Design Realisation - Venice Mirage

VENICE’S MIRAGE A DIGITAL IMMERSIVE ART GALLERY

DESIGN REALIZATION REPORT COURSE CODE BARC 0013

CHI KIT MATTHEW CHOY UNIT 20 2022-2023 SUBMISSION DATE: 26TH, APRIL 2023

DR PRACTICE TUTOR DAVE EDWARDS

DR MODULE LEADERS PEDRO GIL & STEFAN LENGEN

DESIGN TUTORS MARJAN COLLETI & JAVIER RUIZ

CONSULTANTS STRUCTURAL ENGINEER - TOM CLEWLOW (ARUP) ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER - JEOVANA NAIDOO (ATELIER TEN) FIRE CONSULTANT - DR MICHAEL WOODROW (UCL)

CONTENTS FOCUS CHAPTER

1.0 BUILDING FORM, SYSTEMS, PLANNING AND CONTEXT

2.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

3.0 BUILDING PERFORMANCE

4.0 ENTREPRENURIALISM AND DELIVERY

12 PAGES

6 PAGES

6 PAGES

2.1

3.1 3.2 3.3

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5

16 PAGES

1.1 Site Overview 1.2 Venice as a City 1.3 Venice: How it was built 1.4 Phygital Growth From the Mapping Of The Body 1.5 Programme Overview: Immersive Art Gallery 1.6 Energy Consumption and Heat Output 1.7 Growth As a Heat Dissipating Strategy 1.8 Programme and Spatial Arrangement 1.9 Building Massing Strategy 1.10 Surrounding Site Context & Accessibility 1.11 Structural Overview 1.12 Immersion Pods Overview 1.13 Cooling Strategy Overview 1.14 Environmental Overview 1.15 Material Overview 1.16 Fire Strategy Overview

Construction Overview & Fragments

Building Energy Strategy Daylight control & Sun Exposure Immersion Pods Thermal & Acoustic Performance Building Waste Heat Strategy

Client and Procurement Route Construction Timetable Health & Safety Prototype Testing & Building Upkeep UNESCO Heritage Site Construction Guidelines & Response Cost, Funding & Carbon Footprint

2.2

Construction Sequence

2.3

MEP Overview & Detail Consideration

2.4 2.5

Foundation Construction & Response to Water Immersion Pod Structural Principle

2.6

Immersion Pod Envelope

2.7

3D Printing Metal Panel Manufacturing & Construction

5.0 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS

2.8

Off Site Prefabrication Construction Sequence

6.0 SKETCHES AND PROGRESS WORK

2.9

Immersion Pod System & Structural Integration

3.4 3.5 3.6

Building Ventilation Strategy Daylighting & Artificial Lighting Strategy

4.6

7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

2.10 Technical Drawings & Detailing 2.11 Building Envelope Construction 2.12 Immersion Pod & Envelope Material Selection

A WEBSITE LINK WILL ALSO BE PROVIDED TO VIEW THROUGH A COMPUTER THE QR CODE INDICATES THERE IS A VIDEO AVAILABLE FOR AN ANIMATED EXPLANATION. TO VIEW, HOLD YOUR PHONE CAMERA UP AND IT WILL REDIRECT YOU TO THE CORRESPONDING VIDEO.

1.1 SITE OVERVIEW VENICE - ITALY Population (On islands): 261,905 (>50,000) Area: 414.6 km2 Main Revenue: Tourism

TRAIN TERMINAL

Named as the “City of Water”, the 2000 year old city main revenue comes from tourism, where its unique urban context and rich history and crafts being the main attraction. One of those tourist attraction is the Venice Biennale1, a yearly event that celebrates art and design through a global exchange of exhibitions, lectures and workshops, attracting thousands of visitors around the world.

BUS TERMINAL

CRUISE TERMINAL

TRANSPORT ACCESS There are multiple methods to get to the Venice Biennale. Once arrived onto the main island of Venice by bus, train or cruise, visitors could take one of the many ferry routes to the event.

SITE

ST. MARK SQUARE

20MINS

20MINS

BUS ROUTE 25 MINS

TRAIN ROUTE CRUISE SHIP ROUTE LOCAL FERRY ROUTE WALKING PATH

1KM

BEINNALE VENUE

SITE OVERVIEW

EXISTING MILITARY WAREHOUSE

SITE MILITARY BASE

SITE BOUNDARY 9000M2

SITE OVERVIEW

ARSENALE OVERVIEW 1:5000 1. https://www.labiennale.org/en

100M

ARMORY BUNKER

The Venice Biennale sits within the Arsenale, a old naval shipyard now partially being occupied by the Italian military mostly for storage purposes. The building project will be situated on a abandoned military site, now over grown with wild grass. The design proposes to retain most of the building structure on the existing site, while expanding onto the waterfront of the Arsenale.

The city faces mulitple cultural, climate and tourism concerns. Of those concerns, flooding is the issue that is most sensitive, which other than global climate, locals attribute the increasingly intense flooding to heavy pollution due to tourism. The Biennale faces its own problems as well, as they are being seen as getting less competitive due to the limitation in space and resources. Below are some of the conditions of current Venice that will hopefully portray a setting that will explain the building projects agenda and neccessity.

YEAR

AVERAGE FLOOD LEVEL RISE SINCE 20236

2023

+0.0CM

2050

+8.64CM

2075

+16.64CM

2100

+32CM

Flooding is expected to increase exponentially throughout the years. Therefore the city is constantly battling in how the infrastructure could adapt to the evitable shift in climate.

60

40

20

0 1930

UNESECO HERITAGE SITE9 Venice and its lagoon has been part of UNESCO hertiage since 1987. However, recent tourism policies and pollution has led to the committee to consider its status.

FLOODING FREQUENCY

80

FREQUENCY

1.2 VENICE AS A CITY

1960

1990

2020

YEAR

VENICE BEINNALE

POLLUTION3 With the heavy reliance of tourism, the city has been significantly impacted by humans with it high consumption and pollutions.

FLOODING Damages due to flooding has been increasing yearly, as some of the building are not designed to be constantly soaked in seawater.

WASTE PRODUCTION

OUT OF STEP

TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

The event is a high waste producing event, which in 2015 has generated 90 tons of garbage and was used to put into display in 20161. These waste are generate by the curation of these temporary exhibitions, where depending on the theme of each year’s event, partition walls, installations, bespoke equipment accessories will be torn down and disposed in order to accommodate for future events.

The biennale has also been accused of being out of step with the global situation2. During the pandemic, the biennale once being one of the highlights of Venice tourism, faces significant loss while consuming enormous resources of the region. This has raised protest concerning the longevity of the event and questions how the event could be more in line with current art ,digital and design trends.

The Venice Biennale for the first time ever achieve Carbon Neutrality in this year event. This achievement in contrast to the current conditions of Venice, sets an example of even being one of the most resource intensive events in the city, could strive for a more sustainable future. The biennale aims to further reduce it pollution by setting guidelines for visitors to follow that will lower the carbon footprint of their visits.

ARESENALE TIMELINE 7 DROUGHT 8 Interestingly, Venice is facing occasional drought due to climate change, leading un-usable canals which affects local commuters.

1. https://www.dezeen. com/2016/06/02/venicearchitecture-biennale-2016recycled-waste-exhibitionentrances-alejandro-aravena/

2. https://www.architecturalreview.com/essays/outrage/ outrage-the-venice-biennalemakes-a-mess

3. https://www.bbc.co.uk/ news/business-51364082

12-13 TH CENTURY

15-16 TH CENTURY

17-18 TH CENTURY

First Historical mention of the Arsenale. Records shown it was first built as a naval shipyard and warehouse for gunpowder.

Multiple gunpowder explosion accidents caused the Arsenale to be rebuilt

The Arsenale becomes the western naval powerhouse. Walls were built around the perimeter to protect the military compound

4. https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/ Ecology/Environmental_Science_%28Ha_ and_Schleiger%29/06%3A_Environmental_ Impacts/6.03%3A_Climate_Change/6.3.02%3A_ Data_Dive-_Flooding_in_Venice_Italy

5. https://www.theguardian.com/ world/2022/aug/10/venetians-veniceitaly-fear-city-becoming-a-museumas-population-falls-to-50000

6. https://www.bbc.com/future/ 7. https:// 8. https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/venicearticle/20220927-italys-plan-to-save-venice- imagesofvenice. canal-drought-italy-climate-scli-intl/index. from-sinking#:~:text=According%20to%20 com/the-arsenal- html#:~:text=The%20problems%20in%20 a%202021%20report,32cm%20(13in)%20 of-venice/ Venice%20are,the%20north%20of%20the%20 by%202100. country.

1980s The Arsenale becomes the home of the Venice Biennale

9. https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/2043

1.3 VENICE: HOW IT WAS BUILT

CITY SYSTEM i

iii

ii

250

L

E

125

L

ii

E

125

1550

600

D

D

B

J

There are over 400 bridges connecting the streets of venice2. Typically built along these canals, the ground underneath consists of a mixture of clay and organic materials.

The MOSE is a city wide flood gate meant to protect Venice for the foreseeable future.4 However there have been concerns on its longevity as the gates was not designed to withstand current project sea level rise.

5750

6000 150 450

150

H G

F

iii BUILDING FOUNDATION

Even though Venice does not have a cistern, countries such as Japan uses this method to alleviate heavy rainfall. Depending on the density of the city, these underground water tanks could be kilometers in length, essentially a underground city beneath a city.

As Venice is built on soft ground, most of these buildings only rise up to 2-3 stories tall. As foundation they rely on wooden stilts and masonry as building materials.

BARRIERS

B

2050

J

C

2000

Flooding in Venice mostly comes from the ground as ground water, seeping through the soft mud through the foundation. Below are some of the ways Venice and other cities in the world deal with flooding problems.

CISTERN

I

B

STREET OF VENICE

iv

2000

2500 - 4500

3400

250

GROUND WATER

COASTAL DEFENSE

500

150

SEA LEVEL 1800

i

CANAL SYSTEM

The canals in Venice typically has depths of around 2-4 meters1. Similar to how the building foundations were made, these canals were built on wood stilts and stones imported from Croatia.

600

500

FLOODING STRATEGIES

Barries are also a common scene in Venice as a flooding defense strategy. St. Mark square uses this glass barrier system to protect its delicate buildings from further corroding.5

F

A

1250

1000

iv SEWAGE SYSTEM

1:50 VENICE STREET SCAPE SECTION

Sewage systems has been implemented for hundred of years in Venice, where rainwater and waste water are drained into the canals through carved out brick pipes shown on the left. The city now requires all waste water to be filtered before dumping to the canals.3

MATERIALS A

SLUDGE LIKE CLAY MIXED WITH SHELLS

F

TIMBER PILES USUALLY 2-4 METERS IN LENGTH

B

CLAY WITH ORGANIC MATTER

G

WOODEN PLANK LAYER

C

CLAY LINING

H

STONE LAYER

D

MUD LAYER

I

ISTRIAN OR LIMESTONE

E

PAVEMENT SAND UNDER-LAYER

J

BRICK LOAD BEARING WALL

1. https://www.venezialines.com/ blog/venices-canals-built-city-builtwater/

2. https://veneziaautentica.com/bridges-in-veniceitaly/#:~:text=There%20are%20exactly%20 391%20bridges,the%20city%20was%20built%20 on.

3. https://bestveniceguides.it/ en/2020/02/28/sewage-in-venice-howdoes-it-work/

4. https://www.globalconstructionreview. com/decades-making-venices-controversialnew-sea-defen/

5. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/ dec/22/glass-barriers-keep-st-marksbasilica-dry-venice-floods

ELEVATED WALKWAYS Elevated walkways using wood panels and steel support are the most common way on traveling during flooding. They are easy to erect and dissemble.

1.4 PHYGITAL GROWTH FROM THE MAPPING OF THE BODY PHYGITAL (N) Defined as using or related with both physical and digital methodology, often a translation between two.

In response to the unit’s brief, my term 1 exploration focuses on the taxonomy of phygital body modification, where through the deficiencies of 3D scanning, a distinct mapping on the body could be generated.

Based on the mappings I simulated growth based on the roughness of the scanned surface as a syntax for how phygital growth could be implemented.

SEE HOW THE SIMULATED GROWTH REFLECTS THE MAPPING OF THE PHYGITAL BODY (3:59 - 6:31 MINS)

SCANNED SURFACE

MERIDIAN MAPPING

CONVEX

https://youtu.be/b4Mk4G_94EE

CONCAVE

GROWTH BASED ON SURFACE

LOOSE DENSE

DIGITAL OBSERVATION SCANNED GLITCHES

APPLIED GROWTH ON A GEOMETRIC SURFACE Extending the exploration of growth away from the body, I investigated the properties of a growth syntax that responds to the geometric surface of an object. By measuring the local curvature of a surface, the growth intensity is exaggerated where the curve value is the highest. On the left demonstraes the measurement of suface curvature and the resulting growth.

3D PRINTED ACCESSORY The exploration suggested the possibility of translating this syntax to the physical. One of its application is a wearable where its form and aesthetics responds to the user’s both physical and digital measurements, providing a unique expression that could not be replicated.

CONVEX CONCAVE

ARCHITECTURE AS THE BODY Naturally, the question to ask after the exploration was“Under the narrative that the architecture as the body, what does the growth signify?”. On reflection, my initial exploration towards growth is limited to only aesthetic purpose, therefore my building project attempts to further expand the use of my growth formula with a functioning purpose.

1.5 PROGRAMME OVERVIEW: IMMERSIVE ART GALLERY

CURRENT IMMERSIVE ART FRAMEWORK AUDIO

VISUAL

NUMERICAL DATA

PROPOSED IMMSERIVE ART FRAMEWORK ALTERNATE MEDIUM

VISUAL DATA (CAMERAS, LIDAR, INFRARED)

AUDIO (MICROPHONES INTERIOR & EXTERIOR)

NUMERICAL (SUN PATH, WIND, TEMPERATURE)

WHY DO WE NEED A DEDICATED IMMERSIVE GALLERY? Generative art has been gaining traction in recent years, from the hypnotic immersive art to the now popular AI generated art such as MID Journey.

However there has yet to be a space dedicated for such bespoke program, which these spaces are often located within warehouses and underground spaces. This page will demonstrate why current spaces for immersive galleries are lacking, which gave rise to the building project idea.

RECORDED DATA RECORDED DATA

IMMERSIVE ART (N)4 Experiential art that harness technologies such as VR, holography, and digital projection.

Most of these artworks partially or wholly using an digital autonomous system.

EXPANDING OUTSIDE THE 2D REALM Immersive artists have been asking for a dedicated space that would house their artworks for a long time, as they also notice the deficiencies mentioned in this page. they hope that the design of that space could utilize a similar generative algorithim in the design that could be expressed functionally and architecturally. Artist like Refik Anadol are currently working with engineers, biochemist and architects for his future projects that could become more multi dimensional. This idea coincides with my own agenda of using my growth algorithim and expand to the architectural realm.

STORED AND PROCESSED THROUGH LOCAL SERVER VISUAL AUDIO TRANSLATION THROUGH PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING/ SCRIPTED FRAMEWORK

CLIMATE SENSORS

EXISTING BUILDING RETROFITTED AS A IMMERSIVE GALLERY

ARTWORKS BECOME PART OF THE DATABASE

VISUAL/ AUDIO TRANSLATION THROUGH PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING/ SCRIPTED FRAMEWORK

As generative artist such as Refik Anadol uses captured data such as wind direction to create works such as Wind of Boston 2. I propose the building to retrofit a series of climate sensor to provide data for the artists to create their site specific artwork.

PRESENTED THROUGH DIGITAL MEDIUM BUILDING RESPONDS THROUGH ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE/ INSULATION/ VENTILATION

PRESENTED THROUGH DIGITAL MEDIUM

“I found that we were stuck in just this virtual world. I found that we are in the screens 2D flat world of imagination. I was really looking forward how we can take this machine consciousness out of the screen and bring it to the 3D world.”

Refik Anadol, Excerpt from an interiview with Wired 1

TRANSLATION FROM DATA USING PROCEDURAL GROWTH FROM TERM 1

PROJECTED VISUAL (LED SCREENS, PROJECTORS)

AUGMENTED OBJECTS THROUGH AR

WHY NOT JUST USE AN EXISTING GALLERY? A TYPICAL BIENNALE GALLERY SECTION 1 | POOR INSULATION & NO NATURAL VENTILATION Once an industrial facility for rope making2, the galleries within the biennale does not have good insulation. For a programme that uses active cooing, good insulation allows the building to run with less energy.

EXHIBITS GENRES DIRECT SUNLIGHT

VISUAL & AUDIO1 EXPERIENCES Immersive art currently uses projections or large monitors within a space to create this surreal effect. Spaces are normally dim and would require a well ventilated space as these projection equipments often produces a lot of heat. These space are simple to allow visitors to focus on the artworks themselves.

2 | UNIFIED ENIVRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

4

The legacy of rope making expresses through the long slender form of the shed under one roof. Therefore when showing digital media, curators builds make-shift blacks boxs within the gallery, which does not make use of the building.

HEAT RECIRCULATES INTERNALLY

3 | RECIRCULATING EXPELLED HEAT

3

DIGITALLY DISPLAY ARTWORK3

2

Apart from spatial art, the gallery should also be able to provide digital static artworks display on a screen for viewing. These displays could be placed throughout the corridors of the building.

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-EIVlHvHRM&ab_ channel=WIRED

HEAT EXPELLED BY ELECTRONICS

As these galleries does not have dedicated service rooms, all equipements are exposed within the building. As a result, projectors, screens and lights all expells heat into the interior. With poor insulation, cooling the heated interior while losing cool air to the outside becomes a vicious cycle.

1 4 |CLIMATE INDUCED HEAT Since the whole building is air conditioned, heat from the sun becomes one of the heat source that indirectly increase the demand for air coniditoning.

2. https://www.itakehistory.com/post/the-arsenal-of-venice

3. https://mothership.sg/2022/05/metajam-asia-2022/

4. https://www.kooness.com/posts/magazine/what-is-immersiveart#:~:text=Infinity%20Mirrored%20Room.-,So%2C%20what%20is%20 immersive%20art%3F,become%20a%20protagonist%20within%20it.

1.6 ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND HEAT OUTPUT

SCREENS

The programme of a immersive gallery naturally brings the question of energy consumption, as most of the equipment consumes significant amount of power and produce heat waste. In order to design a cooling system for the building, the energy consumption and heat output must be understood.

PROJECTORS

AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION6 For a 2-3 bedroom house with a occupancy of 2-3 people the average energy consumption is 2900kWh per year.

Assuming a 10hr on screen time and 50 percent brightness: Taking the average wattage of a 60 inch LED screen (84W): 60’ LED Screen = 146kWh per year

Assuming a 10hr on screen time and 50 percent brightness:

TYPICAL DATA CENTER ENERGY DISTRIBUTION 2 Storage and networking 16%

Cooling and support services 43%

Servers & Computers 43%

Small projectors for a projection size of 30 inches to 120 inches (50W): Small Projection Size = 91kWh per year Large Projectors for a projection size of 120 inches to 360 Large Projection Size = 219kWh per year

TYPICAL MUSEUM ENERGY DISTRIBUTION 3

SERVER ROOMS & COMPUTERS Assuming a 24hr operation time under a 60 percent load: Taking a Dell Poweredge 550 Server Rack (800w): 1 Server rack = 4200kWh per year Assuming a 10 hr operation time under a 60 percent load: Taking a average computer load (500w): 1 computer = 1095kWh per year

SPEAKERS

MORI DIGITAL ART MUSEUM The Mori Digital Art Museum uses a warehouse as their exhibition space. Over 10000 Sqm and 50 exhibits, the gallery uses 520 computers and 470 projectors to achieve this experience1.

Using the assumed calculations on the right, the gallery would consume 641850kWh per year, or a consumption of 220 average households.

THE REEL STORE The reel store being the first permanent UK immersive gallery, provides 800sqm of space for its exhibition. The gallery utilizes 14 4k laser projectors and spatial audio systems for the whole experience.

