 1970s · Formal urban tissue · Around 2000 inhabitants · Economy based on fisheries

· Residential area constructed in the 1970s · Organic and formal urban tissue · Economy based on fisheries and aquaculture · Fishing season: Sept. to Dec · Tourism season: Mar. to Apr.

如何运用冲山半岛的自然地形以及建于20世纪70年代的保护性堤坝来回应日益严重的洪水灾害？ 同时是否能够运用于建造有活力的公共空间？ How can the natural topography of Chongshan peninsula and its 1970s protective dike be manipulated to respond to increasing flood risk and simultaneously (re)define vibrant public spaces?

1A

SIJIN CHEN MARTA FINOTELLOSijin Chen Marta Finotello SHIWEN WANG

Shiwen Wang

How can the natural topography of Chongshan peninsula and its 1970s protective dike be manipulated to respond to increasing flood risk and simultaneously (re) define vibrand public spaces?

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Income ￥0(phpy)

Income ￥50,000 – 300,000 (phpy)

Income ￥5000-20000 (phpy)

Town/city/YRD

Town/YRD

Town/city/YRD

City / YRD

City / YRD

Town/city

Fishing

Informal farmland along Tai lakeside

Formal farmland with fish ponds

Town,city

Village Market

Harbour

Main road

Factories

Fruits

Hillside development

Tree nursery

Terraced Fruits planting

Village

Elevated bridge

Natural landside N

S Selling

Income ￥300000 - 700000(phpy)

Income ￥5000 – 300,00 (phpy)

Just started Hot season: Feb-May & Sep-Nov

Income ￥30 000-200 000 (phpy)

2A MANOLA COLABIANCHI 2A Manola Colabianchi Manola Colabianchi MARIIA ZAKHAROVA Zakharova MariiaMariia Zakharova TING WANG How can urbanism facilitate interplay between new local economy and costal-foothill landscape of the Tai lakefront fishing villages?

Wang Ting

景观都市主义如何在新旅游经济和丰富的当地农业-养殖产业之间创造更强的互动？

How can landscape urbanism create a stronger interplay between the new tourism economy and the rich existing agri- aquaculture ones? 城市化如何促进太湖边渔村的本地新经济和海岸丘陵性景观多样相互作用？ Can new strategies accentuate the distinct identities of Guangfu’s coastal-foothills?

Ting Wang

How can landscape urbanism create a stronger interplay between the new tourism economy and the rich existing agri-aquaculture ones? Can new strategies accentuate the distinct identities of Guangfu’s coastal-foothills?

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应该如何在保持光福镇周围山水地貌的同时，着重发展与它多样地貌直接相关的，演变中的住宅以及多产的土地？ How can the strong Shanshui (mountain and water) landscape of Guangfu be maintained while as well accentuating its variety of distinct landscapes that are explicitly related to evolving settlement and productive territories?

3A

ANSHU AHUJA Anshu Ahuja SARAH VAN DE VELDE Sarah Van de Velde ANNAN ZUO Annan Zuo

How can the strong Shanshui (mountain and water) landscape of Guanghu be maintained while as well accentuating its variety of distinct landscapes that are explicitly related to evolving settlement and productive territories?

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“Taihu” Lake

hu

ng

ri

ad

ro

nd

a

u ro

i Ta

Wetland

The construction of the new ring road cuts the connection between village and the lake.

Under the high way, the old vegetable filed is now turning into the dump site.

All the waste water of the village flows into the creek and then into Taihu Lake without any treatment.

vegetable field

The creeks that used to flow through the village are now covered by concrete slabs and houses, due to the rapid growth.

“Jianli” Village

At the down stream of the creek, the water is badly polluted. The water here is no longer proper for recreational use.

ke

La

“Wolong” Mountain

old factory house

Rain water from roof top and street is collected by ditches and open canals.

Daily waste water also flows into the ditch.

“Sunjialing” Mountain

The rain water flows through the terrace of the tree nursery, and then gather together to the creek.

parking

tree nursery on the hills

如何通过强调涧里村内在的自然特征，以提高当地水系的质量，并且向公共空间重新注入活力，并最终扭转村庄衰退的趋势?

Can the inherent nature of Jianli (‘Village on the Creeks’) become accentuated in order to improve the quality of the water system, reinvigorate its public spaces and to reverse its accelerated degradation?

At the up-stream of the creek, the water has rather good quality. The public space along it is also actively used.

1B

MENGYI HAN Lavinia IsanISAN LAVINIA

Mengyi Han

Can the inherent nature of Jianli (‘Village on the Creeks’) become accentuated in order to improve the quality of the water system, reinvigorate its public spaces and reverse its accelerated degradation?

125

如何因地制宜地利用当地的基础设施来应对与日俱增的洪水威胁，以渔港路的防洪设施 及其影响下形成的光福村南部半岛的景观和建筑类型为例？ What strategies can more integrally develop the flood control infrastructure of Fishing Harbour Road and the landscape morphology/ settlement typologies of Guangfu’s southern peninsula with the predictions of increased flooding?

2B JIAYI LI

Li OLIVIAJiayi MISSIAEN Olivia Missiaen YUXI WU Yuxi Wu

What strategies can more integrally develop the flood control infrastructure of Fishing Harbour Road on the landscape morphology/ settlement typologies of Guanfu’s southern peninsula with the predictions of increased flooding?

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哪些策略能使湖东光福山区林业与逐渐衰弱的渔业互补协调从而重构冲山岛滨水区并恢复其活力，同时又能解决由环境变化带 来的可预见后果如洪涝与城市热岛效应？ What strategies can simultaneously address the predicted consequences of climate change, particularly flooding and the urban heat island effect in nearby urban areas? How can the tree nursery industry on Guangfu mountains and the abandoned fishing infrastructure complement each other and as well restructure and reactivate Chongshandao waterfront?

3B

CHENWEI YE

Chenwei MAARTEN VAN Ye HULLE Maarten Van MINH QUANG Hulle NGUYEN Minh Quang Nguyen

What strategies can simultaneously address the predicted consequences of climate change, particulary flooding and the urban heat island effect in nearby urban areas? How can the three nursery industry on Guanghu mountains and the abandoned fishing infrastructure complement each other and as well restructure and reactivate Chongshandao waterfront?

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ANSHU AHUJA , MINH QUANG NGUYEN

BACK TO SHAN SHUI Taihu Lake

The site is located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River Delta. The site is

A series of diverse typologies and programs create hinges between high and low

characterized by Taihu lake (the third largest lake in China with water surface

topographies and between water and mountains.

area of 2428 square kilometers) and bounded with by small valleys and highlands.

During fieldwork, it became clear that the lake has severe water pollution and there is an exodus of the youngest generation from both the fishing and mountain villages. The vision, ‘Back to Shan Shui’, is intended to literally enhance the “water and mountains” of the site: to enhance its huge natural environmental potential.

North of the highlands, the ‘creek villages’ of Jianli and Chongshancun villages are protected and requalified for tourism; they have particular spatial and cultural qualities of heritage value. The creeks in the village clusters become central public spines that re-establish their cultural quality and relationship between the water and inhabitants. Existing wastewater drains are converted into bio-swales to

The dyke highway along the lake’s waterfront is transformed into a civic spine, as

purify water through phytoremediation before entering the creeks. A wetland

a bike path, to return to the relationship between water and settlements. At the

system within the village clusters ensures acceptable water quality from the creek

intersection of the valley and highway, there is a new think-tank which serves as

before entering Taihu Lake. A mosaic of productive land is introduced into the

a transition between land and water. The hub would focus on issues of lake water

settlement pattern to ensure food security, and as well, to enhance the relationship

pollution, new fresh water productive landscapes and forestry.

between built and open spaces.

The reclaimed peninsula is returned to a water landscape and the mountains are afforested. The protective Chongshan Dike of 1970s is strategically broken in a few places according to the water flows in order to return reclaimed land to the waterscape. Fresh water from the mountains is channeled towards fish farms and the manipulation of width and heights of dikes around the now floating fish ponds create variation in production, in addition to diversifying the physical and visual experience. The system is designed as a resilient one and should accommodating predicted floods until 2100.

South of the highlands, Taihu fishing and Tanxi villages are deurbanized and new building typologies, together with significant afforestation requalifies the landscape. In the lower regions of the valley, the deurbanized village structure is transformed into a water and vegetal landscape. Phytoremediation is employed to treat the polluted soil and water and the foundations of structures enclose tree nurseries. The mountainsides encompass a large new figure of productive forestry.

Logging transportation is shifted from road-based infrastructure to the waterbased infrastructure. An expanded harbor operates for both visitors and logging.

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ANSHU AHUJA

Jianli Creek Requalification Taihu Lake

The traditional â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;creek villagesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of Jianli are spread between the northern foothills and the waterfront of Tahui Lake. Historically, the villages thrived through fishing.

