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DR. K.N.MODI UNIVERSITY NEWAI (JAIPUR) RAJSTHAN (INDIA)
www.dknmu.org
Established by the Govt. of Rajsthan,under Dr. K.N.Modi University Act,(Act No. 8 of 2010) Established by th Govt. of Rjasthan, under K.N.Modi University Act.(Act No 8 of 2010) & approved by UGC underDr. sectiom 2 (f) of UGC Act,(1956) & approved by UGC under section 2(f ) of UGC Act, (1956)
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DR. KEDARNATH MODI FOUNDATION www.knmodifoundation.org 26 Campuses 36,000 Students
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in Hostel
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on 041-527561, 9815800494 si .. s i ne 9801607901/02/03/04/05 m li A d elp E-mail : edu.unigoal@gmail.com H
Science Managment Affilated to HSEB
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dn+ujf M– lhlj; rf}s dn+ujf, ;nf{xL, kmf]g M– )$^–%@!#(@ hgsk'/ M–/fdrf}s hgsk'/, wg'iff kmf]g M– )$!–%@*@)& d'b|0f M– b'uf{ ckm;]6 k|];, dn+ujf tyf Sjfln6L ckm;]6 k|];,hgsk'/ E-mail: madheshpost@gmail.com
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;nf{xL c:ktfn laB't k|flws/0f bdsn PDj' n]G;-/]8 qm;_ b'/ ;+rf/ dd{t lh= k|zf;g sf lh= vfg]kfgL lh=k|=sf dn+ujf O k|x/L sf= xl/jg O k|x/L sf= xl/k'/ O k|x/L sf= a/xyjf O k|x/L sf= O{Zj/k'/ lh 6«f sf gjnk'/
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of]hgfnfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbg ;Sg' kb{ 5 . ;f] cj;/df k;f{sf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L s} nfzs'df/ jlhdon] lj z] if u / L ; f d f l h s / cfly{ s¿kn] lk5l8Psf ;d'bfo / ju { s f af naf lnsf nf O{ ;zQmLs/0f u/L pgLx¿nfO{ ljsf;sf] d" n k| jfxdf ;dflxt ug] {v fnsf of] h gfnfO{ ljz] i f k|f yldstf lbg'k b{5 eGg' e of] . lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, k;f{sf afnd} q L :yfgL o zf;gsf sfo{ qmd ;+ o f] h s zDe' k | ; fb s'zjfxfsf] ;efkltTjdf ;DkGg pQm sfo{ q mddf o' l g;] k msf OlGb/f sf] O/fnf, dfwj a/fn,
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:ki6 gLltsf] dfu ub{} ;/fsf/nfO{ 1fkg kq dw]z ;dfrf/bftf ;nf{ x L, # c;f/ . ;' g rfF bL Joj;fosf nflu ;/sf/n] :ki6 gLlt agfpg' kg{] dfu ub{} ;f]daf/ ;nf{xLsf ;'grfFbL Joj;foLx?n] l;+xb/af/df /x]sf] jfl0fHo tyf cfk"l t{ dGqfnodf 1fkg kq k7fPsf 5g\ . dn+ u jfdf ;f] dfa/ ;' g rfF bL Joj;foLx?n] lj/f]w k|bz{g ub{} lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf 1fkg kq a'e mfPsf 5g\ . pNn]V o ;+V ofdf e]nf ePsf ;'grfFbL Joj;foLx?n] 1fkg kq a'emfpg' cl3 dn+ujf gu/ kl/qmdf ub{}
s]xLa]/ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no 3]/fp ;d]t u/]sf lyP . g]kfn ;'grfFbL /Tg tyf cfe"if0f dxf;+3 / g]kfn ;'grfFbL dxf;+3sf k|ltlgwLx?n] sfo{ljlwsf] d:of}bf tof/ kf/L ;/sf/ ;dIf a'emfO{ ;s]sf] ePklg xfn;Dd sfof{Gjo gePsfn] Joj;fo ;+rfngdf cGof}ntf l;h{gf ePsf] ;'grfFbL Joj;foLx?sf] egfO{ 5 . o;sf] lj/f]wdf ;nf{xL ;lxt b]ze/sf ;' g rfF bL Joj;foLx?n] s] x L lbgb]lv ;'grfFbL sf/f]af/ g} aGb u/]sf 5g\ . ;nf{xL ;'grfFbL Joj;foL ;+3sf]
g]tT[ jdf pgLx?n] xl/jgdf /x]sf] O{nfsf k|zf;g sfof{no dfkm{t\ cfk"l t{ dGqfnodf 1fkg kq k7fPsf x'g\ . 1fkg kq a'emfpg' cl3 pgL x?n] k" j { k lZr d nf]sdfu{df gf/fafhL ;d]t u/]sf lyP .;'grfFbL Joj;fo ;DalGw s' g } gLlt tyf dfkb08 g} gagfO{ sg ;/sf/n] yfn] sf] cg'udg / sfjf{xLn] cfkm"x?nfO{ Joj;fo g} ug{ sl7g ePsfn] rfF8f] eGbf rfF8f] o; ;DalGw gLlt lgod lgdf{0f ug{ dfu ul/Psf] ;+3sf cWoIf czf]s s'df/ ;fxn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .
