Safety for your Premises from Fire Accidents and Other THREAT(ALERT)

National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) based on the 12,748 lives in 2018. For the city-based fire-safety collective Of the fire fatalities in 2018, as many as 4,290 were in the 18-30 age group and 3,860 in the 30-45 age group. “These vulnerable age groups together accounted for 63% of all fire-related deaths,” notes Uday Vijayan, who had started Beyond Carlton after the February 23, 2010 tragedy that killed his young son. Vijayan has now proposed a national fire-safety law with strict deterrents on the lines of the Road Safety Act announced recently. “As we move towards rapid urbanization and development, our governments should be more pro-active in implementing fire safety laws and creating awareness,” he says.

Mostly women victims The NCRB data also reveals a clear gender factor: Fire victims are mostly women. Of the 12,748 fire deaths in 2018, 7,244 were women. This could be related to another finding: 56% of the deaths were caused by home fires. As many as 7,208 fire accidents were reported from residences that year In the words of Vijayan: “It all seems to add up. The large number of women dying in fires, residential fires being the largest location for fatalities and cooking gas burst deaths all seem to add up. This clearly tells us our homes are not really safe and need urgent attention and focus.”

Electrical short-circuits, the data shows, caused the death of 1,368 men. In all, 1,970 fire accidents were caused by electrical short-circuits. Maharashtra, West Bengal and Karnataka were the states with the most deaths.

Fire Accidents caused can result in serious injury and damage to the property. Fire risks are not always obvious, and the accidents involving fire are often unexpected and sudden. Fire accidents can occur from damaged wiring, defective products, and smoke detectors that fail to activate. Every business or even resident needs to take all the necessary precautions to avoid fire accidents.

To avoid the mishappening, which can result in injuries or damage to the property, it is necessary to take a right caution i.e., .to take a NOC from India Fire Department.

Completion certificate of electrical wiring Sets of Building plan consisting of Building Layout Plan, which includes a site plan, layout plan, and Building model.

Certificate of Building stability and Building model Fire accidents are something that is not in anyone’s hands. With the rapid-fire accidents in the buildings, hospitals, or residential buildings, the Fire Departments are under the direction of the government to make the necessary inspection and audit of all buildings and seal them from further use till the compliance is done as per recommendations.

Fire Alarm for your Valuable Assests • .TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR FIRE ALARM SYSTEM GENERAL DESCRIPTION a) Provide Fire Detection and Alarm System in accordance with NFPA 72 (Latest edition) and requirements of the Contract Documents. Provide a complete operable and intelligent analog addressable Fire Alarm and Detection System with associated communication and notification systems. The system shall include interfaces for foreign systems, as described herein and in accordance with the Contract Documents, and all applicable Codes, Standards and local Regulations, and be approved by Fire Services. b) All Plant furnished shall be new and the latest state-of-the-art, products of a single Manufacturer engaged in the manufacturing of analog fire detection devices for at least 5 years. c) All software licenses shall be supplied as part of the contract. Renewable & subscription license are not acceptable. d) The system shall be supplied, installed, tested, and approved by the local Authority Having Jurisdiction, and turned over to the Contractor in an operational condition. e) The subcontractor shall contract with a single supplier for the fire alarm Plant, engineering, programming, inspection and tests, and shall provide a “UL Listing Certificate” for the complete system. f) Drawings: The Drawings shall serve to indicate the general arrangement of the various Plant and their generic functional interconnections. However, layout of Plant, accessories, specialties, conduit system and wiring, are diagrammatic and do not necessarily indicate every required device, fitting, etc., required for the complete installation. SCOPE: A new intelligent reporting, microprocessor controlled fire detection system shall be installed in accordance to the project specifications and drawings. Basic Performance: Alarm, trouble and supervisory signals from all intelligent reporting devices shall be encoded on NFPA Style 6 (Class A) Signaling Line Circuits (SLC). Initiation Device Circuits (IDC) shall be wired Class A (NFPA Style D) as part of an addressable device connected by the SLC Circuit. Notification Appliance Circuits (NAC) shall be wired Class A (NFPA Style Z) as part of an addressable device connected by the SLC Circuit. On Style 6 or 7 (Class A) configurations a single ground fault or open circuit on the system Signaling Line Circuit shall not cause system malfunction, loss of operating E ‐tender for Construction of Integrated Check Post at Nepalgupower or the ability to report an alarm. Alarm signals arriving at the FACP shall not be lost following a primary power failure (or outage) until the alarm signal is processed and recorded. NAC speaker circuits shall be arranged such that there is a minimum of one speaker circuit per floor of the building or smoke zone whichever is greater. Audio amplifiers and tone generating equipment shall be electrically supervised for normal and abnormal conditions. NAC speaker circuits and control equipment shall be arranged such that loss of any one (1) speaker circuit will not cause the loss of any other speaker circuit in the system. Two-way telephone communication circuits shall be supervised for open and short circuit conditions.

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Solar Power PV Plant Rooftop ,Ground Mounted, Water Floating High Energy Storage System and Public EV Charging Infra Power Generation Thermal , Hydro ,Gas Base Power Transmission and Distribution Uday, IPDS,DDUGJY, RTDAS Oil &Gas Refinery, Pipe Line, Tank Form and Terminal Receiving Station, Petrol and Gas Pumps Large Process Plant (WTP, Chemical, Food,Pharma, Steel,Cement,Paper) Large Infra Facility Housing Society, University Campus, Hospital, Shopping Mall ,Open and Close Game Stadium Police Communication Centre , Army, Naval and Airforce Infra Smart City ICT,CCTV, IOT , Project AMRUT (WTP) Indian Railway Building, S&T ,Wireless ,CCTV,Fire Alarm and IBMS Project Metro Rail ,NCRTC, NHRCL Project Building, S&T ,Wireless ,CCTV,Fire Alarm and IBMS Project Airport ,Sea Port , Building,CNS,Wireless ,CCTV,Fire Alarm Weather Monitoring and IBMS Project.

Department of Space Building,CNS,Wireless ,CCTV,Fire Alarm Weather Monitoring and IBMS Project Telecommunication BTS, Exchange, Wireless , Smart Intelligence Pole ,GPON Project Energy Management and Monitor Project Highway , Toll Way and Tunnel Automation Project Data Centre Project Smart Grid Project Fencing and Spl Project(PIDS) Mines Open and Under Ground Border Security Division Water Treatment /Canal Automation OEM PLC/DCS ,System Integrator , EPC Companies Govt Psu NTPC/NHPC/EIL/IOCL/HPCL/BPCL/IGL/AAI/NBCC/NPCC/Wapcos Ltd /EPIL/REC/Power Grid/ONGC/GAIL/DRDO/ISRO/SAC/MRVC/Kokorn Railways/CPWD/PWD/MNRE/SECI/ITI Ltd all Metro Rail Corporation /Container Corporation / Indian Water Way Authority/

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CCTV and it’s Importance in our Life • Responsibilities and Reasons: We need to consider privacy issues when creating surveillance policies. For one, cameras should avoid or mask inappropriate views of private areas, such as yards and windows of bedrooms or washrooms.

• Crime, Cost and Benefits: Public surveillance camera systems can be a cost-effective way to deter, document, and reduce crimes • Document and Publicise Policies. The law enforcing agencies must formulate on how surveillance cameras can be used and what are the disciplinary consequences for misuse. Likewise, officers should be thoroughly trained on these policies and held accountable for abiding by them.

• Forecasting and Post-Event Investigations: The usefulness of surveillance technology in preventing and solving crimes depends on the resources put into it. The most effective systems are those which are monitored by trained staff, have enough cameras to detect crimes in progress, and integrate the technology into all manner of law enforcement activities. Use of correct video-analytics can actually raise alarms about crimes or accidents before they take place.

Correct management software will help in tagging, archiving and retrieving the authentic data for post-event investigation.

• Mix of Man and Machine: People should be out on the streets and work-places trying to prevent crime or losses. CCTV cameras are just a less effective alternative to having police walk the streets or security personnel on patrolling and physical surveillance. As with any technology, the use of cameras is by no means a substitute for good old-fashioned ground work. The camera footage provides additional leads in an investigation and aids in securing witness cooperation. The video footage serves as a complement to – but not a replacement for – eyewitness evidence in the courtroom.

• Dark Fighter Technology Cameras These cameras can pick up colored images in very low-light conditions. Dark fighter technology can be used in the day and night and offer optimal performance thanks to its wide range of capabilities. They are equipped with ½” CMOS progressive scan sensors which allows the device to pick up high-quality images and doesn’t require an extra light source – which makes the perfect night time security surveillance camera.

• ANPR/LPR Cameras ANPR and LPR cameras are used to read and store data on registration plates. They offer a simple and efficient solution to many organizations including tolling, hotel overstay management and the obvious: car parking. ANRP stands for Automatic Number Plate Recognition (LPR cameras stands for License plate cameras) and these devices help to obtain copious information in a high traffic area to keep any premises secure.

• Internal and External Dome Camera The dome camera is one most commonly used for indoor and outdoor security and surveillance. The shape of the camera makes it difficult for onlookers to tell which way the camera is facing, which is a strong piece of design, deterring criminals by creating an air of uncertainty • Bullet Camera Bullet cameras are long and cylindrical in shape and are ideal for outdoor use. Their strengths lie specifically in applications which require long distance viewing. Installed within protective casings, the cameras are shielded against dust, dirt and other natural elements. The cameras can easily be mounted with a mounting bracket, and come fitted with either fixed or varifocal lenses depending on the requirements of its intended application • C-mount Camera Coming with detachable lenses, C-mount cameras allow for simple lens changes to fit different applications. C-mount cameras can cover distances beyond 40 ft thanks to the possibility to use special lenses with these cameras, whereas standard CCTV lenses can only cover distances of 35-40 ft • Day/Night Camera Capable of operating in both normal and poorly lit environments, these cameras benefit from not requiring inbuilt infrared illuminators as they can capture clear video images in the dark thanks to their extra sensitive imaging chips. For this reason, these cameras are ideal for outdoor surveillance applications in which IR cameras are unable to function optimally.

• PTZ Pan Tilt & Zoom Camera PTZ – Pan/tilt/zoom – cameras allow the camera to be moved left or right (panning), up and down (tilting) and even allow the lens to be zoomed closer or farther. These cameras are used in situations where a live guard or surveillance specialist is there operating the security systems.

• Discreet CCTV These types of cameras allow for discreet placement which means you can capture good footage of theft and criminal damage. Discreet CCTV cameras beneficial because criminals will be less likely to spot them and therefore, they are less likely to be damaged in the process.

• Thermal Image Cameras/Infrared Cameras One of the best 24 hour surveillance cameras around providing airports, seaports, boards and many other critical infrastructures with quality images, no matter what time of day it is. Infrared cameras have small LEDs surrounding the lens to help pick up moving figures in pitch black. Thermal image cameras can see over long distances, up to 300 meters away!

• Varifocal Cameras With the ability to zoom in and out without forfeiting its focus. Varifocal cameras allow you to adjust the focal length, the angle and increase or decrease the zoom – ideal for obtaining footage in a square room where you would normally experience a ‘dead zone’ with any alternative, fixed lense camera.

• Network Camera These cameras share the images across the internet, so CCTV footage can be easily accessed. Network cameras are ideal for both domestic and commercial purposes because you can see what’s going on whilst away from the property.

• High Definition Cameras High definition cameras have such a high resolution that they’re mainly used in high risk establishments such as banks and casinos. This is to capture a good image of anyone who enters and exits to maintain high security and maximum safety. These cameras are great for spotting misconduct and allows the user to zoom in for extra clarity, should the footage need to be used in court

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IoT-aided transmission tower protection system for the safety of transmission towers from the threats of buglary, natural disasters, barbaric construction and growing trees. This system is comprised of a sink node and various sensors which generate early warnings to the monitoring centers about the threats to high voltage transmission towers. The sensors include two vibration sensors (one underground in the base of tower and other on the tower), anti-theft bolts, leaning sensor and video cameras

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The main objectives of sensing and collecting information in IoT-aided SG systems using a variety of devices. It is comprised of various kinds of IoT sensing devices, such as RFID tags, cameras, WSN, GPS and M2M devices, in order to collect data in a SG. It is categorized into two sub-layers, a perception control sub-layer and a communication extension sub-layer. The perception control sub-layer realizes the perception of the physical world by processing IoT devices, information acquisition, monitoring and control, while the communication extension sub-layer has a communication module which connects IoT devices with the network layer .