Presently, their economies are based on tree plantation and harvesting which happens on the mountain, foothills, as well on the reclaimed peninsula. Located at the foothills, the creeks flow from the villages into Taihu Lake. One of the severe issues in this area is water contamination of the creeks due to the direct discharge of wastewater into creeks from houses.

The project protects and requalifies the Jianli villages for tourism. The creek is requalified to go from a polluting and largely ignored backside, to the new vibrant public face of the villages. The creeks are cleaned and developed as a central spine that re-establishes their cultural quality and the relationship of the water with its inhabitants. A number of public spaces are designed as both hardscapes and softscapes along the creek. The creek landscape becomes part of a larger park system, surrounded by orchards. The productive fields, which were previously separated from the settlement, are now integrated into an ecological mosaic.

The obsolete old factory is adapted into a community building. The entry of the community centre is linked to a large public space and a path of orchards links to the creek. Existing and oversized wastewater drains connected to creek are converted into bio-swales which purify water through phytoremediation. A wetland system is developed along the soft edges of the creek to the treatment of household wastewater before flowing into the creek. The wetland is significantly enlarged where the creek meets the shoreline of the lake. The linear constructed wetland drains and cleans water of all the creeks before water is discharged into Taihu Lake. The reclaimed peninsula to north of the site is returned to a water landscape by strategically breaking its protective dike. More space for water is a response to the predicted consequences of flooding.

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131

MINH QUANG NGUYEN

Ecotones Taihu Lake

Ecotones follows the main concept of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Back to Shan Shui,â&#x20AC;&#x2122; namely deurbanization and a return to nature. The strategic project aims to create two eco-systems, one which diversifies and enhances industrial forestry and another that develops a water cleaning machine embedded in a recreational park. The combination of two the eco-systems helps to improve the environmental quality of Taihu Basin.

As the region is returned to nature and natural process, the major engineering infrastructure, the lakeside dyke-road is repurposed as both a bike path and platform for a new building, hosting eco-tourism activities.

Tianjing Village is transformed into a water purifying and tree nursery park. The design of the new park follows the structure of the old village; approximately half of houses are demolished become water purification ponds. The remainder of the village is as well demolished, except the foundations, which demarcate areas for the tree nursery. Weaving between the ponds and foundations is a forest system of water purification. The forestry-industry related inhabitants of Tianjing Village to new campus with new housing typologies located on the transitional area between park and forest, low land and high land. In addition, new afforestation in the logging will change the monoculture harvesting landscape into a diverse and more sustainable ecosystem.

In Ecotones, the existing port of Taihu Lake is reconfigured to host both a leisure dock and industrial-scale one for logging transportation. A new path connects the three landscapes: the recreation area of the port, the park and housing campus.

This path parallels the existing creek and meanders through the village footprint, passing through the mixed forest, water surfaces and tree nursery.

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VERTICAL CAMPUS

Tsinghua Ocean Center Shenzhen, China

Open Architecture eeee

Pubic Space Diagram

Images source: h�ps://www.archdaily.com/8e74e3/tsinghua-ocean-center-open-architecture

-This is a building with an open and welcoming atmosphere, while the injected public spaces encourage all the staff and students to par�cipate and socialize.

-Each research center, the labs and offices are separated by a ver�cal gap, with stairs connec�ng different horizontal and ver�cal public spaces together.

Anshu Ahuja

-This is a building with an open and welcoming atmosphere, while the injected public spaces encourage all the staff and students to participate and socialize - Each research centre, the labs and offices are seperated by a vertical gap, with stairs connecting different horizontal and vertical public spaces together

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AGRI-AQUACULTURE

Shenyang Architectural University Campus

Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China

Turenscape 2004

PRODUCTIVE CAMPUS ADRESSING CHINAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S FOOD SECURITY

- new hybrid landscape combing production & education

- cultural identity through productive landscape

- productive land of rice paddies

- making sustainable agricultural production accessible & transparant (https://www.turenscape.com/en/project/detail/324.html)

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JIANGNAN POLDERS

SIJIN CHEN MARTA FINOTELLO SARAH VAN DE VELDE

LUZHI: HISTORIC WATERTOWN (

)

景观都市主义手法是否能够解决甪直工业区边缘的重新监管问题，尤其是解决外来务工人员私占古镇水城所造成的人为污染问题？ Can landscape urbanism scenarios address the renewed stewardship of Luzhi’s industrial periphery, particularly addressing human-induced pollution in relation to the migrant-worker appropriation of ancient water towns?

1A

SIJIN CHEN MARTA FINOTELLO Sijin Chen SHIWEN WANG Marta Finotello

Shiwen Wang

Can landscape urbanism scenarios address the renewed stewardship of Luzhi’s industrial periphery, particularly addressing human-induced pollution in relation to the migrant-worker appropriation of ancient water towns?

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observing

cleaning stove

Gated Community 5 floors cortyards on the platform

washing hair

street kitchen

Old Part 2 floors renovated

informal farming

Gated Community 5 floors landscape design garden commodity real

private transport

open restaurant

Old Part 1-2 floors cortyard houses

sun bath

group chating

drying meat

informal kindergarden

group chating

informal fishing

informal farming

Gated Community 7, 11, 18, 25 floors latest relocated community

10m

哪些措施可以有助于对甪直水乡古镇和它周围持续建立的封闭式小区的多样‘边界’效应建立一个细致的理解？边缘的生产性 土地如何能为封闭的空间创造多样性？ Which strategy, supported by an understanding of diverse ‘edge’ conditions of public spaces in the water town and gated community in Luzhi, can define new typology of space occupation?

50m

100m

2A MANOLA COLABIANCHI MARIIA ZAKHAROVA Manola Colabianchi TING WANG Mariia Zakharova Ting Wang

Which strategy, supported by an understanding of diverse ‘edge’ conditions of public spaces in the water town and gated community in Luzhi, can define new typology of space occupation?

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protected aquaculture

protected agriculture

为了规划性地应对由城市化进程带来的压力和管理作为不断增加的生产性景观管理者的农民， 村庄和工厂拆迁的过程应如何合理的进行？ How can the process of village and factory demolition be rationalized to structure both urbanization pressures and the need to maintain farmers as stewards of the increased area of the productive landscape?

protected agriculture

protected aquaculture

vanishing factories

disappearing villages

Trade off: industry for food/ water security?

vanishing factories

protected agriculture

disappearing villages

disappearing villages

protected agriculture

vanishing factories

Inevitable replacement of villages by gated communities

housing for migrant laborers

protected agriculture

disappearing villages

protected agriculture

Migrants/ famers as stewards?

3A

ANSHU AHUJA Anshu Ahuja SARAH VAN DE VELDE Sarah Van ANNAN de VeldeZUO

Annan Zuo

How can the process of village and factory demolition be rationalized to structure both urbanization pressures and the need to maintain farmers as stewards of the increased area of the productive landscape?

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面对大量新增的封闭式居住社区以及城市的高密度化发展，如何通过保存甪直水乡连续的景观中的空间和社会质量? 如何利用相互关联的农业景观和水系作为的景观结构重构城市化进程?

How can the process of densification, as evident in rising gated communities, include both the spatial and social quality of the continuous landscape in the Luzhi’s disappearing water villages? Is there a way that the interconnected agricultural landscape and water system can structure densification?

1B

MENGYI HAN

Mengyi HanISAN LAVINIA Lavinia Isan

How can the process of densification, as evident in rising gated communities, include both the spatial and social quality of the continuous landscape in the Luzhi’s disappearing water villages? Is there a way the interconnected agriculture landscape and water system can structure densification?

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Food companies Built in 1994 Processing zone, warehouse, dormitory.

Collective industry-individual industry High pollution industry, dyeing, weaving, flocking More than 60 factoreis.

Abandoned industrial buildings water tower

Dock Station Water transport

Repurposed Industrial site Kindergarden club, restaurant Sewege treatement plant Disposal of industrial waste water

textile dying factory Built in 1994 includes processing zone and warehouse Fossil fuel power station

Thermal power plant Energy supply for factories Release large amount of greenhouse gases Canal severly polluted by industrial waste water

Mental rehabilitation centre Newly built Surround by industrial building

Individual industry Textile, machinery, moulding, metallurgy One or two small workshops Industrial buildings, clubs, restaurant

Large Industry Bottle packaging, electronics

Garbage of factories.

Private moulding and toy company Built in 2003 before the high way The products have low added value and the profits are decreasing Large scale prefab structures

在甪直地区甫澄路与常嘉高速公路间居住密度不断增加的情况下，如何利用工业遗址与现有基础设施来打造有益的公共空间? 苏州河支流沿岸区域是否可以重新被定位为充满活力的公共空间和（用于防洪等的）行动景观？ As Luzhi increases its residential density between the Fucheng Road and the Changjia Highway, how can the valuable industrial archaeology and formal and informal infrastructure be repurposed to create a new civic realm? Can the spaces along the Wusong, a tributary of Suzhou Creek, be requalified as vibrant public spaces and also performative landscapes (for flooding, etc.)?