dn+ujf gu/kflnsf lxnf]df kl/0ft dw]z ;dfrf/bftf ;nf{xL, # c;f/ . kfgLsf] plrt lgsf; x'g g;Sbf ;f]daf/ k/]sf] kfgLn] ubf{ ;nf{xL ;b/d'sfd dn+ujf lxnf]df kl/0ft ePsf] 5. kfgLsf] plrt lgsf; x'g g;Sbf ;8sdf ePsf] vfN8f v'N8Ldf kfgL hd]sf] 5 . ljut nfdf] ;do b]vL ;8ssf] dd{t ;Def/ tyf kfgL lgsf;sf] plrt Joj:yfkg
x'g g;Sbf ;8s lxnf]df kl/0ft ePsf] 5 . ;8sdf kfgL hd]kl5 ;8s 5]psf k;n]x?n] kfgLdf g} kmf]x/ kmfNg] u/]sf]n] b'ul{ Gwt ;d]t aGg k'u]sf] 5 . ;8s lxnfDo ePkl5 ofq' tyf oft f oft sf ;f wgx?nfO{ cfjthfjt ug{ ;d]t ;d:of ePsf] 5 . ef/tLo dxfjfl0fHo b'tfjf;n] 9n lgdf{0fsf nflu ^
dlxgf klxn] sl/a ;f9] $ s/f]8 ;xof]u u/]klg xfn ;Dd 9n lgdf{0f sfo{ z'? gePsf]n] o:tf] cj:yf cfPsf] :yflgoaf;Lsf] syg 5 . ;nf{x Lsf] Psdfq gu/kflnsfsf] xfnt lbg k|lt lbg v/fa aGb} uPklg :yflgoaf;L , /fhgLlts bn tyf ;/f]sf/afnf lgsfon] s'g} kxn gug'{ dn+ujfsf nflu b'ef{Uo xf] .
j[4j[4fx? Ps jif{b]lv eQfaf6 jl~rt dw]z ;dfrf/bftf /fhlj/fh, # c;f/ . ;Kt/Lsf] l5Ggd:tf uflj;sf j[4x?n] Ps jif{ b]lv ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf kfPsf 5}gg\ . lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt ;Kt /L sf cg' ; f / l5Ggd:tfsf uflj; ;lrj tflx/ ldofF s f] nfk/afxLsf sf/0f xfn;Dd ToxfF sf a[4a[ 4fx?n] kl5Nnf] !^ dlxgfdf Ps ls:tf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf dfq} kfPsf 5g\ . ut cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷)^( sf] ;f df lh s ;' / If f e Qf ljt/0f;DaGwL lx;fjsf] km/kmf/s sflQsdf ul/Psf] lyof] . ut df3 @! ut] l5Ggd:tf uflj;nfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf / blnt afnaflnsfsf] eQfjfkt klxnf] ls:tf lgsf;f lbOPsf] lyof] . lh lj;n] ;fdflh s ;' / Iff eQfjfkt ? cf7 nfv () xhf/ tyf blnt afnaflnsfsf] kf]if0f eQfjfkt ? rf/ nfv $) xhf/
*)) lgsf;f lbPklg To;sf] e/kfO uflj; ;lrj tflx/n] lhlj;df ga'emfPsf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd ;~rfng kmfF6sf k|d'v xl/x/ rf}w/Ln] atfpg'eof] . rf}w/Lsf cg';f/ e/kfOsf nflu ldofFnfO{ tLgk6s kqfrf/;d]t ul/;lsPsf] 5 . o;}aLr Ps jif{b]lv ;fdflhs ;' /Iffjfktsf] /sd cfkm"x?n] gkfPsf] eGb} l5Ggd:tf uflj;sf a[4a[4fx? cfOtaf/ lbpF;f] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff kmfF6df cfkm\gf] u'gf;f] ;'gfpFb} 3]/fp u/]sf lyP . b'j} cfFvf b]Vg g;Sg] b[li6ljlxg l5Ggd:tfsL Zofd;'Gb/L b]jLn] Ps jif{b]lv eQf gkfPsf] u'gf;f] ub} { cfkm" nfO{ k}; f lbnfOlbg sd{rf/Lx?;Fu cg'/f]w ug'{ePsf] 5. uflj; ;lrj tflx/ ldofF kl5Nnf] b'O { dlxgfb]l v j]k Qf ePkl5 a[4a[ 4fx?sf] pQm 6f]nL o;/L
;b/d'sfd /fhlj/fhl:yt lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no cfPsf] xf] . ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf dfq} xf]Og, uflj; ;lrj tflx/ ldofFn] blnt afnaflnsfx?sf nflu lgsf;f lnPsf] ? rf/ nfv rf/ xhf/ *)) ;d]t clxn];Dd ljt/0f ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo blntx?n] Ps dlxgfcl3 lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf lnlvt ph'/Lg} btf{ u/fO;s]sf 5g\ . oBlk, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] To;k|lt vf;} rf;f] gb]vfPsf] pgLx?sf] u'gf;f] 5. o;} a Lr cfOt af/ :yfgLo afl ;Gbf x?n] clVt of/ b' ? kof] u cg' ; Gwfg cfof] u tyf :yfg Lo ljsf; dGqfno;d] t nfO{ af] w fy{ lbO{ uflj; ;lrj pk/ 5fglag x' g ' k g] { df u ;lxt lh Nnf k| z f;g sfof{ n o ;Kt/Ldf ph' / L btf{ u/fPsf 5g\ .