1. https://www.designboom.com/ art/mori-building-teamlab-digital-artmuseum-tokyo-05-01-2018/

2. https://energyinnovation. org/2020/03/17/how-much-energydo-data-centers-really-use/

Assuming a 10hr operation time with a average 50 percent load: Taking a mid size home theatre speaker (75W): Mid Size Speaker = 273kWh per year

Ventilation 38%

Cooling 21%

ESTIMATED ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR MAIN POWER CONSUMING PROGRAMMES PROGRAMMES

USAGE

SIZE OF MAIN ENERGY PROGRAMME CONSUMPTION

ENERGY CONSUMPTION (KWh annually)

kWh Percentage

SERVER ROOM

DAILY

150M2

COMPUTERS AND DATA STORAGE

100 SERVER RACKS CAPACITY: 100 x 4200 = 420000kWh

77.5%

DIGITAL LIBRARY

DAILY

150M2

COMPUTERS

50 COMPUTERS = 50 x 1095 = 54750kWh

10.1%

ARTISTS STUDIO

DAILY

200M2

COMPUTERS

10 COMPUTERS: 10 x 1095 2.0% kwh = 10950Kwh

IMMERSIVE GALLERIES

HALF A YEAR

3000M2

PROJECTORS, SPEAKERS

250 PROJECTORS, 150 SPEAKERS RUNNING SEVEN MONTHS = 55854 kWh

541554Kwh per year equals to 186 2-3 bedroom size house average energy consumption.

541554kWh YEARLY AVERAGE

HOW DO DATA CENTER LOSE HEAT? lighting 16%

TRADITIONAL COOLING 4 MIXED AIR

Heating and others 25%

Researching into the main energy consumptions of a typical data center and museum reveals that both programmes relies heavily on cooling and ventilation. Therefore I propose my building system would focus on minimizing the energy needed for active cooling as a strategy to overall lower the building energy consumption.

HEAT EXCHANGE

SERVER RACKS

SERVER RACKS

Traditionally, data center uses a open air cooling method. Hot air from server racks mixes with ambient air which the heat exchanger converts it into chill air and recirculates through a raised floor as a cycle.

The problem with this method is the efficiency is only mediocre as the heated waste air would still lose to the surroundings, raising the temperature of the interior. For a immersive gallery with high volume of human traffic, this method of cooling may not be ideal.

COOL AIR

HOT AISLE COOLING 4

DAMAGE TO ELECTRONICS UNDER HIGH HEAT Although electronics mentioned above generates large amount of heat, the parts itself it not design to sustain high temperatures and expects to be constantly cooled. If not cooled properly, parts might be damaged costing thousands of dollars. Therefore the cooling system for the building must be built with redundancy to ensure even if the primary cooling system fails, a backup solution for cooling could be provided.

3. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Energyconsumption-of-museums-large-open-gallery-spacesby-end-use-Source-US_fig14_320474507

10.3%

HOT AIR

HEAT EXCHANGE COOL AIR

4. https://journal.uptimeinstitute.com/a-look-at-datacenter-cooling-technologies/

SERVER RACKS

5. https://www.quora.com/How-muchof-a-computers-energy-goes-toheat#:~:text=Computers%20can’t%20make%20 energy,your%20room%20all%20the%20 time%E2%80%A6

SERVER RACKS

A hot aisle cooling method improves the traditional method by isolating the expelled air with the interior. This increases the cooling efficiency of the server rooms and does not require a raise floor for cooling. However the downside to this method is that it limited the flexibility of the server racks configuration.

In the scenario of a immersive gallery where equipments are permanent, this cooling system seems to be the most appropriate.

6. https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/information-consumers/ energy-advice-households/average-gas-andelectricity-use-explained

1.7 GROWTH AS A HEAT DISSIPATING STRATEGY For this building project, the growth formula explored in term 1 will be used on the immersive galleries external envelope, as a method to control heat dissipation and minimizing the heat transfer back into the interior. Below are some of the understanding of this concept as well as illustrating the relationship of heat output with the climate and operation of the proposed building.

USING SIMULATED GROWTH TO ABSORB MORE SOLAR RADIATED HEAT For simple hypothesis testing, I have applied my growth formula from my term 1 onto a surface.

Depending on the parameters of the formula, the growth has achieved a 40% increased in surface area.

This would mean by determine where the growth is applied on a surface, the building would have the ability to control where and how much of the rate of heat transfer occurs.

1000MM

SKIN COOLING IN NATURE ALLIGATORS 1

1000MM

This strategy of using surface area for effective cooling could be found on alligators. The protruding ridges along the backbone called scutes acts as heat regulators for the reptile to control their internal body heat. The blood of the alligators assist the cooling process by distributing heat through its vessels.

FLAT SURFACE

RIBBED SURFACE

SIMULATED GROWTH SURFACE

BASE SURFACE

15% INCREASED SURFACE AREA

25-40% INCREASED SURFACE AREA

TYPICAL SERVER RUNS AN AVERAGE 75% LOAD

ANNUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION RATE

BIENNALE PERIOD

100

50

The annual energy consumption would most likely to peak during the biennale period, as galleries would be opened to the public. Artist studio and server rooms would have a relatively constant energy consumption rate as they operate daily.

ELECTRONICS RUNS PERIODICALLY TO ENSURE NORMAL OPERATION PERMANENT ARTISTS HAVE A CONSTANT COMPUTATIONAL DEMAND

0

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

SERVER ROOM

ARTIST STUDIO

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

GALLERY

IMMSERIVE GALLERY DEMAND

HOW MANY SOLAR PANELS DOES THE BUILDING NEED?2 An average 350W 1m2 solar panel produces 132.5kWh per year (at maximum capacity and ideal orientation without blocking), realistically this energy output would be halfed in roof top solutions.

Using the calculated building energy consumption of 541554kWh, the required area of solar panels would be 541554/ (132.5/2) = 8144 m2, or 1.14 times the size of a football pitch.

ARTIST STUDIO & SERVER ROOM DEMAND

100

0

JAN

2. https://www.dimensions.com/element/ football-soccer-pitch-field

VENICE TEMPERATURE PEAKS AROUND JUL-AUG

Using the external skin as a cooling mechanism would mean that the rate of heat transfer depends on the temperature difference between the exterior and interior. As temperature of the exterior increase, so as the interior waste heat output, therefore the growth surface is justified as a responds to demand of heat dissipation and outside temperature.

50

EXTERNAL TEMPERATURE

1. https://scaquarium.org/brumation/

BIENNALE PERIOD

ANNUAL ENERGY CONVERSION RATE FROM WASTE HEAT

FEB

MAR INTERIOR WASTE HEAT

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

1.8 PROGRAMME AND SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT

IMMERSIVE ART GALLERIES X 10

With the Venice Biennale facing the problem of being out of touch with the art world limited by their physical ability to accommodate immersive art, the building project attempts to provide such experience through design and unique operation model. Environmental consideration and spatial qualities of the building play a key role for development of the project.

1550m2

PROGRAMME AND BUILDING RELATIONSHIP PRINCIPLE VISITORS

BUILDING SYSTEM

IMMERSIVE SPACE ATRIUM

CORRIDORS/ GENERAL DIGITAL GALLERY SPACE

300m2

1000m2

EDUCATION WORKSHOP GALLERY

100m2

GALLERY SPACE

VENICE BIENNALE

2950m2

WASTE HEAT RECOVERY

HEAT EXPELLED FROM ELECTRONICS

WASTE HEAT RECOVERY

VISITORS

IMMERSIVE GALLERY SPACE HEAT EXPELLED FROM SERVERS

SEMINAR ROOM

DIGITAL LIBRARY

CAFE & KITCHEN

280m2

120m2

450m2

LOCKER SPACE

BATHROOM

200m2

ARTISTS

IT TECHNICIANS

FOYER AND TEMPORARY EXHIBITION SPACE

VISITORS

BATHROOM 75m2

75m2 20m2

LIVE CAPTURE DATA FROM SITE

DATA SERVERS

PROVIDE DATA UNIQUE FROM SITE

GENERAL PUBLIC SPACES

ARTIST STUDIOS

1220m2

LOADING BAY

ADMINISTRATION/ TECHNICIAN OFFICE (12 STAFF) 100m2

ARRIVE BY FERRY

DIGITAL ARCHIVE & SERVER ROOMS

CONFERENCE ROOM 15m2

100m2

ARTIST/ STAFF

UPS ROOM FERRY DROP OFF 50m2 50m2

XR SPACE/ RECORDING STUDIO 1

DIGITAL ARCHIVE & SERVER ROOM2

DIGITAL LIBRARY3

ARTIST STUDIO (8 DIGITAL ARTISTS)

The XR space/ Recording Studio allows artist in residence to test and experiment on the latest digital recording equipment, such as AR headsets and LIDAR scanner, which would help them to design and create immersive artworks.

All past and present artworks that were displayed in the gallery are stored within the local servers. This is one of the immersive gallery biggest assets, as it contains some of the most unique and well preserved digital works.

Visitors that would like to search for past and presents digital artworks could access it through the digital library. Computers and VR headset are provided for viewing these works.

100m2

1. https://www.cambridgeconsultants.com/ expertise/augmented-reality-virtual-reality

2. https://www.racksolutions.com/news/blog/ server-room-explained/

3. https://leedsinternationalacademy.com/ facilities-in-general/digital-library/

XR SPACE/ RECORDING STUDIO 25m2

CONSERVATION AND CURATION 290m2

SUPPORT SERVICES 180m2

ISOLATED AND COULD ONLY BE ACCESS THROUGH STAFF SPACE

WATER SOURCE HEAT PUMP ROOM

30m2

1.9 BUILDING MASSING STRATEGY The massing strategy attempts to bring a level of spatial complexity into a relatively regular urban grid. The ground floor of the site it generally untouched, allowing visitors to now being able to pass through a once fenced off site. Spatially and functionally, the immersion galleries are situated within pods allowing them to truly have a isolated immersive experience, away from outside interference.

ISOLATION

LAYERED CORRIDORS

The immersive galleries asks for a environment completely different with the other programmes within the building. Therefore the proposal is to isolate these spaces in the form of a pod that are dispersed throughout the floors of the building.

The corridors spread out in 3 floors are irregular in nature, this allows a unpredictable spatial quality throughout the building, with multiple atrium and light wells filling the space within. The tilting walls also allows a large roof footprint, which meant that more solar panels could be installed.

INTERSECTING VOLUMES

EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC SECTIONS

The strategies for the design logic led to a spatially complex interior as well as a distinct exterior. Externally, the pods stands out with its alienating surface and form. The interior continues the science fiction impression with its twisting unpredictable corridors, making every single space within the building unqiue and memorable. The exploded axonometric attempts to illustrate its complexity by indicating the section out of the immersion pods as red, while the circulations are indicated as blue.

VIEW 2

FENCED MILITARY ZONE

VIEW 1 ALBANIAN PAVILION

SOUTH AFRICAN PAVILION

CURRENT VISITOR PATHWAY

EXISTING SITE CONDITIONS Currently, the site is surrounded by the Albanian pavilion as well as the South African pavilion, obstructed by a fenced military warehouse. For visitors that would like to proceed to other Arsenale areas, they must pass through an existing narrow alleyway in order to get access. The immersive gallery opens up ground level of the military area as public spaces, while also introducing a new cafe which the Biennale desperately needs.

SECOND FLOOR 2/F

ALBANIAN PAVILION

VIEW 1

SOUTH AFRICAN PAVILION

VIEW 2

EXSITING BULDING

EXISTING PATH

EXSITING BULDING

ALBANIAN PAVILION

APPROACH FROM THE AFRICAN PAVILION

EXISTING PATH

FIRST FLOOR 1/F

APPROACH FROM ARMSTRONG MITCHELL CRANE

APPROACH BY WATER

GROUND FLOOR G/F

ACCESS CIRCULATION LEGEND HORIZONTAL ACCESS CIRCULATION VERITCAL LIFT ACCESS VERTICAL PUBLIC STAIRCASE ACCESS VERTICAL EGRESS ROUTE BASEMENT FLOOR B1

1.11 STRUCTURAL OVERVIEW The superstructure consists of a series of steel columns and beams, with 4 structural cores acting as “super columns”. The immersion pods is structural independent with the building structure, utilizing both a steel semi monocoque chassis & topologically optimized floor plate. This allows the immersion pod to be fabricated off site in order to minimize the interference with the surround Biennale galleries.

STRUCTURAL FRAMING PLAN 1/F The annotative drawing below shows how the immersion pod and building structure relies on each other in order to be overall structurally stable. Generally, a steel beam will span no longer than 5 meters in order for the steel deck to be placed on top. Although the immersion pod itself has a standalone structure, it provides the stiffness and the lateral stability for the buidling steel structure

0

690 VENICE IN CONTEXT1

0

Venice historically is built upon soft grounds, mixed with mostly gravel, clay and dirt. To ensure buildings have a solid foundation, Venetians used wood driven piles to erect their masonry structure. Similarly, the building project faces a similar problem. Therefore a series of concrete friction piles are used, both on water and the existing building structure.

720

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BRIDGES AND CANTILEVER 2

CANTILEVER SECTION ON 2/F

The building consists of two bridges connecting the existing building with the new building, as well a 10 meter canter-liver structure on the northern most part of the building. The structure for these parts of the building would be an external truss frame, demonstrated by Zaha hadid’s Antwerp port house.

6.50M

BUILDING PRINCIPAL STRUCTURAL LOGIC

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LOAD BEARING VERTICAL ELEMENTS

BUILDING LOAD BEARING ELEMENTS OVERVIEW

1. https://allaboutvenice.com/how-wasvenice-built/

2. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ef/0e/07/ ef0e07b2870fbf4128c02e6c7fcc024a. jpg

IMMERSION POD FRAMING STRUCTURE BRIDGE CONNECTION

VERTICAL LOAD BEARING ELEMENTS

CANTILIVER SECTION

HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS

STEEL DECK DIRECTION

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1.12 IMMERSION PODS OVERVIEW The immersion pods is what makes this immersive gallery possible, as all immersive galleries are located in one of these pods. Below are some of the important requirements that these pods need to achieve, which the report will explore in detail as to how this is resolved through design.

IMMERSION PODS CONSUMPTION TABLE

HOT AIR CONCENTRATES ON TOP

TYPE OF IMMERSION POD

SIZE OF PODS(M2)

NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

SURFACE AREA OF POD (M2)

AMOUNT OF STEEL NEEDED (TONS)*

AMOUNT OF ALUMINUM NEEDED** (TONS)

AVERAGE ENERGY CONSUMPTION ***(kWh)

PUBLIC ATRIUM IMMERSION POD

236

157

1582

49.97

27.76

9805

EDUCATION IMMERSION POD

90

60

555

17.53

9.74

3439

PUBLIC HALL

320

250

1262

39.87

22.15

7822

IMMERSION POD 04

150

100

881

27.83

15.46

5460

IMMERSION POD 05

82

55

664

20.97

11.65

4115

IMMERSION POD 06

100

67

561

17.73

9.85

3476

IMMERSION POD 07

79

53

531

16.78

9.32

3290

IMMERSION POD 08

41

28

378

11.9

6.63

2342

IMMERSION POD 09

150

100

795

25.11

13.95

4927

IMMERSION POD 10

106

71

488

15.41

8.56

3024

IMMERSION POD 11

50

34

353

11.16

6.20

2187

IMMERSION POD 12

68

46

397

12.55

6.97

2460

IMMERSION POD 13

91

61

565

17.86

9.92

3502

TOTAL

1563

1082

9012

284.67

158.16

55854

OUTSIDE TEMP 5-30c

ENVIRONMENTALLY ISOLATED In order to provide an accurate depiction of the immersiveness designed by the artist, the space itself should not be affected by noise, light and weather from the outside.

INTERNAL TEMPERATURE 21-24c

INDEPENDENT COOLING As shown on the previous pages, immersive galleries generates a lot of heat due to its reliance on projectors and speakers. Therefore dedicated cooling strategy is needed for the immersion pods.

HONG KONG LYRIC THEATRE 1

STRUCTURALLY LIGHTWEIGHT Structurally, the immersion pod hangs along the structural frame of the building. Therefore the pods itself must be lightweight for it to be manufactured and installed on site.

ENVELOPE TEMPERATURE 45-55c

Isolated experience could often be found in theaters, one of which is the Hong Kong Lyric theatre. As a underground train tunnel passes under the site, the building foundation is isolated with hundreds of springs, allowing the internal spaces to not be affect by external vibrations.

EDUCATION IMMERSION POD Adjacent to the education workshop, the education immersion pod invites visitor to design and create their own immersive reality within the education immersion pod

* Using immersion pod 8 as reference, the weight of the steel structure (hollow 10mm thickness) is around 1.8 times the weight of the aluminum skin (assuming 5mm thickness)

12

** Based on measuring the surface area of each pod and assuming the aluminum skin is 5 mm thick and the total surface area is 1.25 times larger after simulated growth.

*** Estimating the energy consumption with number of projectors and speakers in the pod

DT 1

13 DT 1 COOLING CAPABILITIES

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IMMERSION POD 8 Most of the construction demonstration of the immersion pod will be referencing this particular pod

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8 7

4

With the immense heat generated by the electronic equipment, a series of cooling systems are integrated within the pod to capture or redirect the heat.

A mono-tube shock absorber isolates the shell of the pod with the building structure, reducing the transfer of vibration through its structural connection.

1

5 6

PUBLIC HALL DT 3 LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION

Able to seat 100 people, the public hall provides a stage for performative digital art, as well as cinema grade visualization for a large crowd.

PUBLIC ATRIUM IMMERSION POD Just in front of the main entrance, all visitors are first greeted by a full height immersion pod, which is also the largest pod within the building. The atrium provides public seating where guest could gaze upon the immersive artworks that embraces the space.

1. https://www.unstudio.com/en/ page/11729/lyric-theatre-complex

DT 2 ISOLATED BASE

3

DT 2

DT 3

IMMERSION POD 8 SECTION

The Immersion pod floor plates are topologically optimized to further shed any unecessary weight.

1.13 COOLING STRATEGY OVERVIEW

DIVERSION PIPE

The cooling/ heating pipes acts as the veins of the building, regulating the internal temperature of the galleries. Cool water is first pumped from the sea and carries upwards through the cores and to the designated spaces. Water gets heated by expelled heat and recirculates back to the basement, where the heat pump redirects the heat to where it is needed.

IMMERSION POD COMPRESSOR

AIR HANDLING UNIT AHUs are responsible for pumping a constant airflow through the pods.

They do not contain refrigerants as the cooling will be done by cooling pipes.

HEAT ABSORBING PIPES HEATING/COOLING PIPES

SECOND FLOOR

FILTRATION TANK

OPEN LOOP WATER SOURCE HEAT PUMP SYSTEM1

COMPRESSOR

WATER SOURCE HEAT PUMP

To respond to the diverse climate of Venice, the cooling system could be operated in both ways depending whether the building needs heating. Therefore a pair of system would be needed for the whole loop.

FIRST FLOOR Two layers of copper pipes are situated on the ceiling and floor of the immersion pod

A open loop water source system uses the sea to dissipate heat or extract coolant using seawater. A series of filtration & compression allows the water to pump through the entire outer surface of the immersion pod, where the collected heat could be used for other purposes.

SEAWATER INTAKE / OUT TAKE PIPE

DIVERSION PIPE

OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE GRADIENT 15-35c

WATER SOURCE HEAT PUMP VS AIR CONDITIONING2

OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE GRADIENT 0-15c EXCESS HEAT

TEMPERATURE GRADIENT 40-55c

TEMPERATURE GRADIENT 40-55c

TEMPERATURE GRADIENT 21-24c

TEMPERATURE GRADIENT 21-24c

GROUND FLOOR

The server room sits below water, closest to the heat pump to mimize heat lost during transfer of heat EXTRACTED HEAT CARRIED BY PIPES

INTAKE PIPES

EXTRACTED HEAT CARRIED BY PIPES COOL WATER FROM SEA

BASEMENT FLOOR

HOT WEATHER (MAR-OCT) COOLING STRATEGY

1. https://energysavingtrust.org.uk/ advice/water-source-heat-pumps/

2. https://www.homebuilding.co.uk/ advice/heat-pumps-vs-air-conditioners

3. https://seatemperature.net/current/italy/venice-veneto-italy-seatemperature#:~:text=Average%20annual%20water%20temperature%20 on,81%C2%B0F)%20in%20August.

SEAWATER INTAKE/ OUT TAKE PIPE

RECIRCULATED HEATED WATER

COLD WEATHER (OCT-MAR) HEATING STRATEGY

Air conditioning (or air to air heat pump) has been a popular choice of cooling for most building, as they do not need to rely heavily on water. However in terms of efficiency, they vary depending on the outside temperature differences. Furthermore, the capacity of heat carrying by air is much lower than water. which would increase the energy demand for the AHUs. Therefore, the project will rely on water as its source of coolant, as the seawater of Venice sits around 12 - 18c3.

1.14 ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW

WASTE HEAT MANAGEMENT

LIGHTING STRATEGY

VENTILATION STRATEGY

WASTE HEAT RECYCLING SYSTEM INTERGRATED IN FLOOR AND CEILING

Due to the size of the project, most of the construction and environmental aspects will be shown through the partial section on the right. Section 3 mainly focuses on the building’s ventilation, waste heat management and lighting performance, which all are essential to a immersive gallery experience.