2B JIAYI LI

Li OLIVIAJiayi MISSIAEN Olivia Missiaen YUXI WU Yuxi Wu

As Luzhi increases its residential density between the Fucheng Road and the Changjia Highway, how can the valuable industrial archaeology and formal and informal infrastructure be repurposed to create a new civic realm? Can the spaces along the Wusong, a tributary of Suzhou Creek, be requalified as vibrant public spaces and also performative landscapes (for flooding, etc.)?

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QUANG MINH NGUYEN

cohesive collective spaces

fragmented collective spaces

continuous open spaces

甪直工业用地结构功能的改变如何解决开放空间碎片化的问题并恢复人们对傍水而居的集体记忆与苏州支流的空间凝聚力？是 否有特定的策略能同时应对洪涝问题？ How can the reconversion of Luzhi’s industrial sites respond to the current territorial fragmentation and reclaim the collective memory and spatial cohesion of the Shuzhou Creek tributary? Are there specific strategies which can be developed with regards to flooding?

3B

CHENWEI YE Chenwei MAARTEN VAN Ye HULLE Maarten Van MINH QUANG Hulle NGUYEN

Minh Quang Nguyen

How can the reconversion of Luzhi’s industrial sites respond to the current territorial fragmentation and reclaim the collective memory and spatial cohesion of the Shuzhou Creek tributary? Are there specific strategies which can be developed with regards to flooding?

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SIJIN CHEN, MARTA FINOTELLO, SARAH VAN DE VELDE

BUILDING THE NEW COUNTRYSIDE Jiangnan Polders

The jewel of the site is the low-rise historic water town of Luzhi, a cultural asset to attract tourists. However, the vast agricultural polder structure is incredibly valuable, both as heritage and for the region’s future. During the last decades, the polder figure has been widely disfigured and overrun through subsequent waves of industrial and residential encroachment. As Luzhi focused its economic development on industrial expansion since the 1970s, a majority of its agricultural polders were turned into polluted territories. Currently, the reverse happening.

China’s national policy a new countryside has resulted in the de-industrialization and the large-scale demolition of scattered villages and industries makes room for a rationalized and high-performance landscape for food production. Although this de-industrializing process offers opportunity to restore the ecological continuity of the fertile polder landscape, its interweaving water mesh suffers heavily from industrial pollution, human waste and chemical fertilizers.

These vast changes and challenges allow for the re-thinking of the ancient “water town” on the basis of the water mesh as an alternative to concentric expansion.

Rather than merely serving tourism, the water towns again become living tissues in which productive polders are restored.

natural void acts as a counter-figure to urbanization.

On the edge between built and open land in the east, dispersed and deteriorating villages are re-qualified with medium-rise, high-density typologies that are traditionally mirrored across the canal. The edge is strengthened according to existing logics. In each ‘contained cell of agriculture’, the ancient logic of energy-efficient irrigation canals is re-introduced. The polluted water of the productive field is organically treated in small, purifying wetland patches. To safeguard self-sufficient food security in the future, the productive landscape is diversified and rationalized to deliver higher performance. The vast territory serves as a productive eco-park at the edge of the city embedding educational and recreational facilities. Agriculture activities include experimental fields for organic farming and high-tech vertical farming methods.

In the west, one of the main north-south highways of the transect cuts through the de-industrializing tissue of Luzhi. The expansive industrial demolition offers the opportunity to reclaim land along the highway and to enlarge the existing strips of trees. The forest expansion counter-balances the heat island effect and performs as carbon sequestration and bio-remediation of the former industrial

The tributary of Suzhou Creek becomes the main artery of Jiangnan polder‘s New

lands. Large industries are relocated to a new industrial park, close to the

Countryside. It is the spine of a new hybrid landscape, reconnecting the historic

Singapore Industrial Park. Such a relocation process increases Luzhi’s residential

town of Luzhi with its industrial patrimony and productive landscape. Water

capacity — as it will grow to an important migrant town for factory workers.

mobility is re-introduced as the main mode of transportation and structures

The tissue of the remaining small and non-polluting industries are significantly

an expanded public realm. Based on the ancient cut-and-fill process of polder-

densified. Shorter production cycles require less transportation, in-line with more

making, a higher topographical figure meanders along the tributary landscape.

local manufacturing. Residential development is tailored to workspaces with

As elevated platforms, these widened dykes contain boat stops, linear orchard

interwoven volumes that re-connect living and employment. The generosity of

plantations and new residential and public typologies. A number of ‘open polders’

existing structures is cherished, since industrial heritage has the potential to be

act as wetland parks along the river, choreographing ‘controlled flooding’. New

re-claimed by the public realm. The adjacent forest expands within the new hybrid

densification is not only located around the re-claimed waterfront of the tributary,

tissue.

but also strengthens the wetland edge with high-density typologies. As such, the

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SIJIN CHEN

De-industrializing with Nature Jiangnan Polders

The site is an industrial area bisected by a large north-south highway. It contains a village, agriculture fields, a tributary of Suzhou Creek as well as remnants of an industrial fabric which are being transformed. The project creates new residential typologies, remediates the polluted soil and water and links social life to new public space.

In the project, the east bank of the tributary is for new housing typologies which mix with small and non-polluting industries on the lower floors. The creekâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s existing dock on southeast will be extended and serve as a water transport stop for both people and products.

Villages, agriculture fields and factories are located on tributaryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s west bank.

Existing agriculture is reconfigured in an agriculture wetland park which has ecological, productive and recreational values. Here, the existing dyke will be broken to let water in. The dykes are extended beyond their functional role and become an active part of an expanded public realm. In the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main village, the majority of the buildings are kept, with a few punctually removed create public space. A new village with new typologies is developed on the opposite side of the creek. The large factory adjacent to the wetland park is transformed into a sports and community center for the neighborhood.

Along the highway, the existing wetland and trees remain and complemented by a new forest. The afforestation serves to not only counterbalance the heat island effect, but also accommodates carbon sequestration and bio-remediation of polluted post-industrial soil. At the same time, a number of the industrial buildings are transformed into commercial and public space. The vacant space under the highway will also be utilized as part of the new system of public space, connecting an existing sports fields near to the wetland park.

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MARTA FINOTELLO

Luzhi Water Square Jiangnan Polders

The project is situated on a tributary of Suzhou, at the limit between Luzhiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s old town and its eastern industrial zone, that the government plans to reconvert to agriculture. The area has a strong commercial identity determined by the presence of the farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; market and high-density of commercial activities. The project strengthens this identity while simultaneously adapting to future demographic growth and climate change. Following the vision, the space along the water is restructured for a renewed relationship between the water and the citizens. As well, the water is rethought as an mobility integrated, based on water transport both for commercial and civil use and with transfer to land-based movement. In anticipation of electric and driverless cars, the profile of the main street is reduced, allowing space for storm water management and an expansion of public space.

The project defines a hinge between the newly reconstructed agricultural area, on the former industrial site, and the Luzhiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s old tissue. The body of the tributary is modified to create space for a new water square and adjacent street markets. The existing hospital is as well connected to the tributary with a new canal. Along the street, the former two-floor buildings are redesigned as new typologies that densify the urban tissue. The front of the street gives space to hybrid buildings, which have housing, services and roof-farms. The interior of the blocks is emptied out to make space to planted green inner courts, defining a permeable zone that connects the various blocks.

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151

SARAH VAN DE VELDE

Interweaving Polder and Tissue Jiangnan Polders

The site is located in a manufacturing zone, covering the low-lying polder

of surrounding fields and green roofs are designed to arouse agricultural

landscape in Luzhi’s northeast. The project is inscribed in China’s national policy

stewardship and raise ecological awareness. The school is not only a place for

of de-industrialization. Polluted territories are transformed into productive

children, but also becomes a community platform for innovation and discussion

farmland to secure food production. It predominantly results in mass-scale

and revives, as such, the ancient public character of the dyke.

demolition. The project proposes is the deliberate re-purposing of valuable industrial heritage.

Accordingly, the industrial legacy along the most northern creek is repurposed as a (re)training centre, an education & research hub for experimental farming.

The underlying polder logic of the low-lying landscape is traced, to re-introduce

The existing dormitory becomes a public exhibition centre and is complemented

the energy-efficient agricultural system of water flows and irrigation canals,

with communal facilities and private bedrooms, housing a mix of entrepreneurial

combined with settlements on high-land dykes. In order to anticipate increased

farmers and scientists. As a response to the need for more sustainable, short-cycle

flooding, the existing micro-topography is manipulated, resulting in a variety of

economies, the existing warehouse is repurposed as local agricultural hub and

open and closed polders with larger wetland zones. Agricultural species within

accommodates new trade-economies such as e-commerce. By using the roof as

each polder are diversified in response to the protected, semi-protected and

a catchment for solar energy, the building also becomes a renewable energy hub

floodable condition of the plot. The major quality of the existing tissue is its

along the road, providing charging points for electric vehicles.

multiplicity of scales: from the vast industries to medium-sized manufacturing to the small-grain of the villages. According to the ancient polder logic, new typologies are concentrated on the existing dyke structure, while maintaining morphological diversity. In the existing village, only the most valuable houses are preserved. The dimensions of the vernacular become a datum for a shift towards increased vertical density. Up-scaled communal courtyards replace private patios and new multi-generational typologies hybridise living quarters with communal farming on rooftops.