tLgj6f k'n Ps};fy ====================== lgdf{0f ePsf] o; of]hgfsf] gfd /ftf], lkk/f, k|sf}nL ˆn8 la|h /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^&÷)^* j}zfvaf6 lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? eO{ clxn] tL k'n k"0f{¿kdf tof/ eO;s]sf 5g\ eg] ljut !% lbgb]lv k'ndflyaf6 oftfoft klg ;~rfngdf cfO;s]sf] 5 . b'O{ jif{leq k'n tof/ ug]{ 7]Ssf lnPsf] 7]Ss]bf/ sDkgL]n] k'n lgdf{0f u/L ;~rfngdf NofO;s]sf] 5 eg] rfF8} k'nx¿ ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/g] lgdf{0f sDkgLsf k|ltlglw hogfy s'jF /n] atfpg'eof] . lhNnfdf Ps};fy tLgj6f k'n lgdf{0f ePkl5 dxf]Q/Lsf] k|d'v af6f] af9Lsf] a]nf a;]{lg sf6\g'kg]{ ;d:of x6]sf] tyf x'nfsL ;8s rfF8} g} k|of]udf cfpg] lhNnfjf;Lsf] ljZjf; /x]sf] 5 .
Pe/]i6 k]k/ ldn ===============================
u/fpg' kg]{, cyfoLnfO{ :yfoL / k'/fgf dhb'/x?nfO{ kbf]Gglt ug'{ kg]{ nufotsf ljleGg !! ;'lqo dfu /fVb} cfOtaf/b]lv cfGbf]ngdf cf]n]{sf 5g\ . cfGbf]ngdf cf]n]{sf ldnsf sl/j ^ ;o hgf dhb'/x?n] ldn aGb ug{'sf] ;fy} wgf{ ;d]t lbO/x]sf 5g\ . #) jif{bl] v kl/If0f sflng cj:yfd} ;+rflnt pQm k]k/ ldnn] jiff}{b]lv sfo{/t dhb'/x? dfly >d zf]if0f ub}{ cfPsf] dhb'/x?n] atfPsf 5g\ . ldndf cfkm\gf] hfoh dfusf] nflu k6s k6s cfu|x ubf{ klg Joj:yfkg kIfn] j]jf:tf u/]sf] eGb} afWo eP/ cfGbf]ngdf cf]n]{sf] Pe/]i6 k]k/ ldn sd{rf/L PSzg ;+o'Qm ;+3if{ ;ldltsf ;+of]hs tyf clvn cf}Bf]lus sd{rf/L ;+3sf lhNnf ;lrj hulbz ofbjn] atfP.
hgsk'/ ljt/0f s]Gb|sf] ljB't nf]8 ;]l8Ësf] sfo{tflnsf af/ cfO{taf/ ;f]daf/ du+naf/ a'wjf/ ljlxjf/ z'qmjf/ zlgjf/
laxfg÷lbp;f] !!M)) b]lv !%M)) ah];Dd )^M#) b]lv !)M)) ah];Dd )^M)) b]lv )(M)) ah];Dd )%M)) b]lv )*M)) ah];Dd )*M)) b]lv !!M)) ah];Dd !)M)) b]lv !$M)) ah];Dd )(M)) b]lv !#M)) ah];Dd
a]n'sf÷/ftL @)M)) b]lv @@M)) ah];Dd !&M)) b]lv !(M#) ah];Dd !%M)) b]lv !*M)) ah];Dd !#M)) b]lv !&M)) ah];Dd !*M)) b]lv @)M)) ah];Dd !(M#) b]lv @!M#) ah];Dd !(M)) b]lv @!M)) ah];Dd
#
;lrj vf]Hb} hgtf ;b/d'sfddf dw]z ;dfrf/bftf dxf]t/L # c;f/ . dlxgf ljlt;Sbf klg uflj; ;lrj gk' u ] k l5 dxfQ/Lsf] /fdgu/sf hgtfx? uflj; ;lrj vf]Hb} ;b/d'sfd hn]Zj/ cfPsf 5g\ . ;f] uflj;sf ;lrj 7u] Gb| ltdlN;gf lgo"lQm ePsf] lbg afx]s Pslbg klg ;f] uflj;df guPkl5 :YfgLox? lghnfO{ vf]Hb} hn]Zj/ cfPsf 5g\ . /fdgu/af6 #) lsnf]ld6/ 6fF9f dxf]Q/Lsf] uf}/Laf;df a:b} cfPsf ;lrj ltdlN;gf uflj;sf ;Dk'0f{ sfdsfh cfkm\g} 3/df a;]/ ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ h;sf/0f ;DalGwt uflj;sf hgtfx? df/df k/]sf 5g\ .