Smart location-based automated energy control IoT framework for energy efficiency, changing the current static and centralized energy control to dynamic and distributed energy control. It is comprised of four main components, i.e., multi-source energy saving policies, monitoring and control via mobile devices, location-based automatic control, and a cloud computing platform for data storage and computation Web-enabled SG architecture comprised of web services on the top of IoT devices [129]. It has two types of energy sources, renewable and nonrenewable, both of which are connected to digital energy meters. The digital energy meters collect household energy consumption data which is further collected by IoT gateways to communicate to the server containing the web services

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Fundamental oF FIRe FIGHtInG SYStem a book FoR FReSHeR

bY:-moHd ZeeSHan alI

INDEX Content

Page No.

1. Fundamental of fire fighting...............................................................1 1.1. Introduction of Fire Fighting........................................................1 1.2.Types of fire.................................................................................1 1.2.1. Controlled Fire......................................................................2 1.2.2. Uncontrolled Fire..................................................................2 1.3. Effect of uncontrolled fire............................................................3 1.4. Fire Safety Equipments and device...............................................3 1.5. Classification of Fire.................................................................... 5 1.6. Fire System Hazard......................................................................7 1.7. Components of Fire System........................................................11 1.7.1. Fire Extinguisher..................................................................11 1.7.2. Fire Hose Reel......................................................................13 1.7.3. Fire Hydrant System....................................... .....................16 1.7.4. Automatic Sprinkler System.................................................17 1.7.5. Fire Detection Alarm and Evacuation System.......................19 1.7.6. Smoke Management System................................................20 1.8 Component of Sprinkler System...................................................22 2. NFPA CODES......................................................................................30 3. Type and Working of Fire System......................................................33 3.1. Types of Sprinkler System...........................................................33 3.1.1. Wet Sprinkler System...........................................................33 3.1.2. Dry Sprinkler System............................................................34 3.1.3. Deluge Sprinkler System.......................................................36 3.1.4. Pre-action Sprinkler System..................................................38 3.2. Fire Suppression System..............................................................40 3.2.1. FM 200 Fire Suppression System...........................................41 3.2.2. Advantages of FM 200 Fire Suppression System....................43 3.2.3. Design and Calculation of FM 200.........................................45 3.3. Automatic Sprinkler System........................................................46 3.3.1. Sprinkler Head......................................................................47 3.3.2. Fire Sprinkler Design and Calculation....................................50 3.3.3. Sprinkler System Shape........................................................52 3.4. Pipes used for Sprinkler System..................................................53 3.5. Sprinkler ‘s Fitting.......................................................................55 1

3.6. Pipes Hanger and clamp...........................................................57 3.7. HDPE Pipes Joints in Fire Fighting.............................................59 3.8. Design of Stand Pipe System....................................................59 3.9. Fire Hydrant System.................................................................61 3.10. Fire Brigade Inlet....................................................................62 3.11. Fire Pump...............................................................................64 3.11.1. Types of Fire Pump........................................................65 3.11.2. Types of Driver..............................................................66 3.11.3. Electrical Pump..............................................................67 3.11.4. Diesel Pump..................................................................68 3.11.5. Pump Section Line.........................................................69 3.11.6. Pump Discharge Line.....................................................70 3.11.7. By Pass Loop.................................................................71 3.11.8. Pump Design Calculation...............................................72

3.12. Fire Pump Installation.....................................................73 3.13. Fire Detection and Alarm System.....................................76 3.13.1. Types of Fire Alarm System......................................77 3.13.2. Design of Fire Alarm System.....................................87 4. Green Saving Principle Applicable on Fire System......................91 5. Maintenance.............................................................................94 5.1. False Alarm Management...................................................95 6. Handover..................................................................................98

2

Introduction of Fire Fighting Fire is a form of a chemical reaction that involves the rapid oxidation of combustible fuel (material) with the subsequent liberation of heat and light.

Fire fighting is the act of attempting to prevent the spread of and extinguish significant unwanted fires in buildings, vehicles, woodlands, etc.

Fig 1 Fire Engineering (FE) is essentially based on Combustion and Explosion Science (CES) which has been providing the necessary background, solutions of principle, new qualitative information, methods and techniques. Also, it puts forward new concepts for FE and revises former approaches.

From this perspective, it is important to follow the modern trends in CES that seem promising for FE and could be incorporated into FE research in the near future. This is the first main question arising when evaluating the research in FE along with the link CES FE (see sketch in Fig. 1): Types of fire: As far as safety is concerned, there are two types of fire:

Fuel + oxygen (from the air) = combustion products (mainly CO2 + H2O) + heat energy 1

If there is not enough oxygen available during a chemical reaction, incomplete combustion occurs, and products such as carbon (C) and carbon monoxide (CO) as well as water and carbon dioxide are produced. Less heat energy is released during incomplete combustion than complete combustion.

In incomplete combustion, the burning flame is typically yellow or orange and there is smoke. a) Controlled (safe) fire.  There is good control on the size, duration, temperature, smoke and fumes of fire.  This is used in our daily life such as cooking, heating (by gas, coal or kerosene), car, aeroplane and rocket engines.  It requires the presence of air (oxygen), fuel and heat (ignition source).  These components are termed the fire-triangle. b) Uncontrolled (dangerous) fire.  There is no control on the size, duration, temperature (1000 oC or more), smoke and fumes of fire.  This type of fire occurs due to the accidental (or due to criminal act) spread of fire to catch combustible materials.  In addition to oxygen, fuel and heat, this type of fire requires an uninhibited chain reaction.  In an uninhibited chain reaction burning continues and may even accelerate.  This chain reaction occurs due to the breakdown and recombination of the molecules that will add to the fuel of the fire.

2

Effects of uncontrolled fire a) Human loss: burning from extreme heat; suffocation from smoke and fumes and death b) Structural damage: damage to labs, offices and buildings c)Material damage:damage to instruments, equipments, furniture and supplies d) Disruption of work e) Financial losses Fire Safety Equipment’s and devices  Smoke & heat detectors (usually in the ceiling)  Fire and emergency alarms (switched on by emergency buttons or handles)  Fire and emergency lights (red)  Water sprinklers (usually in the ceiling)  Fire extinguishers (various types according to class of fire)  Water hydrants with attached hose  Fire blanket (to wrap around the burned person or to cover devices on fire)  Emergency exits signs and lights  Fire and emergency exits  Fire and emergency stairs and escapes  Fire break area (for assembly of people) General fire safety considerations 1- LEARN NOT TO BURN 2- Each lab (hospital) must hold compulsory fire drills (including lectures, demonstrations and practice on fire and the use of fire fighting equipments) 3- Each Industrial building or hospital MUST have the following fire alert and fighting equipments; a) Smoke and heat detectors b) Fire alarm & emergency buttons (switches) c) Fire alarm sound system d) Water sprinklers e) Various types of fire-extinguishers f) Connected water hose reel g) Unobstructed fire & emergency exit h) Push bar type fire escape doors i) Fire blankets j) Emergency shower 4- Fire extinguishers must be always full and operational 3

5- Fire extinguishers must be checked regularly 6- Fire extinguishers must be placed in unobstructed, easy to access and well signed location 7- Do not obstruct corridors and exits with any furniture or equipments

4

Classification of FIRE The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) categorizes fires by class.

The relevant graphics and letter designations that accompany these classes are specified by NFPA 10,

CLASS A FIRES Class A fires (designation symbol is a green triangle) involve ordinary combustible materials like paper, wood and fabrics, rubber. Most of the times, this type of fire is effectively quenched by water or insulating by other suitable chemical agent CLASS B FIRES Class B fires (designation symbol is a red square) mostly involve flammable liquids (like gasoline, oils, greases, tars, paints etc) and flammable gases. Dry chemicals and carbon dioxide are typically used to extinguish these fires.

CLASS C FIRES Class C fires (designation symbol is a blue circle) involve live electrical equipment like motors, generators and other appliances. For safety reasons, non-conducting extinguishing agents such as dry chemicals or carbon dioxide are usually used to put out these fire.

5

CLASS D FIRES Class D fires (designation symbol is a yellow decagon) involve combustible metals such as magnesium, sodium, lithium potassium etc. Sodium carbonate, graphite, bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and salt-based chemicals extinguish these fires.

CLASS K FIRES Class K fires are fires in cooking appliances that involve combustible cooking media (vegetable, animal oils or fats).

6

FIRE System Hazard (NFPA 13 – A.5) Classification of Occupancies: Occupancy classifications shall relate to sprinkler design, installation, and water supply requirements only.

a- Light Hazard Occupancies.

Light hazard occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity and/or combustibility of contents is low and fires with relatively low rates of heat release are expected.

Light hazard occupancies include occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following: -Churches -Clubs -Eaves and overhangs, if of combustible construction with no combustibles beneath -Educational -Hospitals -Institutional -Libraries, except large stack rooms -Museums -Nursing or convalescent homes -Offices, including data processing 7

-Residential -Restaurant seating areas -Theatres and auditoriums, excluding stages and prosceniums -Unused attics

b- Ordinary Hazard Occupancies. b.1 Ordinary Hazard (Group 1).

Ordinary hazard (Group 1) occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where combustibility is low, quantity of combustibles is moderate, stockpiles of combustibles do not exceed 8 ft (2.4 m), and fires with moderate rates of heat release are expected.

Ordinary hazard occupancies (Group 1) include occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following: -Automobile parking and showrooms -Bakeries -Beverage manufacturing -Canneries -Dairy products manufacturing and processing -Electronic plants -Glass and glass products manufacturing -Laundries -Restaurant service areas

b.2 Ordinary Hazard (Group 2).

Ordinary hazard (Group 2) occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity and combustibility of contents are moderate to high, stockpiles do not exceed 12 ft (3.7 m), and fires with moderate to high rates of heat release are expected.

Ordinary hazard occupancies (Group 2) include occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following: -Cereal mills -Chemical plants — ordinary -Confectionery products -Distilleries -Dry cleaners -Feed mills -Horse stables -Leather goods manufacturing 8

-Libraries — large stack room areas -Machine shops -Metal working -Mercantile -Paper and pulp mills -Paper process plants -Piers and wharves -Post offices -Printing and publishing -Repair garages -Resin application area -Stages -Textile manufacturing -Tire manufacturing -Tobacco products manufacturing -Wood machining -Wood product assembly

c- Extra Hazard Occupancies. c.1 Extra Hazard (Group 1).

Extra hazard (Group 1) occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity and combustibility of contents are very high and dust, lint, or other materials are present, introducing the probability of rapidly developing fires with high rates of heat release but with little or no combustible or flammable liquids.

Extra hazard occupancies (Group 1) include occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following: -Aircraft hangars (except as governed by NFPA 409, Standard on Aircraft Hangars) -Combustible hydraulic fluid use areas -Die casting -Metal extruding -Plywood and particle board manufacturing -Printing [using inks having flash points below 100°F (38°C)] -Rubber reclaiming, compounding, drying, milling, vulcanizing -Saw mills 9

-Textile picking, opening, blending, garneting, or carding, combining of cotton, synthetics, ---wool shoddy, or burlap -Upholstering with plastic foams

c.2 Extra Hazard (Group 2).

Extra hazard (Group 2) occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies with moderate to substantial amounts of flammable or combustible liquids or occupancies where shielding of combustibles is extensive.

Extra hazard occupancies (Group 2) include occupancies having uses and conditions similar to the following: -Asphalt saturating -Flammable liquids spraying -Flow coating -Manufactured home or modular building assemblies (where finished enclosure is present and has combustible interiors) -Open oil quenching -Plastics processing -Solvent cleaning -Varnish and paint dipping

10

Components of Fire Fighting system Fire fighting systems and equipment vary depending on the age, size, use and type of building construction. A building may contain some or all of the following features:      

Fire extinguishers Fire hose reels Fire hydrant systems Automatic Sprinkler systems.

Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm Systems Smoke Management Systems

Fire extinguishers Fire extinguishers are provided for a 'first attack' fire fighting measure, generally undertaken by the occupants of the building before the fire service arrives. It is important that occupants are familiar with which extinguisher type to use on which fire.

11

Most fires start as a small fire and may be extinguished if the correct type and amount of extinguishing agent is applied whilst the fire is small and controllable.