As China seeks productive self-sufficiency, the ‘New Countryside’ policy designates renewed dignity to peasant life. The countryside becomes an asset where young families prefer to live instead of residing in dense urban centres.

To accommodate such a transition, the village dyke is transformed into a curved landform that houses a primary school and community centre in the forest. The ancient technique of cut-and-fill is implemented to create a significant height difference between polder and dyke. A direct relation with the diverse cultivation

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Landscape Framework

AGRO-AQUACULTURE

Nanhu New Country Village Jiaxing, Zhejiang

SWA San Francisco 2011

Existing

Proposed

undersized, ineffecient farms

consolidated, diversified farms

disconnected dead-ends

continuous watersystem

dispersed settlements

compact village (37 000)

Raised Wetland Treatment

underground oxygenated gravel bed

ecosystem of vegetation cleans water from impurities

canal water clean for irrigation and boating

COMPACT & HYBRID URBAN FARM VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT

- temporary residences for agricultural workforce, weekend retreat and commuter bedrooms

- increased farmland productivity by introduction of economies of scale and diversification (organic farms, family farms & eco-tourism)

- ecological storm drainage & water traitement through a system of wetlands

- eductional attractivity through eco-tourism, combined with recreation through a sequence of parklands (garden, ecology, northlake) (http://alec-hawley-vxwe.squarespace.com/nanhu-farm-village/)

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SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Landscape Framework

Farming Kindergarten BiĂŞn Hoa, Dong Nai, Vietnam

Vo Trong Ghia Architects 2013

AGRICULTURAL & SUSTAINABLE EDUCTION

- restore childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s relationship with agriculture & nature within a manufacturing based economy

- providing agricultural and food experience to young children through an experimental roof garden

- factory waste water recycled to irregated roofgarden and flush toilets

- energy saving methods: green roofs as insulation, green facade as shading, solar water heating (http://votrongnghia.com/projects/farming-kindergarten-2/)

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GREEN COORIDOR

Jiading Central Park Jiading, Shanghai (China)

Sasaki Done by 2013 Sustainability-driven Design

Intergrated Public Service

THE GREEN CORRIDOR CONNECTING SEPERATE GREEN SPACE PATCHES - Reducing the number of roadways crossing the park and constructing pedestrian overpasses or underpasses where roads remainedâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;critically preserving a holistic park experience for wildlife and pedestrians alike.

- Universal accessibility on all pathways, restored wetlands, new woodland, native plantings that bolster the local bio-community, a stormwater management sstem, limited artificial lighting, and efficient reuse of existing materials and on-site structures.

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INTEGRATED WATER MANAGMENT

Qunli Stormwater Park Haerbin, Heilongjiang Province, China

Turenscape 2009-2010

- Stormwater collection integrated into the public space - Natural wetland restoration in a dense urban tissue - Ecosystem services oriented approach

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ANTING NEW TOWN

OLIVIA MISSIAEN MAARTEN VAN HULLE MARIA ZAHAROVA

ANTING: SHANGHAI SATELLITE (

)

Souzhu Creek

Car Storage

Car Storage

Car Storage

Village

Aiqigang Creek

Highway

Aiqigang Canal

Cut and fill

Cut and fill

Fill Cut 30m 0m

15m

60m

120m

Vertical scale exaggerated 1:3

20m

0m

5m

10m

20m

Souzhu Creek

Dengjiajiao Village

10m

Industrial Area

5m

Highway

Heji Road

Mayang Village

Industrial Area

0m

30m 0m

15m

60m

120m

Vertical scale exaggerated 1:3

0m

5m

10m

20m

0m

大规模和自上而下的土地填补过程如何变得更加结构化，以实现地区消费性和生产性的平衡？我们能否从小规模和渐进式的切割和填补过程中学习，以 更好地了解当代的实践？ How can the large-scale and top-down land-filling process become more structuring towards creating a balance of consumptive and productive territories? Can we learn from the small-scale and incremental cut-and-fill process to better inform the contemporary practices?

5m

10m

20m

1A

SIJIN CHEN Sijin Chen MARTA FINOTELLO Marta Finotello SHIWEN WANG

Shiwen Wang

How can the large-scale and top-down land-filling process become more structuring towards creating a balance of consumptive and productive territories? Can we learn from the small-scale and incremental cut-and-fill process to better inform the contemporary practices?

162

如何使出于好意的社会工程比如安亭卫星城和其周围保护性/生产性景观被重新构想，来应对外来城市化和食品/水安全?

Can the well-intentioned social engineering of both the satellite city of Anting and the productive/ protective landscape be reconceived to more strongly anticipate migrant urbanization and food/ water security? Can a more continuous territorial landscape of Suzhou Creek as well work to adapt to climate change and become part of an enlarged public realm?

2A

Manola Colabianchi MANOLA COLABIANCHI Mariia Zakharova MARIIA ZAKHAROVA Ting Wang TING WANG

Can the well-intentioned social engineering of both the satellite city of Anting and the productive/ performative landscape be reconceived to more strongly anticipate migrant urbanisation and flood/water security? Can more continuous territorial landscape of Suzhou Creek as well work to adapt to climate change and become part of an enlarged public realm?

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Riverfront promenade edge privatised by gated community

Cyclic ecologies waste recycling village between road and river

Peninsula in a sea of green former factories squatted as residences

Backside to frontside need of stewardship of land between productive and residential occupation

legend

village gated community active factory vacant factory demolished factory road route on hard surface route through mudroad

Expanded ‘forest lung’ at water confluence encroachment on the crossing

Public realm expansion vacant factories along the river

Pocket open space along river recently destroyed factories between two rivers, surrounded by village

建筑用地和开阔地之间的残余的分界线应该如何被改造成一个高产的地貌，使其能够有效的应对气候变化，为食品和饮用水安全提供保障，并在 人口逐渐稠密的安亭镇中成为一个示范性的城市规划元素？这些分界线所处的代表性的空间状态可以成为设计新兴公共空间的灵感和动力吗？ How can the residual threshold between built and open land be transformed into a highly performative landscape which is able to adapt to climate change, provide food/ water security and become the structuring element in the densification of Anting? Can the archetypal spatial conditions of the threshold become the design impetus for new public space?

3A

ANSHU AHUJA Anshu Ahuja SARAH VAN DE VELDE Sarah Van ANNAN de VeldeZUO

Annan Zuo

How can the residual threshold between built and open land be transformed into a highly performative landscape which is able to adapt to climate change, provide food/ water security and become the structuring element in the densification of Anting? Can the archetypal spatial conditions of the threshold become the design impetus for new public space?

164

h

Auto Research Company

Shanghai Automobile Museum

Shanghai Automobile Exhibition Park

Village Factory

Woods

Village Factory

Demolished Village Factory

Agricultural Land

Relocation Settlements

High-rise housing

Suzhou Creek “Jiaqing” City Ecological Corridor

New Village

Old Village Houses

Agricultural Land

Demolished Village Factory

Village Factory

苏州河河道以及现存南北输电线将如何定义开放空间网络? 面对人口压力以及人口对于食品与水源安全，对于休闲空间的需求，开放空间网络 1B MENGYI HAN 是否能够同步重构城市发展? 新的能源生产模式能否提供南北方向开放空间的发展提供新的机会?

Mengyi Han How can the Suzhou Creek floodplain and the existing north/ south transmission infrastructure define an open space network?

Can this open space simultaneously structure increasing demographics and address the need for food/ water security and recreational areas? How can new modes of energy production as well open up further design opportunities in the north/ south direction?

LAVINIA ISAN

Lavinia Isan

How can the Suzhou Creek floodplain and the existing north/south transmission infrastructure define an open space network? Can this open space simultaneously structure increasing demographics and address the need for food/water security and recreational areas? How can new modes of energy production as well open up further design opportunities in the north/south direction?

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如何利用穿过安亭的现今碎片化和私有化的苏州河岸的景观空间，将其转化为重要的公 共空间，洪水控制系统和运输走廊？ 如何更加有力的将苏州河纳入太湖盆地的水文系统 中？ Which strategies can renew Anting’s fragmented and privatized section of Suzhou Creek as a vital common resourc for public space, flood control and a potential movement corridor? How can rethinking of Suzhou Creek as well be more forcefully structured within the entire hydraulic system of Taihu Basin?