uflj; ;lrj ltdlN;gf ;'/Iffsf] sf/0f b]vfpFb} cfkm\gf] sfo{ If]qaf6 lgSs} 6fF9f a:b} cfPsf] s' /f :yflgo /Tg axfb'/ sfsL{n] atfP . ;lrj ltdlN;gfnfO{ vf] Hb} lhNnfsf] ;f]gdf uflj;sf av]/L ;fx /fdgu/df /x]sf] cfkm\gf] hUufsf] gfd;f/Lsf] l;kmfl/z u/fpg $) lsnf]ld6/ ;fO{sn rnfP/ hfFbf klg pgL e]6 ePg\ eg] lghsf] sfd klg ePg pgn] kL8f ;'gfP . uflj;df ;lrj guPkl5 ToxfFaf6 x'g] gful/Qmf l;kmfl/;, hGdbtf{, d[To'btf{, ljjfxbtf{, gftf k|dfl0ft, 3/ hUuf gfd;f/L, dfnkf]t s/ nufot uflj;df ul/g'kg]{ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdsfhx? 7Kk eO{
uflj;sf ah]6x? ;d]t lkm|h x'g] cj:yfdf k' u ] k l5 cfh ;f] uflj;sf hgtfx? ;lrjnfO{ xflh/ u/fO{ lbg egL :yflgo ljsf; clwsf/L k|bLk rfkfufFO{ sxfF 1fkg kq a'emfPsf 5g\ . !) xhf/ hg;+Vof ePsf] ;f] uflj;sf hgtfnfO{ b}lgs cfO{kg]{ sfdsfhx? ;dodf gx'Fbf lgSs} Iflt a] x ' g ' { k/] ssf] s' /f ;f] uflj;sf /fd Kof/L b]jLn] atfOg\.
;f]daf/sflbg;+ 3if{;ldltsf]lgdf{0f u/L;lr j pkl:ylt,uflj;sfah]6 sfof{G jog/ bl}gssfdsfhlgoldt ?kdf;lrjn]sfof{nodfa;]/ ;'r f? ugk{'g{]dfF u/fVb}:yflgox?n]lhlj;df cfG bf]ngsf]r]tfjgL;dt] lbP/uPsf 5g\.
>L/fd;'u/ ldnsf sd{rf/L lgoGq0fdf dw]z ;dfrf/bftf /f}tx6 # c;f/ . v]t ;a]{ug{ uPsf >L/fd z'u/ ldnsf b'Ohgf sd{rf/LnfO /f}tx6sf kmt'cf xif{xf ufla;sf lszfgx?n] lgoGq0fdf lnPsf 5g . ldndf lbPsf] pFv'sf] e'StfgLsf] dfuub}{ lszfgx?n] h]l6P pk]Gb| ho;jfn / dhb' / kgLnfn ;fxnfO lgoGqdf lnPsf x'g . o;aif{ nufOPsf] pFv'sf] ;a]{ug{ uPsf] s| ddf gf ^ k !%#& gDa/sf] df]6 / ;fOsn ;xLt kmt' c f xif{ fxf % sf lszfg lhofnfn ofbjsf] cu'c fOdf
uPsf lszfgx?n] lgoGq0fdf lnPsf] xf] . ldndfyL aSof}tf /x]sf] rf/nfv ?k}of k6s k6s dfuubf{ s]xL ;' G jfO gePsfn] af WoeO sd{ rf/LnfO lgoGqdf lnPsf] lszfg ofbjn] atfP . kmt'cf xiff{xfsf lszfgsf] dfq ldndfyL s/La $% nfv ?k}of aSof}tf /x]sf] atfPsf 5g . >L/fd z'u/ ldn u?8fsf pFv' k|aGws l;of/fd ;fxn] !% lbgleq pgLx?sf] e'StfgL lbg] atfO/x]sf 5g . sd{ r f /L 3] / fp nf O l:jsf/ub}{ 5'6fpg s'/feO/x]sf]
atfP . ;nf{ x L ,/f } t x6 , af /f u /L lszfgx?sf] pFv'afktsf] ldn;+u sl/a $) s/f]8 ?k}of lng'kg]{ ldn;|f]tn] hgfPsf] 5 . ;|f]tsf cg';f/ e'StfgLsf] nfuL b}lgs ;}of}lszfg ldndf hfg] ub{5g,tnf] sd{ rf/Ln] dflynf] sd{rf/L b]vfpg] / dflynf]x? ;a} n'sL a;]sfn] ;fFemkv 3/ kms]{/ cfpF5g . u?8f l:yt >L/fd z'u/ ldnsf] :yfkgf @)%! b]v Lg} e'StfgLsf] nfuL ldn / lszfg lar k6s k6s lajfb x'b} cfPsf] 5.
