Issuu

EDUCATION The challenge of being a teacher

uat HALLOWEEN Trick-or-treat?

TRANSLATION

Influence of Technology in a TranslationÂ´s Job

GENERATION 2015-2018

Editor´s Letter Katia Lizeth Osorio Ramírez To our readers:

Chief Editor

In this our first and last UAT magazine you can find diverse essays about translation and teaching. We also provide interesting articles about topics related to English language and culture. This work is the result of a collaborative project by undergraduate students of BA in English Language program. During our last semester, each one worked untiringly to make this magazine the best project in our student lives. Every article, every essay was passionately written and carefully structured not only to get a grade but also to leave a footprint, a memory of us as a group. I would like to thank the people who helped made this incredible magazine possible: Ornela González, Alejandra Rosas and Verónica Mar, thank you for your extra effort as writers and editors; to Lucia Paramo who did the magic of taking a bunch of text and turn it into this beautiful piece. And finally, to Professor Claudia Margarita Cañas del Castillo, for made us dig in deeper to find our inner writer. A massive thank you to these amazing woman, to the whole group of 8ºth semester and to you, who are reading this magazine. We hope you enjoy reading it as much as we enjoyed writing it. In behalf of the whole group of 8ºth semester thanks. Yours truly,

Katia Lizeth Osorio Ramírez

Editors in chief

Editorial Board Research Editors Contributors

Ornela González Alonso Editor

Bianca Berenice Limon Paniagua Jhonantan Hazael López Torrres Luisa Fernanda Córdoba Velázquez Paula Abigail Francisco Félix Lorena Valeriano Santiago Mónica Rocío Hernández Rodríguez Miguel Angel Rodríguez Rivera Rocío Giselle Hurtado Garibay Andrea Ledezma Ramos Juan Antonio Muñoz de la Cruz Zaida Berenice Pedraza Espinosa Claudia Fernanda Escobedo Colunga Dulce Yazmín Cano Díaz Alexandra Isabel Uribe González Aideé Sánchez Garrido

Photography Jesús Enrique González Hernández

Alejandra Rosas González Editor

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Verónica Jazmín Mar Ayala Editor

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Lucía Estela Páramo Zorrilla Graphic Designer

Content 01

The Social Responsability of Being Page 1-6 a Teacher

02 Translation vs Interpretation Page 7-12

03 British Tea Culture Page 13-18 04

The Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) Approach: Advantages and Challenges Page 19-23

Difficulties in Translation Page 25-28

The Future of Translation Technology Page 29-32

07 The Challenge of Being a Teacher Page 33-38

08 St. Patrick´s Day Page 39-42

Influence of Technology in a Translation´s Job Page 43-46

Content Translator's Day Page 47-50

Idiomatic Barriers in Latin America

Page 51-55

Translation in Poetry: beautiful and unfaithful or ugly and faithful? Page 57-60

The Impact of Using Technology in Teaching English as a Second Language

Page 61-65

The Good Teacher Page 67-69

Learning English with English Songs Page 71-74

Halloween Page 75-78

How to Teach English to Students with Special Needs Page 80-84

Content 18

Importance of Education Page 85-89

19 20 21

How to Translate American Idioms Page 91-95

Strategies to Increase Your Vocabulary Page 97-101

The Audiolingual Method Page 103-107

22 Importance of Tourism in Translation Page 109-112

Teaching the English Language Through the Cultural Aspect Page 113-117

Special Education

Page 119-122

25 Translation as a Part of Our Lives Page 123-126

The Social Responsability of Being a Teacher By Bianca B. Limรณn P.

The important role of the teacher in the studentâ€™s education and the strategies of teaching. Learning is something natural in humans, not only necessary but unavoidable, and so teaching is an essential activity in society, which is not only about transmitting knowledge, but transmitting principles like respect, collaboration, integration, and tolerance.

Divergence allows us to look at reality from different points of view, question, create and change thought models that stagnate or unleash progress or change.

The responsibility of a teacher.

The teacher assumes a role that works as a guide in the teaching-learning process; It has a social responsibility and comprehension in the human development about the learning theories and strategies, motivation, and the way the teacher evaluates the learning process in the students. There are some characteristics that the teacher must possess, for example, to explain clearly and with cohesion, using effective strategies to create an interactive and collaborative environment which helps to incite the team working, and transmitting principles.

At school, teachers are the ones who are responsible for the development of students; its influence is remarkable in the formation of personality, culture, and acting of students. The teachers are a fundamental element to achieve the goals and who decide the teaching-learning process, and its educational purpose; they work to develop the intellectual, physical and spiritual abilities of their students and encourage daily behavior habits.

Characteristics of a teacher.

Each one of the teachers has a unique way to evaluate their subject, even if they work for a school maybe they will have a stablished evaluating tests, nevertheless this are the most useful.

It is important to study or work in school, but also to create bonds and an atmosphere of friendship, to live together, to love others, to unite; make a constant exercise of understanding, equality, respect and human solidarity.

How to evaluate students

1. Content criteria are used to evaluate the degree of a studentâ€™s knowledge and understanding of facts, concepts and principles.

A good teacher is known to be an adviser, a colleague, a coach and has high expectations for all his students; he hopes that everyone can and will be successful in his classroom and he does not give up on the students who at some point are behind.

2. Process criteria are used to evaluate the proficiency level of performance of a skill or process, as well as the effectiveness of the methods and procedures used in a task.