INTERNAL COMFORT

ROOF SOLAR PANELS

With the immense heat output from the building, a clear strategy must be devised through the cooling pipes and ventilation in order to allow the gallery to efficiently extract heat out of the interior.

DT3

DT1

LIGHTING SPECTRUM

SECTION FRAGMENT

Isolating the immersive galleries brings out the question of the lighting conditions of these circulation spaces. The lighting condition must consider the effects on eye strain when lighting conditions changes drastically.

RECYCLING WASTE HEAT BLOOMBERG HEADQUARTERS CASE STUDY 1 2 The Bloomberg headquarters is considered one of the most energy efficient office buildings in the world.

The building recycles its own waste heat captured from building services and re-purposes it for internal heating.

Furthermore, air is chilled by ceiling panels which are perforated aluminum panels that are chilled. These strategies along with other energy efficient designs within the building helped Bloomberg to save 500 tonnes of carbon each year.

DT2

VENICE WEATHER 33C

16C

0C JAN

JUN

DEC

Venice throughout the years could reach up to 35c down to 0c. Therefore, energy strategies in the building will need to respond to two extremes of its climate.

Venice having good sun exposure throughout the year, means that solar energy is a suitable source of energy for the building.

COOL WATER USED FOR ABSORBING EXPELLED HEAT AIR CIRCULATION PATH HOT WEATHER SCENARIO: COOL WATER USED FOR PROVIDE COOLING FOR OCCUPANTS COLD WEATHER SCENARIO: ABSORBED HOT WATER USED FOR PROVIDE INTERNAL HEATING FOR THE BUILDING

1.https://architizer.com/blog/practice/ details/foster-partners-bloombergsuspended-ceiling/

2. https://www.bloomberg.com/ company/press/bloomberg-mostsustainable-office-building/

300 LUX

1200 LUX

INTAKE/OUTAKE VENTS LOCATON WITHIN THE BUILDING

LIGHT SPECTRUM BETWEEN SPACES ELECTRONICS THAT EMIT HEAT WITHIN THE BUILDING

IMMERSION POD DESIGN The immersion pod external envelope responds the to environment aesthetically as well as functionally. It skin growth formation is derived from a digital simulation that responds to sun intensity and direction, while functionally the increased surface area provides a more efficient surface for the pods to be cooled when needed.

AIR CIRCULATION PATH FOR IMMERSION PODS 5000 LUX

HOT AIR

AHU FOR IMMERSION POD ACTIVE VENTILATION

DT 1: WASTE HEAT MANAGEMENT

DT 2: LIGHTING STRATEGY

DT 3: VENTILATION STRATEGY

Other than providing diffuse natural sunlight into the interior, the long fins blocking direct sunlight also act as a heat absorption device.

Heated air rises and are trapped between the fins where the cool copper pipes exchanges heat with the surrounding air.

Other than providing diffuse natural sunlight into the interior, the long fins blocking direct sunlight also act as a heat absorption device. Heated air rises and are trapped between the fins where the cool copper pipes exchanges heat with the surrounding air.

As the immersion pod generates much more waste heat than all the programmes within the building, separate AHUs are installed for these pods, allowing larger volumes of air passing through the interior.

1.15 MATERIAL OVERVIEW The material choice for the building surrounds the idea of the building performance and construction requirements. This pages gives a general overview of how the materials corresponds the programmes requirement and site context.

IMMERSION POD MATERIALITY

EXTERNAL ENVELOPE MATERIALITY

ENERGY EFFICIENT MATERIALS The choice of materials must work in parallel with the energy efficient strategy of the building, therefore the thermal conductive materials are strategically places amongst areas that needs to absorb heat.

LIGHTWEIGHT & DURABLE COMPONENTS

1. 3D PRINTED ALUMINUM SKIN

The immersive pods need to choose materials that are lightweight and corrosion resistant for ease of construction, operation and maintenance.

BUILDING MATERIAL

ALUMINUM

STEEL

THERMAL TRANSMISSION w/ (mK)

235

45

DENSITY (IN KG/M3)

2700-2800

7750-8050

MARINE CORROSION RESISTANT?

YES

NO

EMBODIED CARBON (kg CO2/kg)

11.5 (RECYCLED ALUMINUM 2.32)

2.7

ENERGY NEEDED FOR RECYCLING

LOW

HIGH

2. POLISHED CONCRETE SCREED FINISH

3. G.M.S WHITE FINISH EXTERNAL WALL

4. PALE DARK BLUE SOLAR TILES

5. DOUBLE HEIGHT CURTAIN WALL

6. 3D PRINTED ALUMINUM CLADDING

7. DARK BRUSHED PERFORATED METAL FLOOR

8. COPPER HEAT PIPES

IMMERSION POD PARTIAL WALL SECTION

SECTION FRAGMENT

HYDRO R75 ROLLED ALUMINUM1

The building project will use a special aluminum mix of 75% percent recycled material and 25 % scrap metal aluminum composite.

6 7

4 8

1

ALUMINUM VS STEEL PROPERTIES Due to the building cooling requirements and design, a significant portion of the building consists of aluminum panels. Aluminum when compared to others materials has high amount of embodied carbon.

However, with its corrosion resistant and high thermal conductivity properties, it could be justified as it would lower the building operation carbon emission. Furthermore, when using recycled aluminum (which is what the building is using), the embodied carbon is reduced significantly.

2

VENICE PRIMARY COLOR PALETTE

3 PALE MASONRY

ROOF SHINGLES

VEGETATIONS

WATER

CONCRETE COLOR

TEXTURED SKIN COLOR

ROOF SOLAR PANELS

9

STEEL EXTERNAL WALLS

The choice for the building’s color shows a stark contrast with its Venice materiality and color.

The argument for such a decision is the building seemingly out of place aesthetics is a symbolic understanding of the programme that the building shelters. The immersive galleries are in every way completely different to a conventional art gallery such as the Biennale. As such, the design reflects its unique nature by intentionally making it stand out amongst its context.

2. https://optimasystems.com/hydrocircal-low-carbon-glass-partitions/

10. DARK GREY INTUMESCENT PAINT ON STEEL TUBES & COLUMNS

5

EXTERNAL ENVELOPE SECTION

1.https://architizer.com/blog/practice/ details/foster-partners-bloombergsuspended-ceiling/

9. POLISHED G.M.S CLADDING

10

EXTERIOR BUILDING PRIMARY COLOR PALETTE

STEEL COLUMN TO FLOOR CONNECTION

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1.16 FIRE STRATEGY OVERVIEW

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BUILDING RESPONSE TO FIRE SAFETY PART B 1

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REQUIREMENT B1: MEANS OF WARNINGS AND ESCAPE

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FIRE RATED CORE WITH FIREFIGHTING LIFT & LOBBY

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REQUIREMENT B4: EXTERNAL FIRE SPREAD

As the building facade consists or either glass or metal elements, the surface is generally non combustible. In the case of solar panels catching fire due to electronic failure, the occupants should have adequate time to escape as solar panels are located on the roof and is not likely to spread downwards. All immersion pods are compartmentalized with 60 mins for fire protection.

As the building is generally away from most of the nearby building structures, it is unlikely that fire would spread between buildings. For parts of the building that sits on a existing building structure, the external building material is not flammable and its interior is fitted with modern fire suppression systems.

REQUIREMENT B3: INTERNAL FIRE SPREAD (STRUCTURE)

REQUIREMENT B5: ACCESS AND FACILITIES FOR THE FIRE SERVICE

The building uses steel and concrete as its structure.

Exposed steel columns and beams would be painted with intumescent paint for fire protection. all fire egress are equipped with fire resistant doors and panic push bars.

The immersion pods also in its nature compartmentalized, preventing fire spread internally.

Unlike most cities, Venice relies on fire fighting boats, which it would have easy access of parts of the building that is on water. The fire brigade would also have the option to enter the building through the four cores and the loading bay on the ground level. A firefighting lift with fireproof firefight lobby is provided. Fire hydrants and water inlets throughout the building provides water to put out the fire.

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WITH FIREFIGHTING SECOND FLOOR PLAN 0

1.https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/ system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1124733/Approved_ Document_B__fire_safety__volume_1_-_Dwellings__2019_edition_ incorporating_2020_and_2022_amendments.pdf

FIRE RATED CORE

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REQUIREMENT B2: INTERNAL FIRE SPREAD (LININGS)

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1800 x 1500MM DISABLED REFUGE SPACE

Disabled refuge space is provided within the fire rated cores. The space ensures that the escape path is not obstructed with people in wheel chair waiting for help. A firefighting lift with a glass fire lobby is provided for firefighting access.

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To ensure visitors and staff could escape in reasonable time, 4 fire egress staircase with 2 hours of fire protection are positioned so that even the furthest corners of the building could reach the nearest cores within 35 meters.

All immersion pods exits are also equipped with emergency exit signs.

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This page demonstrates the buildings compliance to fire safety requirements under UK Document B. Diagrammatically the escape routes are indicated on the left through a series of plans. The page also shows the response towards the building being an electrical fire hazard by implementing a system of powder based suppression systems.

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2. https://www.gielle.it/fire-protection-systems/powder-firesuppression-systems/

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3. https://www.firesealsdirect.co.uk/advice-centre/how-to-applyintumescent-paint/#:~:text=Intumescent%20paints%20are%20 a%20type,reaching%20their%20critical%20failure%20temperature.

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ELECTRICAL FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM 2

INTUMESCENT COATING 3

As the building has a level of possibility of encountering a electrical fire, using a typical water or foam suppression system might cause electrocution. Therefore powder sprinklers would be fitting within immersion pods. Along with CO2 extinguishers, powder extinguishers would also be provided in the building.

As steel loses half its strength between 600-650c, structural steel elements would need intumescent coating to sustain a fire. The paint will expand as a char when heated which would acts as a insulation and extend the steel strength ability under fire. Complying with document B most spaces will provide 60 mins protection paint for general areas.

2.1 CONSTRUCTION OVERVIEW & FRAGMENTS

EXISTING BUILDING STRUCTURAL CONDITIONS

30M

This page demonstrates an overview of how the choice of materials, construction methods, and MEP integration led to the aesthetics and operation of the building section on the right. Each fragments shown regarding the building construction is just a general overview and will be studied in more detail in the coming pages.

AVOIDING DEWATER CONSTRUCTION 3 The industry is leaning towards less intrusive construction methods other than cofferdams, as they often take more time and causes more safety issues. This project proposes using drill shafts to create the foundation for the building. This method drills in a caisson steel framework into the water bed and fills in the frame with concrete.

This method is generally used in waters that has little current that would affect the curing process of the concrete.

Using the scanned textures and point clouds from the site reveals that the building overall not well maintained and suffers some degradation. The result suggest that it could not sustain extra load and would require additional support.

SITE LOCATION

ACCESSIBILITY Barges would travel to the site through a 30 meter wide channel right off the edge of the Arsenale.

STEEL STRUCTURE

IMMERIONS POD EXTERIOR PARTIAL SECTION

The primary structural material used for the building and immersion pod is steel coated with intumescent paint. For exposed columns, an additional Galvanized Mild Steel cladding is applied for aesthetics reasons.

UNDERWATER SERVER ROOM 1

BUILDING GENERAL ENVELOPE DESIGN

3D PRINTED ALUMINUM TEXTURED SKIN

FLUSHED SCREEN DISPLAY EMBEDDED IN WALL

POLISHED CONCRETE FINISH ON STEEL DECK

VENTILATION VENTS

TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZED STEEL FLOOR PLATE

Since the server room is located underwater, I propose the structure to be built off site and floated on site, in reference to Snohetta underwater restaurant construction method.

GENERAL CIRCULATION

SEMI MONOCOQUE STRUCTURE 4

For most of the immersion pods, the structure utilizes a semi monocoque structure, referencing car and plane chassis. To minimize production cost, the frame would use typical hollow steel rectangular tubes, which are then welded together on site.

GENERAL CIRCULATION

GALLERY SPACE/ CIRCULATION

NEW STRUCTURE OVER EXISTING BUILDING

HOLLOW STEEL TUBE COLUMN WITH GMS CLADDING

FOYER

By reusing most of the existing structures on the site, the developed reduces the need of acquiring new building materials, while bringing a sense of material familiarity of the site context into the design. New friction piles structures are installed next existing masonry structural walls.

ON WATER FRICTION PILE

CONCRETE TRANSFER PLATE

CONCRETE PILES WITH STEEL REINFORCEMENT

WOODEN PILES

1. https://www.dezeen.com/2019/03/26/under-snohettaunderwater-restaurant-construction/

PUBLIC ATRIUM IMMERSION POD

2. https://www.wenext.com/blog/3D-Printing/slm-3d-printingservice

3. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=URC125wpMS4&t=416s&ab_ channel=PracticalEngineering

4. http://home.iitk.ac.in/~mohite/Aircraft_ components.pdf

2.2 CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE TEMPORARY VISITING CENTER

Considering the site with its sound sensitive nature, the building will be constructed when no visitors are on site. Therefore time management for the project is a important factor for its success.

The time frame of these construction are with reference with the construction timeline shown in section 4.

TIME CONSTRAINT The building targets to be constructed only during non Biennale period, which spans 6 months during December to May. Therefore the construction will occur between 2026 Dec - May and 2027 Dec - May. The sequence will demonstrate how the construction would be progress and how this strategy help created an engagement opportunity with visitors.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND MACHINERY BARGES & TUGBOATS 1

SETUP AND DEMOLITION (4 WEEKS)

FOUNDATION ERECTED, TEMPORARY GRAVEL ROAD PAVED (20 WEEKS)

HOARDING REMOVED, NEXT BIENNALE STARTS (6 MONTHS)

SETUP AND DEMOLITION (2 WEEKS)

Right after the last day of Biennale, workers arrives at the site and sets up the hoarding and water net around the site. Diggers arrive and demolishes the existing armory bunker.

Barges move into the site and prepares for the installation of friction piles on water. Workers first creates caisson around the friction pile location and water is pumped out. Steel rebars are then set in place where concrete is filled to the designated height. These piles top are then covered for protection, and are left alone until next year. The existing building internal undergoes simple retrofitting to allow a temporary exhibition space dedicated for explaining the building project development to the visitors. Simple landscape works are also done to allow a new path to be made through the site.

Hoardings and water net are removed and stored at a nearby warehouse for reuse. The 61st Arte Biennale starts. Visitors now have the opportunity to be informed of a upcoming development right outside of the visiting center, as this is a also an opportunity to fulfill UNESCO public engagement commitment. Friction piles on the water at this stage looks like pebbles right on top of the water. Prefabricated components starts shipping onto a nearby warehouse ready for assembly.

After the last day of the Biennale, a perimeter is again quickly erected, this time along with a site office and temporary shelter for the later on immersion pod assembly. A crane base is also installed on the site.

Barges started to bring in the pre-cast concrete blocks and assemble the ground floor. The exsiting building on the site gets partially demolished and the ground is excavated for the installation of friction pile.

CORE ERECTED, SUPERSTRUCTURE ASSEMBLED (4 WEEKS)

IMMERSION PODS ASSEMBLED, STEEL FLOOR STRUCTURE ERECTED (4 WEEKS)

IMMERSION PODS LIFTED INTO PLACE, FLOORS COVERED (6 WEEKS)

INTERNAL FITTINGS, TESTING AND LANDSCAPING (4 WEEKS)

Once the crane is installed, it is used to lift in the pre-cast concrete cores into place. The off site manufactured underwater server room is now in place and anchored to the seabed. Columns that supports the floor plates and erected in prepare of the construction of floor plates structure.

Immersion pod components arrives to the site and are welded and assembled in the temporary shelter. The two largest pods, the public atrium and seminar rooms are fitted with priority due to its size and complexity. Steel floor beams are installed and workers starting from the lowest floors starts to install the steel deck.

The immersion pods one by one are lifted into place by a crane, starting from the immersion pod on the lowest floors. Once the immersion pod with its structural frame is installed, the workers quickly install the pod’s vapor barrier and water proof layer so that the internal and external fittings of the pods could be executed in parallel.

The internal floors are fitted and solar panels on the roof top is lift into place.

The cranes at this point could be removed as the external walls could be installed from the inside of the building.

With the temporary shelter removed, this frees up the ground floor for landscaping while the internal MEP and electronics are installed in parallel. Lastly the perimeter hoarding and water net is removed and operational testing are conducted.

A combination of barges and tugboats would be used to bring in building materials and construction vehicles onto the site. The tugboat will assists the barge to navigate through the lagoons on Venice.

TOWER CRANE REACH

TOWER CRANE 2 Considering the tower crane to have a maximum span of 70M and could lift materials up to 100 tons, it should be easily able to hoist all of the immersion pods into place.

>70M

1. https://www.dannoceantowing.com/tugboat-bargetransportation/#:~:text=When%20large%20ships%20or%20barges,a%20 thousand%20times%20their%20size.

2. https://www.ace-cranes.com/equipment/towercranes#:~:text=Fixed%20Tower%20Crane%20is%20 used,5%20tons%20to%2025%20tons.

3. https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/World_heritage_ site

2.3 MEP OVERVIEW & DETAIL CONSIDERATION

UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY (UPS)1 A UPS essentially is a battery for a building, where it could serve as a stable source of power during a blackout. However it could only power the building for a short period of time, and for this project case, it will most likely be used for overheating preventions for electronics during blackouts & emergency lighting and fire suppression during a fire.

Considering the large amount of electronics within the building (projectors, speakers, light strips, AHUs etc.) this page shows how these equipment would be installed as concealed as possible in the building. The building also relies on a UPS system in case of the power outage within the region, in which the UPS will provide a short period of power so that the immersion pods equipment could have enough time to backup any data and purge the remaining heat before shutdown to prevent risk of damage.

BALUSTRADE WITH HEATED/ COOLED SURFACE

COPPER WATER PIPES EMBEDDED IN RAILING

ALUMINUM BALUSTRADE

BALUSTRADE & LIGHTING INTEGRATION

WOOFERS SUB-WOOFERS

The balustrades provides thermal comfort to the users by running cool or heated water through it.

As the building in general is dimly lit, lights are flushed or concealed within the details to avoid tripping over. The light strips also acts as a guide leading visitors around pods throughout the building.

BUILDING PRIMARY ELECTRICAL & MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM LOGIC AREAS WITH DEDICATED AHUs SOLAR PANELS UPS BATTERY CELL ELECTRICAL WIRING PATH

IMMERSION POD SYSTEM MEP SUBWOOFERS AND WOOFERS The speaker surrounds system utilities 8 woofers (mid to high frequency) and sub woofers (low frequency), situated from the bottom & the top of the pods, installed on railings.

SECOND FLOOR

EMBEDDED VENTILATION VENTS

BALUSTRADE GLASS

POLISHED CONCRETE FLOOR FINISH

EGRESS LIGHTS PROJECTORS

EMBEDDED LED LIGHT STRIPS

PROJECTORS & EGRESS LIGHTS 20 projectors are installed (top & bottom 10 each) which the cone of projection from each projector overlaps, ensuring that even if one of the projectors are blocked or fails the surround projectors could still provide a immersive experience.

STEEL VENTILATION DUCTS

FLOOR & CEILING COOLING PIPES INTEGRATION

POLISHED CONCRETE FLOOR FINISH

SERVICES AND DUCTS BETWEEN CEILING AND FLOOR

COPPER PIPES EMBEDDED WITHIN CONCRETE INFILL

COPPER PIPES ABOVE PEFORATED METAL CEILING

The cooling and heating of the general circulations relies on ventilation and water pipes embedded in the floors and ceiling. The concrete flooring acts as a cooling/heating pad with its high thermal mass while pipes on the ceiling absorbs heat from the building.

FIRST FLOOR

AHU

AHU & COOLING PIPES A series of AHUs are mounted on the top and bottom of the pod, feeding a constant flow of fresh air to the interior, while passing through the water pipes ensures the interior is temperature regulated.

GROUND FLOOR

HOT AIR FROM THE FLOOR BELOW

BASEMENT FLOOR

1. https://www.usaid.gov/energy/powering-health/system-components/ uninterruptible-power-supplies#:~:text=Uninterruptible%20power%20supplies%20 provide%20backup,protecting%20the%20equipment%20from%20damage.

2.4 FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION & RESPONSE TO WATER

TRANSFER PLATE ABOVE

CONCRETE PILE CAP

FLOODING RESPONSE

SKYLIGHT

Projecting flooding to reach up to 2M in the next 100 years, the internal ground floor is elevated above 2.5M sea level (1.5M above ground level). Ramps and stairs are used to adjust between these level difference.