2B JIAYI LI

Li OLIVIAJiayi MISSIAEN Olivia Missiaen YUXI WU Yuxi Wu

Which strategies can renew Anting’s fragmented and privatized section of Suzhou Creek as a vital common resource for public space, flood control and a potential movement corridor? How can rethinking of Suzhou Creek as well be more forcefully structured within the entire hydraulic system of Thaihu Basin?

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如何合理地使农业设施，例如灌溉系统与堤防系统，成为安亭南部受洪涝威胁的开放农业区域的一部分？未来由上海2035计 划规划的休闲路网能否延伸至内部景观？ How can the agricultural infrastructure, with its irrigation and dike system be appropriated to become a part of a publically-accessible productive flood plain south of Anting? Can the envisioned recreational network by Shanghai 2035 Plan be expanded to the interior landscape?

3B

CHENWEI YE

Chenwei MAARTEN VAN Ye HULLE Maarten Van MINH QUANG Hulle NGUYEN Minh Quang Nguyen

How can the agricultural infrastructure, with its irrigation and dike system be appropriated to become a part of a publically-accessible productive flood plain south of Anting? Can the envisioned recreational network by Shanghai 2035 Plan be expanded to the interior landscpape?

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OLIVIA MISSIAEN, MAARTEN VAN HULLE, MARIA ZAHAROVA

SUZHOU CREEK ELASTIC SPINE Anting New Town

Anting is located about 30 kilometres northwest of the city centre of Shanghai, along one of its metro lines. Anting New Town was initially developed to reduce the population pressure on Shanghai. The satellite town was branded as the carcity, linked to the Volkswagen industry and designed by Albert Speer Jr. The main structuring element for the areas is Suzhou Creek. On the one hand, the creek is reinforced as a water transport artery, with a sequence of stops linking water transport to existing modes of transport. The project also rethinks the productive and recreational potential of the open landscape along the creekâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s banks. On the other hand, the creek it is no longer considered a mere linear structure but a designed as an elastic spine, following the precedent of Sasaki. The ecological corridor is hybridised with productive, performative and recreational landscapes, but also densified along and within its expanded flood plain. What was once a backside, becomes an urban front for the new countryside. The vast openness of the productive landscape is counterbalanced with the counter-figure of new buildings and orchard trees, choreographing vistas along the water spine.

Along the creek, a sequence of hybridised landscapes including a large recreational urban park is complemented by social amenities. The golf course, a currently privatised enclave, is transformed into a publicly accessible, solar panel park. New performative landscapes are introduced through the design of constructed wetlands, which function as water retention basins and flood water mitigation.

The existing but scattered productive landscape along the creek is restored as a system based on the logics of the deltaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s traditional polders. Irrigation canals are reconnected and within the polder cells, low-tech drainage and cleaning systems are reinstalled. By introducing new open polders, productive landscapes become part of controlled flooding. In the development of the new countryside, the existing deteriorated villages are centralised on the edge of the creek and the high, safe lands of the dike system. New mid-rise, high-density typologies enable

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farmers to live in close proximity to productive land, enhancing stewardship..

The floodplain of the creek is reinforced by the introduction of soft mobility that meanders through the elastic spine and as well connects to the existing linear park of Anting. Over-scaled highways that are now superimposed on the landscape are down-scaled as city boulevards and refitted within the polder landscape.

A rationalised agricultural corridor is created perpendicular to the creek, in the north-south direction. Overhead high-tension wires and their pylons presently limit land-use in the space. Since the energy of the future is in transition, the challenge will be to preserve the open landscape when the power lines eventually disappear. In the project, it is part of the productive landscape and includes a research centre for new farming methods (including, for example vertical farming).

With regards to climate change challenges and relating back to the transect vision, afforestation is a part of the strategy for this site as well. New linear forests are planted along the highway that connects Suzhou with Shanghai. The existing narrow tree lines are enlarged to become true forests, augmenting the capacity of carbon sinks and at the same time mitigating the urban heat island effect. The forest is also enlargened in the areas of large industries.

The strategic projects each develop a different component of the hybridised landscape when areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s meet the elastic spine. One is based a new water-based centrality, a second on an inter-modal hub along the creek and a third that densifies the area between productive and performative polders.

169

OLIVIA MISSIAEN

Meandering Minjacun Anting New Town

Meandering Minjacun sits between Antingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s revisited traditional polder structure

rationalisation. The existing small-scale greenhouses are simultaneously upscaled

and a performative water basin which is part of the elastic Suzhou Creek, framed

and technologically upgraded with the introduction of solar energy (to optimize

by the public orchard spine. Minjacun village is reconfigured to become a new

processes during the winterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s low temperature and poor light weather conditions).

urban front of Suzhou Creek. Between performative and productive, the existing

The new housing typologies include vertical farming that is easily maintained by

village is rethought in light of the new Chinese countryside.

older inhabitants. Finally, the highly productive landscape is considered an open

The site cuts through one complete polder and touches two other polders. By means of micro-topographic interventions, based on the existing landscape,

park, and is hybridised by public paths along the dikes, creating a new form of fine-grained public space.

the water of the polder structure is reconnected and irrigation canals are

The expanded public realm is marked by the orchard spine, which meanders

reintroduced. The most northern, already degraded polder, currently functions

through the dike system, and eventually merges with the new city boulevard. The

as a massive car depot for Volkswagen. The project transforms the large surface

city boulevard bypasses the current road which connects Anting New Town to the

area into a massive water retention basin, a flood pocket of Suzhou Creek, through

northern bank of the creek. By refitting and re-profiling the road infrastructure on

the traditional cut and fill technique. The existing village, following tradition

the dike structure, the project revisits the traditionally relation of agricultural and

and located on the high point of the dike where two polders meet, is preserved

urban parcelation and thereby counters the current superposition of roads on the

and requalified. The lower polder land follows Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s new mantra of from flood

territory.

control to controlled flooding. The area is transformed into terraced wetlands, including re-naturalized marshes..

Furthermore, the orchard spine includes facilities for public education, in the form of bird-watching and resting pavilions which float above the wetlands, and a

The existing village is based on traditional intergenerational living models. Today,

new market, which serbves as a connector between productive land and the public

such a culture is disintegrating first and foremost because China is an ageing

realm for e-commerce. It as well hosts a testing ground for innovative vertical

society. In addition, there are troubling consequences of the one-child policy,

hydroponics, complementing the revisited polder-structure, the interface between

whereby the middle generation emigrates to urban areas (leaving children to be

the public and the productive landscape.

raised afar by grandparents) as migrant workers inhabit expanded houses and create new village dynamics. The original Anting project focused on white collar, middle class workers. The new proposal creates new typologies to reconstitute intergenerational living, whereby the older generation can live with their children and grandchildren, while being productive members of society in a newly defined agricultural sector.

The urban and agricultural tissue are designed as one system. On the one hand, densification and diversification of the existing agriculture is connected to its

170

171

MAARTEN VAN HULLE

Anting Transferium Anting New Town

The project provides a resilient armature that significantly rethinks car-oriented urbanism and flooding. The design creates an environment that favours soft and water-based mobility, strengthens Suzhou Creek as a spine and reshapes the open space system of the post-industrial city. It accommodates rising waters through redefining the creekâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hard edges that at the same time contribute to its ecological restoration.

The project makes room for the water and allows the creek to expand beyond todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s artificially controlled course. Concrete embankments are demolished and replaced by a terraced river embankment using a cut-and-fill strategy. The newly constructed embankment mitigates the impact of flooding while constructed wetlands filtrate polluted waters before they enter the creek. Simultaneously, a new inland water pocket maximizes the interface between the neighbourhood and the creek and accommodates a new water-transport terminal. Creation of a new intermodal hub of water- and road-based transport generates higher residential and commercial densities.

The design radically decreases the importance of road-based mobility, not only by shifting towards water-oriented transport, but by dramatically reprofiling major roads to accommodate bikes, e-bikes and eventually automated e-cars. Hand-inhand with the new mobility system is a new public space system. A series of urban rooms are each square defined by their own distinct pocket of trees in which e-charging and bicycle parking is centralized for the neighbourhood. By making use of different grid layouts and tree types, a variety of urban rooms resonate the nature of the civic spine on the one hand and more intimate outdoor spaces for the neighbourhood on the other hand. Urban and recreational space is folded into the creekâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ecological space and the creek is a new center for public life.

172

173

MARIA ZAHAROVA

Anting Water Park Anting New Town

The project is located in the heart of Anting New Town - a German-style monofunctional city which was designed for the blue-collar workers of a nearby Volkswagen factory. The primary objective is to convert the existing water and linear park of the urban core into a lively water-based public space which is connected to the huge ecological spine of Suzhou Creek.

The new water park collects, cleans and reuses stormwater from all the city, using a natural cleaning system with different types of vegetation. There is a new interplay of hard and soft edges. It was caluculated that the existing water system needs to be expanded approximately in three-fold in order to accommodate existing rainwater. Moreover, in the 100-year perspective the amount of precipitation in the Yangtze River Delta will significantly rise and the system should be increased in four-fold. The Anting ecological spine, the new water park will be dynamic in terms of seasonal and future climate variations.