The principle fire extinguisher types currently available include: Extinguishing Agent Water Foam Carbon dioxide Dry Chemical Wet chemical Special Purpose

Principle Use wood and paper fires - not electrical flammable liquid fires - not electrical electrical fires flammable liquids and electrical fires fat fires - not electrical various (e.g. metal fires)

Fire extinguisher locations must be clearly identified. Extinguishers are colour coded according to the extinguishing agent.

12

It is the policy of the Community Safety and Resilience Department that fire extinguishers be logically grouped at exits from the building, so that occupants first go to the exit and then return to fight the fire, knowing that a safe exit lies behind them, away from the fire. In some instances this will be at odds with the prescriptive requirements of Portable fire extinguishers and fire blankets Selection and location, which simply specifies a distance of travel to a fire extinguisher rather than their location in relation to escape paths. Blind compliance with the standard has the potential to place the fire between the occupant and the safe escape path.

Fire hose reels Fire hose reels are provided for use by occupants as a 'first attack' fire fighting measure but may be in some instances also be used by fire fighters.

13

When stowing a fire hose reel, it is important to first attach the nozzle end to the hose reel valve, then close the hose reel valve, then open the nozzle to relieve any pressure in the wound hose, then close the nozzle. This achieves two principle objectives:  

A depressurised hose and hose reel seal will last longer than if permanently pressurised.

When the hose reel is next used, the operator will be forced to turn on the isolating valve, thus charging the hose reel with pressurised water supply, before being able to drag the hose to the fire. A potential danger exists if the operator reaches the fire and finds no water is available because the hose reel valve is still closed.

Because hose reels are generally located next to an exit, in an emergency it is possible to reach a safe place simply by following the hose.

14

In practice for a single person, this makes withdrawal of the hose much easier than does the traditional high level swinging arm hose guide.

15

Fire hydrant systems Fire hydrant systems are installed in buildings to help firefighters quickly attack the fire. Essentially, a hydrant system is a water reticulation system used to transport water in order to limit the amount of hose that firefighters have to lay, thus speeding up the fire fighting process.

Fire hydrants are for the sole use of trained firefighters (which includes factory fire fighting teams). Because of the high pressures available serious injury can occur if untrained persons attempt to operate the equipment connected to such installations.

Fire hydrant systems sometimes include ancillary parts essential to their effective operation such as pumps, tanks and fire service booster connections.

These systems must be maintained and regularly tested if they are to be effective when needed.

The placement of such equipment needs to closely interface with fire service operational procedure; simply complying with deemed to satisfy code provisions is a potential recipe for disaster 16

Automatic Sprinkler Systems Time is essential in the control of fire. Automatic sprinkler systems are one of the most reliable methods available for controlling fires. Today's automatic fire sprinkler systems offer state of the art protection of life and property from the effects of fire. Sprinkler heads are now available which are twenty times more sensitive to fire than they were ten years ago.

A sprinkler head is really an automatic (open once only) tap. The sprinkler head is connected to a pressurised water system. When the fire heats up the sprinkler head, it opens at a pre-set temperature, thus allowing pressurised water to be sprayed both down onto the fire and also up to cool the hot smoky layer and the building structure above the fire. This spray also wets combustible material in the vicinity of the fire, making it difficult to ignite, thereby slowing down or preventing fire spread and growth.

17

When a sprinkler head operates, the water pressure in the system drops, activating an alarm which often automatically calls the fire service via a telephone connection.

Some people say sprinklers cause a lot of water damage. As has been explained, only those sprinkler heads heated by the fire operate; all sprinklers in a building do not operate at once. Usually non-fire water damage only occurs if the occupants carelessly damage the system. Fire fighters use much more water than a sprinkler system. The combined damage from a fire and the water used by fire fighters dramatically exceeds that likely from a properly installed sprinkler system.

18

Because, historically, complete extinguishment of fires has not been achieved, it is traditional to consider that sprinklers only control fire growth until intervention occurs by the fire service. Today, some sprinkler systems are designed for early suppression and are considered to have failed if they do not extinguish the fire.

Sprinkler systems are usually installed in high or large buildings and high fire hazard occupancies. Statistics show that in a majority of cases where sprinklers are installed the fire has been controlled by one sprinkler head alone.

Fire Detection Alarm and Evacuation Warning Systems The simplest fire detection and alarm system is the residential smoke alarm.

The smoke alarm alerts the building occupants that a fire has been detected. A fire detection system may, in addition to alerting occupants, automatically notify the fire service of the fire. If fire detection and alarm systems operate very early in the fire growth stage, building occupants may be able to extinguish a small fire.

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An evacuation warning system may be activated by a fire detection or fire fighting system or manually by a chief fire warden for other circumstances such as a bomb threat. Many evacuation warning systems also have an intercommunication system such as a phone system and/or a public address system which can be used to pass information to the building occupants and fire wardens, who will orchestrate an orderly evacuation, or move occupants to safer parts of the building.

Smoke Management Systems In many buildings occupied by the public, especially large buildings such as shopping centres, smoke from a fire can spread and descend so as to block exits and make occupant escape difficult or, in the extreme, impossible. In such instances, the installation of a smoke management system, which will slow down the rate of smoke spread, is recommended. Such systems often involve 20

exhausting the smoke at ceiling level where hot smoke will naturally collect due to its buoyancy (because it is hot it is lighter than the surrounding air).

Other methods employ the opening of apertures in the roof or panels at high level in the walls of a building. Provided fresh air is allowed to naturally flow into the building below any smoke layer, these measures will permit the smoke to escape from the building rather than fill it up. Another way to stop smoke infiltrating from floor to floor in a multi-storey building is to pressurise the non-fire floors with fresh air at a pressure higher than that of the fire floor.

Smoke hazard management systems are incorporated to keep escape routes free of smoke, heat and toxic gases long enough to allow the safe evacuation of the building occupants. This is achieved by either removing the smoke or limiting its movement to other parts of the building remote from the fire.

Smoke hazard management systems are essential in most large buildings since smoke presents a much greater risk to life than flames.

Smoke control assists fire fighters in locating the seat of the fire because it provides a clear layer of air beneath the hot smoke layer so that fire fighters can see the fire and thus efficiently direct their hose streams as opposed to

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blindly squirting water into a smoke screen which hides the fire. Smoke control also limits smoke and heat damage.

Smoke control is generally achieved by the use of natural ventilation, roof vents, smoke exhaust fans, air handling systems, sprinkler systems (which reduce the volume of smoke produced by controlling the fire size) and air pressurisation systems

Components of a Sprinkler System An automatic fire sprinkler system typically comprises a series of individual components including; Pipe, Stop Valve, Alarm Valve, Fire Sprinkler (head), Alarm Test Valve and Motorised Alarm Bell (Gong).

In addition to this there are additional components that support this arrangement including a Valve Monitor, Pressure Switch and Flow Switch.

The illustration to the right shows each of these components, and the approximate location within the arrangement.

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This illustration shows only one type of fire sprinkler system however there are other types including:     

Dry pipe Pre-action Tail-end Residential Domestic fire sprinkler systems.

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PURPOSE OF EACH COMPONENT 1. Stop Valve The Stop Valve is used to isolate the water supply, it may also be called the isolating valve. It is often painted RED in colour with a large black circular handle, and is locked in the OPEN position, allowing the free flow of water. The stop valve is used to isolate (stop) the water supply coming into the fire sprinkler system. Often the Stop Valve is also fitted with a Valve Monitoring Device (“Valve Monitor�

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2. Valve Monitor It is used to monitor the state (open or closed) of the Stop Valve. The water within an automatic fire sprinkler system can be divided into two parts; 1. Water Supply or Mains This is the water being fed into an automatic fire sprinkler system from a water supply such as the town mains or a static water supply such as a tank, up to the Stop Valve.

2. Installation The water after the stop valve forms part of the installation.

3. Alarm Valve

The Alarm Valve (also known as an 'alarm check valve') is used to control the flow of water into the fire sprinkler system. This is accomplished by providing a one way (check) valve that is closed when the water pressure on the fire sprinkler side of the valve exceeds the water supply pressure. When the pressure equalises or falls below the water supply pressure, the valve opens to enable water flow. The alarm valve should, (if routinely serviced), help maintain the water pressure within the automatic fire sprinkler system, helping to reduce the possibility of false alarms.

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4. Automatic Fire Sprinkler

The Fire Sprinkler is also used to control the flow of water. It is essentially a valve that when exposed for a sufficient time to a temperature at or above the temperature rating of the heat sensitive element (glass bulb or fusible link) releases, allowing water to flow from only the affected sprinkler. The operation and subsequent water flow of an automatic fire sprinkler will lead to a drop in pressure within the fire sprinkler system after the alarm valve.

5. Alarm Test Valve

The alarm test valve is a small valve, normally secured in the closed position. The alarm test valve is fitted between the sprinkler system side of the alarm valve and the drain. The purpose of the alarm valve is when opened to simulate the flow of water from a single automatic fire sprinkler.

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6. Motorised Alarm Bell or Gong

The motorised alarm bell or gong is a mechanical device, operated by the flow of water oscillating a hammer that strikes a gong, causing an audible alarm signal.

ANCILLARY COMPONENTS In addition to the main components of the fire sprinkler system, there are a series of ancillary (support) components that regularly form part of an automatic fire sprinkler system.

7. Pressure Switch

The pressure switch is an electro-mechanical device that monitors a fire sprinkler system for a fall in water pressure after the alarm valve. The purpose of monitoring a fall in pressure is to activate a switch that is monitored by a fire alarm panel or alarm Signaling equipment, as the primary method for Signaling an alarm to the fire brigade.

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8. Flow Switch

The flow switch is an electro-mechanical device that monitors the flow of water through a section of pipe within an automatic fire sprinkler system. Flow switches are often fitted with a mechanical delay (up to six minutes) preventing small or minor water flow fluctuations from Signaling an alarm. When sustained water flow is detected by a flow switch, a signal is transmitted to a fire indicator panel. This signal is then used to determine which section (floor) of a fire sprinkler system has water flow. Note: Most flow switches fitted to automatic fire sprinkler systems are NOT set to automatically call the fire brigade.

9. Jockey Pump

Jockey are manual (hand) or electric (semi-automatic or fully automatic) pumps are not always fitted to an automatic fire sprinkler system. They however provide a method of pumping (boosting) water from the water supply to the fire sprinkler system after the alarm valve. This leads to an increase in water pressure in the fire sprinkler system, thus forcing the 28

alarm valve into the closed position. Jacking Pumps have a secondary function of maintaining the water pressure within a fire sprinkler system reducing the likelihood of false alarms caused by low pressure, caused by small water leaks.

10. Pressure Gauge

A pressure gauge us a mechanical device that is usually fitted to an automatic fire sprinkler system. There are usually two gauges fitted to a system, one showing the water supply pressure and the second showing the installation pressure. Normally the pressure differential should be not less than 200 KPa.

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NFPA CODES The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is a global self-funded nonprofit organization, established in 1896, devoted to eliminating death, injury, property and economic loss due to fire, electrical and related hazards NFPA believes that only by working together can those of us whose work affects the safety of others — from electricians to engineers to first responders — build a network of intelligence to keep our increasingly complex world safe.

NFPA is committed to leading this charge,  NFPA 1 Fire Code  NFPA 10 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers  NFPA 12 Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems  NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems  NFPA 13E Recommended Practice for Fire Department Operations in Properties Protected by Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems  NFPA 13D Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One-and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes  NFPA 14 Standard for the Installation of Standpipes and Hose Systems  NFPA 15 Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection  NFPA 16 Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems  NFPA 17 Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems  NFPA 17A Standard for Wet Chemical Extinguishing Systems  NFPA 20 Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection  NFPA 22 Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection  NFPA 25 Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems  NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code  NFPA 70 National Electrical Code  NFPA 70B Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment  NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace 30

 NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code  NFPA 73 Electrical Inspection Code for Existing Dwellings  NFPA 80 Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives  NFPA 80A Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures  NFPA 88A Standard for Parking Structures  NFPA 90A Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems  NFPA 90B Standard for the Installation of Warm Air Heating and AirConditioning Systems  NFPA 92 Standard for Smoke Management Systems  NFPA 92A Standard for Smoke-Control Systems Utilizing Barriers and Pressure Differences  NFPA 92B Standard for Smoke Management Systems in Malls, Atria, and Large Spaces  NFPA 96 Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations These are the some important codes which we applies during fire fighting

Some other codes are also there: ANSI- American national standard institute 31

ASME- American society of mechanical engineer ASTM- American society of testing & material AHJ- authority having jurisdiction UL- under writer laboratories FM- factory mutual LPCB- loss prevention control board IFC- international fire code CFPS- certified fire protection specialist SHALL - a mandatory requirement APPROVED- something is acceptable to the AHJ SHOULD- something is recommended but not required

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Types and Working Principle of Fire System Types of Sprinkler Systems

There are basically four Types of Sprinkler System:  Wet Sprinkler System  Dry Sprinkler System  Deluge Sprinkler System  Pre-Action Sprinkler System

Wet Sprinkler System It is most common type of fire sprinkler system. A wet pipe sprinkler system is a sprinkler system employing automatic sprinkler heads attached to a piping system containing water and connected to a water supply so that water discharges immediately from sprinklers opened by heat from a fire. A wet pipe system is one in which water is constantly maintained within the sprinkler

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piping. When a sprinkler activates this water is immediately discharged onto the fire.