WATER LEVEL AVERAGE WATER TEMP: 12-18c

UPS ROOM

SEDIMENT LAYER

ARRIVE BY WATER During the closure of the Biennale, artists and Staff could only arrive by water, therefore, a loading bay provides ease of access into the building.

G.M.S CLADDING ( POLISHED)

HEAT PUMP ROOM

MICROSOFT UNDERWATER SERVER ROOM - PROJECT NATICK1 By situating underwater, project Natick proved that the risk of server failure from external sources are reduced by 80%.

SERVER ROOM 300X600MM HOLLOW STEEL COLUMN WITH INTUMESCENT COATING (DARK GREY)

HEAT PIPES CIRCULATION

PRECAST CONCRETE ASSEMBLY2 In order to reduce on site construction time, the ground floor and concrete floors will be assembled with pre cast concrete.

UNDERWATER SERVER ROOM STRATEGY

WATER COOLED PIPES WITHIN FLOOR FINISH

The server room is submerge beneath the water along with the UPS and heat pump room. The water surrounding it acts as a cooling device as well as a protection barrier from outside interference.

WELDED CONNECTION

STEEL PLATE BOLTED TO CONCRETE FLOOR

GROUND FLOOR COLUMN CONNECTION

PUBLIC ATRIUM BIGSTEP SEATING RAMPED ENTRANCE PRECAST CONCRETE BLOCK STRUCTURAL CORE LOCATION

WATER LEVEL UNDERWATER SERVER ROOM

40006000MM DEEP

500X1000MM CONCRETE COLUMN WITH STEEL REBAR SUPPORT 500MM PILE CAP WITH STEEL REBAR SUPPORT

SEDIMENT LAYER PRECAST CONCRETE CORE

1750MM

GROUND FLOOR PRECAST FLOOR PLATE

1. https://news.microsoft.com/source/features/sustainability/ project-natick-underwater-datacenter/

2. https://www.archdaily.com/996804/what-is-the-difference-between-precast-andprefabricated-concrete-structures

FLOODING RESPONSE The loading bay is design to have 2 levels in order to accommodate the occasional flooding in Venice. Ramps and stairs are installed for easy loading and off loading of equipments.

Egress cores are made with precast concrete for its ease of assembly as well as being fire proof.

Additional friction piles are needed for its weight.

15000MM CONCRETE PILE WITH STEEL REINFORCEMENT

FRICTION PILE ON WATER BREAKDOWN

2.5 IMMERSION POD STRUCTURAL PRINCIPLE To illustrate the structural principal of the immersion pods, I have chosen immersion pod 8 as an example. The structure of the pod acts as a lightweight shell that opens up a column free interior.

LIGHTWEIGHT

SELF STANDING

The nature of the immersion pods requires the structurally lightweight. To achieve this, a semi monocoque steel structure will be used.

The immersion pod should be able to stand on its own for ease of assembly when installed on the building.

The topology optimized floor plate and cross bracings helps the structure to stiffen itself.

DT1: UNI BODY FRAME & CONNECTION TO SUB FRAME

The sub frame that secures the external skin is mounted on a backers board, where the board is then installed onto the structural frame.

WELDED CONNECTION 150x100MM STEEL TUBE

BACKERS BOARD STEEL L-BRACKET

HEX BOLT 35x35MM STEEL RIB

17200MM

CROSS BRACINGS

COLOR INDICTED STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

HEX BOLT

HEX BOLT HEX BOLT

SEMI MONOCOQUE STRUCTURE 300X150MM STEEL TUBE SUB FRAME FOR ALUMINUM PANELS

HEX BOLT

IMMERSION POD MONOCOQUE STEEL FRAME STEEL HALFEN CHANNEL WELDED TO STEEL BEAM

11700MM

DT 1 BOLTED CONNECTION WITH +-20MM TOLERANCE

MONO-TUBE SHOCK ABSORBER1 Referencing car suspensions, I proposing using shock absorbers to connect the immersion pod frame to its steel floor plate. The shock absorber absorbs the vibration generated by sub woofers and human activity. Compared to spring absorbers, they are more expensive but is more durable.

IMMERSION POD TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZED FLOOR PLATE

DT2: CONNECTING THE IMMERSION POD TO THE BUILDING STRUCTURE The immersion pod with its frame and floor plate are connected with the building through a connection rod secured by a hex bolts.

From the advice of the structural engineer, tolerance should be incorporated into the design. Therefore I proposed using both halfen channels and oval inserts that would allow a 3 axis tolerance of 20+-mm of movement.

DT 2 BOLTED CONNECTION TO FLOOR PLATE

SEMI MONOCOQUE CHASSIS

TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZED RESULT BOTTOM VIEW (50% REDUCED MASS)

TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZED RESULT TOP VIEW (50% REDUCED MASS)

In order to reduce weight of the floor plate while maintaining most of its structural rigidity, topology optimized floor plates are used.

4300MM

TOPOLOGICALLY OPTIMIZED FLOOR PLATE

LOADING STRESS LOW

IMMERISON POD 8 1.https://help.summitracing.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/5251/~/ what-is-a-monotube-shock%3F

TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZED FLOOR PLATE2

2. https://pure.tudelft.nl/ws/files/7745401/CS7M_3_1358.pdf

HIGH

2.6 IMMERSION POD ENVELOPE

EXTERNAL SKIN

THERMAL INSULATION WITH WATER PROOF LAYER BEHIND

FIXINGS

SUB-FRAME

BACKER BOARD WITH VAPOR BARRIER

INNER LAYER WITH SUB-FRAME

ACOUSTIC INSULATION L-BRACKETS

VISUAL AND AUDIO PERFORMANCE Being an immersive gallery, the interior must be able to serve that purpose. The shape of the space ensures that projections could cover all the walls while its slightly angled surface eliminates the reverberation in the room. A sandblasted Grey aluminum panel is used to ensure a clear image could be projected.

INTERNALLY COOLED In order to cool the internal space, both the floor and ceiling are fitted with perforated aluminum panels so that circulating air could pass through the chilled floors and ceiling.

1500MM

50MM

3D PRINTED INNER LAYER The inner layer uses a similar growth logic as the external skin but at a smaller pattern scale. This growth pattern helps eliminate the reverberation produced by the speakers while also having the added effect of absorbing the heat from the interior with its increase surface area.

INTERIOR

EXTERIOR SIMULATED GROWTH AT DIFFERENT SCALE As the outer and inner layer’s purpose for growth are fundamentally different, the scale of the growth pattern reflects its function.

IMMERSION POD STEEL FRAME

MODULAR FLOOR

IMMERSION POD INTERIOR

SLIDING DOOR

STEEL FRAME STRUCTURE

BACKERS BOARD WITH VAPOR BARRIER

SANDBLASTED 3D PRINTED GREY ALUMINUM PANELS

The modular raised floor panels allows a wide variety of floor finish catered to immersive art being displayed

HOT AIR THROUGH MATERIAL CONDUCTION

ENVELOPE BREAKDOWN

IMMERSION POD EXTERIOR

TEXTURED ALUMINUM SKIN

ACOUSTICS INSULATION MESH PANELS

POLISHED CONCRETE FLOOR FINISH

BACK LIT PANELS FLUSHED WHEN CLOSED

MIRROR FINISH PANELS

CONCRETE STEEL DECK COOLING/ HEATING COPPER PIPES RAISED FLOOR STEEL GRID EXAGGERATED TEXTURE TOWARDS DOOR OPENING

TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZED STEEL FLOOR PLATE WATER BASIN PANELS

STEEL BEAM WITH INTUMESCENT PAINT

2.7 3D PRINTING METAL PANEL MANUFACTURING & CONSTRUCTION

HOW ARE PRINTED BUILDING MATERIALS DONE? PLA/ CERAMIC (TRADITIONAL 3D PRINT METHOD) 1

STEEL (FORGED 3D PRINT METHOD) 2

ALUMINUM (SELECTIVE LASER MELTING METHOD) 3

For materials like plastic & clay, traditional printed methods are most commonly used. A filament of the materials is fed into a nozzle that prints layer by layer onto a print bed, normally without the need for post processing.

Common metal materials such as steel requires an alternative 3d print method as it has a high melting point. A hybrid filament, containing both the chosen material in its powder form as well as a binder is printed in the traditional method.

Then the object is brought into a furnace that heats up to the metal melting point, melting aways the binder and forges the metal within.

As Aluminum is relatively soft, using the forging method would cause the object to deform in the furnace. Therefore the industry uses a laser melting printing method, Printing from top to the bottom, a laser melts the print bed filled with aluminum powder, essentially creating a welding line, and layer by layer the object is printed.

Understanding how the panels are manufactured and organized is essential to the efficiency and feasibility of the project. Multiple 3d printing methods are also considered to identify the ideal method for manufacturing the bespoke design of the aluminum skin.

SEAMLESS SURFACE Aesthetically, the surface should look like one continuous piece. To achieve this, the water proof line sits behind the skin so that it eliminates the need for sealant between the panels.

STRUCTURAL STIFFNESS As some of the panels could reach to 3.5M in length, concerns of the panels stiffness must be addressed.

Integrated into the printing process, the supporting ribs becomes part of the panel, providing the needed rigidity.

SEAM BETWEEN PANELS CURRENT LIMITATIONS TO METAL 3D PRINTING 4 The main reason why printed metal is yet to be popular other than cost is its durability under stress. This could be explained by the process of manufacturing.

While the laser welds the powdered metal, the printed material sinks as less and less material are beneath it.

However I believe for this project’s conditions where the temperature difference for the facade under operation are insignificant compared to applications such as car engines where these failures occurs most.

The seams between the panels maintains a 1-2mm gap, achieved by the thinness of the panels. The panels themselves are not connected to each other, therefore the waterproof line is behind the external skin right after the insulation.

SANDBLASTED ANODIZED ALUMINUM FINISH Sandblasting the aluminum finish helps erasing the possible imperfections on the 3d printing processing, while making scratches and dents less obvious, overall increasing the durability of the panels.

XRAY IMAGING OF PRINTED METAL PROCESS FOR ALUMINUM

BOLTED STEEL CONNECTION TO FRAME

2230MM

KEEPING THE SKIN LIGHT

BETWEEN 100 400MM STEEL BOLT STEEL ANCHOR

FLOOR PLATE LINE

5MM THK.

3200MM

In order to keep the cladding skin light, the thickness of the panels are uniformly 5mm thick. Vertical and Horizontal ribs are 3D printed with the panels , acting as the backbone of the panels providing stiffness as well as the installation mechanism onto the immersion pod.

PANELING STRATEGY The panelization for the pods attempts to follow the pods natural topology while minimizing horizontal seams along human eye level. Cutouts such as doors and intake and outtake vents are accommodated during the manufacturing process.

BOLTED STEEL CONNECTION TO FRAME

FRONT VIEW

IMMERSION POD SURFACE TOPOLOGY

1.https://wikifactory.com/@jonathankeep/clay-3dprinting

3D PRINTED EMBEDDED SUB FRAME

2. https://markforged.com/3d-printers/metal-x

3. https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/documents/ college-eps/irc/amp-lab/slm.pdf

BACK VIEW

4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fzBRYsiyxjI&t=2s&ab_ channel=RealEngineering

ALUMINUM SHEET WITH 5MM THK. TYPICAL WEIGHS 13.5KG/M2

2.8 OFF SITE PREFABRICATION CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE EASE OF ASSEMBLY To reduce the construction time, ease of assembly & transportation is important. By referencing real life 3d printing construction examples, components are broken down into smaller pieces, where most of the connection will be welded on site by workers.

INTERMODAL TERMINAL VENICE

DELIVERY TO SITE As the fabricated components most likely are not in the Veneto region, the materials will be shipped to the nearby logistic port and transferred onto a barge for delivery

MX3D 3D PRINTED STEEL BRIDGE 1 My proposal for the immersion pod prefabrication were inspired by the MX3D bridge in Amsterdam. The bridge design by MX3D and Arup, spans 12.5M by 6.3M and is the first 3D printed steel bridge.

The manufacturing process was completed from an off-site warehouse, which the team utilizes 4 welding robots to print the whole bridge. The whole process took 6 months to produce a bridge weighing 4.5 tons. As these welding robots are not specially made where minor tweaks were done to allow it to follow 3d printing instructions, this process of manufacturing has the potential to be highly scalable in production size.

2. Once printed and quality check is completed, the components are packaged and shipped off to the site on a barge towed by a tugboat. As materials for a immersion pod might not be able to be carried in one go, a temporary shelter with elevated floor is provided on site, allowing these components to be temporarily stored until all the materials arrived on site.

3. The immersion pod would be assembled on site temporary shelter, which the floor would be elevated to avoid the possible flooding. The primary structure would then be welded and mounted in place, with studs and scaffolding ensuring the pod would not tip over during the assembly process.

4.Once the primary structure is assembled, the tower crane lifts the immersion pod into the designated location, where the temporary bracings and studs could be removed.

5.As soon as the structure is in place, workers quickly install the backers board and waterproof layer to ensure the pod’s internal is watertight.

This allows the interior’s work to proceed in parallel with the exterior’s installation works.

6.The final steps would be installing the aluminum skin cladding once it arrives to the site. workers also at the same time installs the pipe works in the pods and connects to the overall building. Electronics are also fitted into the pod for calibration and testing.

The bridge was not shipped as one piece onto the site. Rather it was split into multiple piece and welded together on site on open ground. Once welded a mobile crane lifted the whole bridge into place where final anchoring and electrical installation were done.

SITE

FLOOR PLATE ASSEMBLY IMMERSION POD 8 The diagram imagines how the floor plate would be broken down into 6 pieces.

1.https://www.arup.com/perspectives/publications/ the-arup-journal/section/the-arup-journal-2022issue-1

1. Using SLM printing, the aluminum skin and steel floor plate are manufactured at a off site factory. A printing bed filled with powdered metal provides the base for the robotic arm to weld layers of metal together. The environment must be clean & positive pressured to ensure no outside debris would enter and contaminate the components.

2.9 IMMERSION POD SYSTEM & STRUCTURAL INTEGRATION

WASTE HEAT CONTROL The skin absorbs heat that are lost through the insulation, and by design prevents heat from radiating back into the interior, saving cooling efforts.

The section of the immersion pod demonstrates how all the above mentioned construction strategies integrate as a unified system and bring a truly immersive experience. Despite the large amount of heat emitting electronics within the gallery, the pods manages to cool itself down enabling a comfortable environment for visitors to stay and linger.

DT 1

THERMAL CONDUCTION The surfaces receiving constant light projection heats up and through conduction heats up the air cavity behind the panels

4

SOUND REVERBERATION

3

The geometric form of the interior helps eliminate reverberation from lower frequency sound waves while the growth surface eliminates the mid to high frequency range

5

1

SECOND FLOOR GALLERY

2

DETAIL SECTION 1 @1:25 1. SPEAKERS AND PROJECTORS 2. 3D PRINTED PERFORATED MESH 3. COOLING/ PIPES 4. AIR HANDLING UNIT OUTTAKE 5. ACOUSTIC INSULATION

FLOOR COOLING To counter the immense interior heat, cooling is provided through the floor , maximizing the thermal comfort for visitors SECOND FLOOR GALLERY

3 4 2

1

DT 2

DETAIL SECTION 2 @1:25 1. AIR HANDLING UNIT INTAKE 2. TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZED STEEL FLOOR PLATE 3. SPEAKERS AND PROJECTORS 4. RAISED MESH FLOOR WITH COOLING PIPES BELOW

0

1

3

IMMERSION POD TECHNICAL DRAWING

5M

2.10 TECHNICAL DRAWINGS & DETAILING

80

640

90 TYP.

1:30 @ A3/ 1:15 @ A1

320 380

380 380

90 TYP.

160

40MM THK FLOOR 40MM THK FLOOR INSULATION INSULATION WITH WITH WATERPROOF WATERPROOF LAYER LAYER ABOVE ABOVE THK 40MM FLOOR WITH 40MM THKINSULATION FLOOR CONCRETE CONCRETE WIRE WIRE WATERPROOF LAYER INSULATION WITH MESH FOR MESH FOR ABOVE WATERPROOF LAYER REINFORCEMENT REINFORCEMENT ABOVE CONCRETE WIRE CORRUGATED CORRUGATED MESH FOR CONCRETE WIRE STEEL DECK STEEL DECK MESH FOR REINFORCEMENT REINFORCEMENT CORRUGATED STEEL DECK CORRUGATED STEEL DECK

320

320 320

320

150 80

FIREPROOFING FIREPROOFING CAVITY BARRIER CAVITY BARRIER

540

G.M.S ARCHITECTURAL DT 3: BUILDINGFEATURE FLOOR TECHNICAL G.M.S DRAWINGARCHITECTURAL FEATURE

1:10 @ A3/ 1:5 @ A1

380

380 380

900 540 540

540900 900

G.M.S ARCHITECTURAL FEATURE

380

20 40

90

ALUMINUM LOUVRE ALUMINUM LOUVRE

160

20

150 40 40 20 90

DT5

210

210 210

210

G.M.S G.M.S ARCHITECTURAL ARCHITECTURAL FEATURE FEATURE G.M.S G.M.S ARCHITECTURAL ARCHITECTURALFEATURE FEATURE

160 160

25 35

115

25

25 35 175 35 115 115

ALUMINUM PERFORATED ALUMINUM PERFORATED CEILING WITH CEILING WITH COPPER DTCOPPER 2: BUILDING ROOF TECHNICAL PIPES ABOVE PIPES ABOVE ALUMINUM PERFORATED DRAWING ALUMINUM PERFORATED CEILING WITH COPPER CEILING WITH COPPER PIPES ABOVE 1:10 @ A3/ 1:5 @ A1 PIPES ABOVE

FIREPROOFING FIREPROOFING BARRIER CAVITYCAVITY BARRIER

ALUMINUM G.M.S LOUVRE ALUMINUM LOUVRE ARCHITECTURAL FEATURE

75 TYP.

1:4 @ A3/ 1:2 @ A1

LED LIGHT STRIP LED LIGHT STRIP

FRESH FRESH AIR AIR STEEL WALL STUD EXHAUST EXHAUST VENT VENT STEEL WALL STUD LED STRIP LIGHT STRIP 150 150FRESH AIR LED LIGHT FRESH AIR EXHAUST VENT EXHAUST VENT LED LIGHT STRIP 150 LED LIGHT STRIP 150

WITH 35MM THKINSULATION FLOOR WATERPROOF LAYERWIRE INSULATION WITH CONCRETE CONCRETE WIRE ABOVE WATERPROOF LAYER MESH FOR MESH FOR ABOVE REINFORCEMENT REINFORCEMENT

DT 5: TYPICAL FLOOR SECTION

LED LIGHT STRIP LED LIGHT STRIP

STEEL STUD WALL STUD STEEL WALL

CONCRETE WIRE CORRUGATED CORRUGATED STEEL STEEL MESH FOR WITH CONCRETE WIRE DECK DECK WITH REINFORCEMENT MESH FOR FIREPROOFING FIREPROOFING CAVITY CAVITY REINFORCEMENT BARRIER BARRIER CORRUGATED STEEL

90

150 40150 20

150 3MM THK. PEFORATED ALUMINUM FALSE CEILING WITH SUB FRAME FIXTURE

90

DT1: BUILDING FLOOR TO ROOF ENVELOPE TECHNICAL DRAWING

90 TYP.90 TYP.

STEEL WALL STUD STEEL WALL STUD

35MM THK FLOOR 35MM THK FLOOR INSULATION INSULATION WITH WITH WATERPROOF WATERPROOF LAYER LAYER ABOVE ABOVE THK 35MM FLOOR

DT 4: TYPICAL ROOF SECTION 1:4 @ A3/ 1:2 @ A1

320X 150MM 320X 150MM STEEL STEEL I-BEAMI-BEAM WITH WITH INTUMESCENT INTUMESCENT PAINT PAINT FALSE CEILING FIXTURE320X 150MM STEEL FALSE CEILING FIXTURE 320X 150MM STEEL ALUMINUM ALUMINUM SUB SUB I-BEAM WITH I-BEAM WITH FRAMEFRAME INTUMESCENT PAINT FALSE CEILING FIXTURE INTUMESCENT PAINT FALSE CEILING FIXTURE ALUMINUM SUB ALUMINUM SUB FRAME LED STRIP LIGHT FRAME STRIP LED STRIP LIGHT STRIP LED LIGHT LED LIGHT

STEEL STUD WALL STUD STEEL WALL

DECK WITH CORRUGATED STEEL DECK WITHFIREPROOFING CAVITY BARRIER FIREPROOFING CAVITY BARRIER

75 TYP.

FIREPROOFING FIREPROOFING CAVITY BARRIER CAVITY BARRIER

ALUMINUM LOUVRE ALUMINUM LOUVRE

20MM THK 20MM THK SCREEDING SCREEDING (POLISHED (POLISHED FINISH) FINISH) R5 COPPER R5 COPPER PIPES PIPES 20MM THK 75 THK TYP. 75 TYP. 75 TYP.75 TYP. SCREEDING 20MM SCREEDING(POLISHED FINISH) R5 COPPER PIPES (POLISHED FINISH) R5 COPPER PIPES 75 TYP. 75 TYP.