The water park is part of the huge public space system along Suzhou Creek. As part of the new programming for the water park, the concept of We-work spaces, now globally popular, mixes space for work, leisure, sport and education. Urban form along the the Anting water park is reoriented to the water and at times buildings are in the water. The existing and underutilized Anting main square will be also partly flooded; important public objects such as the church and city administration building are preserved.

The water system works as soft-mobility and extends the water transport system of Suzhou Creek. Water-taxis and a boat sharing system will connect Suzhou Creek with the central square of Anting, the core of the water park. All together, the new Anting water park becomes a vivid and multifunctional space and a new centrality for the otherwise monofunctional town.

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URBAN TISSUE INTERVENTION

Home Farm Singapore

Spark Architects 2014

MULTI-GENERATION LIVING HYBRIDISED WITH VERTICAL HYDRO-AQUAPONICS

- socio-economic consequence of population growth and demographic changes (aging)

- post-retirement employment, re-invested in healthcare & eldercare

- vertical aquaponic farming, rooftop soil planting & high-density housing

(http://sparkarchitects.com/portfolio_page/homefarm/)

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SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Xiangshan School Campus of the China Academy of Art

Wang Shu, Amateur Architecture Studio 2007

- An important aspect of the design is the â&#x20AC;&#x153;freeâ&#x20AC;? concept as a sensitive response of the architectural forms to the site and nature.

- Combining this traditional knowledge with experimental building techniques.

- The choice of themes is directed by traditional construction culture and its continuation: garden making, construction, differentiation.

- Active use of reclaimed material from the surrounding: tiles, bricks and woods from the traditional houses demolished all over the province of Zhejiang. (https://arcspace.com/feature/china-academy-of-art/)

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RENEWABLE ENERGY

Pingdi 1.1: ALCA

International Low-carbon city, Shenzhen (China)

South China-Torino collaboration lab 2015- Project submission

A COMPREHENSIVE LOW CARBON AREA - mix traditional pattern of Cantonese corridors side by side along the main wind flows to mitigate high tropic temperatures - sustainable architecture not simply as a technological improvement but a methodology that incorporates social interaction with sustainble measures in the public space - Eco-platforms not only bring green public space into the buildings but also organize interior water collection systems (http://www.southchinalab.polito.it/architecture_and_city/projects/pingdi_1_1)

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SHARED WORKSPACE

WeWork

Weihai Lu 696 Weihai Road Jingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an District Shanghai

Guanghua Lu 7th FL, Tower AB Office Park, 10 Jintong West

VARIETY OF SHARED WORKSPACES AND AMENITIES - Private Offices, Dedicated Desk, Hot Desk - Repurpose of industrial buildings to create the public realm - variety of amenities on site Gym, child care, community managers etc. (https://www.wework.com)

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INTEGRATED WATER MANAGMENT

Suzhou Creek Suzhou, Jiangsu (China)

Sasaki and Shanghai Jingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an Urban Planning Bureau 2015-2017

FOREST FOR HEAT ISLAND EFFECT AS OPPORTUNITY TO REDESIGN THE PUBLIC REALM - continuouswoodland of two million trees, expanding green space in the city centre by 25 percent - sequence of playful markers to guide people through the landscape, enlivening the waterfront with a range of community and commercial offerings, including an educational program, libraries, a cafe and sporting hubs. (http://worldlandscapearchitect.com/huangpu-east-bank-urban-forest-shanghai-china-hassel/#.Wt7kwGaB1-U)

180

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Huangpu East Bank Urban Forest SHANGHAI, CHINA

HASSELL 2017

FOREST FOR HEAT ISLAND EFFECT AS OPPORTUNITY TO REDESIGN THE PUBLIC REALM - continuouswoodland of two million trees, expanding green space in the city centre by 25 percent - sequence of playful markers to guide people through the landscape, enlivening the waterfront with a range of community and commercial offerings, including an educational program, libraries, a cafe and sporting hubs. (http://worldlandscapearchitect.com/huangpu-east-bank-urban-forest-shanghai-china-hassel/#.Wt7kwGaB1-U)

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PUDONG COAST LAVINIA ISAN MANOLA COLABIANCHI YUXI WU

PUDONG: COASTAL DEFENSE (

)

seawall former dyke former dyke

highway G1501

rice fields

former dyke

上海海舟协友农副产品有限公司 Shanghai Haizhouxieyou Agricultural Products Co., Ltd.

永利村 Yongli Village

QIJIU CREEK

上海锦亿仓储物流有限公司 Shanghai Jinyi warehousing Logistics Co., Ltd.

中国青年蔬菜产业创业就业培训中 心 Chinese Younth Pioneering Work Training Center[Vegetable Industry] 上海种都种业科技有限公司 Shanghai Seed Species & 上海耀良园艺花卉场 Shanghai Yaoliang Flowers & Technology Co.,Ltd. Horticultural Company

FORMER DYKE

FORMER DYKE SEAWALL HIGHWAY:G1501

intensive agriculture

vacant industrial platforms

Yongli village

在增长规模经济（工业和农业）的时代，浦东沿海景观未来的发展策略是什么，以增加土地占领的多样性？另一种洪水防护系统是否能够利用（该地 区）大规模的工业拆迁地来构建生态修复区？ Which strategies be developed for the future of Pudong’s coastal landscape to increase the diversity of territorial occupation in an era of increased economies-of-scale (industrial and agricultural)? Can an alternative system of inundation protection take advantage of largescale industrial demolition and proposed ecological recovery?

1A

SIJIN CHEN Sijin Chen MARTA FINOTELLO Marta Finotello SHIWEN WANG

Shiwen Wang

Which strategies can be developed for the future of Pudong’s coastal landscape to increase the diversity of territorial occupation in an era of increased economiesof-scale (industrial and agricultural)? Can an alternative system of inundation protection take advantage of largescale industrial demolition and proposed ecological recovery?

186

[Time]

[land] 1000s

[village]

[agriculture]

[town]

[industry]

[agriculture]

[city periphery / infrastructure]

[agriculture + industry]

1900s

1980s

[city]

[costal defence system]

2000s

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

[Coast Transformatiom]

如何能按时间的叙事来理解海岸防卫系统和垂直的灌溉系统其随着三角洲的动态变化而持续演变的逻辑？为了处理更大的与土 2A 2A MANOLA COLABIANCHI 地开垦和海平面上升紧密相连的土地生产力和居住性的挑战，新的策略如何可以更创新的利用其动态性？ Colabianchi How can the logics of the coastal defense system and perpendicular irrigation system be understood as a chronological narrative which is constantly evolving Manola Manola Colabianchi

MARIIA ZAKHAROVA

How can thetologics of the coastal Can defense and perpendicular system beinnovatively understoodinas a chronological which isof productivityMariia in relation the delta’s dynamic? new system strategies take advantage of irrigation the dynamism more order to address thenarrative larger challenges Mariia Zakharova Zakharova TING WANG constantly evolving in relation to the delta’s dynamic?

Can new strategies take advantage of the dynamism more innovatively in order to and habitation in relation to reclamation and sea level rise?

Wang Ting Ting Wang address the larger challenges of productivity and habitation in relation to reclamation and sea level rise?

How can the logics of the coastal defense system and perpendicular irrigation system be understood as a chronological narrative which is constantly evolving in relation to the delta’s dynamic? Can new strategies take advantage of the dynamism more innovatively in order to address the larger challenges of productivity and habitation in relaion to reclamation and sea level rise?

187

浦东沿海区域应对海平面上升所不断建立的防御设施应该如何被重新构想，使得其成为一个动态的，与生态环境相容的三角洲 设施？该地区密布的灌溉系统可以成为这一转变过程中的关键元素吗？ How can the successive waves of Pudong’s coastal defense system become reimagined as a dynamic deltaic system? Can the fine-grain mesh of the irrigation system be the key elements for this transformational process?

3A

ANSHU AHUJA Anshu Ahuja SARAH VAN DE VELDE Sarah Van ANNAN de VeldeZUO

Annan Zuo

How can the successive waves of Pudong’s coastal defense system become reimagined as a dynamic deltaic system? Can the fine-grain mesh of the irrigation system be the key elements for this transformation process?

188

Gas tanks Oil tanks (airport use) Wetland opaque concrete wall

‘Liming’ Cycle Industry of Ecological Park Construction Waste Processing Factory Landfill

Landfill

camouflage vegetation

Cemetery Wetland semi-transparent fences

Demolished factory Container storage Abandoned container storage space Small-scale factories Seaside access

fenced landscape

seawall Military Base

如何重现三角洲与东海相遇时的壮丽景观，与此同时抵消海岸线上用于围挡以及伪装大尺度的军事和工业地块的景观的消极作 用?