/f}tx6sf] nlIdgLofdf xfyL cft+s dw]z ;dfrf/bftf /f}t x6 # c;f/ . /f} t x6sf] pt/Le]u nIfldgLof ufFplasf; ;ldtLdf h+unL xfyL;d'xn] Ps k6s km]/L cft+s drfPsf] 5 . nIfldgLof ufla; ( e};+ xL6f]ndf xfyL;d'x n] km] /L b'O j6f 3/ eTsfPsf] 5 . b'Osf] ;+Vofdf uPsf h+unLxfyL cfOtjf/ /ftL !@ PSsf;L e};xL 6f]ndf cfs|d0f u/]k5L :yflgox?df efufefu ePsf] lyof] . xfyLn] :yflgo /fh]Gb| dlNns 8'd / df] ; flkm/ /fpt s' d Lsf] vk8fsf] 5fgf ePsf] b'O j6f 3/dfyL cfs|d0f u/L k'0f{?kdf
eTsfPsf] 5 . 3/ elTsP/ ltgnfv a/fa/sf] IftL ePsf] :yflgo dfaL b'lwcjfsf lzIfs /~hg v/]nn] atfP . b'O6} 3/ eTsfP/ csf]{ 3/dfyL cfs| d0f ug{ vf]Hbf ufFp n]x ? Psh'6 eO xf] xNnf u /] k 5L xf yL x? e f u ] s f ] :yflgox?n] atfPsf 5g . b'O3/ eTsfO b'OhgfnfO 3fOt] agfPsf] rf/lbg glatb} cfOtjf/ /ftL k'gx xfyL cfs|d0fn] ufFpn]x? ql;t ePsf 5g . xfyL cfs|d0faf6 aRg ufFpn]x? hfu|d a;L/x]sf] g]skf dfcf]afbL lhNnf cWoIf lw/h k6] n n]
atfPsf 5g . ufUpn] x ?n] cfs|d0faf6 ePsf] IftL k'tL{ / xfyLaf 6 ;' / Ifsf] AojZyf ldnfOlbg ;/sf/ ;+u dfu u/]sf 5g . ltg tkm{ a f6 h+ u n /x] s f] nIfldgLof ufla; ( e};xL6f]ndf sl/a Ps;o 3/w'/L /x]sf] 5 . wfg / ds} k| T o] s l;hgdf h+unLxfyLn] k6s k6s cfs|d0f u/L afnL gfnL gf]S;fgL ;fy} dfglao IftL ;d]t ub}{ cfPkgL ;'/Ifsf] nfuL ;/sf/L :t/af6 xfn ;DDf s'g} 7f]; pkfo gePsf ufFpn]x?n] u'gf;f] u/]sf 5g .
r6Øfª nfu]/ rf/ hgfsf] d[To' dw]z ;dfrf/bftf jL/uGh , # c;f/ . k;f{df ;f]daf/ laxfg r6Øfª nfu]/ rf/hgfsf] d[To'ePsf] 5 .Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no kf]vl/of k;f{sf cg';f/ lhNnfsf] a}l/oflatf{ uflj;df laxfg sl/a * ah] r6Øfª v:bf b'Oh { gfsf] 36gf:yndf g} / b' O {h gfsf] pkrf/sf nflu gf/fo0fL pkIf]qLo
c:ktfn jL/uGh NofpFb} ubf{ d[To'ePsf] xf] . laxfg v] t df sfd ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf kfgL k/]kl5 v]t glhs}sf] 5fk|fd] f cf]t nfu]/ a;]sf a]nf cs:df t r6Øfª v:bf a}l/oflatf{sf dlgkm ldofF / uof d'lvof lagsf] 36gf:yndf g} d[ To'e Psf] :yfgLojf;L wd]{Gb|
rf}/l;ofn] hfgsf/L lbg'ePsf] 5 . pQm qmddf uDeL/ 3fOt] ePsf emf}jfu'7Lsf /fdafj' /fpt / a}l/oflatf{sf zDe' /fpt s'dL{sf] eg] pkrf/sf nflu gf/fo0fL c:ktfn jL/uGh NofpFb} ubf{ d[T o' ePsf] gf/fo0fL c:ktfn jL/uGhsf] cfsl:ds sIfn] hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5 .