DT3

320 320

320

FIREPROOFING FIREPROOFING BARRIER CAVITYCAVITY BARRIER

ALUMINUM LOUVRE ALUMINUM LOUVRE

900

3MM THK. ALUMINUM CLADDING (WHITE SAND BLASTED FINISH)

80 150 150

METAL GUTTER METAL GUTTER

1560

1560 1560

1560 FIREPROOFING CAVITY BARRIER

115 175 175 35

175

25

IMMERSION POD ALUMINUM EXTERNAL CLADDING (REFER PAGE 2.9 FOR SECTION DETAIL)

80

200 100

GUTTER METALMETAL GUTTER

25MM THK 25MM THK SCREEDING SCREEDING (POLISHED (POLISHED FINISH) FINISH) 25MM THK 25MM THKSCREEDING SCREEDING(POLISHED FINISH) (POLISHED FINISH)

RECESSED DISPLAY HOLDER EMBEDDED WITHIN INTERNAL ALUMINUM CLADDING G.M.S FINS WELDED ON EXTNERAL STEEL WALL CLADDING

DT4

G.M.S G.M.S ARCHITECTURAL ARCHITECTURAL FEATURE FEATURE G.M.S G.M.S ARCHITECTURAL ARCHITECTURALFEATURE FEATURE

SERVICE COMPARTMENT FOR VENTS AND DUCTS

DT2

100

150

200 200 100 100

100

380

640

1100

640 640 1100

200

Although the page is sized at A3, for better clarity it is recommended to be viewed at A1 size.

PARAPET PARAPET UNDERUNDER 100 IMMERSION IMMERSION POD POD 100 ALUMINUM SKIN ALUMINUM SKIN RAISEDRAISED SOLARSOLAR PARAPET UNDER PANELPANEL UNIT UNIT PARAPETIMMERSION UNDER POD IMMERSION POD ALUMINUM SKIN RAISED SOLARALUMINUM SKIN RAISED SOLAR PANEL UNIT PANEL UNIT

100 100

G.M.S G.M.S ARCHITECTURAL ARCHITECTURAL FEATURE FEATURE G.M.S G.M.S ARCHITECTURAL ARCHITECTURALFEATURE FEATURE

1100 1100

The technical drawings below shows the connection details between building elements that typically occurs in the building. Special consideration on how the immersion pod intersects with the galleries corridors, as well as fireproofing design such as cavity barriers with intumescent paint to allow internal compartmentalization. The drawings also shows how the drainage, service ducts, lighting and ventilation components works along with building elements.

100

100 100

320X 150MM 320X 150MM STEEL STEEL I-BEAMI-BEAM WITH WITH INTUMESCENT INTUMESCENT PAINT PAINT 320X 150MM STEEL 320X 150MM STEEL I-BEAM WITH I-BEAM WITH INTUMESCENT PAINT INTUMESCENT PAINT AIR DUCT INTAKEINTAKE AIR DUCT INTAKE AIR DUCT INTAKE AIR DUCT

C-CHANNEL C-CHANNEL CURTAIN CURTAIN WALL TO WALL TO C-CHANNEL STRUCTURE STRUCTURE C-CHANNEL CURTAIN FIXINGFIXING CURTAINWALL TO WALL TOSTRUCTURE STRUCTURE FIXING FIXING

DOUBLE DOUBLE LAYER LAYER CURTAIN CURTAIN GLASS GLASS WALL WALL DOUBLE LAYER DOUBLE CURTAIN LAYER GLASS CURTAINWALL GLASS WALL

2.11 BUILDING ENVELOPE CONSTRUCTION

SECTION FRAGMENT

Apart from the immersion pods, the building envelope in general follows the waste heat collecting strategy by using thermally conductive materials where heat is generally dissipated. The roof is completely fitted with solar tiles with would help reduce the energy reliance on the power grid. Apart from the main entrance foyer, the elevation of the building is covered with steel panels, which blocks off external noises into the interior.

RAINWATER COLLECTION

SKYLIGHT CEILING INTEGRATION DETAIL

SKYLIGHT (BEHIND THE IMMERION POD FROM THIS DRAWING)

The skylight has the roles of absorbing waste heat and water collection. A concealed gutter is designed within the skylight frame, which surrounding rainwater is directed into. The fins also blocks off direct sunlight so that the interior could enjoy natural lighting without the worry of receiving harsh sun rays.

IMMERSION POD

RAINWATER GUTTER RAINWATER FLOW

DOUBLE LAYER GLASS PANE STEEL ROD

ROOFTOP SOLAR TILES COPPER PIPES

G.M.S CLADDING ENVELOPE (SAND BLASTED WHITE)

RIGID FOAM INSULATION WITH VAPOR BARRIER

VENTILATION VENTS

INTERNAL ALUMINUM CLADDING

ELECTRONIC DISPLAY

SCREEN FLUSH WITH WALL

WATERPROOF MEMBRANE

CURTAIN WALL

WALL ENVELOPE DETAIL

STEEL WALL STUD

IMMERSION POD SECTION

CONCRETE POSLISHED FLOOR FINISH (STONE WHITE)

SAND BLASTED G.M.S IN WHITE

The circulation spaces of the building will be used as digital galleries, where rows of LED displays are embedded into the walls.

The assembly of the wall allows a simple maintenance and removal effort by technicians.

2.12 IMMERSION POD & ENVELOPE MATERIAL SELECTION The material selection revolves around the intention of its performative aspect as a immersive gallery, showing considerations of the operation performance and natural properties.

On reflection, aluminum is not the most environmentally friendly option since it takes a lot of energy to extract it. However, the use of aluminum could be justified from its excellent thermal conductivity and being naturally lightweight.

CHAMPAGNE COLOR DIRECT SUNLIGHT

THERMAL PERFORMANCE

ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE

LIGHTING PERFORMANCE

The strategy for thermal performance is for the interior to be able to absorb as much heat as possible, and therefore in general the internal enclosure are fitted with high thermal conductivity material.

The pods themselves should be able to minimize the reverberation while also preventing noise within the pod to leak out to the general gallery spaces.

The immersion pods lighting condition should be completely artificial and controllable for a complete immersive experience, while the general gallery spaces introduces a mix of both natural light and electronic displays.

1. ALUMINUM

ADVANTAGES 1

DISADVANTAGES 3

USED IN INTERNAL CLADDING & EXTERNAL SKIN OF IMMERSION POD

- EXCELLENT THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, ONE OF THE BEST PERFORMING METAL

- HIGH CARBON FOOTPRINT IF NOT FROM RECYCLED SOURCE (11.5TONS OF CARBON PER KG)

- CORROSION RESISTANT TO MARINE ENVIRONMENT

- LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIAL, IT ALONE CANNOT BLOCK OUT NOISE IN LOW FREQUENCY

CHAMPAGNE COLOR OVERCAST SKY

- LIGHTWEIGHT COMPARED TO STEEL

POLYCHROMATIC FINISH

- SLIGHTLY HIGHER PRICE THAN STEEL

- LARGE RANGE OF AESTHETICS

Depending on lighting conditions, the external skin gives of a range of color from light to dark muted champagne.

- RELATIVELY EASY TO RECYCLE LIFESPAN AS BUILDING MATERIAL - 60 YEARS

- HIGHLY MALLEABLE

EMBODIED CARBON NON RECYCLED SOURCES= 11.5 KG CO2/KG

- AFFORDABLE BUILDING MATERIAL

EMBODIED CARBON FROM RECYCLED SOURCES = 2.3 KG C02/KG

SOLAR PANELS

2. STEEL

1

USED IN STRUCTURE & EXTERNAL CLADDING

ADVANTAGES 2

DISADVANTAGES

- EXTREMELY STRONG MATERIAL

- NEED EXTRA TREATMENT TO BE CORROSION RESISTANT

- EASY MAINTENANCE

- NEED EXTRA TREATMENT TO BE FIREPROOF AS STRUCTURE

- AS EXTERNAL CLADDING, IT IS EXCELLENT FOR REFLECTING SOUND

- HEAVY BUILDING MATERIAL

- DURABLE MATERIAL

4

1

LIFESPAN AS BUILDING MATERIAL - 100 YEARS EMBODIED CARBON= 2.7 KG CO2/KG

3

2

3. CONCRETE

ADVANTAGES 5

DISADVANTAGES

FLOOR & FRICTION PILE

- HIGH THERMAL MASS, IDEAL FOR CONTROLLING INTERNAL TEMPERATURE WITH EMBEDDED WATER PIPES

- HEAVY BUILDING MATERIAL

- FIRE RESISTANT - SOUND ABSORBING

3

3

- DURABLE MATERIAL - CHEAP BUILDING MATERIAL LIFESPAN AS BUILDING MATERIAL - 50 YEARS EMBODIED CARBON= 0.9 KG C02/ KG

2 4. COPPER WATER COOLING PIPES EMBODIED CARBON= 2.7 KG C02/ KG

ADVANTAGES 6

DISADVANTAGES

- EXCELLENT THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, ONE OF THE BEST PERFORMING METAL

- RELATIVELY HEAVY

- EXTREMELY CORROSION RESISTANT

1. https://mperryassociates.com/2022/11/16/ 2. https://maarslivingwalls.com/steeladvantages-and-disadvantages-ofwalls-are-number-one-in-acousticaluminium-in-structures/ performance/

3.https://www.researchgate.net/figure/ Embodied-carbon-of-some-buildingmaterials-URL-8_fig5_328654824

4. https://dyconcretepumps.com/concrete-vs-other-constructionmaterials/#:~:text=Concrete%20generally%20wins%20out%20 when,and%20efficiency%20savings%20later%20on.

5. https://www.concretecentre.com/Performance-Sustainability/ Thermal-Mass.aspx#:~:text=Thermal%20mass%20describes%20 the%20ability,in%20response%20to%20internal%20conditions.

- LIMITED AESTHETIC OPTIONS

6. https://rclglobal.co.uk/ copper-wire-pros-andcons/

7. https://internationalaluminium.org/work_ areas/recycling/

3.1 BUILDING ENERGY STRATEGY Energy management is the center of the building’s proposal. The design demonstrates this through going in depth on the building’s waste heat management, lighting and ventilation, which are the three most energy demanding source of the building. The building is equipped with numerous sensors that would provide the information on internal temperature, humidity, lux and oxygen levels of the building, where it automatically adjust the services performance so that the internal space comfort is always optimal.

PROPOSED BUILDING ENERGY DISTRIBUTION AND SAVINGS Water source heat pump

Mechanically Ventilated

Lighting

Heating by recycled heat

Others

SERVER ROOMS

IMMERSION PODS

ARTISTS STUDIO

GALLERY SPACE

EST. 420000 kWh per year

EST. 55854 kWh per year

EST. 10950 kWh per year

EST. 7665 kWh per year

EXTREMELY HIGH ENERGY INTAKE & WASTE HEAT OUTPUT

HIGH ENERGY INTAKE & WASTE HEAT OUTPUT

NORMAL INTAKE & WASTE HEAT OUTPUT

NORMAL INTAKE & WASTE HEAT OUTPUT

MAIN ENERGY CONSUMPTION: SERVERS & COMPUTERS

MAIN ENERGY CONSUMPTION: PROJECTORS & SPEAKERS

MAIN ENERGY CONSUMPTION: COMPUTERS & LIGHTS

MAIN ENERGY CONSUMPTION: DISPLAY SCREENS & LIGHTS

ENERGY & WASTE HEAT STRATEGY: SITUATED UNDERWATER, CLOSEST TO HEAT PUMP ROOM TO MITIGATE HEAT LOST DURING TRANSFER

ENERGY & WASTE HEAT STRATEGY: COOLING PIPES SYSTEM, EXTERNAL SKIN AS A HEAT REGULATOR

ENERGY & WASTE HEAT STRATEGY: COOLING PIPES SYSTEM ON THE ROOF AND FLOORS

ENERGY & WASTE HEAT STRATEGY: COOLING PIPES SYSTEM ON THE ROOF AND FLOORS

UNDERSTANDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR MAIN PROGRAMMES In order to design a system that would effectively manage waste heat, each programme’s heat output and primary energy consumption must be understood. By illustrating all the main energy consuming electronics, the programmes are position and designed within the building that corresponds to the intensiveness of its energy requirement.

MAIN HEAT EMITTERS IN THE BUILDING COMPUTERS/ SERVERS

PROJECTORS

SPEAKERS

VISITORS 1

1095/ 4200kWh

219kWh

273kWh

1kWh

ROOF SOLAR PANELS

WATER VS AIR2 AS A ENERGY CARRIER

4186 J per Kg

Compared to air as a heat carrying source, water could carry 4 times more energy with the same weight. This works perfectly with the high energy output nature of the building while having a much smaller impact to the environment in terms of its cooling solution.

1005 J per Kg

LED STRIPS ALONG CEILING AND FLOORS

0

690

SOLAR PANEL POWER OUTPUT

0

720

0

680

17.00M

The required area for solar panels to power most of the electronics in the building would be 8144m2. By measuring the roof area, the proposed solar panels would cover 11.1% of the target area, with a theoretical power output of 60112kWh per year.

444m2 66

00 5400 66

00

15.00M

7500

0

0

540

66

750

66

00

76m2

66

00

16.00M

00

107m2

0 500

66

4500 4500 4500

00

278m2 500

66

0

00

500 0

66

17.00M

0

500

00

500

66

COOLING/ HEATING COPPER PIPES UNDERNEATH CONCRETE

0

00

Understanding that solar energy efficiency depends on many uncontrollable factors such as sun intensity and heat build up, this source of energy could only act as a non primary source of energy.

0 500

66

00

66

00

30

TOTAL SOLAR PANEL AREA 66 2 00 = 905M60M N

ROOF PLAN

1. https://mithras.tech/2019/04/17/can-human-body-heat-provide-theworld-with-energy/#:~:text=For%20the%20human%20body%2C%20 these,power%20of%2080%2D1050%20Watts.

2. https://masweb.vims.edu/bridge/datatip. cfm?Bridge_Location=archive0909. html#:~:text=Water%20has%20a%20 much%20higher,of%201.005%20 J%2Fg%20degreesC.

UNDERFLOOR VENTILATION THROUGH DUCTS AND VENTS

3.4 WASTE HEAT MANAGEMENT

3.6 LIGHTING STRATEGY

3.5 VENTILATION STRATEGY

3.2 DAYLIGHT CONTROL & SUN EXPOSURE In order to determine how the aluminum skin should react the external climate, as well as how the interior could take advantage of natural sunlight, direct sunlight hours and radiance analysis are conducted.

The result was used to help drive the shape of the immersion pod to maximize/minimize sun exposure.

HUMIDITY CHART

DRY BULB TEMPERTURE 33C

50%

16C

TYP. 550MM

210

340

210

0%

150

On reflection, future design iterations could have a more explicit building form response from the sun, as currently it only informs the immersion pods shape, whereas the building corridors itself could also respond to sun exposure so that solar energy harvesting could be maximized as well.

JUN

DEC

50

JAN

0C JAN

JUN

DEC

Venice has a wide range of temperature, ranging from up to 33c in the summer to freezing temperature in winter.

1050

1250

Venice in general is humid, with an average monthly humidity between 64% to 80%.

ANNUAL DIRECT SUNLIGHT HOURS

ANNUAL DIRECT SUNLIGHT HOURS As the surrounding buildings around the site are generally 1-2 stories tall, the building receive large amount of direct sunlight. Although being exposed, due to the massing various extrusions and incisions, has generated a wide range of exposure throughout the building. These simulated data will further inform my louver design on the facade.

100%

HOURS 4565 SUMMER NOON ANGLE 67o

3044

RADIANCE ANALYSIS

SKYLIGHT DESIGN RESPONSE

Similar to the Direct Sunlight analysis, the radiance analysis indicates that the roof receives the most amount of radiance, where as the floors closer to the ground receives less. Below are two simulations done on two climate extremes on the site. In general , during the winter solstice, the building receives 30% less energy from the sun.

In response to the simulated sun path, fins are used in the skylight and spaced in a way that blocks direct sunlight into the interior.

1521

0

NORTH WEST SIDE

SOUTH EAST SIDE

RADIANCE ANALYSIS kWh/m2 7.857

5.238

2.619

0

SUMMER SOLSTICE

SUMMER SOLSTICE

WINTER SOLSTICE

WINTER SOLSTICE

Radiance Analysis from the north west view, 21st June.

Radiance Analysis from the South east view, 21st June.

Radiance Analysis from the north west view, 23rd Dec.

Radiance Analysis from the South east view, 23rd Dec

3.3 IMMERSION POD THERMAL & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE The “growth” that occurs on the immersion pods geometrically is a series of bumps and terrains on the surface level of the aluminum envelope.

The aesthetics the surface follows nature’s way of developing body abnormality such as tumors, but in this case instead of cancer cells, the growth is determined by the sun path relationship with the building geometry.

IMMERSION POD ACOUSTIC REVERBERATION TEST

https://youtu.be/z9iN9R7z4tQ

https://youtu.be/V6ZddFB2lFo

GROWTH RESPONDING TO LIGHT SIMULATION

IMMERSION POD ACOUSTICS SIMULATION

BACK UP COOLING SYSTEM

As insulation only slows the transfer of heat, under extreme heat output scenarios, heat might still be able to pass through the insulation. The design therefore passively minimize the heat transfer with its exaggerated skin.

Envelope exposed to the outside are in general have more surface are and therefore would have a higher rate of heat transfer.

In the rare case of the water cooling system failing. heat would be purged through the skin while the visitors are asked to slowly exit the immersion pod. This prevents the electronics from over heating, causing damage to the electronics.

SUN ZENITH ANGLE# HEIGHT OF = TERRAIN ABS (SURFACE NORMAL VECTOR SUN ZENITH ANGLE) SIZE OF CREVICE

As the purpose of the skin is to dissipate heat in a controlled efficient manner. The rate of heat exchange relates to the temperature difference between the surface temperature and the external air temperature, where the higher the difference the higher the rate of heat exchange. Therefore for surfaces that has a smaller temperature differences, surface area must be increased so that the overall surface has a relatively uniform heat exchange performance.

45-55c

15C

45-55c

X

The numerous design iterations of the internal space has shown that sound reverberates the least when the internal shape is least regular. However, the design also needs to consider that the walls are meant to be projected with images, therefore it could not be too irregular.

MATERIALIZED RESULT

VERSION 2 FINAL VER. WITH GROWTH SURFACE 0s

When sound waves hits the surface of a flat wall, they will get reflected in the same direction. When a walls is non-flat, sound waves would reflect in different directions, diminishing sound.

Time = 0.05s

5s RELATIVE TIME AFTER EMIT

DESIGN EVOLUTION OF SKIN GROWTH FORMULA

ANALYZED RESULT

CLAMP(MAX>MIN)

The iterations below shows the testing and self evaluation of each design in order to maximize the surface area using the exploration from term 1. /

ABS (SURFACE NORMAL VECTOR SUN ZENITH ANGLE)

VERSION 1

DECIBEL DECAY LEVEL

DISTANCE TO SUN@ =

WHY DOES NON-FLAT SURFACE HELPS REVERBERATE SOUND?

WHY SHOULD THE GROWTH OCCUR MOST ON SUN EXPOSED AREAS? 1

30C

MINIMIZE HEAT TRANSFER BACK TO THE INTERIOR

FINAL VERSION

CLAMP(MAX>MIN)

Time = 0.15s

# SUMMER SOLSTICE SUN ANGLE AT NOON @ ONLY THE LAST 3 DIGITS OF DISTANCE MEASUREMENT WAS TAKEN DUE TO THE LONG DISTANCE FROM THE SUN.

The above logic allows the surface facing most towards the sun to have the most dense crevices while having the largest terrain.

The clamp number decides what the max/min height or size of the element is. The width of the terrian is defined by a browian motion noise.