Is there a way to celebrate the majestic quality of the delta as it meets the East Sea that counterbalances the walling-off and landscape camouflaging of large and polluting military and industrial plots?

1B

MENGYI Mengyi HanHAN LAVINIA ISAN

Lavinia Isan

Is there a way to celebrate the majestic quality of the delta as it meets the East Sea that counterbalances the wralling-off and landscape camouflaging of large and polluting military and industrial plots?

189

2002

Road

Green house

Industry

Industry

2009

Factories

Factories

2017

Industry

Funeral Parlor

浦东海防系统的“跳跃”式发展如何为横向景观空间结构和连通性空间创造新机遇？ 在该地区不断的拆除、建设和重新规划 过程中，应如何更系统地解决污染问题和增加生态连续性？ How can the ‘leapfrogging’ of Pudong’s coastal defense system become an opportunity for new spatial structures and transversal connectivity across the landscape? How can the area’s constant demolition/ construction and re-programming processes more systematically address pollution and ecological continuities?

2B JIAYI LI

Li OLIVIAJiayi MISSIAEN Olivia Missiaen YUXI WU Yuxi Wu

How can the ‘leapfrogging’ of Pudong’s coastal defense system become an opportunity for new spatial structures and transversal connectivity across the landscape? How can the area’s constant demolition/ construction and re-programming processes more systematically adress pollution and ecological continuities? s

190

什么策略能够重新思考与灌溉有关的海岸防护设施的刚性？由复杂的水网所带来的特性（组合，方向，多样性）能否为这个地 区形态学的与类型学的改变提供线索？ What strategies can be adopted to rethink the harshness of the coastal defense infrastructure in relation to the irrigation system? Can the qualities (scale, orientation, diversity) that come with the intricate water system offer clues for designing new morphological and typological impositions on the territory?

3B

CHENWEI YE Chenwei MAARTEN VAN Ye HULLE Maarten Van MINH QUANG Hulle NGUYEN

Minh Quang Nguyen

What strategies can be adopte to rethink the harshness of the coastal defense infrastructure in relation to the irrigation system? Can the qualities (scale, orientation, diveristy) that come with the intricate water system offer clues for designing new morphological and typological impositions on the territory?

191

LAVINIA ISAN, MANOLA COLABIANCHI, YUXI WU

LET IT FLOOD Pudong Coast

The most eastern site is located on the East China Sea Coast of Pudong District,

land reclamations) is repurposed to become a new super-dyke. It will be increased

which formed through successive land reclamations (both natural and human-

in height and be structurally reinforced in order to become the main defense

made). With each wave of the expansion of land, there was a new appropriation

element against extreme weather events (such as typhoons or storm surges). The

and division of the territory. A ‘leapfrogging’ of use and plot-sizes is currently

super-dyke will become the backbone around which all the functions will be

visible in the sequence of the three different landscapes (large sized industrial and

organized; it will become a protector of important industries (such as the organic

military plots closest to the sea, intensive agriculture, villages and agricultural

waste processing facility) and accommodate new functions, such as a think

land closest to Shanghai). Fieldwork revealed that the infrastructure of

tank and water transport stations. At the same time it will host a massive energy

former coastlines (the old dykes) create important barriers between the three

production landscape.

morphological patterns. At the same time, the entirety of the present landscape is walled off as part of the 500 kilometer concrete coastal defense system, from the majestic view of the sea. There are minimial access points to the water’s edge. The site will be significantly effected by sea level rise (1-2 meters by 2100). There is a need to address both the challenges of habitation and urbanization, as well as the coast’s productive landscapes.

Let it Flood implies restoring a healthy estuarine landscape and migrating towards an aquaculture-based economy. The greatest challenge of the site is the vulnerability of the hard-engineered system in the face of the sea level rise.

Therefore a new, more adaptive, softer coastal defense system is envisioned.

It is designed to accentuate the particular assets of the site. Simultaneously, the settlement structure is reconfigured in a more compact way, and the site’s potential to produce renewable energy, mainly solar and wind, is harnessed.

Phased retreat is proposed. In 2020 the sea defense wall is breached in strategic places in order to choreograph new water flows and direct sediment. This would build on the logics of the extra-large industrial plots. The flooded areas would gradually shift the territory towards a new kind of productive landscape, namely aquaculture in brackish and salt water.

On the threshold between the coastal and vast agricultural terrace, a strip of elevated land running along the coastline (a remnant of old defense systems and

192

The middle terrace will accommodate the progressive transformation of soil-based greenhouses towards brackish water aquaculture, while solar fields would be the new crop at the western edge of the terrace. The highway is repurposed since it is assumed to become obsolete, with transport mostly being water-based. It becomes a spine for forestation and part of the flood defense system on the Zhangjia River.

Simultaneously, the most land-based terrace accommodates new typologies of habitation which are denser and designed to respond to the changing family structures in China.

Finally, as a continuation of the Suzhou Creek elastic spine, there will be a sequence of public spaces along Zhangjia River.They would work differently in each of the three terraces, linking the higher ground to the sea, with urban public spaces to linear spaces along the productive landscape, eventually turning into a sequence of high points offering the opportunity to enjoy the spectacular deltaic landscape. The linear public space is to terminate in the sea, offering to locals the opportunity to experience the endless horizon and the power of nature.

193

MANOLA COLABIANCHI

Urban Watermarks Pudong Coast

The site is on the highest terrace of the Pudong District coast and borders a vast middle terrace of greenhouse agricultural production. The terrace is the oldest of the coastal reclamations and is occupied by a number of village settlements. In the project the area becomes denser and with higher quality housing and is equipped with social infrastructure. The starting point for the project was the careful reading of the existing tissue in order to capitalize on the logics of open space. A new system of public space interweaving valuable existing open spaces (including mineral, productive and water landscapes) became the main structuring element for urban development. The public space spine (following east-west plot lines, eventually crosses the high terrace dyke and continues into the middle terrace of agricultural fields (to be transformed into aquaculture over time). In the middle terrace, the blue-green public space system follows an existing water and tree line. The productive landscape would host small functions, such as small cafĂŠ or a panoramic bridge and view, and thereby promote a different and more integrated use of the agri- aqua-cultural land.

In order to avoid the more typical tabula rasa approach, the project incorporates components of the old tissue. Most representative parts of the spatial character of the existing tissue was retained. In some instances this was related to the relationship buildings/ public and semi-public space, in others, it was to highlight the relation of the existing tissue with the creek.

194

195

LAVINIA ISAN

Energy Super-dyke Pudong Coast

The site is strategically chosen to highlight change in the productive landscape.

It is located at the threshold between the flooded terrace closest to the sea and the brackish-water aquaculture middle terrace. A new the super-dyke seperates the two landscapes. Currently, the site is occupied by a crematorium and funeral home facility, which will be consolidated on a smaller plot, together with the large cemetery further north.

In order to appreciate the openness and the vastness of the coastal landscape, new buildings are camouflaged as earthworks. The focus is on a think-tank which fuses with the new super-dyke, resulting in a strongly engineered construction. There is a transition from the hard-engineered section of the dyke in the south to a softerengineered part towards the north. At the same time, the sea-facing side of the dyke is more engineered, while the inland facing side is softer.

The earthed dyke traces the existing elevated landform and both heighten and structurall reinforces it, recycling materials from the on-going demolition of industrial estates. The canal running at the foot of the dyke is deepened (as well providing fill material). The super-dyke not only adapts to coastal sea level rise but also performs as a massive energy producing landscape, accommodating windmills. A scenic route atop the dyke affords the opportunity to admire the spectacular interweaving of industrial, energy and aquaculture landscapes.

The canal becomes the main water transport route along the coastal landscape, serving as a harvest line for brackish water ponds in the west, as well as the main access for functions on the dyke, namely the think tank. A small harbor serves as a local station for the transport system, at the intersection between the main canal and a secondary one. The energy super-dyke is a hybrid landform, where the coastal defense system comes together with a new productive landscape structured by a multifunctional backbone.

196

197

YUXI WU

Zhangjia Intersection Pudong Coast

The site is located in the middle terrace of Pudong coast. It is at the intersection of the an east-west canal and north-south highway. The man-made Zhangjia Canal is the last part of the Suzhou Creek elastic spine that flows into the sea; it runs through the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s three terraces. An elevated highway traverses the site northsouth, splitting in two completely separate parts. The site is highly fragmented by the infrastructures. Additionally, the area is threatened by flood risk from sea level rise and upstream stormwater, particularly in the monsoon season.

The project creates a sequence of new public space along the Zhangjia Canal, and is conceptually the continuation of the Suzhou Creek elastic spine. A series of floodable pockets along the canal are developed by transforming an abandoned industrial site, low-lying land and building new dykes as landforms to produce an integrated system of infrastructure, architecture and landscape. A new sluice will control water flows, particularly during storms. On the north side of the canal, there are a terraced public space which accommodate recreational landscapes, with a tourist center, cafĂŠ and water-transport terminal. On the south side of the canal, the abandoned industrial site becomes a wetland park, serving as a floodwater retention basin. Finally, as the area becomes less inhabited and transportation moves toward alternative systems, the highway is transformed into a spine for forestation and backbone to assemble different functions within the site.