dw]z kf]i6
lh=k|= sf= ;nf{xL btf{ gDa/ $@÷)^^÷)^&
@)&) c;f/ $ ut],d+u njf/
;g @))) Pp6} lkmNdaf6 alnp8df 8]Ao" u/]s f cleif]s aRrg / sl/gf sk'/sf] ;DaGw kl5Nnf] ;do /fd| f ] lyPg . lbbL sl/Zdf sk'/ ;F u cleif]s sf] OGu]h d]G6 eP/ klg a|]s ck ePkl5 pgLx?sf] ;DaGwdf lr;f]kg cfPsf] lyof] . klxnf] lkmNd /]km\o'h Ldf 8]Ao" u/]s f b'j} snfsf/n] # aif{k l5 d} k|]d sL lbjfgL x'F eGg] lkmNddf ;fu} sfd u/]s f lyP . t/, ;f]xL aif{ O{Gh]ud]G6 eO;s]kl5 cleif]s / sl/Zdfsf] a|]s ck ePsf] lyof] . pgLx?sf] to eO;s]s f] lax] /2 eof] . To;sf] s] x L ;dokl5 sl/Zdf lelqg] 3/df alnp8 cfOsg P]Z jo{ lelqOg . t/, ev{/} ef/tLo ;~rf/ dfWoddf oL b'j} snfsf/ ;Fu} sfd ug{ /fhL ePsf] va/n] rr{f kfPsf] 5 . ;}km cnL vfg;Fu ljx]kl5 vfg vfgbfgsL a'xf/L ag]s L alnp8 a]af] sl/gf cleif]s ;Fu sfd ug{s f] nflu pT;flxt ePsf] va/ 5 . pgLx?n] ca d]/] ckg] lkmNddf ;Fu} sfd ug{] atfOPsf] 5 . casf] s]xL lbgd} o;sf] 8laªsf] sfd ;'? x'g] ;dfrf/df hgfOPsf] 5 . cfkm\g f] legfh' aGg g;s]s f] cleif]s ;Fu sf] sl/gfsf] s]d ]: 6«LnfO{ bz{s n] eg] slQsf] ?rfpFg]5g Tof] eg] x]g{ afFs L g} 5 .
hgsk'/sf] ;8s lxnf]do ;8s agfpg] lgx'Fdf
dw]z ;dfrf/bftf wg'iff, # c;f/ . dg;'g ;'? x'g'sf ;fy} hgsk'/sf ;8sx? lxnfdo x'gs ' f ;fy} jiff{ x"Fbf gfnfs]f kfgL ;8sdf cfpg yfn]sf5g\ . k|To]s jif{ c;f/ d;fGt eP kl5 nfvf} F ?k} o fF s f] ah] 6 dfq gu/leqsf ;8sx? d/Ddtdf vlr { g ] u /] s ] f h gsk' / gu/kflnsfn] gfnf Jojl:yt ug{ g;s]sfn] yf]/} jiff{ eP klg hgsk'/sf Jo:t ahf/df kfgL hDg] u/]s]f 5 . ;f]daf/ ePsf] jiff{sf] sf/0f /]Nj] :6]zg b]lv efg' rf}s, /fddlGb/
If]q, ljBfktL rf}s, ldN;Pl/of, b]jL rf}s nufotsf :yfgx?df ;8s lxnfdo ePsf] 5 . ;fy} klxnf b]lv el/Psf] gfnfdf jiff{ s f] kfgL hfF bf ;8sdf b'u{GwLt kfgL hDg] u/]sfn] kfgL hGo /f]usf] vt/f ;d]t a9]s]f 5. hgsk'/nfO{ ;kmf /fVg] lhDdf lnPsf gu/kflnsfn] ;dodf gfnfsf] ;/;kmfO{ gug'{, ;8s cltqmldt x'g,' ;8s d/Ddt gx'g' tyf :yflgoaf;L ;d]t ;kmfO{ k|lt hfu?s gx'g'sf sf/0f hgsk'/ lxnfoo ePsf] ;xh} x]g{ ;lsG5.
ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;hu x'g cfu|x
dw]z ;dfrf/bftf ;nf{xL, # c;f/ . kqsfl/tf ljsf; k|lti7fg ;nf{xLn] gjnk'/ dn+ujf ;8s v08, ljB't cfk'tL{ ;xh tyf ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ePsf] ei6«frf/ Go'gLs/0f ug{sf nflu :yflgoaf;LnfO{ cfJxfg u/]sf] 5. g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3sf s]lGb|o ;b:o Pj+ k|lti7fgsf cWoIf /fh]z ld>sf] cWoIfdf ;f]daf/ a;]sf] a}7sn] pQm lg0f{o u/]sf] k| l ti7fgsf dxf;lrj cdg sf]O/fnfn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . gjnk'/ dn+ujf ;8s lgdf{0fdf eO/x]sf] l9nfO{ k|lt bjfj ;[hgf ug{, ljB' t L cfk' t L{ lgoldt agfpg tyf u|f ld0f If] qsf] ljsf; sfo{df eO{/x]sf] ei6"rf/ Go' l gs/0f u g{ s f nflu
:yflgoaf;LnfO{ cfJxfg u/]sf] 5 .e f/t L o sDk gL leZ jf sG;6«S;gn] ;8s lgdf{0f sfo{df l9nfO{ ubf{ o; e]usf hgtfx? dsf{df kb}{ cfPsf 5g\ . ;8s lgdf{0f x'g g;Sbf ;'Vvfofddf ;8s 5]psf ufpFn]x? w'nf] vfg afWo ePsf 5g\ . eg] jiff{ofddf lxnf]sf sf/0f ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ cfjudg ug{ sl7gfO{ ePsf] 5 . To;t} g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] clgoldt ?kdf ub} { cfPsf nf] 8 ;] l 8Ësf sf/0f pBf] u , snsf/vfgf, ;+rf/dfWod tyf :yflgoaf;Ldf df/df kb}{ cfPsf 5g\ . To;}u/L lhNnfdf ljsf; lgdf{ 0fsf sfo{ d f eO{ / x] sf] ei6« f rf/sf sf/0f lhNnfsf] cj:yf h/h/ aGb} uPsf] 5 .