CREVICES

HEIGHT OF TERRAIN

WIDTH OF TERRAIN

Relative Surface Area Increase + 36% CONVEX

Relative Surface Area Increase + 5% not enough terrain and crevices

CONCAVE

UNIQUE PATTERN Each pods has a unqiue surface pattern depending on its orientation and size.

Relative Surface Area Increase + 13% Adequate terrain, not strong enough crevice

Time = 0.25s

Relative Surface Area Increase + 28% Adequate crevice, not strong enough terrain

IMMERSION POD 8 DAYLIGHT EXPOSURE MAP

1. https://www.physicsclassroom. com/Class/thermalP/u18l1f.cfm

HIGH LOW

2. https://www.everythingrf.com/ community/what-is-an-anechoicchamber

IMMERSION POD 8 RESULTING SKIN DESIGN

Growth is minimized within the cladding directed into the interior to minimize heat transfer

DESIGN ITERATION 2 SNAPSHOT @0.25s

DESIGN ITERATION 1 SNAPSHOT @0.25s

3.4 BUILDING WASTE HEAT STRATEGY The waste heat within the building is captured through a series of water cooling pipes above a perforated ceiling, while the water pipes on the floor provides heating/cooling depending on the internal temperature.

Together they work as pairs to regulate and recycle heat within the building. During summer where the building does not require heating, the collected heat could be diverted to other Venice Biennales, which the suggestions are listed below.

33C

16C

0C

BIENNALE PERIOD

JUN

DEC

COLD TO HOT MAR-APR

HEATING STRATEGY IS USED

GALLERY SPACE

HOT TO COLD SEP-OCT

COOLING STRATEGY IS USED

Other than providing diffuse natural sunlight into the interior, the long fins blocking direct sunlight also act as a heat absorption device. Heated air rises and are trapped between the fins where the cool copper pipes exchanges heat with the surrounding air.

By isolating different programmes through a series of circulation and pods, the system of both heating and cooling could be separated between rooms and floors. The methods of the absorbing heat by the building is through either convection of hot air, or conduction through heated aluminum panels.

DRY BULB TEMPERTURE

JAN

HOW THE SKYLIGHT CAPTURES WASTE HEAT

ISOLATED COOLING STRATEGIES

HOT AIR

IMMERSION POD

HEATING STRATEGY IS USED

COOLING/ HEATING PIPES LAYOUT DIAGRAM COOL WATER USED FOR ABSORBING EXPELLED HEAT

HEAT DIVERTED FOR OTHER BIENNALE VENUES

HOT WATER FOR CAFE

WINTER HEATING FOR BUILDING

CONVERTING AS ELECTRICITY

In the case where there is a surplus of excess heat extract from the building, the heat could be diverted to nearby biennale venues and restaurants.

The collected waste heat could be used to heat hot water needed by the bathrooms and Cafe.

The collected waste heat could be diverted to the floor pipes.

Where during cold weather could be served as heating

During non-Biennale period where heat is generally un-necessary, heat could be converted into electricity, however this method of conversion is generally inefficient.

HOT WEATHER SCENARIO: COOL WATER USED FOR PROVIDE COOLING FOR OCCUPANTS COLD WEATHER SCENARIO: ABSORBED HOT WATER USED FOR PROVIDE INTERNAL HEATING FOR THE BUILDING ELECTRONICS THAT EMIT HEAT WITHIN THE BUILDING

INSULATION LAYER OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE GRADIENT 25-35c

OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE GRADIENT 5-15c EXCESS HEAT

TEMPERATURE GRADIENT 40-55c

TEMPERATURE GRADIENT 40-55c

TEMPERATURE GRADIENT 21-24c

TEMPERATURE GRADIENT 21-24c

EXTRACTED HEAT CARRIED BY PIPES

A layer of insulation prevents the heating and cooling pipes from exchanging heat through the floors.

EXTRACTED HEAT CARRIED BY PIPES COOL WATER FROM SEA

HOT WEATHER (MAR-OCT) COOLING STRATEGY

During hot weather, the system focuses on losing excess heat generated by the electronics. Floor pipes provide cooling while ceiling pipes absorbs waste heat. In the extreme cases where water cooling alone cannot handle the internal heat, the external skin acts as a passive cooling device that would avoid radiating heat back into the enclosure, altogether minimize interior cooling effort.

RECIRCULATED HEATED WATER

COLD WEATHER (OCT-MAR) HEATING STRATEGY

During cold weather, the system focus on diverting waste heat as interior heating. The double skin enclosure and the insulation helps prevent the heated air leaking outside.

SCREENS IN GALLERY SPACES Waste heat is expelled from the back of the screen between the internal and external cladding, which gradually rises to the ceiling where copper pipes extracts the heat

3.5 BUILDING VENTILATION STRATEGY The cooling strategy relies on both the system of cooling/heating pipes around the building as well as a constant flow of fresh air providing in the building. Considering the huge amount of waste heat needed to be extracted and the amount of occupants within the building, all spaces within the building will rely on mechanical ventilation, where the immersion pod will have a separate system of AHUs since they require extra cooling capacity.

IMMERSION POD AHU

THERMAL BACKERS INSULATION BOARD

As the immersion pod generates much more waste heat than all the programmes within the building, separate AHUs are installed for these pods, allowing larger volumes of air passing through the interior.

ACOUSTIC INSULATION

INSULATION PERFORMANCE OF IMMERSION POD 2 3 By calculating the R values of each materials, the calculated result of the immersion pod U value amounts to 0.21. Under UK part L guidelines for maximum U value for new building walls which is 0.26, the wall design theoretically satisfies this requirement.

EXTRACTING AIR FROM SEA BREEZE The building being on water has the advantage of extracting air that is typically cooler than those on land due to the sea breeze effect.

VENTILATION STRATEGY DIAGRAM

TYPICAL FLOOR VENTILATION STRATEGY

As some of the building’s internal volume is not ideal for natural ventilation, especially when the building is cooling demanding, ducts are generally fed directly into the space through the floors to provide a constant fresh air flow.

PERFORATED METAL PANEL MATCHING EXTERIOR COLOR

PIPES ABOVE MESH CEILING

Vents that serve fresh air from the outside is are embedded within the floor, where the ducts are concealed above the false ceiling.

AIR CIRCULATION PATH

IMMERSION POD VENTILATION STRATEGY The immersion pod extracts air from the bottom of the pod and expels from the top. air is forced through the two system of pipes in order to control the internal temperature of the pods. Vents are flushed with the exterior cladding with matching colors to retain visual coherence.

AIR CIRCULATION PATH FOR IMMERSION PODS INTAKE/OUTAKE VENTS LOCATON WITHIN THE BUILDING

AHU FOR IMMERSION POD ACTIVE VENTILATION

AFTER EXCHANGING HEAT WITH THE COPPER PIPES, COOL AIR IS EXPELLED BACK TO THE ATMOSPHERE THROUGH A SERIES OF OUTTAKE VENTS

PIPES BENEATH THE MESH FLOOR

PERFORATED METAL PANEL MATCHING EXTERIOR COLOR

1. https://www.britannica.com/ science/sea-breeze

VENTS RUNNING ALONG THE FLOOR PLATE RIM

2. https://www.house-energy.com/Insulation/Rvalue-insulation.htm

VENTILATION PIPES BRING IN FRESH AIR BENEATH THE FLOORS

3. https://www.salusai.co.uk/revised-part-l-f-o/

3.6 DAYLIGHTING & ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING STRATEGY The overall strategy for lighting this building is to artificially lit most interior public spaces, while strategically place openings for natural lights such as in double high spaces and skylights. By introducing a mix of both artificial and natural lights, the building could achieve a seamless transition of lighting qualities when traversing between spaces.

HIGHLIGHTING THE SKIN

LED strips on the ceiling and floors highlights the texture of the immersion pods, bringing focus to the visually intriguing design.

STRAIN TO THE EYE 1 A sudden shift of high contrasting light brings in discomfort to most people as it strains the pupil. Therefore the skylights within these corridors plays an important role in bringing a smooth transition in lighting conditions while not being completely isolated from the outside.

PROGRAMME

IMMERSIVE GALLERIES

CIRCULATION/ GALLERIES

ARTIST STUDIO

CAFE

SEMINAR ROOM

REQUIRED LUX LEVEL

1000 (WITH PROJECTIONS)

250-600

750

150

300

ARTIFICIALLY LIT/ NATURALLY LIT/

ARTIFICIALLY LIT

BOTH, MAINLY ARTIFICIALLY LIT

MAINLY NATURALLY LIT, AIDED BY ARTIFICIAL LIGHT

BOTH, MAINLY ARTIFICIALLY LIT

ARTIFICIALLY LIT

IMMERSION POD EMERGENCY LIGHTING

During power or fire emergency, the artworks will stop playing and spotlights will kick in. Door opens automatically while LED strips on the floor and door will light up and guide visitors to the nearest exit.

GALLERIES

Galleries that showcase non immersive generative art have a even lit interior in order to show a accurate depiction of the work.

CIRCULATION SPACE

Circulation spaces are guided by LED strips and skylight that introduces indirect diffuse natural light. Unlike conventional immersive galleries where each exhibits are connected by a series of black dull corridors, the immersion pod themselves are a iconic part of the building, situation within a series of spatially complex atrium and corridors.

FOYER SPACE

The main entrance is one of the few spaces within the building that introduces direct sunlight into the interior. This design helps blur the lighting transition from once entering the building through the corridors and into the immersive pods. The introduction of natural lights also encourages of lively interaction between the visitors and the spaces.

SPATIAL LIGHTING TRANSITION SPECTRUM Through its section the chart demonstrates how a user might experience the relative brightness change throughout the floors.

FOYER

IMMERSION PODS

GALLERY

GROUND FLOOR IMMERSIVE GALLERY

SECOND FLOOR 1. https://www.gersteineye.com/blog/2018/08/how-does-brightlight-affect-your-vision/#:~:text=When%20the%20retina’s%20 light%2Dsensing,can%20cause%20permanent%20retinal%20 damage.

CORRIDOR

IMMERSION POD

CORRIDOR

IMMERSION POD

GALLERY

4.1 CLIENT AND PROCUREMENT ROUTE The Government of Veneto & the La Biennale Di Venezia will join hands for the development and construction of the building. This page demonstrates the overall agenda for each stakeholders as well as the tendering and procurement strategy consideration. A yearly timeline also demonstrates how the building will maximize its utility through its operation strategy.

SOCIAL CONTEXT AND IMPLICATIONS Oversees Funding & Construction

Oversees Construction & Operation

JOINT VENTURE CO-CLIENTS

GOVERNMENT OF VENETO

TENDERING & PROCUREMENT METHODS

SUSTAINABILITY AND INNOVATION From an architectural stand point the project involves a multitude of unique building strategies to accommodate this power hungry infrastructure. Therefore the erection of this building will set an example for future projects on sustainability and innovation.

TOURISM Venice relies heavily on its tourism industry, and therefore constructing this gallery would hopefully bring a new destination for tourist to visit, indirectly boosting the overall economy of the region.

PUSHING THE BOUNDARY OF ARTISTIC DEVELOPMENT

PRIMARY FUNDING AND LAND USE

The government of Veneto having growing concerns that the Venice Biennale will lose its competitive edge in the art world, and therefore will indirectly have an impact on the regions tourism, decides to provide the funding and land use. The development of the building will have to comply with UNESCO guidelines to ensure Venice’s UNESCO heritage status would not be affected.

The Venice biennale event already being one of the largest art events globally, will continue to bring the most innovative and creative minds together in the 21st century. As there are no other galleries that could provide such integrated experience, the gallery will attract digital artist globally.

IMMERSIVE ART FROM GALLERIES

LA BIENNALE DI VENEZIA SECONDARY FUNDING AND OPERATION MANAGEMENT

Facing recent criticisms towards the Biennale being out of touch within the art world, the erection of the building will hopefully help the event regain its status as the forefront of global art trend. As being part of the Venice Biennale, it will fund raise part of the cost from the public and private donors, in turn this investment would allow the organization to have stakes on the building along with the government. The commission of the building asks it to consider the environmental impact and strategy for this gallery so that it is in line with the brand image.

DIGITAL LIBRARY IN BUILDING

ART CREATED BY PERMANENT ARTIST IN THE BUILDING

UNDERWATER DATA SERVER

STORE WITHIN THE DATA SERVERS

REVENUE STREAM SUBSCRIPTION BASE FOR DOWNLOADING DATABASE FOR MACHINE LEARNING TRAINING

REVENUE STREAM In order to reduce the reliance on the Biennale itself, the operation cost will be partly funded by a subscription base from digital artist globally. The server contains some of the most unique digital artworks and climate data that could only be found here.

Demand will expect to grow as the server collects more and more immersive artworks.

ONLINE ACCESS

Apart from providing the stage for immersive generated art, the building also houses a dedicated digital archive for digital art. I believe gradually the building could potentially be the worlds largest collection of digital works, becoming yet another pioneering achievement in Venice.

IT TECHNICIANS MONITORS THE ELECTRONICS AND EQUIPMENT OF THE GALLERIES AND SERVER ROOMS DAILY

Single stage tender is useful when all the details such as cost regarding the project is available before commencement. Normally contractors will be invited for tender, in which they will submit a proposal where the client could then evaluate based on the quality and price of the proposal. The ideal tender will then be selected and proceed to negotiate terms and conditions.

CHOSEN TENDERING ROUTE

TWO STAGE TENDER

WIND, SOLAR ETC CAPTURE DATA FROM SENSORS

DIGITAL ART CONSERVATION FREE TO VIEW ONLINE & THROUGH DIGITAL LIBRARY

SINGLE STAGE TENDER 3

TIME

DESIGN AND BUILD 5 This procurement method relies on the contractor to provides the design and construction work, which naturally the contractor receives most of the risk. This method allows overlapping of design and construction which reduces construction time, however, this is best suited for standard or simple construction, as quality is not the main concern. Cost is determined at the tender stage.

COST QUALITY

TIME

CHOSEN PROCUREMNET ROUTE

COST

QUALITY

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 5 The procurement method allows the client to hire multiple trade contractors. These trade contractors are managed by a construction manager, which they are responsible for coordinating, administrating and defining scope for the trades. Contractually, only the client and the trades have a relationship. This procurement method is useful when the client side has specialist knowledge which in this case would be immersive gallery installations.

The cost is not fixed during tender stage and the risk is split between the contractor and client.

TOURISTS NORMALLY VISITS BETWEEN APRIL TO NOVEMBER WHERE THE BEINNALE OPENS TO THE PUBLIC

TYPES OF OCCUPANTS

QUALITY

The traditional method of procurement first hires consultants for the design work and then appoints a contractor to construct. The traditional procurement method of requires all of the technical design to be completed prior starting on site. The contractor has limited responsibility during the whole construction.

4

This tender method works by initially appointing a tenderer for the first part of the works through a pre construction service agreement (PCSA) , where based on the performance and output, would consider them to carry out the rest of the work in the second stage. This allows an early appointment of as contractor, which is often useful when the project requires some sort of specialization as the contractor with their expertise could provide a early input into the initial project. Benefits of such tendering method includes greater cost certainty and lower risk of construction delay.

CURATORS AFTER EACH BIENNALE EVENT DISASSEMBLES AND CURATES ARTWORKS FOR NEXT YEARS BEINNALE

TRADITIONAL 5

TIME

COST

A CERTAIN NUMBER OF ARTIST WORKS PERMANENTLY DAILY IN THE BUILDING, WHILE DURING THE BIENNALE, VISITING ARTISTS WILL GIVE LECTURES AND COLLABORATE WITH LOCAL ARTISTS

BIENNALE PERIOD

ARTISTS TOURISTS CURATORS TECHNICIAN/ ADMINSTRATION STAFF

Article showcasing the emerging trend of immersive art2

Article criticizing the Venice Biennale from being out of touch 1

JAN

FEB

RELATIVE NO. OF OCCUPANTS

1. http://artfcity.com/2017/05/17/the-venicebiennale-an-orphanage-for-the-terminally-outof-touch/

2.https://www.theguardian.com/ artanddesign/2023/jan/28/immersive-artexhibitions-popular-david-hockney-van-goghdali-london

3. https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/ Single-stage_tender

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

YEARLY OPERATIONAL TIMELINE 4. https://brodies.com/insights/construction-andengineering/two-stage-tenders-a-means-of-managingrisk-for-contractors/#:~:text=What%20are%20the%20 benefits%20of,to%20feed%20into%20the%20programme.

5. https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/ Procurement_route

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

4.2 CONSTRUCTION TIMETABLE

*Not all of the contractors and consultants are listed, but the key players that are essential to this specific building project.

The proposed time line took reference to the RIBA plan of work, where it was then modified to fit this building projects scenario. Contractors and Specialist are brought earlier into the design process as the building itself is relatively bespoke, which outside input would help reduce uncertainty in time and cost.

QUANTITY SURVEYOR Cost Consultant

ARCHITECT Lead Designer

CO-CLIENTS

However, although this timeline demonstrates how the building could be constructed on site within 12 months split by a Biennale in between, it only shows the best ideal scenario which there are multiple factors that could affect the construction time which is out of the designers control.

CONSTRUCTION MANAGER

PROJECT MANAGER (CLIENT SIDE)

On the right shows the structural organization of the involved stakeholders during the construction. The list only shows the primary stakeholders, especially key players that are crucial to the immersion pod fabrication and cooling system of the building.

Coordinate assembly logic & delivery with structural engineers and specialist consultants

Coordinate and defining the scope for the trade contractors

Coordinate on clients behalf. Acts as representative of client for all tender interviews

CONSTRUCTION STAKEHOLDER ORGANIZATION CHART

STRUCTURAL & ASSEMBLY CONTRACTOR

SPECIALIST CONSULTANTS UNESCO - NON CONTRACTUAL ADVISORS UNESCO serves as a non contractual advisor where they will raise concerns regarding the project that will affect Venice’s UNESCO heritage status, as Venice have once been placed on the endangered list of UNESCO heritage due to is mass tourism policy1.

RIBA PLAN OF WORK TIMELINE *This is for the whole project but does not include various other aspects of the project. Cost milestone, planning and regulatory approvals, demolition. These run in parallel to design process. There are also client approvals and sign off and contractual milestones.

ENGINEERS

ARCHITECTS PROVIDING DESIGN + LEAD DESIGNER

SPECIALIST MEP CONTRACTOR

FOUNDATION CONTRACTORS

PREFABRICATED METAL WORK CONTRACTOR

FACADE CONTRACTOR

Manages lighting, ventilation and cooling/heating pipes construction within the building

Responsible for the friction piles installation on water and within the existing building.

Oversees bespoke fabrication such as the immersion pod steel floor plate and aluminum skin

Skylights, curtain walls, and building external wall manufacturing

DATA CENTER INFRASTRUCTURE CONSULTANT

TRANSPORT AND DELIVERY CONSULTANT

FACADE CONSULTANT

Advises on server room operation and system design of heat mitigation of the building

Coordinates the construction vehicles on site, and the delivery by barges

Advises acoustic performance of the immersion pods, coordinates with architect on design

GEO TECHNICAL CONSULTANT

SUSTAINABILITY CONSULTANT

Surveys site existing building and underwater conditions, where corresponding structural design are developed

Advises on sustainability measures such as life cycle analysis and carbon footprinting

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

STRUCTURAL ENGINEER

MEP & MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

ELECTRICAL AND SYSTEM ENGINEER

PREFABRICATION ENGINEER

Using simulations and sensors, helps evaluate the heat dissipating performance by aluminum skin and cooling pipes system

Responsible for superstructure and immersion pod structural logic

Responsible for routing of cooling/heating pipes and AHUs along the building, shock absorbers integration within the immersion pod.

Routing of cooling/heating pipes along the building, shock absorbers integration within the immersion pod.

help translating immersion pod skin design into reality by overseeing 3D print metal manufacturing

DESIGNER LEAD, CONTRACTORS PROVIDING TECHNICAL DESIGN INFORMATION FOR REVIEW

1M 0 STRATEGIC DEFINITION

FUNDING BILL FOR BUILDING PASS BY VENETO PARLIAMENT, FUNDING WILL BE IN PARALLEL TO DEVELOPMENT

3M

18TH ARCHITETTURA BIENNALE

60TH ARTE BIENNALE

SMALL SCALE TESTING USING OFFICE SIZE 3D PRINTER THROUGHOUT STAGE 3

SPECIALIST CONTRACTOR APPOINTED, AGREED ON A PCSA CONTRACT

1 PREPARATION & BRIEF 3M 2 CONCEPT DESIGN

61ST ARTE BIENNALE

19TH ARCHITETTURA BIENNALE

MEDIUM SCALE TESTING OF TWO FULL SIZE METAL ALUMINUM SKIN TESTED.