198

199

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Solar Valley City Dezhou, Shandong (China)

Himin Solar Energy Group 2005-2015 Silicon photovoltaic panels

image source: https://permaculturenews.org/2013/08/29/dezhou-solar-city-china/

Averial view of solar valley

image source:https://www.regalhotel.com/regal-kangbo-hotel/en/about/attraction_

image source:http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/ctenglish/se/txt/2010-10/08/

Micro-emission future city templete - A center for manufacturing, research, production, education and tourism of solar energy technologies - Factories and public buildings are all solar powered - Landmark solar structure as a model for practicing solar energy

Micro-emission future city templete - A center for manufacturing, research, production, education and tourism of solar energy technologies - Factories and public buildings are all solar powered - Landmark solar structure s a model for practicing solar energy

200

Yuxi Wu

URBAN TISSUE INTERVENTIONS

Maillen Hotel & Apartment Shenzhen, Guangdong (China)

Urbanus 2005-2011

AN ALTERNATIVE TO CURRENT REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA - Questioning the low risk formulated plan and generic features of residential designs - Respect to both topographic condition and traditional Chinase idea about landscape and garden design - Residential complex that opens up to the surronding landscape while closing itself off from the city beyond. http://www.urbanus.com.cn/projects/maillen-hotel-apartment/?lang=en

201

AGRO-AQUACULTURE

Sunqiao Urban Agricultural District Suzhou, Jiangsu (China)

Sasaki Pudong Agriculture Development Group completed August 2016 Images source: http://www.sasaki.com/project/417/sunqiao-urbanagricultural-district/

NEW, MORE COMPACT AND EFFICIENT HABITATION TYPOLOGIES - New type of self-sufficient economy -Vertical and horizontal farming systems: algae farms, floating greenhouses, green walls, vertical seed libraries -The water system and agricultural system â&#x20AC;&#x201C; spatially organize the sequence of public, semi-public, private spaces -Mixed-use development as an alternative to traditional, sprawling farmlands

202

203

204

4_ Acknowledgements 205

Climate Change & Contemporary Landscape Urbanism Strategies Urbanized Deltas (Taihu Basin, Yagtze River Delta, China)

GROUP 3B: Minh Quang Nguyen (Vietnam), Maarten Van Hulle (Belgium), Chenwei Ye (China) KU Leuven Teaching Team Fieldwork groups GROUP 3B: Minh Quang Nguyen (Vietnam), Maarten Van

Tete Region, ZambezeGROUP 3B: Minh Quang Nguyen (Vietnam), Maarten Van Hulle (Belgium), Chenwei Ye (China) River Delta (Mozambique)

Quang Nguyen Minh Wim Wambecq, Eliana Barbosa Prof. Bruno De Meulder,

Maarten Van Hulle

GROUP 1B: Mengyi Han (China), Lavinia Isan (Romania) GROUP 1B: M

Chenwei Ye

GROUP 1B: Mengyi Han (China), Lavinia Isan (Romania)

Prof. Kelly Shannon, Stefanie Dens

Manola Colabianchi GROUP 2A: Manola Colabianchi (Italy), Ting Wang (China), Mariia Zakharova (Russia) GROUP 2A: Manola Colabianchi (Italy), Ting Wang (China)

Guayas River Delta (Ecuador) Ting Wang

Prof. Viviana d’Auria,GROUP 2A: Manola Colabianchi (Italy), Ting Wang (China), Mariia Zakharova (Russia) Olga Peek, Nelson Carofils GROUP 3B: Minh Quang Nguyen (Vietnam), Maarten Van

Mariia Zakharova

GROUP 1A: Sij GROUP 1A: Sijin Chen (China), Marta Finotello (Italy), Zoey Wang (China) Collaborators for Taihu Basin, Yangtze River Delta

GROUP 1A: Sijin Chen (China), Marta Finotello (Italy), Zoey Wang (China) (China) GROUP 3B: Minh Quang Nguyen (Vietnam), Maarten Van GROUP 1B: Me GROUP 3B: Minh Quang Nguyen (Vietnam), Maarten Van Hulle (Belgium), Chenwei Ye (China)

Mengyi Han Studio preparation and fieldwork (in relation to the Xi’An Jiatong Liverpool

Lavina Isan University research project: Jiangsu Province Program of Science and Technology.

GROUP 3A: Anshu Ahuja (India), Sarah Van de Velde (Belgium), Annan Zuo (China)

GROUP 3A: Anshu Ahuja (India), Sarah Van de Velde (Belg

BK20151244, Exploring the spatial

implications of integrated water management GROUP 3A: Anshu Ahuja (India), Sarah Van de Velde (Belgium), Annan Zuo (China) GROUP 1B: M GROUP 2A: Manola Colabianchi (Italy), Ting Wang (China) in the Suzhou Metropolitan area) GROUP 1B: Mengyi Han (China), Lavinia Isan (Romania)

Jiayi Li

Christian Nolf, Florence Vannoorbeeck, Xi’An Jiatong Liverpool University

Olivia Missiaen GROUP 2B: Li Jiayi (China), Olivia Missiaen (Belgium), Yuxi Yuxi Wu (China)

GROUP 2B: Li

GROUP 2B: Li Jiayi (China), Olivia Missiaen (Belgium), Yuxi Yuxi Wu (China)

Yuxi Wu GROUP 2A: Manola Colabianchi (Italy), Ting Wang (China) Chinese students in fieldwork GROUP 1A: Sij GROUP 2A: Manola Colabianchi (Italy), Ting Wang (China), Mariia Zakharova (Russia)

Mengyi Han, Technical University of Munich

Jiayi Li, Xi’An Jiatong Liverpool University Sijin Chen

Ting Wang, Hong Kong University GROUP 1A: Sij Marta Finotello GROUP 3A: Anshu Ahuja (India), Sarah Van de Velde (Belg GROUP 1A: Sijin Chen (China), Marta Finotello (Italy), Zoey Wang (China)

Zoey Wang, Zheijiang niversity Zoey Wang

Chenwei Ye, Xi’An Jiatong Liverpool University

Annan Zuo, Xi’An Jiatong Liverpool University

GROUP 3A: Anshu Ahuja (India), Sarah Van de Velde (Belg GROUP 2B: Li J GROUP 3A: Anshu Ahuja (India), Sarah Van de Velde (Belgium), Annan Zuo (China) Anshu Ahuja

Van de Velde Sarah

Annan Zuo

GROUP 2B: Li J GROUP 2B: Li Jiayi (China), Olivia Missiaen (Belgium), Yuxi Yuxi Wu (China) 206

Taihu Basin, Yangtze River Delta (China)

Jurors in Shanghai Prof. Yongli Cai, East China Normal University Prof. Ruishan Chen, East China Normal University Dr. Chia-Lin Chen, Xi’An Jiatong Liverpool University Fabien Dautrebande, ULB (Belgium) Elodie Degavre, ULB (Belgium) Prof. Qing Li, Tongji University

Prof. Luis Lage, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (Mozambique) Prof. Qing Li, Tongji University (China) Prof. Christian Nolf, Xi’An Jiatong Liverpool University (China) Frits Palmboom, Palmbout Urban Landscapes (The Netherlands) Florence Vannoorbeeck, Xi’An Jiatong Liverpool University (China) Prof. João Tique, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (Mozambique) Vinh Tran Trung, University of Architecture Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam)

Prof. Dong Nannan, Tongji University Prof. Christian Nolf, Xi’An Jiatong Liverpool University Dr. Paola Pellegrini, Xi’An Jiatong Liverpool University Florence Vannoorbeeck, Xi’An Jiatong Liverpool University Xiang Zeng, Shenzhen Techand Ecology & Environment LTD

Guest jurors at mid-review (27 March 2018) Annelies De Nijs, Agence Ter (France) Guido Geenen, WIT Architecten / KU Leuven

Cross-delta review & discussion (27 March 2018) Prof. Richard Plunz, Columbia University (United States)

Guest Jurors at final review (28 June 2018) Prof. Alexandre Baia, Universidade Zambeze (Mozambique) Prof. Esther Charlesworth, RMIT (Australia) Prof. Mercy Borbor Cordova, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (Ecuador) Prof. Jeremy Foster, University of Virginia (United States) Aroussiak Gabrelian, University of Southern California (United States) Ludwig Hansen, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (South Africa) Prof. Alison Hirsch, University of Southern California (United States)

Booklet layout & editing Prof. Kelly Shannon, Olivia Missiaen, Minh Quang Nguyen Sarah Van de Velde, Maarten Van Hulle

Studio entry to Rosa Barba University Competition Prof. Kelly Shannon, Minh Quang Nguyen

Model photography Sarah Van de Velde

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