em8k, rf/ hgf 3fO{t]
dw] z ;dfrf/bftf ;nf{x L, # c;f/ . ;8s agfpg] lgx'+df cfOtaf/ ;nf{ xLsf] v} jf{ ( df ePsf] em8kdf $ hgf 3fO{ t ] ePsf 5g\ . 3fO{ t ] x' g ] x ?df /fd g/] z dxtf] , lzjgf/fo0f dxtf], k|] dgf/fo0f dxtf] / ef] h ]Gb| dxtf] /x] sf] lhNnf k| x /L sfof{ n o dn+ ujf ;nf{ xLn] hgfPsf] 5 . ul/aL lgjf/0f sf] ifaf6 u| ]e n eO{/x]sf] ;dodf /fdg/]z dxtf] / rGb| b] j /fo lar emu8f ePsf] lyof] . dxtf] / /fosf] emu8fn] pu| ?k lnPkl5 b'O { kIf em8k eP sf] lyof] . /fdg/] z sf] 6fpsf] d f rf] 6 nfu] sf] 5 eg] lzjgf/fo0fsf] cfF v fdf, k| ] dgf/fo0fsf] xft v'§fdf / ef] h] Gb| sf] b' j} xft / 6fpsf] df rf] 6 nfu] sf] k| x/L pkl/Ifs z/b rGbn] hfgsf/L lbg' e of] . 3fO{ t rf/}h gfsf]
;nf{ xL c:ktfndf dn+u jfdf p k r f/ e O{ / x] s f ] k | x /L n] hgfPsf] 5 . k|x /Ln] 36gf :ynaf6 b'O { yfg s6 ' j f k ] : t f ] n, e f /t L o P;Pncf/sf] ! tyf ly| g6 ly|sf] b'O{ /fp08 uf]nL tyf 3/]n' xltof/ - km/;f _ ;d]t a/fdb u/] sf] 5 . k| x/Ln] xltof/ a/fdb u/] klg xltof/ s;sf] xf] elg clxn] cg' ; +w fg eO{ /x] sf] hgfPsf] 5. 36gfsf] 5fgljg ug{sf nflu k|x /Ln] * hgfnfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnPsf 5g\ . lkl8t kIfsf] ph'/Lsf] cwf/df ltgLx?dfly d' 4f rnfO{g] k|x /L pkl/Ifs rGbn] atfpg' eof] . 36gf eP;+ u } b' j } kIfaf6 /fhgLlts rnv]n z' ? ePsf] 5 . k qm f p k /] s f x?nf O{ 5' § fp gsf nflu k | x /Lnf O{ /fhgLlts bnn] bjfj lbg] u/] sf] rGbsf] syg /x]sf] 5 .
snfsf/ ;Ddflgt
sf7df8f},F # c;f/ . g]kfn ;fF:s[lts snfsdL{ ;ª\ 3n] nf]sbf]x f]/L ufosuflosfnfO{ ;Ddfg u/]sf] 5 . ;ª\3n] /fli6«o xfOnfO6\; bf];|f] nf]sbf]xf]/L cjf8{ sfo{qmddf ljleGg ljwfut dgf]gogdf ljohL x'g] @( nf]sbf]xf]/L snfsf/nfO{ ;Ddfg u/]sf] xf] . ;f] sfo{qmddf ;u/dfyf 6]lnlehgsf cWoIf lgd{n u'?ªn]
xs bfaL af/] ;"rgf . u'7 L ;+:yfg zfvf sfof{no, hgsk'/ wg'iff pk/f]Qm ljifodf s'jf d7 u'7Ltkm{sf] lh=w= hgsk'/ g=kf= jf8{ g+= !@ l;=g+= !$#^!@ ls=g+= !($ If]qkmn hgsk'/ ))-!&-!-%)_ ju{ sfod e} xfn zx/L gfkL gS;f ePsf] hUUff ;fljs b]lv d}n] :jjf;L ufpF Jns s'g} k|sf/sf] /sd glt/L cfkm' v';L 3/ agfO{ ef]u a;f]jf; u/L cfPsf]÷hUuf x'Fbf ;f] hUuf xfn zx/L gfkLdf d]/f] j'jfsf] gfd hgfO{÷gfkL gS;f ePsf] / ;f] hUuf btf{ 5'6 ePsf]n] ;f] hUufsf] h=w= dxndf ;DalGwt u'7L tyf df]xL jf÷s}lkmot dxndf d]/f] gfd hgfO{ btf{ u/L kfpF elg lhNnf wg'iff g=kf= hgsk'/ j8f g+= !@ a:g] nIdL d+8n-!, /fd z+s/ d+8n-! / lzj z+s/ d+8n-! ;d]t hgf # tLg sf] lgj]bg kg{ cfPsf]n] ldlt )&)÷#÷# sf] cfb]zfg';f/ xsbfjL ;DalGw of] #% lbg] ;"rgf ;DalGwt ;a}sf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu k|sf/lzt ul/Psf] 5 . ctM of] pNn]lvt hUuf lgj]bssf] df+u bfjL cg';f/ h=w= dxnsf] lz/df s'jf d7 u'7L tyf lgj]bsx?sf] gfd hgfO{ btf{ ePdf sf]xL s;}sf] xs xgg x'g] eP jf lhj]bssf] df+u bfjL cg';f/ btf{ ug{ gldNg] eP, u'7L vfGuL, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, d7 dlGb/, e]nf kj{ nfUg] 7fpF kf]v/L 8Ln, afuau}+rf cflb ;fj{hlgs dxTj If]q leqsf] hUuf eP of] ;'rgf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] #% -k}lt;_ lbg leq ;k|df0f bfjL ph'/L ug{ cfpg' xf]nf Dofb leq bfjL ph'/ kg{ gcfP lgodfg';f/ cfjZos sfo{jfxL e} hfg], kl5 o;df s'g} k|sf/sf] bfjL ph'/L gnfUg] Jof]xf]/f ;d]t o;} ;"rgfåf/f ;DalGwt ;a}nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fOG5 .