SECOND STAGE TENDERING PROCEEDS AS PER PCSA CONTRACT AGREEMENT

12M

SECOND MOCK UP INCLUDES A WHOLE IMMERSION POD, WHERE ASSEMBLY COMPATIBILITY ISSUES, AND SYSTEM ISSUES WILL BE REVEALED. THE MOCK UP WOULD ALSO ALLOW CONTRACTORS RE-EVALUATE THE FEASIBILITY OF CONSTRUCTING THE BUILDING WITHIN 6 MONTHS

6M CRITICAL TIMEFRAME

20TH ARCHITETTURA BEINNALE

62ND ARTE BIENNALE

VARIATION ORDERS DUE TO GEO-TECHNICAL ANOMALY OR CLIENT DESIGN CHANGE MIGHT REQUIRE THE SOME MODIFICATION OF THE DESIGN

OFF SITE FABRICATION STARTS EARLY AS FABRICATING COMPONENTS TAKES TIME, ESPECIALLY FOR 3D PRINTED COMPONENTS. A OFF-SITE INVENTORY SPACE IS PROVIDED UNTIL THEY ARE READY FOR SHIPPING.

3 SPATIAL COORDINATION 18M 4 TECHNICAL DESIGN

30M 5 MANUFACTURING & CONSTRUCTION

THE CURRENT TIMELINE TARGETS THE GRAND OPENING BEFORE SUMMER PEAK SEASON

OFF SITE PREFABRICATION DELIVERY ON SITE ON SITE ASSEMBLY 6 HANDOVER & CLOSE

ON WATER FOUNDATION PILES INSTALLED

7 IN USE

MAR

2023 1. https://www.theartnewspaper. com/2021/07/22/venice-is-not-in-dangeraccording-to-unesco

JUN

SEP

MAR

2024 2. https://www.wired.com/story/artist-refikanadol-turns-data-art-help-ai/

JUN

SEP

MAR

2025

JUN

SEP

MAR

2026

3M

HOARDING ERECTED, REMOVAL OF NON CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, MINIMIZE NOISE ON SITE

JUN

SEP

MAR

2027

JUN

SEP

MAR

2028

JUN

SEP

2029

4.3 HEALTH & SAFETY

ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

SITE BOUNDARIES

CONSTRUCTION WASTE DISPOSAL

According to UK regulations, Construction design and Management Regulations (CDM) must be followed 3. The following shows the consideration of how these guidelines will be complied, as well as additional requirements that this particular project will require. A site plan of a diagrammatic overall of the construction site is also providing, demonstrating the key exits, water net boundary and site office on the site.

SET FOR DEMOLITION

As a responsible building project, waste disposal should be at a minimum and managed. These waste should be collected in containers that are then ready to be shipped out for disposal.

PERSONAL PROTECTION7

BUILDING OUTLINE SILT CURTAIN WATER BOUNDARY

SITE EXIT POINT

NOISE POLLUTION

ESCAPE ROUTE

AVERAGE ENVIRONMENT SOUND LEVEL: 75dB

EYE PROTECTION

LONG PANTS/ SLEEVES

10000

BARGE DOCKING ZONE

SITE BOUNDARY LAND

Within the site premise the application of personal protective equipment (PPE) is mandatory.

Below are some of the items I believe that are essential for the workers during construction

HEAD PROTECTION

EMERGENCY ASSEMBLY POINT

WATER SAMPLING LOCATION

Despite not construction during Biennale periods, noise level should still be kept to a minimum to minimize the affect on nearby wildlife.

HAND PROTECTION GLOVES

CONTAINER SITE OFFICES

WATER POLLUTION6 HEARING PROTECTION

HIGH VISIBILITY VEST

MASK

As part of the building is over water, concerns of polluting the water during construction must be addressed. Water nets are installed around the perimeter of the site to prevent debris floating away from the site. Water samples are also collected periodically.

HARNESS LANYARD

ADDITIONAL GEAR SPECIFIC TO BUILDING PROJECT

ON SITE FABRICATION SHELTERED STORAGE & ASSEMBLY (DISMANTLED AFTER INSTALLATION OF IMMERSION PODS FOR LANDSCAPING)

00

HEADLIGHTS

00

205

STATIC SHOCK WRISTBAND

SPECIALIZED TRAINING

WORKING ON WATER BARGES As Venice does not have any road vehicle access, construction materials will be brought in by barges on water. These barges will be operated by trained operators.

LIFE VEST EQUIPMENT2 Life saving equipment such as life vest and buoys should always be on site and near water in case any workers falls into the sea.

EMERGENCY DRILL8 Emergency drills should be regularly conducted to ensure workers understand how to evacuate the site safely.

WATER EDGE MARKER When possible, edges near water should be indicated to prevent fall in water during darker environment.

PREFABRICATION ASSEMBLY DRILL During the mock up of the immersion pod, workers should also be trained on the potential hazard during assembling this particular project, as some of the methods of assembly might not be the most common. This also has the added effect of accelerating the construction speed through practice.

1. https://www.cieh.org/ media/1251/london-good-practiceguide-noise-vibration-control-fordemolition-and-construction.pdf

205

Headlights are required when working on fit out for the immersion pods internals, while static shock wristband is to protect the electronics during its installation as static shock will potentially short circuit a part.

2. https://www.labour.gov.hk/eng/ public/os/D/Near_water_en_A5_ booklet.pdf

FIRE SAFETY 5

PARTIAL DEMOLITION ON EXISTING BUILDINGS4

As the building programmes relies heavily on electronics, these equipments increases the risk of fire during construction. Below are some of the precautions that should be taken regarding to fire.

WORKING AT HEIGHT Safety harness must be used at heights, were adequate guardrails and scaffold should be provided.

FALLING MATERIALS

HAZARDOUS MATERIAL

During demolition, workers should be aware of potential falling debris or even collapse of structure.

During the removal of materials, dust and fine particles may enter the lungs if not protected. Unknown hazardous materials might also be present in the buildings. Therefore workers should always wear masks and gloves during construction.

ESCAPE ROUTES Escape routes should be clearly indicated on the site in case of an emergency FIRE EXTINGUISH EQUIPMENT Fire extinguishers should always be on site. Since the building is equipped with electronics, workers should be trained to identify which type of extinguishing equipment should be used.

3. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ uksi/2015/51/regulation/20/made

4. https://simcatgroup.com.au/ partial-demolition-what-is-it-whenis-it-done/

5. https://www.fireprotectiononline. co.uk/info/the-uk-fire-exit-signsregulations/

6. https://www.cleancreeks.org/167/ How-Construction-Contributes-toWater-Po

7. https://cpdonline.co.uk/ knowledge-base/health-and-safety/ ppe-in-construction/

8. https://www.hseblog.com/ emergency-drill-and-exercise/

4.4 PROTOTYPE TESTING & BUILDING UPKEEP

MAINTAINING BUILDING PERFORMANCE 1. SOLAR PANELS 2

This page dives deeper to some of the detail of the building project in its testing methods, construction training, and operation upkeep of the building. As the building design and construction is unique and bespoke, thorough testing must be conducted to ensure during its construction process, risk of delay will be minimized. These testing such as the medium to large scale mock ups, as well as assembly training could be conducted from a nearby warehouse, which is mostly vacant as it was normally served as storage space for the temporary biennale artworks. Prefabricated components could also be delivered to the warehouse for storage and later shipped on site when is needed, saving precious on site space for construction. The building has a relatively high upkeep demand with constant monitoring, where the key components are listed on the right.

1

EVERY MONTH

PROPOSED WAREHOUSE LOCATION

In order to maintain the solar panels efficiency, solar panels must be cleaned regularly. Workers should also wear harnesses when working at heights.

2

500M

2. IMMERSION POD SKIN EVERY MONTH

SITE

1

As the immersion pod skin is most likely to accumulate debris, which will affect the ability of the skin’s in dissipating heat, the skin will need regular cleaning. As the surface of the pods are deemed too dangerous to be stood on, workers will use water hoses and scrapers to clean debris off the skin.

3. UNDERWATER CLEANING3 EVERY MONTH

The underwater server, which relies on its exterior skin to dissipate a portion its heat, would require regular cleaning of its exterior as barnacles and debris would affect the skin’s performance.

Scuba divers with cleaning equipment would be hired to conduct the cleaning.

SMALL SCALE TESTING

MEDIUM SCALE TESTING

LARGE SCALE TESTING

4. TUNING SHOCK ABSORBERS

Small scale hand size simulated growth skin texture could first be tested on a regular commercial 3D printer as a quick way to figure out the scale and aesthetics of the texture. The additional cost for these testing would be negligible and could be tested as frequent as needed.

Once the skin texture formula could be determined, the testing could proceed onto a larger scale.

Initially, a couple of full size panels would be tested.

This exercise intention is to identify the feasibility of its construction technicality for stage 4, as well as production quality.

Towards the end of the technical stage, a full scale mock up of one of the immersion pod would be done. This exercise would be use to evaluate whether the projected timeline is reasonable, as well as further identify potential issues that have not been addressed.

Shock absorbers used to minimize the vibrations generated by the speakers will need to be tuned periodically, ensuring that the constant vibration does not translate sound outside the pod and protection to the structure.

EVERY 6MONTHS

BUILDING PARTIAL SECTION

5. ROOM SOUND CALIBRATION

PHYSCIAL ASSEMBLY TRAINING

FOLOGRAM FOR ASSEMBLY PROTOTYPES1

YEARLY

Immersive art being the focus of the gallery, audio and visual electronics must provide its promised capabilities.

Therefore IT technicians would need to use calibration microphones and color readers to ensure the gallery is performing at its peak.

5

6. COPPER PIPES PLUMBING WHEN NECESSARY

Due to the tight construction schedule for this building project, assembly training will be required for all workers to ensure they fully understand their tasks at hand. Full size immersion pod mock ups would provide opportunities for the workers to understand the complexity of the project.

CLT panels could be use as an alternative to external skin during practice to reduce cost.

1.https://fologram.com/

2. https://visualmodo.com/how-toclean-solar-panels-on-roofs/

For consultants, contractors and engineers that are tasked to figure out the how the assembly should be done for the workers, Fologram could provide an augmented space for quick testing. By using Hololens, Folograms provides a live link between 3D programs and augmented space, allowing use to quickly determine the construction logic in a physical space. The software also allow collaboration between users despite not being in the same space.

3. https://subind.net/equipment/ mc313/

6

In the case where these copper pipes introduces a leak or blockage, workers could quickly remove the raised floor within the immersion pods and replace the faulty pipes.

4

IMMERSION POD PARTIAL SECTION

4.5 UNESCO HERITAGE SITE CONSTRUCTION GUIDELINES & RESPONSE VENICE UNESCO HERITAGE SITE1

ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (HSIA) CRITERIA

IMPACT ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES BY UNESCO

Venice and its lagoon are recognized as UNESCO world heritage property. In order for Venice to retain its heritage status, it has to comply with the codes of the landscape and cultural heritage. As the building project asks for quite a substantial change in the Arsenale, the municipality would also have to prove the impact towards the environment will be minimized, and it brings significant value to Venice. This page therefore would demonstrate the above by responding to UNESCO impact assessment guideline, where it entails a series of questions and suggestions that help regulatory bodies to assess environmental development of a heritage site.

CONCEPT A concept of a policy or environmental change is drafted at this stage

5. IDENTIFYING AND PREDICTING IMPACTS What Environmental, social and other related impacts would result from the proposed action? (direct, indirect & cumulative)

PLANNING & ASSESSMENT

Direct Impacts: partial demolition of an existing building, rework of landscape, affect site access.

It is recommended that the assessment should be conducted as early as possible in order to have a larger influence towards the planning stage. In general there are two types of assessments for developmental changes

Indirect Impacts: expected an increase of visitors, significant demand in electricity from the power grid

6-7. EVALUATING IMPACTS & MITIGATION & ENHANCEMENT

STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA)

ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (HSIA)

This assessment report is used for policies, plans and programmes.

These strategies could also entail a series of physical developments, where they will have a independent HSIA.

This assessment report is used for projects, more specifically modifications towards the environment through physical changes. It is noted that in order for some banks to provide funding to projects within a heritage site, a HSIA must be conducted and submitted which will be further discussed on 4.6. For this project purposes, only a HSIA assessment is needed.

GUIDANCE AND TOOLKIT FOR IMPACT ASSESSMENTS 2

1. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/394/

As stated within the impact assessment, all sites within a UNSECO heritage region must be treated as a highly sensitive location and therefore, the measures should reflect that nature. Below will show some of the additional steps that would be taken to ensure that the construction of the building would meet the highest level of requirements which includes tight monitoring and public engagement.

There are 11 steps within the assessment criteria. The questions and responses below are not the entire assessment criteria within the impact assessment. However, I have selected 5-7 step to be explained in further detail as this will most likely be the most important questions that needs to be explained. Step 5-7 mostly requires planners to list the direct, indirect and cumulative impacts towards the city, both physical and non physical.

Cumulative Impacts: If this on water project is passed, might spark series of on water development, which might affect marine life through time

As suggested by the Impact Assessment guidelines, it should be conducted by consultants that have relevant expertise in the world heritage convention, the site that will be impacted, and the relevant action, which could be performed collaboratively by the client’s assigned environmental engineer and sustainability consultant. In general as long as the development shows that it will not affect the site’s outstanding Universal Value (OSV), it will be accepted by the UNESCO board. On the right, it shows the recommended procedures that could formally prove that such development would not affect the OSV of Venice.

MONITORING & SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT

CONSTRUCTION & IMPLEMENTATION Impact Assessments might need to be conducted multiple times during the planning stage before entering the construction or implementation stage of a development

Continuing from Step 5, what are the significance of the impact?

What could be the corresponding strategy?

Direct Impacts: The impact would be significant regionally, but with avoidance and mitigation measures it could be eliminated and minimized. A series of on site sensors would monitor the geological health of the site. Construction plan would follow the strictest guideline as possible. Furthermore the positive impact brought from the building culturally regarding digital art would be significant and outweighs its direct impacts.

Indirect Impacts: The impact would be significant regionally, but with avoidance and mitigation measures it could be eliminated and minimized. Upgrades for the surrounding site access such as reinforced pavements and facilities would allow the Biennale to accommodate a large inflow of visitors. Power Cables could be upgrade beneath the ground with no visual impact on the site.

Cumulative Impacts: The impact would be negligible and raises no concerns. The project would most likely be an exceptional case, due to the purpose of this building is to expand the limited capabilities of the existing Biennale venue for digital art, it is unlike a similar scenario would and could be passed by the Veneto parliament.

SITE LOCATION WATER SAMPLE LOCATION GROUND LEVELING SENSORS

WATER SAMPLING & LEVEL MONITORING 3 To ensure the construction and operation of the project would meet the highest level of confidence, apart from the monitoring of on site conditions, a weekly sampling of water of the lagoons from all three exits on the site as well as ground leveling data will be collected. If any one of the data points show anomaly, construction will be paused until the source of the abnormal data is identified and resolved.

PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT AND SOCIAL RESPONSE Despite the many positive impact that this building would have brought to the city, not everyone will understand with face value, especially when the building has such a bespoke appearance.

Public engagement workshops and seminars that will invite residents, business owners and visitors to understand the significance that the project will bring. Feedbacks regarding the direction of this building will be going forward will also be taken into consideration during the conceptual and developed design stage.

DECOMISSIONING AND RECYCLING 4 In the case that the building will be decommissioned due to unforeseeable reasons, the nature of the building being easy to assemble on site also means that the building is easy to deconstruct and recycled. 90% of primary building materials could be reused or recycled, extending the lifespan of the material.

Foundations of the building may leave a print on the land, but it should be minimal considering the construction methodology.

CARBON REDUCTION STRATEGIES IN RESPONSE TO UNSECO GUIDELINES USING LOCAL LABOR

OPERATION

2. https://whc.unesco.org/en/guidancetoolkit-impact-assessments/

DECOMMISSIONING

RECOVERY

IF APPLICABLE

IF APPLICABLE

3. https://cege.mtu.edu/great_lakes/ images2/spotlight_rosette_CDT.html

4. https://evreka.co/blog/scrap-metalrecycling-guide-a-way-to-sustainabledevelopment/

By using local labor, cost could be reduced by minimizing transport cost while indirectly lowering carbon emission as well

REUSING EXISTING BUILDING COMPONENTS By reusing parts of the existing building, less new material are needed, saving time and cost.

USING LOCAL SUPPLIES

OFF PEAK ELECTRICITY

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Focusing on local supplies help minimize the need for transportation, reducing cost and carbon emissions.

During off peak hours, the power grid tends to use green energy sources such as hydro power. As such during operation, the UPS should only charge itself during off peak hours.

As the building is equipped with solar panels, this source of energy will reduce cost in electricity demand and reduce carbon footprint.

4.6 COST, FUNDING & CARBON FOOTPRINT The total cost for the building will be distributed amongst the Government, Biennale and company sponsors. It is decided not to completely rely on government funding as involving the Biennale allows the development to share the risk and tighter exchange in knowledge and resources.

BUILDING DEVELOPMENT BREAKDOWN

PRICE £

AMOUNTING PERCENTAGE

MATERIAL COST

2,614,725

9.0%

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT COST#

328,000

1.1%

TRANSPORTATION AND DELIVERY

550,000

1.8%

4,250,000

14.6%

MEP

6,750,000

23.1%

TOTAL COST

METAL 3D PRINTER RENTING^^

500,000

1.7%

29,205,351 £

MOCK UP COST^^

250,000

0.8%

TOTAL CONSTRUCTION COST (CONTINGENCY 10%)

15,242,725 (1,524,275)

52.2%(5.2%)

LABOR COST *

4,572,817

15.7%

ARCHITECT’S FEE7 **

1,066,990

3.7%

CONSULTANT, ENGINEERS FEE***

1,524,272

5.2%

CONTRACTOR FEE

1,524,272

5.2%

ELECTRONICS EQUIPMENT COST ^

3,750,000

12.8%

TOTAL COST

29,205,351

100%

SECONDARY FUNDING 20% 5,841,070.2 £

COMPANY SPONSORSHIP* 5% 1,460,267.55 £

REGIONAL GOVERNMENT OF VENETO

LA BIENNALE DI VENEZIA

DELL & BOSE

VENETO TOURISM FUND

PRIVATE DONOR 70%

PRODUCT SPONSORSHIP

Annually a portion of the National Financial Budget is allocated to the government of Veneto, where the government decides how the funding will be distributed to each sectors. In this case, parts of the tourism fund will be funded to the building project.

4,088,749.14 £

Since the building relies on visual and audio technology for its art displays, this gives tech companies an opportunity to showcase their product capabilities. They will provide a discount for buying their products in bulk, as well as providing in person tech support during the building operation.

In return, they may request a immersion pod named after the company as advertisement.

The Biennale could ask for funding from private donors, as it has done regularly in the past.

TICKET REVENUE 30% 1,752,321.06 £ As the Biennale has a steady income of ticket revenue, a portion of the money will be used to fund the building project.

* These companies do not have a stake in the development of the immersive gallery. They would only have a contractual guarantee that their brand would be advertised as detailed in the contract.

The contract in this case is between the operation organization (La Biennale Di Venezia) & the visual audio company.

REUSING EXISTING BUILDING VS NEW BUILDING AS AN IMMERSIVE GALLERY Initally, the carbon footprint of a new building will most likely be higher than reusing a existing building due to material extraction, fabrication and construction

PROPOSED BUILDING CARBON FOOTPRINT Through time, as the new building makes up by its low energy usage and low maintance upkeep compared to an existing building

EXISTING BUILDING

TIME

2. https://tradingeconomics.com/ commodity/aluminum

ENERGY COST & SAVINGS PER YEAR

FOUNDATION

PRIMARY FUNDING 75% 21,904,013.2 £

1. https://www.checkatrade.com/blog/costguides/steel-building-prices/

ELEMENTAL COST PLAN##

3. https://www.easymixconcrete.com/ about-us/ready-mix-concrete-prices/ 4. https://www.handsmetals.co.uk/ scrap-metal-prices/

## THIS COST MODEL WAS BASED ON THE SPON’S ARCHITECT’S AND BUILDER’S PRICE BOOK 2022 EDITION 8 * LABOR COST IS ESTIMATED AS HAVING SAME COST AS MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT COST COMBINED ** ARCHITECTS FEE IS ESTIMATED AS 7% OF THE CONSTRUCTION COST *** CONSULTANTS, CONTRACTORS & ENGINEERING FEE IS ESTIMATED AS 10% OF TOTAL CONSTRUCTION COST # CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT COST IS ESTIMATED AS 15% OF MATERIAL COST ^ ELECTRONICS INCLUDES PROJECTOR, SPEAKERS, SERVERS AND COMPUTERS FOR THE BUILDING

ENERGY NEEDED FROM ELECTRONICS

+541,554 kWh

WATER PUMP ENERGY

+102,910 kWh

SOLAR ENERGY

-60,112 kWh

MINIMUM ENERGY NEEDED FROM THE GRID

+584,352 kWh

TOTAL ENERGY COST 10

337,755 £

On the right, the cost shows a rough estimate of the amount of energy needed for the primary energy consuming elements within the building. Despite the large amount of energy needed for the building, it could have been much higher if not for the energy saving strategies listed below, which is also the justification for a new building within the Biennale. Below shows the comparison between a conventional air conditioning strategy for conventional immersive galleries and the proposed building. The energy cost and carbon saved demonstrates despite the initial significant cost of the building, over time the cost saved in energy justifies it.