Advantages to using a wet pipe fire sprinkler system include: 

System simplicity and reliability - Wet pipe sprinkler systems have the least number of components and therefore, the lowest number of items to malfunction. This produces unexcelled reliability which is important since sprinklers may be asked to sit in waiting for many years before they are needed. This simplicity aspect also becomes important in facilities where system maintenance may not be performed with the desired frequency.



Relative low installation and maintenance expense - Due to their overall simplicity, wet pipe sprinklers require the least amount of installation time and capital. Maintenance cost savings are also realized since less service time is generally required compared to other system types.

These savings become important when maintenance budgets are shrinking.



Ease of modification - Wet pipe fire sprinkler systems are advantageous since modifications involve shutting down the water supply, draining pipes and making alterations. Following the work, the system is pressure tested and restored. Additional work for detection and special control equipment is avoided which again saves time and expense.



Short term down time following a fire - Wet pipe sprinkler systems require the least amount of effort to restore. In most instances, sprinkler protection is reinstated by replacing the fused sprinklers and turning the water supply back on. Pre-action and dry-pipe systems may require additional effort to reset control equipment.

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Disadvantages to using a wet pipe fire sprinkler system include: 

Wet pipe systems are not suited for sub-freezing environments.



There may also be a concern where piping is subject to severe impact damage and could consequently leak.

Dry Sprinkler System Dry pipe systems are the second most common sprinkler system type. Dry pipe systems are installed in spaces in which the ambient temperature may be cold enough to freeze the water in a wet pipe system, rendering the system inoperable. Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings, in parking garages, in outside canopies attached to heated buildings (in which a wet pipe system would be provided), or in refrigerated coolers. In regions using NFPA regulations, wet pipe systems cannot be installed unless the range of ambient temperatures remains above 40 °F (4 °C) Water is not present in the piping until the system operates; instead, the piping is filled with air at a pressure below the water supply pressure. To prevent the larger water supply pressure from prematurely forcing water into the piping, the design of the dry pipe valve (a specialized type of check valve) results in a greater force on top of the check valve clapper by the use of a larger valve clapper area exposed to the piping air pressure, as compared to the higher water pressure but smaller clapper surface area.

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When one or more of the automatic sprinkler heads is triggered, it opens allowing the air in the piping to vent from that sprinkler. Each sprinkler operates independently, as its temperature rises above its triggering threshold.

As the air pressure in the piping drops, the pressure differential across the dry pipe valve changes, allowing water to enter the piping system. Water flow from sprinklers, needed to control the fire, is delayed until the air is vented from the sprinklers. In regions using NFPA 13 regulations, the time it takes water to reach the hydraulically remote sprinkler from the time that sprinkler is activated is limited to a maximum of 60 seconds. In industry practice, this is known as the "Maximum Time of Water Delivery". The maximum time of water delivery may be required to be reduced, depending on the hazard classification of the area protected by the sprinkler system.

Disadvantages of using dry pipe fire sprinkler systems include: 



If the sprinklers share the same standpipe system as the standpipe system which supplies fire hoses, then the water supply to the fire hoses would be severely reduced or even curtailed altogether.

Increased complexity: Dry pipe systems require additional control equipment and air pressure supply components which increases system complexity. This puts a premium on proper maintenance, as this increase in system complexity results in an inherently less reliable overall system (i.e. more single failure points) as compared to a wet pipe system.

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



Higher installation and maintenance costs: The added complexity impacts the overall dry-pipe installation cost, and increases maintenance expenditure primarily due to added service labour costs.

Lower design flexibility: Regulatory requirements limit the maximum permitted size (i.e. 750 gallons) of individual dry-pipe systems, unless additional components and design efforts are provided to limit the time from sprinkler activation to water discharge to under one minute. These limitations may increase the number of individual sprinkler zones (i.e. served from a single riser) that must be provided in the building, and impact the ability of an owner to make system additions.

Deluge Sprinkler System

"Deluge" systems are systems in which all sprinklers connected to the water piping system are open, in that the heat sensing operating element is removed, or specifically designed as such. These systems are used for special hazards where rapid fire spread is a concern, as they provide a simultaneous application of water over the entire hazard. They are sometimes installed in personnel egress paths or building openings to slow travel of fire (e.g. openings in a fire-rated wall).

Water is not present in the piping until the system operates. Because the sprinkler orifices are open, the piping is at atmospheric pressure. To prevent the water supply pressure from forcing water into the piping, a "deluge valve" is used in the water supply connection, which is a mechanically latched valve. It is a non-resetting valve, and stays open once tripped.

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Because the heat sensing elements present in the automatic sprinklers have been removed (resulting in open sprinklers), the deluge valve must be opened as signalled by a fire alarm system. The type of fire alarm initiating device is selected mainly based on the hazard (e.g. pilot sprinklers, smoke detectors, heat detectors, or optical flame detectors). The initiation device signals the fire alarm panel, which in turn signals the deluge valve to open.

Activation can also be manual, depending on the system goals. Manual activation is usually via an electric or pneumatic fire alarm pull station, which signals the fire alarm panel, which in turn signals the deluge valve to open.

Operation - Activation of a fire alarm initiating device, or a manual pull station, signals the fire alarm panel, which in turn signals the deluge valve to open, allowing water to enter the piping system. Water flows from all sprinklers simultaneously.

Pre-action systems Pre-action sprinkler systems are specialized for use in locations where accidental activation is especially undesirable, such as in museums with rare art works, manuscripts, or books; and data centres, for protection of computer equipment from accidental water discharge.

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Pre-action systems are hybrids of wet, dry, and deluge systems, depending on the exact system goal. There are two main sub-types of pre-action systems: single interlock, and double interlock.

The operation of single interlock systems are similar to dry systems except that these systems require that a "preceding" fire detection event, typically the activation of a heat or smoke detector, takes place prior to the "action" of water introduction into the system's piping by opening the pre-action valve, which is a mechanically latched valve (i.e. similar to a deluge valve). In this way, the system is essentially converted from a dry system into a wet system.

The intent is to reduce the undesirable time delay of water delivery to sprinklers that is inherent in dry systems. Prior to fire detection, if the sprinkler operates, or the piping system develops a leak, loss of air pressure in the piping will activate a trouble alarm. In this case, the pre-action valve will not open due to loss of supervisory pressure, and water will not enter the piping.

The operation of double interlock systems are similar to deluge systems except that automatic sprinklers are used. These systems require that both a "preceding" fire detection event, typically the activation of a heat or smoke detector, and an automatic sprinkler operation take place prior to the "action" of water introduction into the system's piping.

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Activation of either the fire detectors alone, or sprinklers alone, without the concurrent operation of the other, will not allow water to enter the piping.

Because water does not enter the piping until a sprinkler operates, double interlock systems are considered as dry systems in terms of water delivery times, and similarly require a larger design area

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FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM Fire suppression systems are used to extinguish or prevent the spread of fire in a building. Suppression systems use a combination of dry chemicals and/or wet agents to suppress equipment fires.

Types • Fire sprinkler systems (wet, dry, pre-action and deluge) • Gaseous agents • Wet and dry chemical agents • Water Common Types of Suppression Systems and Applications FM 200 Fire Suppression  Requires no cleanup, leaves no residue  Ideal for computer rooms, museums, historical archives, and many other applications Carbon Dioxide  Work quickly, efficiently, gaseous agent extremely dangerous to humans  Printing presses, spray booths, flammable liquid storage, and dip tanks

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Wet Chemical Fire Suppression Forms vapour suppression foam, effectively preventing re-ignition Ideal for kitchen applications Dry Chemical Suppression Work quickly to extinguish flames caused by flammable and combustible liquids mechanical rooms, furnace rooms, flammable liquid storage areas

FM 200 Fire Suppression FM200 fire suppression is also known as HEPTAFLUROPROPANE (HFC227ea) which is colourless, liquefied compress gas. FM200 is a waterless fire protection system, it is discharged into the risk within 10 seconds and suppresses the fire immediately.

FM200 is classed as a clean agent which means that it is safe to use within occupied spaces. The main advantage of FM200 fire suppression, is the small amount of agent required to suppress a fire. This means fewer cylinders, therefore less wasted space for storage of FM200 cylinders.

Concentration of FM-200 gas should be 7 % in overall air concentration.

Fm-200 gas system will be pressurized nominally to 42 bar @ 20 degree Celsius ( 600 psi @ 70 degree Fahrenheit )

Its chemical formula is CF3-CHF-CF3, or C3HF7. With a boiling point of −16.4 °C, it is a gas at room temperature. It is slightly soluble in water (260 mg/L).

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EXTINGUISHING MECHANISM:There is a common misconception that FM200 gas reduces oxygen this is not true! FM200 is a synthetic/chemical fire suppression gas and extinguishes a fire by removing the free radicals or heat elements from the fire triangle. (Oxygen, Heat and Fuel).

It is stored as a liquid, but dispensed into the hazards as a colourless, electricalnon conductive gaseous vapour due to its low boiling point [-16.4 degree Celsius.]

INTERGRITY TEST This test is done to check air leakage in the room in FM- 200 gas suppression system.

SUPER PRESSURIZATION To increase the avg. pressure above the vapor pressure of FM-200, nitrogen is added to the fire suppression system after the transfer of the FM-200 is complete.

How safe is FM200?

FM200 fire suppression is found as an active compound as a propellant in medical inhalers. This is goes without saying that FM200 gas is extremely safe for occupied spaces with the correct fire suppression design.

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How does a FM-200™ system work?

There is a common misconception that FM200 gas reduces oxygen this is not true! FM200 is a synthetic/chemical fire suppression gas and extinguishes a fire by removing the free radicals or heat elements from the fire triangle. (Oxygen, Heat and Fuel).

The typical concentration of an FM200 system is normally between 7.9% to 8.5%. This concentration is determined by the risk that is being protected and by the OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturers) and the ISO14520 standards for fire suppression systems.

What are the advantages of an FM200 fire suppression system?  The main advantage of FM200 fire suppression, is the small amount of agent required to suppress a fire. This means fewer cylinders, therefore less wasted space for storage of FM200 cylinders.

FM200 systems reach extinguishing levels in 10 seconds or less, stopping ordinary combustible, electrical, and flammable liquid fires before they cause significant damage. FM200 extinguishes the fire quickly, which means less damage, lower repair costs. Like any other fire suppression system, FM200 systems are designed with an extra margin of safety for people. Refilling FM200 is simple and cost effective, therefore, it also means less downtime and disruption to your business.  FM200 is classed as a clean agent which means that it is safe to use within occupied spaces. The safety of FM200 fire suppression environments is proven in over a decade of real-world experience and validated by extensive scientific studies. FM200 systems take up less storage space than most other fire suppressants.  In addition to the fire protection benefits of using FM200, the environment will benefit as well. FM200 fire suppressant does not deplete stratospheric ozone, and has minimal impact on the environment relative to the impact a catastrophic fire would have.

FM200 fire suppression is a solution that is already working in more than 100 thousand applications, in more than 70 nations around the world.

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How can Fire Suppression Limited help you?

Fire suppression Limited offer both pre-engineered FM200 fire suppression systems which require little or no distribution pipe, and engineered FM200 fire protection systems tailored made/designed for its application. We have our own FM200 filling plant based in our head offices in Bristol. We offer full technical design on FM200 systems and we can provide a quotation within 4 hours from your enquiry

DESIGN AND CALCULATION OF FM- 200 :-

Hazard Class W V C sf

= = = = =

t

=

S

=

Class C Weight of FM200 (kg) Net Volume of the Hazard FM 200 Design Concentration Safety actor Resulting Concentration Minimum anticipated temp. of the protected volume Specific Volume of superheated agent vapor at 1 atmosphere

= = = = =

100 9 1.2 10.8 60

(m3) %

=

0.1578

(m3/kg)

% ยบC

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and the temperature t W

=

100 0.1578

x[

10.8 (100

-

] 10.8)

W=7 kg

AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM As per NFPA 13

A system for extinguishing fires, water from a network of overhead pipes is released through nozzles that open automatically with the rise in temperature.