snfsf/nfO{ ;Ddfg ub}{ snfsf/ eg]sf d'n'ssf uxgf x'g,\ To;}n] pgLx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ;Ddfg ug'k{ 5{ eGg'eof] . 6«8] o'lgog sf+u;] | sf sf]iffWoIf df]xg a:g]t nufotn] snfsf/n] sfd u/] Afktsf] kfl/>lds;d]t gkfO/x]sf] l:ylt /x]sfn] snfsf/sf] Hofnf lgwf{/0f ug'k{ g]{ dfu ug'{eof] .
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5f]6s/L ;dfrf/ /fi6«klt ofbj hfkfg k|:yfg sf7df8f}F, # c;f/ . /fi6«klt 8f=/fdj/0f ofbj :jf:Yof]krf/sf nflu cfh hfkfgtkm{ k| :yfg ug'{ePsf] 5 . cfGb|fdf ;d:of b] l vPkl5 d] l 8sn af] 8 { s f] l;kmfl/;df yk pkrf/sf nflu pxfF hfkfgtkm{ k|:yfg ug'{ePsf] xf] . /fi6«klt 8f= ofbjnfO{ lqe'jg cGt/f{l i6"o ljdfg:ynsf] clt ljlzi6 sIfdf pk/fi6« k lt k/dfgGb emf, dlGqkl/ifb\ sf cWoIf lvn/fh /]UdL, dlGqu0f,
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pRrkb:y ;/sf/L sd{rf/L / ljleGg s' 6 gLlts lgof] u sf k|d'vx?n] labfO ug'{ePsf] lyof] . /fi6«klt ofbj yfO Po/j]hsf] ljdfgaf6 a} + ss x' Fb} hfkfg k'Ug'x'g]5 . /fi6«klt ofbjsf ;fydf pxfFsf 5f]/f 8f rGb|df]xg ofbj, 5f]/L clgtf, Ps lghL ;xof] u L, ;Nnfxsf/ ;"o{ 9'ª \u]n , lghL lrlsT;s of bj e§, tLg ;'/IffsdL{ / k//fi6« dGqfnosf Ps clwsf/L x'g'x'G5 .
/fi6«kltsf] sfo{ef/ pk/fi6«kltnfO{
xl/s'df/ > ]i7n] hf/L ug' { ePsf] lj1lKtdf /fi6«kltn] ;DxfNb} cfpg'e Psf] sfo{ ef/ g] k fnsf] cGtl/d ;+ l jwfg @)^# sf] wf/f #^ 5 sf] pkw f/f @ adf] lhd p k /f i6 " k ltaf 6 ;Dk f bg ul/g] hgfOPsf] 5
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cfdf5f]/Lsf] d[To'
!% jifL{of 5f]/L l/ª\ss ' d' f/L 5g\. cfF ksf] au}Frfdf a;]sf a]nf r6\ofª v:bf pgLx?sf] d[To' ePsf] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no l;/xfn] hgfPsf] 5 . /f;;
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k/LIffkmn k|sflzt sf7df8f}F, # c;f/ . lqlj k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no aNv'åf/f @)^( ;fndf ;~rflnt dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhszf:q ;ª\ s fotkm{ :gftsf] Q/ tx k| y d jif{ @)^*_sf] u|fdL0f ljsf; ljifosf] k/LIffsf] k/LIffkmn cfh k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 .
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ltgfp vf]nfdf cfPsf] af9Ln] gbL lsgf/df agfOPsf rf/j6f 3/6x/f aufPsf] 5 eg] af9L / 8' a f gsf sf /0f hgh Ljg c:tJo:t x'gs ' f ;fy} oxfFsf d'Vo ;8sdf ;d]t oftfoft ;] jf cj?4 ePsf] 5 . o:t} k|x/Lsf] uf8Ln] b'O{ hgf k}bnofqL, tLgj6f df]6/;fOsn / Ps l/S;fnfO{ Ps}k6s 7Ss/ lbPsf] 36gfnfO{ lnP/ a'6jndf cfh s]lxa]/ tgfj pTkGg eof] .
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