MAIN ENERGY SAVERS

^^ METAL 3D PRINTING RENTAL PRICE COULD ONLY BE ASSUMED AS THERE ARE NO SUGGESTED PRICE ON THE MARKET. MOCK UP COST IS ALSO ASSUMED DUE TO THE BESPOKE NATURE OF THE DESIGN

ESTIMATE BUILDING MATERIAL COST AND CARBON FOOTPRINT * WATER SOURCE HEAT PUMP BUILDING MATERIAL

QUANTITY

PRICE PER QUANTITY £

EMBODIED CARBON6 (kg CO2/kg)

TOTAL PRICE £

TOTAL EMBODIED CARBON 6 (Tonnes)

STEEL1 STRUCTURE

770T*

1300

2.7

1,001,000

2,079

STEEL POWDER14 FOR SLM PRINTING TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZED FLOOR PLATE

176T

1500

2.7

264,000

457.6

STEEL1 BUILDING EXTERNAL WALL

375T

850

2.7

318,750

1,012.5

RECYCLED ALUMINUM2 INTERNAL CLADDING

365T

925

2.3

337,625

839.5

RECYCLED ALUMINUM POWDER14 FOR SLM PRINTING IMMERSION POD SKIN

123T

1300

2.3

159,900

282.9

CONCRETE3 FOUNDATIONS, STEEL DECK FILLING

1130M3 (424T**)

100

0.9

113,000

381.6

COPPER4 COOLING SYSTEM & FITTINGS

135T

2100

2.7

283,500

GLASS5 CURTAIN WALL

1650M2

83

0.9

TOTAL

NA

NA

NA

RECYCLED HEATING DURING COOL WEATHER

SOLAR ENERGY

HOW MUCH ENERGY & COST DID THE COOLING SOLUTION SAVED?* EXISTING BUILDING RETROFIT

PROPOSED BUILDING PROJECT

METHOD OF COOLING

AIR CONDITIONING

WATER SOURCE HEAT PUMP

COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE7

2-2.5 (DEPENDING ON OUTSIDE TEMP)

5

THEORETICAL ENERGY NEEDED TO EXTRACT BUILDING HEAT OUTPUT (541554kWh)

216,621.6270,777kWh

102,910.8kWh

SAVINGS IN ENERGY(kWh DIFFERENCE)

-

113,711kWh - 167,867kWh

264.5

TOTAL SAVED CARBON EMISSION PER YEAR (TONS)9

-

42.2 - 62.3

136,950

37.1

TOTAL SAVED ENERGY COST PER YEAR10 £

-

52,602 - 97,027

2,614,725

5354.7 * THIS CALCULATED ENERGY SAVINGS DID NOT TAKE ACCOUNT OF THE NATURAL HEAT LOSS OF THE BUILDING

BUILDING ELEMENT EMBODIED CARBON*** 12

TOTAL EMBODIED CARBON (TONNES)

MEP

803.1

INTERNAL & EXTERNAL FINISHES

428.4

FOUNDATIONS

1338.7

TRANSPORTATION & DELIVERY

535.5

EXTRACTION & MANUFACTURING

262.7

TOTAL

3368.4

* QUANTITY MEASURED FROM 3D MODEL, WITH ROOF, WALL & FLOORS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT

Metal 3D printing carbon embodied cost is not included as no data could be found. Building construction embodied carbon amounts to around 63 percent of building material carbon footprint.

Despite the seemingly large amount of embodied carbon, I believe that it is justified by the increase in performance of the building due to the choice of material, which would significantly reduce the operational embodied carbon.

*** BASED ON PERCENTAGE OF OVERALL CARBON FOOTPRINT. IN REFERENCE WITH LONDON ENERGY TRANSFORMATION INITIATIVE PROVIDED MODEL

EXTERNAL SKIN HEAT INDUCED HEAT SAVINGS By measuring the percentage of increased surface area of the immersion pod compared to a flat skin, calculation shows that 14% less heat is transmitted back into the interior due to the strategic growth formula. Although it only accounts to a small amount of energy savings, overtime the accumulated savings would account to a significant amount. Having this alternative heat purging method also lowers the risk of electronics being damaged under high heat11, saving maintenance cost.

** CONCRETE ON STEEL DECK ASSUMED WITH 150MM THICKNESS

5. https://www.checkatrade.com/blog/costguides/toughened-glass-price-list/ 6. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/ Embodied-carbon-of-some-building-materialsURL-8_fig5_328654824

9. https://carbonfund.org/calculation10. https://www.globalpetrolprices.com/Italy/ methods/#:~:text=We%20calculate%20emissions%20 electricity_prices/ from%20electricity,0.371%20kgs%20CO2e%20per%20 kWh).

8. https://www.routledge.com/spon-press?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_term=search&utm_ 11. https://element5digital.com/heat-has-acampaign=B027362_hr1_5ll_5ec_d769_ppc-spons-p3-conversion&gclid=CjwKCAjwrdmhBhBBEiwA4Hx5g8e negative-affect-on-electronics/ O2AMha7wCPEDYYUSoDyaWjr0Wk1B4uZjQHFm3wzmEDSBEEvcfPBoCYvMQAvD_BwE 7. https://www.greenmatch.co.uk/heat-pump/ water-source-heat-pump/water-source-heatpump-cost

12. https://www.twinfm.com/article/how-toreduce-a-buildings-whole-life-carbon

5.0 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS

A

0

690 0

720

0

680

7

00

14

-0.00M

66

1

00

B

0

540

66

00

0.50M

750

2

3

6

7500

0

5

66

5400

4500 4500 4500

66

12

00

3

1.50M -0.00M

B

66

00

13

10

4

66

10

0

9

00

0

1.50M

10

0 500

00

500

10

66

1.50M

66

00

66

-0.00M

00

-1.00M

66

00 A

66

GROUND FLOOR PLAN 10

8

00

30

60M

N

0 500

1. ELEVATED WALKWAY 2. FOYER 3.PUBLIC ATRIUM IMMERSION POD 4. PRIVATE GALLERY 5. ARTIST STUDIO 6. XR STUDIO 7. STAFF OFFICE 8. SEMINAR ROOM 9. DIGITAL LIBRARY 10. BATHROOM 11. LOCKER ROOM 12. CAFE KITCHEN 13. SEATING AREAS 14. DOCK LOADING BAY

0 500

1:500 @A3

0

11

500

66

0

13

500

00

A

0

690 0

720

0

680

6

6.50M

5

66

00 5400

66

1

00

B

7500

0

0

540

66

750

4500 4500 4500

00 66

00

2

3

7.50M

B

4

66

00

66

4

0

500

00

500

66

0

00

500

6.50M

6.50M

0 500

00

0

1

66

4

00

1

00

1:500 @A3

66

00

0

10

A

66

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

00

30

60M

N

0 500

1

66

1. IMMERSION PODS 2. EDUCATION WORKSHOP SPACE 3. IMMERSION POD FOR WORKSHOP 4. GALLERY CORRIDORS 5. BALCONY 6.OBSERVATION DECK

0 500

66

A

0

690 0

720

0

680

3 12.50M

1

1

1

66

00 5400

66

00

B

10.50M

0

0

2

66

00

7500

540

750

4500 4500 4500

1

66

00

B

1

66

00 3

66

11.50M

2 2

500

66

0

00

2

0 500

66

00

0 500

66

00

1:500 @A3 66

00

0

10

A

66

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

00

30

60M

0 500

12.50M

0

00

500

1

66

1. IMMERSION PODS 2. GALLERY CORRIDORS 3.OBSERVATION DECK

0

500

00

N

A

0

690 0

720

0

680

17.00M

66

00 5400

66

00

15.00M

B

7500

0

0

540

66

750

66

00

B

66

00

16.00M

66

0

500

00

4500 4500 4500

00

500

66

0

00

500 0

66

17.00M

0 500

66

00

0 500

66

00

66

00

1:500 @A3

0

10

A

66

ROOF PLAN

00

30

60M

0 500

00

N

B

7500

4500

7500

7500

7500

7500

7500

7500

7500

7500

1

7500

6000

8

5000

4

1

3

6500

1500

5

2

1:250 @A3 1. IMMERSION PODS 2.SERVER ROOM 3.STAFF OFFICE 4.BALCONY 5.PUBLIC ATRIUM IMMERSION POD 6. BATHROOM 7. DIGITAL LIBRARY 8. GALLERY CORRIDORS

B

LONG SECTION A-A 0

5

15

30M

6

7

7500

A

7200

6900

4500

6800

1

6000

5

5000

5

2

6500

1500

3

1:250@A3

A

1. IMMERSION PODS 2.FOYER 3.PUBLIC ATRIUM IMMERSION POD 4.PRIVATE GALLERY 5.GALLERY CORRIDORS

SHORT SECTION A-A 0

5

15

30M

4

FIGURE LIST, CITATIONS & BIBLIOGRAPHY THIS LIST CONTAINS ALL IMAGES, REFERENCED PROJECTS AND REFERENCE CONSTRUCTION KNOWLEDGE USED ON THIS PROJECT

•https://www.labiennale.org/en •https://www.dezeen.com/2016/06/02/venicearchitecture-biennale-2016-recycled-waste-exhibitionentrances-alejandro-aravena/

•https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/information-consumers/energyadvice-households/average-gas-and-electricity-use-explained •https://scaquarium.org/brumation/ •https://www.dimensions.com/element/football-soccer-pitch-field

•https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/outrage/ outrage-the-venice-biennale-makes-a-mess •https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51364082 •https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Ecology/Environmental_ Science_%28Ha_and_Schleiger%29/06%3A_Environmental_ Impacts/6.03%3A_Climate_Change/6.3.02%3A_Data_Dive-_ Flooding_in_Venice_Italy •https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/10/venetiansvenice-italy-fear-city-becoming-a-museum-as-population-fallsto-50000 •https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220927-italys-plan-to-savevenice-from-sinking#:~:text=According%20to%20a%202021%20 report,32cm%20(13in)%20by%202100.

•https://imagesofvenice.com/the-arsenal-of-venice/ •https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/venice-canal-drought-italyclimate-scli-intl/index.html#:~:text=The%20problems%20in%20 Venice%20are,the%20north%20of%20the%20country.

•https://www.cambridgeconsultants.com/expertise/augmentedreality-virtual-reality •https://www.racksolutions.com/news/blog/ server-room-explained/

•https://www.usaid.gov/energy/powering-health/ system-components/uninterruptible-powersupplies#:~:text=Uninterruptible%20power%20supplies%20 provide%20backup,protecting%20the%20equipment%20 from%20damage.

•https://news.microsoft.com/source/features/sustainability/ project-natick-underwater-datacenter/ •https://www.archdaily.com/996804/what-is-the-difference-betweenprecast-and-prefabricated-concrete-structures •https://www.archdaily.com/904676/coal-drops-yard-heatherwickstudio

•https://pure.tudelft.nl/ws/files/7745401/CS7M_3_1358.pdf

•https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ef/0e/07/ ef0e07b2870fbf4128c02e6c7fcc024a.jpg

•https://wikifactory.com/@jonathankeep/clay-3d-printing

•https://www.labour.gov.hk/eng/public/os/D/Near_water_ en_A5_booklet.pdf

• https://www.unstudio.com/en/page/11729/lyric-theatre-complex •https://energysavingtrust.org.uk/advice/water-source-heatpumps/ •Https://www.homebuilding.co.uk/advice/heat-pumps-vs-airconditioners

•https://markforged.com/3d-printers/metal-x •https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/documents/college-eps/irc/amp-lab/ slm.pdf •https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fzBRYsiyxjI&t=2s&ab_ channel=RealEngineering •https://www.arup.com/perspectives/publications/the-arup-journal/ section/the-arup-journal-2022-issue-1

•https://www.venezialines.com/blog/venices-canals-built-city-builtwater/

•https://architizer.com/blog/practice/details/foster-partnersbloomberg-suspended-ceiling/

•https://maarslivingwalls.com/steel-walls-are-number-one-in-acousticperformance/

•https://veneziaautentica.com/bridges-in-veniceitaly/#:~:text=There%20are%20exactly%20391%20bridges,the%20 city%20was%20built%20on.

•https://www.bloomberg.com/company/press/bloomberg-mostsustainable-office-building/

•https://bestveniceguides.it/en/2020/02/28/sewage-in-venice-howdoes-it-work/

•https://architizer.com/blog/practice/details/foster-partnersbloomberg-suspended-ceiling/

•https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/decades-makingvenices-controversial-new-sea-defen/

•https://optimasystems.com/hydro-circal-low-carbon-glasspartitions/

•https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/22/glass-barrierskeep-st-marks-basilica-dry-venice-floods

•https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/ system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1124733/Approved_ Document_B__fire_safety__volume_1_-_Dwellings__2019_ edition_incorporating_2020_and_2022_amendments.pdf

•https://www.kooness.com/posts/magazine/what-is-immersiveart#:~:text=Infinity%20Mirrored%20Room.-,So%2C%20what%20 is%20immersive%20art%3F,become%20a%20protagonist%20 within%20it.

•https://www.designboom.com/art/mori-building-teamlab-digital-artmuseum-tokyo-05-01-2018/ •https://energyinnovation.org/2020/03/17/how-much-energy-dodata-centers-really-use/ •https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Energy-consumption-ofmuseums-large-open-gallery-spaces-by-end-use-Source-US_ fig14_320474507 •https://journal.uptimeinstitute.com/a-look-at-data-center-coolingtechnologies/ •https://www.quora.com/How-much-of-a-computers-energy-goesto-heat#:~:text=Computers%20can’t%20make%20energy,your%20 room%20all%20the%20time%E2%80%A6

•https://www.wired.com/story/artist-refik-anadol-turnsdata-art-help-ai/

•https://allaboutvenice.com/how-was-venice-built/

•https://mperryassociates.com/2022/11/16/advantages-anddisadvantages-of-aluminium-in-structures/

•https://mothership.sg/2022/05/metajam-asia-2022/

•https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2021/07/22/venice-isnot-in-danger-according-to-unesco

•https://www.cieh.org/media/1251/london-goodpractice-guide-noise-vibration-control-for-demolition-andconstruction.pdf

•https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/2043

•https://www.itakehistory.com/post/the-arsenal-of-venice

•https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Procurement_ route

•https://help.summitracing.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/5251/~/ what-is-a-monotube-shock%3F

•https://leedsinternationalacademy.com/ facilities-in-general/digital-library/

•https://seatemperature.net/current/italy/venice-veneto-italysea-temperature#:~:text=Average%20annual%20water%20 temperature%20on,81%C2%B0F)%20in%20August.

•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-EIVlHvHRM&ab_ channel=WIRED

•https://brodies.com/insights/construction-andengineering/two-stage-tenders-a-means-of-managingrisk-for-contractors/#:~:text=What%20are%20the%20 benefits%20of,to%20feed%20into%20the%20programme.

•https://www.gielle.it/fire-protection-systems/powder-firesuppression-systems/ •https://www.firesealsdirect.co.uk/advice-centre/how-toapply-intumescent-paint/#:~:text=Intumescent%20paints%20 are%20a%20type,reaching%20their%20critical%20failure%20 temperature.

•https://www.dezeen.com/2019/03/26/under-snohettaunderwater-restaurant-construction/ •https://www.wenext.com/blog/3D-Printing/slm-3d-printingservice •https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=URC125wpMS4&t=416s&ab_ channel=PracticalEngineering •http://home.iitk.ac.in/~mohite/Aircraft_components.pdf •https://www.dannoceantowing.com/tugboat-bargetransportation/#:~:text=When%20large%20ships%20or%20 barges,a%20thousand%20times%20their%20size.

•https://www.ace-cranes.com/equipment/towercranes#:~:text=Fixed%20Tower%20Crane%20is%20used,5%20 tons%20to%2025%20tons.

•https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/World_heritage_site

•https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Embodied-carbon-of-somebuilding-materials-URL-8_fig5_328654824 •https://dyconcretepumps.com/concrete-vs-other-constructionmaterials/#:~:text=Concrete%20generally%20wins%20out%20 when,and%20efficiency%20savings%20later%20on.

•https://www.concretecentre.com/Performance-Sustainability/ Thermal-Mass.aspx#:~:text=Thermal%20mass%20describes%20 the%20ability,in%20response%20to%20internal%20conditions.

•https://rclglobal.co.uk/copper-wire-pros-and-cons/ •https://international-aluminium.org/work_areas/recycling/ •https://mithras.tech/2019/04/17/can-human-body-heat-provide-theworld-with-energy/#:~:text=For%20the%20human%20body%2C%20 these,power%20of%2080%2D1050%20Watts.

•https://masweb.vims.edu/bridge/datatip.cfm?Bridge_ Location=archive0909.html#:~:text=Water%20has%20a%20 much%20higher,of%201.005%20J%2Fg%20degreesC. •https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/thermalP/u18l1f.cfm •https://www.everythingrf.com/community/what-is-an-anechoicchamber •https://www.britannica.com/science/sea-breeze •https://www.house-energy.com/Insulation/R-value-insulation.htm •https://www.salusai.co.uk/revised-part-l-f-o/ •https://www.gersteineye.com/blog/2018/08/how-does-brightlight-affect-your-vision/#:~:text=When%20the%20retina’s%20 light%2Dsensing,can%20cause%20permanent%20retinal%20damage.

•http://artfcity.com/2017/05/17/the-venice-biennale-an-orphanage-forthe-terminally-out-of-touch/ •https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2023/jan/28/immersiveart-exhibitions-popular-david-hockney-van-gogh-dali-london •https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Single-stage_tender

•https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2015/51/ regulation/20/made • https://simcatgroup.com.au/partial-demolition-what-is-itwhen-is-it-done/ • https://www.fireprotectiononline.co.uk/info/the-uk-fireexit-signs-regulations/ • https://www.cleancreeks.org/167/How-ConstructionContributes-to-Water-Po • https://cpdonline.co.uk/knowledge-base/health-andsafety/ppe-in-construction/ • https://www.hseblog.com/emergency-drill-and-exercise/ •https://fologram.com/ •https://visualmodo.com/how-to-clean-solar-panels-onroofs/ •https://subind.net/equipment/mc313/ •https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/394/ •https://whc.unesco.org/en/guidance-toolkit-impactassessments/ •https://cege.mtu.edu/great_lakes/images2/spotlight_ rosette_CDT.html •https://evreka.co/blog/scrap-metal-recycling-guide-away-to-sustainable-development/ •https://www.checkatrade.com/blog/cost-guides/steelbuilding-prices/ •https://tradingeconomics.com/commodity/aluminum •https://www.easymixconcrete.com/about-us/ready-mixconcrete-prices/ •https://www.handsmetals.co.uk/scrap-metal-prices/ •https://www.checkatrade.com/blog/cost-guides/ toughened-glass-price-list/ •https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Embodied-carbonof-some-building-materials-URL-8_fig5_328654824 •https://www.greenmatch.co.uk/heat-pump/water-sourceheat-pump/water-source-heat-pump-cost •https://www.routledge.com/spon-press?utm_ source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_ term=search&utm_campaign=B027362_hr1_5ll_5ec_ d769_ppc-spons-p3-conversion&gclid=CjwKCAjwrdmhB hBBEiwA4Hx5g8eO2AMha7wCPEDYYUSoDyaWjr0Wk1B4 uZjQHFm3wzmEDSBEEvcfPBoCYvMQAvD_BwE •https://carbonfund.org/calculationmethods/#:~:text=We%20calculate%20emissions%20 from%20electricity,0.371%20kgs%20CO2e%20per%20 kWh).

•https://www.globalpetrolprices.com/Italy/electricity_ prices/ •https://element5digital.com/heat-has-a-negative-affecton-electronics/ •https://www.twinfm.com/article/how-to-reduce-abuildings-whole-life-carbon