SPRINKLER HEAD Types of Sprinkler Head:❖Pendants sprinkler ❖ Uprights sprinkler ❖Sidewalls sprinkler

❖Special coverage sprinkler ( i.e. ESFR )

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AS PER NFPA -13 • Sprinkler Head Minimum operating pressure – 7 psi.

• Flow rate per sprinkler - AREA × DENSITY • DENSITY of sprinklers for Standard Pendent or Upright sprinkler • Light hazard – 0.10 gpm per sq. ft • Ordinary hazard 1– 0.15 gpm per sq. ft • Ordinary hazard 2 – 0.20 gpm per sq. ft • Extra hazard 1 – 0.30 gpm per sq. ft • Extra hazard 2 – 0.40 gpm per sq. ft • DENSITY of sprinklers for Standard Sidewall sprinkler • Ordinary hazard 1– 0.15 gpm • Ordinary hazard 2 – 0.20 gpm 1. Standard coverage pendent or upright sprinklers • Area of coverage :Light hazard – 225 sq. ft. max Ordinary hazard – 130 sq. ft. max Extra hazard – 100 sq. ft max • Spacing between sprinkler for pendent or upright sprinklers • Light hazard – 15 ft./4.6 m Max • Ordinary hazard – 15 ft/4.6 m. Max • Extra hazard – 12 ft/ 3.6 m Max NOTE:-NFPA 13 clause 8.7.3.4 says minimum distance between sprinklers shall be not less than 1.8 m on center to avoid intercooling.

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2. Standard coverage sidewall sprinklers (must be listed for ordinary hazard) • Area of coverage: Light hazard – 196 sq. ft. max  Ordinary hazard – 100 sq. ft. max • Spacing between sprinkler for Sidewall sprinklers • Light hazard – 14 ft. max • Ordinary hazard – 10 ft./3.04 m max • Sprinklers shall be located a minimum of 4 in. (102 mm) from an end wall.

3. EXTENDED Coverage sprinklers Extended coverage sprinkler has large protection areas. It’s also have flatter distribution.

• Area of coverage: - 225 sq. ft. min to 400 sq. ft. max • Spacing between sprinkler for pendent or upright EC sprinklers Spacing is in increments of 2’-0” intervals, example: 12’×12’, 14’×14', and 16’×16’ • Spacing between sprinkler for sidewall EC sprinklers ( unobstructed ,smooth flat ) Light hazard – 28’ max Ordinary hazard – 24’ max

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Fire sprinkler design & calculation:K factor- In fire protection engineering, the K-factor formula is used to calculate the discharge rate from a nozzle. Spray Nozzles can be fire sprinklers or water mist nozzles, hose reel nozzles, water monitors and deluge fire system nozzles.

Q = K √(P) Where: Q = Flow rate (US gpm or l/min) K has units of US gpm/psi0.5 or l/min/(bar)0.5 P= Pressure loss of sprinkler ( psi or bar ) Typical sprinkler Discharge Coefficients might be: K=5.6 (where the units are in US gpm/psi0.5) This equates to a metric K of 80.6 (units are in (l/min)/bar0.5) or K=8.0 (where the units are in US gpm/psi0.5) which equates to a metric K of 115.2 (in units of (l/min)/bar0.5) Note: Imperial & Metric sprinkler K factors are different. To convert from an Imperial sprinkler K factor to a Metric sprinkler K factor multiply by 14.4 approximately.

An example: A sprinkler with an imperial K factor of 5.6 would give a flow

rate of 15.0 US gpm with a pressure drop of 7.2 psi.

The flow rate is calculated from: 7.2 psi0.5 x 5.6 = 15.0 US gpm D= Q/A Where D= Density ( gpm/ sq. ft or lpm/sq. m) according to HAZARDS A= area of most hydraulic demand area ( sq. ft or sq. mtr ) An example: if each sprinkler head is flowing minimum 0.5gpm/sq. ft over the entire 5000 sq. ft hydraulic most demanding area.

THEN, flow rate Q= D × A Q per head= 0.5 × 100 = 50 gpm Q for entire area = 0.5 × 5000 = 2500 gpm Sprinkler design on pressure for remote area 49

Always consider 12 nos. of sprinkler of hydraulic remote area If k factor = 17 and P= 3.4 bar so, k factor = 17 × 14 = 238 Q = K √(P) = 12 × 238 × √3.4 =5255 LPM

SPRINKLERS ARE IDENTIFIED BY THEIE ORIFICE SIZES as per NFPA

Standard sprinkler head orifice size is ½ inch, then k=5.6 If orifice size is 5/8 inch, then k=11 Some other orifice sizes are also available for some special purpose. U can check NFPA 13. Table 2-2.2

FAST RESPONSE ELEMENTS – 3 MM GLASS BULB • STANDARD RESPONSE ELEMENTS – 5 MM GLASS BULB • The typical sprinkler head consists of a plug held in place by a trigger mechanism. The most common type of trigger is a glass ampule filled with a glycerine-based liquid that expands when heated. As soon as the trigger mechanism is heated to the required temperature, it trips and the water is released

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According to System Shape. a- Tree Sprinkler System.

It is the normal design system and it consists of main pipe line with branches on both LHS and RHS.

b- Gridded Sprinkler System.

A sprinkler system in which parallel cross mains are connected by multiple branch lines. An operating sprinkler will receive water from both ends of its branch line while other branch lines help transfer water between cross mains.

(NFPA 13 - FIGURE A.3.4.6) Gridded System.

c- Looped Sprinkler System.

A sprinkler system in which multiple cross mains are tied together so as to provide two paths for water to flow to an operating sprinkler and branch lines are not tied together.

(NFPA 13 - FIGURE A.3.4.6) Looped System.

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PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE OF SPRINKLER SYSTEM Sprinkler system components are normally designed for a pressure of 175 psi, with a working pressure of 150 psi.

When the sprinkler system operating pressure is 150 psi or less, the test pressure must be 200 psi for at least 2 hours. For any other operating pressure, the test must be Max operating Pressure plus 50 psi.

Water temperature in a sprinkler system must be between 40 and 120 degree Fahrenheit. When water temp. exceeds 100 degree Fahrenheit, intermediate or higher temperature sprinklers must be used.

Minimum operating pressure of any sprinkler shall be 7 psi (0.5 bar).

ZONE CONTROL VALVE (ZCV) UL/FM APPROVED Zone control valve is a combined unit of 4 parts: 1. Signal butterfly valve or OS &Y Valve with temper switch • CHECK VALVE, PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE, FLOW METER - optional 2. Water flow indicator (FLOW SWITCH) 3. Pressure gauge 4. Test & drain valve or [GATE VALVE + SIGHT GLASS]

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PIPES USED FOR FIREFIGHTING SYSTEM ASTM A53 ERW steel pipe is a typical carbon steel pipe. It is largely used to convey fluids at low / medium pressures such as oil, gas, steam, water, air and also for mechanical applications.

• Certificate: UL Listed/ FM Approved • Standard: ASTM A53, Type E, Grade B • Dimension: Sch10/ Sch40 as ASME B36.10M • Application: Fire main pipe, fire pump pipe, fire standpipe, fire sprinkler branch pipe ASTM A53 specification also covers seamless steel pipe. The pipe is intended for pressure and mechanical applications and is also acceptable for ordinary uses in oil, gas, steam, water and air lines. It is suitable for welding, bending and flanging.

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Certificate: UL Listed • Standard: ASTM A53, Type S, Grade B • Dimension: Sch40/ Sch80 as ASME B36.10M • Application: Fire main pipe, fire pump pipe, fire standpipe, fire sprinkler branch pipe ASTM A53/A135/A795 Welded steel pipe

• Specification: ASTM A53/A135/A795 • Dimension: ASME B36.10 • Outer Diameter: 1/2” to 20”(DN15-DN500) • Wall Thickness: SCH10, SCH30, SCH40 • Pipe End: Bevelled, Plain, Threaded • Surface: Black painting, Hot dip galvanized as ASTM A123

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BUTT WELD FITTINGS

GROOVED FITTING/FLANGE/COUPLING in UL listed/ FM approved: › Grooved elbow › Grooved cross › Grooved cap › Grooved tee › Grooved reducer

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PIPE HANGER AND CLAMP

Pipe hanger and pipe clamp, known as pipe support, are designed to transfer the load from a pipe to the supporting structures. The main functions of the pipe hanger and clamp are to anchor, absorb shock, and support a specified load of pipeline.

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HDPE PIPES JOINT IN FIREFIGHTING Plastic piping offers numerous benefits for many fire fighting applications. They are corrosion-free, have excellent chemical resistance and have superior abrasion-resistant qualities compared with less advanced materials.

The Method of HDPE Fusion Welding HDPE pipe is butt fused by applying heat to prepared pipe ends and then pushing the pipe ends together with a pre-determined force to make a permanent butt fusion joint. It is a very simple process utilizing a properly sized butt fusion machine for the pipe size to be joined. The pipe is installed and clamped in the butt fusion machine with pipe supports on both ends of the machine to support the pipes on the machine center line. The pipe ends are then faced (machined) to mechanical stops to ensure clean, parallel pipe ends for the heating process. The pipe ends are then aligned using the clamps on the fusion machine. A temperature controlled heater is installed in the machine and the pipe ends are heated according to the butt fusion standard ASTM International F2620. Once the heating criteria is met, the heater is removed and the pipe ends are brought together at the pre-determined force.

This force is held on the joint for the time required by the standard. At this point, the pipe can be removed from the machine and visually inspected before pulling down the pipeline.

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HDPE PIPE JOINT MACHINE Butt Fusion Equipment - HDPE butt fusion machines are available from 1" to 65" polyethylene pipe sizes. Socket Fusion Tools - Socket fusion tools & accessories, from 1/2" CTS to 4" IPS pipe sizes, can be purchased as kits or individual components. Electro fusion Processors and Accessories - Universal bar coded processors are available for joining HDPE pipe with electro fusion fittings for close quarter connections and repair.

DESIGN of STAND PIPE SYSTEM:PRESSURE LIMITATION The maximum pressure at any point in the system at any time shall not exceed 24.1 bar (350 psi).

For 1.5” hose connection pressure shall not exceed 6.9 bar if exceeds use pressure reducing valve.

Minimum sizes for standpipes and branch line • Class-1 & class-3 standpipe shall be at least 100 mm (4”) in size.

• Standpipe that is part of a combined system shall be at least 150 mm (6”) in size.

• Branch lines shall be sizes based on the hydraulic criteria but not less than 65 mm.

Fire Hose Cabinet [FHC] As per NFPA 14 1 Standpipe system riser 2 Sprinkler system riser 3 Combined system riser 4 Drain riser • Standard size used for system risers ---- 1” to 10” • SIZING FOR STAND PIPES DRAINS Up to 2” [50 mm] 3\4” [20 mm] or larger 2.5”[65 mm] ,3”[80 mm] or 3.5” [90 mm ] [32 mm] or larger 4” [100 mm ] or larger 2” [50 mm] or larger • Component related to system Valve- gate valve , OS & Y valve ,check valve, strainers , landing valves, PRV valve, butterfly valve, alarm check valve, test & drain valve [ ZCV-ZONE CONTROL VALVE], Automatic air vent, pressure gauge, FIRE HOSE REEL. FDC (SIMESE’S CONNECTION) 59

FIRE HOSE RACK

• • • • •

Linen hose on a rack & pulled like curtain.

Diameter = 1 inch/1.5 inch Pressure = 4.5 bar 100 GPM Hose length = 15 meter or 30 meter

LANDING VALVE A fire fighting landing valve is a core part of the hose system that acts as a manual stop valve giving you complete control over your fire fighting system.

By rotating the landing valve handle anti-clockwise, you can simply activate the water flux in the fire fighting system.

INPUT DIA 100 MM & OUTPUT DIA 63 MM

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Fire Hydrant System [FHS] As per NFPA 24

Fire Hydrant is also known as yard hydrant in many countries. Image shown above for international style is not used in India. Instead of this international style Hydrant, We use Stand post type fire hydrant in India.

There are two types of pressurized fire hydrants:Wet-barrel and dry-barrel.

[Controllable & non-controllable]

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Fire hydrants using public water supply systems should be painted chrome yellow, and their tops and caps should indicate the available GPM. Below 500GPM should be red, 500-999 GPM should be orange, 1000-1499 GPM should be green, and 1500 GPM or more should be blue.  Located on exposed Area. & each exit has a hose with 30 meter Length.  Hydrants shall be located not less than 40ft [12.2 meter] from the buildings to be protected  Allow minimum size of hydrant with 4” & 6”  For freezing area select DRY BARREL TYPE HYDRANT  For normal temperature regions select WET BARREL TYPE HYDRANT  Every fire hydrant is isolated with separate underground gate valve.  Distance b\w two hydrants at least 60 m. [ for Light hazards 60 m , for Ordinary hazards 45 m, for Heavy hazards 30 m]  Distance b\w hydrant and a Fire department connection shall be 30 m [100ft].  Hydrant installation from ground level should be from 18” to 36”.

FOR UNDERGROUND PIPE OF FIRE HYDRANT INSTALLATION:• Ductile iron pipe [up to 4”] , Steel pipe [ 6” & larger] • FITTING – C.I [threaded (125-250 class)], M.I [threaded (150-300 class)] Steel [welded fittings], copper [for solder joints] • All piping attached should be tested to 200 psi (13.8 bar) WHAT IS DOWN- COMER? FOR BUILDING ABOVE 15 M HEIGHT BUT NOT EXCEEDING 30 M HEIGHTS. An arrangement of fire fighting within the building by means of down-comer pipe connected to terrace tank through terrace pump, gate valve and nonreturn valve and having mains not less than 100 internal dia with landing valve on each floor. It is also fitted with inlet connections at ground level for charging with water by pumping from fire department services and their air release valve at roof level to release trapped air inside.

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MAX. HEIGHT FROM GRADE LEVEL = 36 INCH = 914 MM MIN. HEIGHT FROM GRADE LEVEL = 18 INCH = 457 MM

Fire Brigade Inlet

Breeching Inlet is installed outside the building or any easily accessible area in the building for fire brigade personnel to access the inlet. This inlet is used by the fire brigade personnel to access water. It is normally dry but is used to pump water by charging using many firefighting equipment.

Conventional, Gunmetal, stainless steel 2way, 3way & 4way TYPE.

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Siamese connection The Fire Department Connection (FDC), also known as the Siamese connection. Our free standing inlet Fire Department Connections (FDCs) are complete units that are typically installed outside of a building near a sidewalk.

They are used by the fire department to supply additional water to the building's fire protection system.  A FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTION FOR EACH STANDPIPE SYSTEM SHALL BE LOCATED NOT MORE THAN 30.5 M [100FT] FROM THE NEAREST FIRE HYDRANT CONNECTED TO AN APPROVED WATER SUPPLY.  FDC SHALL BE ON THE STREET SIDE OF BUILDING, FULLY VISIBLE, AND PERMITED TO EXCEED 30.5 M [100FT] SUBJECT TO THE APPROVAL OF THE AHJ.

FIRE PUMPS [As per NFPA 20]

A fire pump is a part of a fire sprinkler system's water supply and powered by electric, diesel or steam. The pump intake is either connected to the public underground water supply piping, or a static water source (e.g., tank, reservoir, lake). The pump provides water flow at a higher pressure to the sprinkler system risers and hose standpipes. A fire pump is tested and listed for its use specifically for fire service by a third-party testing and listing agency, such as UL or FM Global.

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PURPOSE Take the water from existing water source, and increase that source pressure (PSI) by a designed amount and provide that higher pressure to a fire protection system at a designed rate of flow (GPM).

• Nominal Flow rate with GPM ( FROM 25 TO 5000) • Pressure rate with PSI ( FROM 40 and UP) • Fire pump is not { OFF-THE-SELF } items • All fire pumps should be UL/FM approved.

UL- underwriter’s laboratories & FM- Factory mutual

Related Standards

•NFPA 22, Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection •NFPA 24, Private Fire Service Mains and their Appurtenances •NFPA 25, Inspection, Testing and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems •NFPA 70, National Electric Code 65

Fire Pump Basics •Types of Fire Pumps •Pressure Maintenance Pumps (Jockey Pumps) •Types of Drivers •Fire Pump Enclosures •Fire Pump Controllers •Pressure Sensing Issues •Low Suction Issues Types of Fire Pumps  Horizontal Split Case Fire Pump  In-Line Pump  Vertical Shaft Turbine Pump Pressure Maintenance Pumps (Jockey Pumps) A jockey pump is a small pump connected to a fire sprinkler system to maintain pressure in the sprinkler pipes. This is to ensure that if a fire-sprinkler is 66

activated, there will be a pressure drop, which will be sensed by the fire pumps automatic controller, which will cause the fire pump to start.  Jockey pump is neither UL listed nor FM approved.  Pressure maintenance pump.  Sprinkler system loss pressure over time. When we have pressure drop, the jockey pump start, pump don’t know the difference between a drop in pressure over minutes or month.  Jockey pump shall have rated capacities not less than any normal leakage rate and shall have discharge pressure sufficient to maintain desired fire protection pressure.

Types of Drivers  Electric Motor Driver  Diesel Motor Driver The devices within a fire pump controller panel perform such functions as receiving signals from alarm devices, such as pressure operated switches, sprinkler alarm valves or remote fire alarm equipment; activating motor control devices to provide electric power to motors driving fire pumps and monitoring the fire pump.

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Electric Fire Pump

• The heart of the fire sprinkler system. It is the main Pump. • When the jockey pump started and cannot make up the release pressure and system still have pressure drop, the main fire pump start work by a signal from the sensing line to the control panel which start the pump.

Diesel Fire Pump • Same purpose for the electric pump Installed in the site in case there is no generator in the site to work as STANDBY in case there is no power and there is a fire occurs.

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PUMP SUCTION LINE

1. OS & Y VALVE (Outside Screw & Yoke Valve) OR Rising stem valve 2. Flexible connection (OPTIONAL) 3. Eccentric reducer (FLAT SIDE UP) 4. Suction pressure gauge

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PUMP DISCHARGE LINE 1. Air release valve (only in horizontal split case pump) 2. Discharge pressure gauge 3. Casing pressure relief valve (automatic for Electric pump) 4. Concentric reducer 5. Check-valve or back flow preventer 6. OS & Y valve with Tamper switch 7. Main pressure relief valve (ONLY IN DIESEL ENGINE PUMP) 8. Flow meter

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BYPASS LOOP IN PUMP ROOM:-

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A bypass has 2 control valves and 1 check valve. The bypass is used when water is supplied from a city supply. A bypass is not required when water supply is from a tank. The bypass is an automatic supply if the fire pump is out of service for any reason so that there will still be city water available to part of the building during a fire incident. The valves on the bypass must be in the open position. The check valve is in the bypass so that when the jockey pump and fire pump are maintaining higher pressure in the system than the street pressure, the water does not cycle back to the city main.

PUMP DESIGN CALCULATIONS

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HP = (Q × H)/3960 H= (3960 ×HP)/Q Where, H= TOTAL HEAD [ft] HP= HORSE POWER Q=FLOW RATE OR DISCHARGE [GPM] DIESEL FUEL TANK CAPACITY CALCULATIONS = 1 GAL/HP + 5% VOLUME FOR EXPANSION + 5% VOLUME FOR SUMP FOR EXAMPLE: lIF PUMP HP=150, THEN [1gallon/HP ×150 HP] × 1.1 = 165 gallons of fuel tank capacity FIRE WATER TANK CALCULATIONS WATER TANK CAPACITY [gallons] = FLOW RATE (GPM) × MIN DURATION OF WATER SUPPLY (mins.)

Where, Min duration of water supply [for light hazards-30:60, for ordinary hazards-60:90, for heavy hazards-90:120] WATER TANK VOLUME [cubic meter] = GALLONS × 0.0037854cubic meter/gallon FOR EXAMPLE: lDesign sprinkler system flow rate= 500 gpm For ordinary hazards, minimum duration is=60 mins.

So, Water tank capacity= 500×60=30000 gallons Fire water tank volume= 30000 ×0.0037854=114 cubic meter

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PUMP DESCRIPTION:• Water flow should be at least 150 % of the designed min. flow rate.

• Dist. b/w suction side of pump to OS & Y gate valve should be within 50 ft(15.3 m) • Pressure sensing line size ½” (15 mm) • Dist. b/w suction strainer to suction side of pump shall be at least 10d(dia of suction pipe) • All wires pertaining to pump connection shall be at least 12” (305 mm) above the floor.

FIRE PUMP INSTALLATION {REFER TO NFPA 20}

While there are numerous considerations with regards to fire pump positioning and installation within a building, per NFPA 20 and the IBC some major items to remember include: 1. The location of and access to the fire pump room must be pre-planned with the fire department. Because most fire departments have procedures requiring operation of a fire pump unit during an incident, building designers should locate the pump room to be easily accessible.

2. Fire pump rooms must be free from storage, equipment and penetrations not essential to the operation of the pump and related components.

3. One specific exception is equipment related to domestic water distribution, which can be located within the fire pump room. Typical examples of such equipment include booster pumps and hydro-pneumatic tanks.

4. Otherwise, equipment that increases or creates an additional fire hazard and is unrelated to the fire protection system is not to be located within the fire pump room. Typical prohibited examples include boilers and fuel-fired water heaters.

5. The fire pump room must be properly sized to fit all the components necessary for pump operation and to accommodate: 6. Installation and maintenance clearances.

7. Clearances for energized electrical equipment per NFPA 70 (National Electrical Code).

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8. Proper orientation of the pump relative to the suction piping to ensure established minimum distances to parallel fittings.

9. If a fire pump room is not directly accessible from the outside it shall be accessible through a fire-resistant rated corridor from an enclosed stairway or exterior exit.

10. The pump room must be provided with a door and unobstructed passageway large enough to allow removal of the largest piece of equipment.

11. Fire pumps shall be located within rooms that are separated from all other areas of the building by two-hour fire barriers or horizontal assemblies constructed per the IBC. In other than high-rise buildings, this can be reduced to a one-hour requirement if the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system.

12. Provisions much be made to both ventilate and heat the pump room, the latter to ensure no less than 40 degrees Fahrenheit is maintained.

13. At least one floor drain must be provided and floors shall be pitched for adequate drainage of escaping water from critical equipment.

14. The fire pump components, water supply, and power supply shall be protected against possible interruption through damage by explosion, fire, flood, earthquake, vermin, windstorm, freezing, vandalism, and other adverse conditions.

15. While NFPA 20 does not specifically prohibit below grade installations, it raises a “caution flag� and indicates that special consideration must be given to drainage and flooding concerns for any such potential fire pump installations.

16. Where the water supply (commonly a city water main) is of sufficient pressure to be of material value without the pump, the fire pump shall be installed with a bypass.

17. This bypass is to be a normally open pathway so that the water supply is automatically available to the building system in the event the fire pump fails to start.

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18. This bypass therefore requires valves (commonly a double check valve backflow preventer) to ensure the intended one-way direction of flow.

19. This bypass is to be as least as large as the required fire pump discharge pipe.

20. Because this bypass and associated valves can be of significant physical size, this is yet another space-planning consideration for the fire pump room.

Fire Detection and Alarm Systems A fire alarm system is intended to enable a fire to be detected at a sufficiently early stage so that people who are at risk can be made safe either by escaping from the fire, or by the fire being extinguished (also to prevent extensive property damage). Neither of these measures can be used until people are made aware of fire.

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•The effectiveness of the fire detection and alarm system depends on the stage of the fire at which it is operated. In order for all the occupants to escape without too much difficulty, an early alarm should operate before the escape routes becomes smoke-logged to such an extent as will cause occupants to have difficulty finding their way out of the building.

Why use a Fire Alarm System?

Fire Alarm Systems are used to protect life and property.

It protects by: a. Detecting a fire at an early stage b. Alerting and evacuating occupants c. Notifying the relevant personnel d. Activating auxiliary functions e.g. smoke controls, lift homing etc e. Identifying and guiding fire fighters Is Fire Alarm System a mandatory requirement?

Yes it is required in day to day life in buildings.

Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today

Non--Addressable System-also commonly known as “conventional” --fire detectors are wired to the panel in groups known as zone fire zone --identification of alarm status by zone identification zone --fire detectors indicates either “Fire” or “Normal” status only --system only indicate events but without event recording feature 77

Conventional panels have been around ever since electronics became small enough to make them viable. Conventional panels are used less frequently in large buildings than in the past, but are not uncommon on smaller projects such as small schools, stores, restaurants, and apartments.

A conventional fire alarm control panel employs one or more circuits, connected to initiating devices (usually smoke detectors, heat detectors, duct detectors, manual pull stations, and sometimes flame detectors) wired in parallel. These sensors are devised to dramatically decrease the circuit resistance when the environmental influence on any sensor exceeds a predetermined threshold. In a conventional fire alarm system, the information density is limited to the number of such circuits used.

To facilitate location and control of fire within a building, the structure is subdivided into definite areas or zones. Floors of a multi-storey building are one type of zone boundary.

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An Initiating Device Circuit (known as a Signaling Line Circuit (SLC) in addressable systems) connected to multiple devices within the same "zone" of protection, effectively provides 3 bits of information about the zone to the panel; normal, trouble, and alarm. The state of each initiating device circuit within a zone displays at the fire alarm control panel using visible indications, such as a flashing LED/light or an LCD display.

The panel may employ a graphical representation of the zone boundaries on a floor plan (zone map) using textual descriptions, illuminated icons, illuminated sections, or illuminated points on the map corresponding to initiating circuits connected to the fire alarm control panel. Annunciators that do this are called graphic annunciators.

Larger systems and increasing demand for finer diagnostic detail beyond broad area location and control functions expanded the control by zone strategy of conventional systems by providing multiple initiating circuits within a common zone, each exclusively connected to a particular type of initiating device, or group of devices. This arrangement forms a device type by zone matrix whose information is particularly suited to the Tabular annunciator In multi-storey buildings employing a Tabular annunciator, for example; rows of indicators 79

define the floors horizontally in their stacked relationship and the type of device installed on that floor displays as columns of indicators vertically aligned through each floor. The intersection of the floor and device indicators provides the combined information. The density of information however remains a function of the number of circuits employed.

Even larger systems and demands for finer diagnostic and location detail led to the introduction of addressable fire alarm systems, with each addressable device providing specific information about its state while sharing a common communication circuit. Annunciation and location strategies for the most part remain relatively unchanged

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Addressable Fire System Addressable panels are usually more advanced than their conventional counterparts, with greater information capacity and control flexibility.

Addressable fire alarm panels were introduced by many manufacturers during the microcontroller boom in the mid 1980s.

Signaling Line Circuits Addressable Fire Alarm Control Panel employ one or more Signaling Line Circuits - usually referred to as loops or SLC loops - ranging between one and thirty. Depending on the protocol used, a Signaling Line Circuit can monitor and control several hundred devices. Some protocols permit any mix of detectors and input/output modules, while other protocols have 50% of channel capacity restricted to detectors/sensors and 50% restricted to input/output modules. Each SLC polls the devices connected, which can number from a few devices to several hundred, depending on the manufacturer. Large systems may have multiple Signaling Line Circuits.

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Each device on an SLC has its own address, and so the panel knows the state of each individual device connected to it. Common addressable input (initiating) devices include       

Smoke detectors Heat detectors (Rate of Rise and Fixed Temperature) Manual call points or manual pull stations Notification appliances Responders Fire sprinkler system inputs Switches o Flow control o Pressure o Isolate o Standard switches o Monitor modules

Addressable output devices include     

(Warning System/Bell) relays Door holder relays Auxiliary (control function) relays Control modules Relay modules 82

Output devices are used to control a variety of functions such as Switching fans on or off  Closing/opening doors  Activating fire suppression systems  Activating notification appliances  Shutting down industrial equipment  Recalling elevators to a safe exit floor  Activating another fire alarm panel or communicator Mapping 

Also known as "cause and effect", mapping is the process of activating outputs depending on which inputs have been activated. Traditionally, when an input device is activated, a certain output device (or relay) is activated. As time has progressed, more and more advanced techniques have become available, often with large variations in style between different companies.

Zones Zones are usually made by dividing a building or area into different sections.

Then depending on the specific zone, a certain number and type of device is added to the zone to perform its given job.

Zones are a requirement by the National Building Code in Canada and zones must be labelled and include RED LEDs for fire zones, AMBER LEDs for supervisory and trouble. This is in addition to an LCD display although they relax this requirement if the LCD has 8 or more lines of characters. Isolators are also required when wiring departs a zone and enters a new zone such as floor to floor and between firewalls.

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Groups

Groups contain multiple output devices such as relays. This allows a single input, such as a smoke detector or MCP, to have only one output programmed to a group, which then maps to multiple outputs or relays. This enables an installer to simplify programming by having many inputs map to the same outputs, and be able to change them all at once, and also allows mapping to more outputs than the programming space for a single detector/input allows.

Boolean logic

This is the part of a fire panel that has the largest variation between different panels. It allows a panel to be programmed to implement fairly complex inputs. For instance, a panel could be programmed to notify the fire department only if more than one device has activated. It can also be used for staged evacuation procedures in conjunction with timers.

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Hybrid System

a hybrid type of system. In this system all the ZMU's (zone monitoring units) shall be allocated addresses at the time of commissioning. And also the given address during commissioning shall be stored in a non volatile memory/ h/w which is present in the main panel. Manual addressing shall cover the flexibility of providing different addresses to different ZMU's according to the preference of site.

This panel works on four wire RS485 communication protocol .i.e. in case of detection of an event in any zone then the ZMU of that respective zone will communicate to the main panel about the occurrence of the event in that particular zone. Then the main panel will acknowledge the request of that ZMU and will perform the required function like displaying the occurrence of event on LCD & LED with ZMU number and zone number and also the type of event (fire/short/open), operating the relay module in case of event to Operate sounders/hooters/Flashers via PA System, storing the events & creating logs in the memory with date & time for future references which can be accessed later on, displaying the event (as shown in main panel) on repeater panel for remote annunciation.

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Features Up to 128 fully monitored zones with up to 2560 conventional detectors.

Microcontroller Based Fire Alarm Panel.

16 zone monitoring units (ZMU's) with up to 8 zones per ZMU. 16 relay modules with 8 zones relay output per relay module.

Short circuit / Overload Protection.

Works on Four wires RS-485 communication Protocol; 1 "Fire", "Fault" relay output per Zone monitoring unit; 1 "Fire", "Fault" relay output per relay module.

Fully programmable via integral alphanumeric keypad.

256 Events storage capacity; Password Protection.

Repeater Connectivity; One man Test.

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Design of fire alarm system Fire alarm systems are a critical component of a comprehensive fire protection system. Unique to the buildings for which they are designed, fire alarm systems can be incredibly complex involving an intricate system of wiring, equipment, and other components. In addition, they must be designed in accordance with a stringent set of rules, laws, and codes to ensure that in the event of a fire, the alarms will function properly to help get everyone out of the building safely.

CODE COMPLIANCE IS A GIVEN — BUT IS IT ENOUGH? First and foremost, fire alarm systems must meet state fire safety codes, which can vary significantly from state to state. Many of these requirements can be found in the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 72) National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code, which covers the application, installation, location, performance, inspection, testing, and maintenance of fire alarm systems. The NFPA also covers supervising station alarm systems, which facilitate round-theclock supervision from a facility that is equipped to receive the signals from a fire alarm system.

In addition to state codes, there will likely be a number of other requirements that must be met, including building codes, local regulations, and insurance company requirements. If you are retrofitting an older system, you may also have to consider accessibility under the Americans with Disabilities Act.

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When replacing or upgrading an existing fire alarm system or designing one for new construction, one of the most important questions to ask is whether meeting all relevant code requirements will be sufficient to meet the owner’s objectives. While saving lives is always the primary goal, business owners often have additional business-related objectives that may not be met with a design that meets only the minimum requirements. These objectives might include:     

Better fire safety Fewer false alarms Ease of maintenance and longevity of the system Scalability to accommodate future changes in use and occupancy Ability to use the system for other types of emergency communications

It is also important to remember that while regulations generally attempt to be as comprehensive as possible, they cannot possibly anticipate and address every unique situation that could influence the design of a fire alarm system.

As a general rule, it is better to go above and beyond what the codes require, as doing so will make it easier to maintain the system or improve life safety.

An Integrated Approach Can Help Prevent Costly Mistakes Modern fire protection systems are comprised of three main components — fire detection, alarms and notifications, and suppression, all of which must function together to provide the necessary fire protection for a given building.

Designing a fire alarm and notification system requires an integrated approach that includes a comprehensive analysis of the entire fire protection system.

This analysis is necessary to gain a thorough understanding of how all the main components of the overall fire protection system will work together. This analysis needs to be conducted before the system is installed.

Having an experienced designer involved from the beginning will go a long way to help ensure the fire alarm system will be properly integrated with existing or new fire detection and suppression systems. However, the best approach is to have all the right people — the building owners and managers, architects, engineers, contractors, and consultants — involved in the planning and design process.

Remember, fire alarm system design can be impacted by any number of requirements. Having all the key players at the table reduces the chance of missing some requirements that could result in costly changes down the road.

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The last thing anyone wants is to get the system installed and ready for testing only to find it doesn’t meet an important but unknown regulatory requirement.

New Technologies Offer the Ability to Meet Multiple Objectives Building owners today have more options than ever before to achieve many of the goals noted earlier, due in large part to advancements in technology and their applications to the fire safety industry. Let’s take a closer look at how: BETTER FIRE SAFETY Fire safety engineers can also take advantage of Internet technology to meet an owner’s goal for greater fire protection and reduced property loss. For example, the availability of wireless fire detection systems allows for monitoring in areas, such as the exterior envelope of a building, that used to be too expensive or physically impossible to monitor before. They can also significantly reduce building management costs, allowing a single person to monitor several buildings.

The Internet also allows for remote monitoring and control techniques that can provide the earliest possible detection of a fire and identify where in the building it is burning so firefighters can get there faster and, knowing exactly where to go, fight the fire more effectively at its source.

FEWER FALSE ALARMS False alarms are bad for people and bad for business. At worst, they create complacency that can result in people ignoring a real alarm. They can also be very costly, potentially resulting in Occupational Safety Hazard Administration (OSHA) fines when employees do not leave the building as required when an alarm sounds and fire department fees when firefighters respond to a call unnecessarily.

Fortunately, many early detection devices that can trigger a fire alarm now have sensors that can distinguish smoke and fire from other interfering signals, such as steam and dust, which can trigger a false alarm. There are also advanced fire control panels on the market today that allow real-time control via the Internet, automatic fault detection and diagnosis that can quickly distinguish between threats and non-threat to further minimize false alarms.

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EASE OF MAINTENANCE AND LONGEVITY OF THE SYSTEM With today’s computerized fire alarm controls, building owners can now proactively maintain their systems, often saving the cost of additional trips for onsite repairs and reducing — or possibly eliminating — the cost of conducting a fire watch when the system is down.

These systems can provide advanced notification when a component in the system is beginning to fail allowing it to be replaced before it fails and triggers the need for a fire watch. Many of the newer detection systems on the market can likewise reduce operational costs by providing maintenance alerts that identify specific smoke detectors in need of cleaning. This eliminates the need to remove and clean all of them just to find the ones that are causing the problem.

With regard to longevity, a good fire safety engineer will work with wellestablished manufacturers and distributors that have a good track record for maintaining the availability of parts that might be needed to repair the system over time.

SCALABILITY TO ACCOMMODATE FUTURE CHANGES IN USE AND OCCUPANCY Changes in the use or occupancy of a building can result in compliance issues and a fire alarm system that no longer provides sufficient protection. If future changes are anticipated, fire safety engineers can design a fire alarm system with this in mind, providing a flexible infrastructure that includes the proper wire size and additional circuits distributed in a way that accommodates future growth and change.

ABILITY TO USE THE SYSTEM FOR OTHER TYPES OF EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS Many facilities have the need for a more comprehensive emergency communication system that not only sounds an alarm in the event of a fire but also provides voice notification to occupants in other types of emergency situations. While traditional fire alarm systems use horns, there are newer systems on the market today that use speakers instead, allowing for a much broader range of communication.

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Green saving principal applicable on fire System Environmentally Conscious Fire Protection Services

For years, it has been dedicated to building a safer environment – whether it’s through "Green Fire Protection" initiatives or by simply providing superior quality fire protection services.

Today, more than ever, the construction industry is called upon to incorporate environmentally friendly practices. To be a leader in green fire protection and are frequently involved in the engineering, design, construction, and installation of LEED® related projects.    

Innovation and design credits for reduced waste water Innovation and design credits for improved tenant space flexibility Reduced construction waste on the job site Stringent guidelines like meeting the volatile organic compound (VOC) limits on all our adhesives, fire caulking, and other materials.

. continues to work on a wide variety of LEED registered projects at different stages of completion, and we negotiate more LEED credits for fire sprinkler systems. Our projects range from certified to platinum! *LEED is an internationally recognized green building certification system, providing third-party verification that a building or community was designed and built using strategies aimed at improving performance across all the metrics that matter most: energy savings, water efficiency, CO2 emissions reduction, improved indoor environmental quality, and stewardship of resources and sensitivity to their impacts.

BUILDING SYSTEMS Alternative power systems. There are a number of alternative power systems on the market. The two most common are photovoltaic (PV) systems and wind-power generators (wind turbines). Both systems generate direct current (DC) power, which must be converted to alternating current (AC) for use in buildings. Although wind turbines and PV systems have a lot in common, it’s necessary to consider each separately to ensure all of the hazards are considered.

PV solar panels. The fire service can be sure that it will have at least one emergency involving a building with a PV solar panel system. PV power is an 91

array of cells that contain a solar PV material, which converts solar radiation into DC electricity. Solar cells produce the DC electricity from sunlight, which can be used to power equipment or to recharge a battery. These modules are used for grid-connected power generation that uses an inverter to convert the DC to AC. A solar cell requires protection from the environment and is usually packaged tightly behind a glass sheet. The PV panel construction should be tested as an assembly to meet the same fire rating as the roof it’s being mounted on.

PV works best when the sun is shining, although power may be generated if any light is available to the panel. Most PV modules and installations are ground mounted or built into the building’s roof or walls. In a PV emergency, fire-fighters must be aware of potential dangers and hazards. The obvious dangers are electric shock, inhalation from module chemicals used in manufacturing solar panels, and tripping hazards when panels are installed on rooftops.

Fire department concerns with PV systems include the following: • Power shutoffs. There may be several places to shut off PV system power.

However, the safest shutdown point is at the PV panel itself. Although current technology would make this arrangement easily achievable, no manufacturer has done so. This leaves the next best location for shutdown at the inverter; this is a fairly standard design. The system should be designed to automatically shut off power to the building’s electrical system should the inverter lose power from the power company’s grid. This would enable firefighters to terminate power at the inverter by using routine power-cutting techniques. If this is accomplished, the next consideration is the inverter’s location. For fire suppression purposes, the inverter should be as close to the solar-generating devices as possible because the wiring between the generating device and the inverter will always be energized. Microinverters are now available, individually controlling each solar array. Installation of these devices will typically be in close proximity to the array they control and are preferable to any other arrangement currently available. If a system is very small and doesn’t have the appropriate shutoffs, reduce or eliminate power generation by covering the panels with a dark-colored tarp or other material that effectively eliminates any light reaching the panels. This is not the best choice and may not immediately reduce the power generation to zero, but in an emergency, consider all options.

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• Marking/labeling. Clearly marking a building that has any alternative power source is important to fire-fighters. This marking should be at a noticeable location, usually at the building’s power feed. Power shutoff locations should be indicated and marked accordingly. Any components and wiring should be labeled including wiring that will remain energized after normal power is shut off. All markings should consist of materials that will withstand the elements.

Also, trip hazards should be identified and marked for fire-fighters working on a roof in a smoky environment.

• Roof ratings. All PV cells should be tested and listed by a recognized testing laboratory. Their fire resistance should be at least as robust as the roof they’re being mounted on to comply with most building and fire codes. It’s possible, even likely, that installation of a PV array on a roof will change the way the roof reacts under fire conditions. This is caused by the proximity of the panels to the roof, resulting in thermal feedback and the wind tunnel effect between the panel and the roof that can be achieved under certain conditions.

Wherever possible, avoid placing fire-fighter on rooftops, especially where solar panels are installed.

• Roof access for ventilation. Placing a solar panel or two on the roof of a building won’t normally create a significant problem for roof ventilation.

However, if much of the roof is covered, the problem becomes severe unless this concern is addressed during the planning stages. Consider providing access routes and ventilation points on roofs with these systems. Pathways on a residential pitched roof, where panels are located, should be at least three feet wide and on the ridge line or hip for support. On commercial flat roofs, the pathway should be at least six feet wide and on all edges of the roof, and ventilation points should be provided every 150 feet in a matrix or similar pattern on the roof. Always provide pathways over robust structural members.

Even with this configuration, fire-fighter safety concerns may dictate a command decision on the fire ground that roof ventilation is not worth the risk, and to use alternative tactics.

• Roof loading. For new systems, the additional load of solar panels should be considered when developing the building’s structural design. For retrofit applications, it is critical to ensure the roof system has the carrying capacity for the panels and will withstand any additional loads, such as wind loads, especially in areas subject to hurricanes and similar weather events.

• Fire. If a fire occurs within a solar array, it should be treated like any other energized equipment. Never assume that the fire has affected the power93

generating capacity; always consider all circuits energized. If a fire occurs in a building supplied by an alternative power source, verify power shutdown prior to operating within the structure.

Wind turbine systems. Wind farm turbines are used for commercial production of electric power and are usually three-bladed and pointed into the wind by computer-controlled motors. These turbines have speeds of more than 200 mph and are highly efficient and reliable. The blades are usually colored light gray so they blend in with the clouds. They range from 65 to 130 feet or more in length. The tubular steel towers can range from 200 to 300 feet tall. At the highest rotation tip, speeds can exceed 300 feet per second. A gear box is commonly used to step up the generator’s speed.

All turbines are equipped with shutdown features to avoid high-speed wind damage. Wind turbines on buildings present similar issues as any other applied live load. The building must be able to withstand not only the device’s weight and peripheral equipment but also the forces of wind against the blades and any forces exerted by the blades’ rotation. Whether the wind generator is mounted on a stand-alone tower or the building, the electrical system is the same and very similar to the systems used for PV systems. The wind generator sends DC electricity to an inverter—converting the power to AC—and synchronizes the sine wave, voltage, and amperage with the traditional power source for the building. As with PV systems, any power loss from the primary power source should automatically shut off power coming from the inverter.

Maintenance

Maintenance means any corrective or preventive care which keeps the machine up for smooth and desired function or any act to maintain the health of machine is maintenance.  Preventive maintenance.  Corrective maintenance  Break down maintenance Shutdown maintenance, seasonal or over hauling Preventive maintenance:It’s a daily routine work for every technician in field, in this first we take a preventive maintenance checklist from maintenance department and fill up this according parameters after that submit to maintenance department. This process in the term of Fire system is called PPM (Planned preventive maintenance). In to this w cover some planned.

Daily routine planned Weakley routine planned Monthly routine planned Quarterly routine planned Half yearly routine planned Yearly routine planned.

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According to this planned we analyze all of the seasonal maintenance.

Corrective Maintenance.

If we found any fault or change in the parameters. We take corrective action against the fault and after that completely diagnose it.

Breakdown Maintenance:A) Electrical issue B) Mechanical issue.

Regular Testing and Inspection Daily Check -Checks to ensure signal to monitoring station are functioning -Check battery and voltage conditions -Rectify and record any faults Monthly Tests -Simulate fire and fault conditions on all zones -Check that power supply, indicator, alarm outputs etc are operating correctly -Rectify and record any faults Yearly Tests -All monthly tests -Test 20 percent of all detectors over as many zones as possible such that all detectors will be check over a 5 year period -Test interlocking circuits to ancillary equipment -Check and cleaning of dirty detectors -Rectify and record any faults

False Alarm Management Main causes and classification of false alarms Most false alarms are caused by poor building management, poor fire alarm system design, or poor maintenance; examples of each of these three areas are as follows: • Poor Building Management - for example a contractor is allowed to undertake welding without the fire detection being isolated 95

• Poor Fire System Design - a room being used as a kitchen has a smoke detector installed.

• Poor Maintenance - a smoke detector has not been maintained correctly and is over sensitive False alarms will fit into one of four categories and when they occur should be recorded within the system log book under the following descriptions • Malicious false alarms – someone deliberately breaking a manual call point • False alarms with good intent – someone smelling smoke when its drifting in through a window from outside the building • Equipment false alarms – an alarm generated by a piece of equipment that is out of specification or faulty • Unwanted alarms – an incident like burning toast or steam where the sensor has mistaken a natural event to that of a real fire Annex A attached provides more detail on some of the more likely causes of alarms along with some of the more common fire detectors that are on the market today.

The following questions lead into the issues that need to be considered to ensure that systems are in optimum condition and hence have a low likelihood of producing false alarms.

3. Is the system installed within the property compliant to current standards, and does it provide the level of protection demanded by current legislation?

Have you the correct documentation that should include; • A current Risk Assessment • A log book that records the date and time of the weekly tests, any faults or false alarms and any service undertaken and by whom.

• G1 Design certificate, with Specification, Fire Plan or cause and effect, a set of drawings that clearly states the category or level of protection, plus any

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variations that have been agreed with interested parties such as Fire & Rescue Service (F&RS), the Insurers or Building Control.

• G2 Installation certificate, including a set of ‘as fitted’ drawings.

• G3 Commissioning certificate and equipment manuals with user instructions.

Alternatively a G5 certificate in place of the G1, G2 & G3 that includes all the additional material listed above.

• G4 Acceptance certificate that confirms the date of handover • G6 Inspection & Servicing certificate(s) that record all tests and checks made at each service visit since original installation – handover.

• G7 Modification certificates identifying any work undertaken on the system since the date of handover.

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Hand-over Document Sheet At the time of hand over, the contractor shall provide the client with the following documentation:

1. Copy of detailed report 2. Component and equipment list 3. Product description sheets 4. System design specification 5. System design drawing(s) 6. System schematic diagram(s) 7. System operating and service manuals 8. Certificate of commissioning 9. System users handbook, containing log book, routine maintenance instructions and schedules

1. Copy of detailed report

Provide details of the project, including: a) High level capital outlay b) Technology proposed c) Product lines proposed The front cover can include any information that you feel is necessary, such as the Contractor and the date prepared.  Summary 

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    

Introduction Body Discussion Conclusion Recommendations

2. Component and equipment list

It’s includes the list of the component and equipment used in the system with its specifications and makes. And its working

3. Product description sheets

In the most basic form, product descriptions are supposed to highlight key product features and the benefits to the customer. Product descriptions should provide the bedrock of content

4. System design specification

The system design specification is a document that presents the complete design for the new information system, along with detailed costs, staffing, and scheduling for completing. The system design specification is the baseline against which the operational system will be measured. Unlike the system requirements document, which is written for users to understand, the system design specification is oriented toward the programmers who will use it to create the necessary programs. Some Sections of the system requirements document are repeated in the system design specification, such as process descriptions, data dictionary entries, and data flow diagrams.

5. System design drawing(s)

It is the final drawing of the system which is called as built drawing this is the drawing in which the system is made. This is used by the client to understand the work.

6. System schematic diagram

Making diagrams is easy with the proper templates and symbols: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Start with a collection of symbols appropriate for your diagram.

Draw circuits represented by lines.

Drag and drop symbols to the circuits and connect them.

Use line hops if any lines need to cross.

Add layers to show complexity 99

7. System operating and service manuals The building owner's manual, or operation and maintenance manual (O&M manual), contains the information required for the operation, maintenance, decommissioning and demolition of a building.

The building owner's manual is prepared by the contractor or the subcontractor with additional information from the designers (in particular, the services engineer) and suppliers. It is a requirement that is generally defined in the preliminaries section of the tender documentation where its contents will be described, although there may be additional requirements regarding mechanical and electrical services in the mechanical and electrical specification.

8. Certificate of commissioning A Commissioning Completion Certification is a verification activity after all required functions of components and units or plants are successfully completed in according to the design specification and contractual requirements.

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9. System users handbook, containing log book, routine maintenance instructions and schedules In handover we also provide the system user hand book so that client can easily understand the system this use to know the system which and what type of system is that. It also contain log book to check the preventive maintenance and services according to the system. It also contain the instructions and schedules for maintenance.

So these are all the documents and certificates we have to give for at the time of handover with proper signature of the client.

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