A good teacher is always:

3. Quality criteria are used to evaluate the overall quality and craftsmanship of a product or performance.

- Creative (in their thinking and approach) - Inquisitive (they are always asking questions.) - Learner (they are always acquiring knowledge; Reading, learning, listening.) Unfortunately, there are teachers who are not able to create this environment, which affects the development and confidence of the students. For example, not taking account of the opinion of the students considering a single idea as good or right. Each head is a world, and in each world, there is a different idea and perspective. 3

4. Impact criteria are used to evaluate the overall results or effects of a product or performance given its purpose and audience.

Teaching- learning process

Feedback between the teacher and the student.

In the teaching process the most important task of the teacher is to accompany the student's learning. The teacher must take account of the content of the subject, the application of techniques and teaching strategies to teach the students to learn, and the formation of values in the student. Our role is to be facilitators of learning for students, so our commitment should not focus on teaching but on supporting the student to learn.

As it was mentioned before, the classroom is surrounded by diverse learners, so it is vital that we consider each individual when giving studentâ€™s feedback. Some students need to be encouraged to achieve at a higher level and other needs to be handled very gently with the purpose of not discourage learning and damage self-esteem. Because of the importance of providing proper encouragement and not wanting to hurt a studentâ€™s feelings with wrong words, we have to learn to create a balance.

Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, values and attitudes, made possible through study, teaching or experience.

Here is when teachers use the rubrics, a very useful tool. A rubric is an instrument to communicate expectations for an assignment. providing students with very specific information about their performance.

On the other hand, learning and teaching are two different actions, but in the educational field they complement each other to form and consolidate knowledge in the student in the teaching-learning process. These processes occur continuously in the life of every human being, that's why we can not talk about one without the other one.

Respect and tolerance in the classroom

Another option is to have a track of the studentâ€™s progress. You can keep a section of the notebook for each student and write comments about each student, it can be daily or weekly. In addition, you can include good questions the student asks, behavior issues, improvement, test scores etc.

Even though values must be inculcated from the family nucleus, teachers have an important part in that work that is to put it into practice accompanied by their peers including. It is completely essential to instill the respect and tolerance in the classroom; It is necessary that teachers teach children and adolescents that respect, and tolerance is the basis of a good coexistence. In order for students to learn the value of respect, it is necessary that they learn it in the classroom through respect for their classmates and teachers. This way they can continue using it outside of class. Respecting the diverse opinions within the classroom will make the students realize that not everyone should think like ourselves, and that this is not bad, and it will create an atmosphere of harmony; and it is important to know that without acceptance and respect for others, the world would be much worse. 4

Integration activities Integration activities are immensely important as they create a link between the schoolmates and the teacher; they can even improve teamwork, build confidence, increase problem, solving skills, and to prompt the brain to process sensory information more effectively, helping the child respond more appropriately to the environment.

Learning strategies The learning strategies are the set of activities, which are planned according to the needs of the students to whom they are directed and their objectives, in order to make the learning process more effective. They act as a guide to establish the best way to learn. These learning strategies have a relationship with the way in which students process information.

Conclusion To sum up the teacherâ€™s job is not an easy homework, is like all the glances are over you, and your students follows your example, so if you fail or make a wrong movement the entire class is going to think that you were planning to do it like that. Your patience have to be overtake, mainly if you are working with children, because even using the strategies or feedbacks, maybe the results will not be clear in the first attempt. On the other hand, is one of the most beautiful labor, because you will never stop learning and enrich your experiences and although you do not believe, you leave your mark on each one of them. In other cases, you can become the role model of the students and those are the kinds of things that make this profession very rewarding.

Translator vs Interpreter By Andrea Ledezma

Before starting to explain the different points, advantages, and disadvantages, we will talk about what it is to be a translator and an interpreter, and how they work in society. You may consider that they have similar activities but, they are really very different, for which the professional must have specific knowledge and skills. Translation or interpretation is not a simple operation but a complex process that involves the language, culture, and relationships between individuals or social groups. Translation is defined as a communicative and interpretative process to reformulate a text using another language that develops in a specific social context. After all, translation is a communicative activity influenced by different extralinguistic factors, and its function is to achieve communication between two different cultures. (Spahic, 2012:32). The translator starts from the source text, and then reads, understands, analyzes and assimilates every word that the message contains, before he transfers it to another language, thus arriving at the translated text or target text. It may seem a simple process, but it entails a great number of difficulties that go beyond languages and for which the translator will need to resort certain techniques and strategies in order to solve the problems and obstacles that arise in the text. The interpretation comprises many of the features cited above in respect to translation, to which other factors may be added, but the most basic difference with respect to the translation is the oral character of it. The interpretation is an instant oral translation. It can be defined as an operation on the discourse through which the interpreter effects the transmission of the meaning of the discourse, of the original language, formulating it in the target language. Both the translation and the interpretation consist in an operation of understanding and reformulation. (Valdivia Campos, 1995:175). 8

The interpreter will perform an oral translation (can be consecutive, simultaneous, consecutive or whispered) that will require particular points such as speed, concentration, analysis, memory, organization, the ability to improve and solve translation problems quickly, also you need to have a perfect fluency in the language, a broad general culture, etc. The role of every translator and interpreter is to transmit and reproduce a message or information from one language to another, in a faithful, complete, and accurate manner respecting all the aspects that it entails. To understand it better, the profession of the translator and interpreter, it is necessary to analyze the different forms of communication and determine which corresponds to each of these activities. Communication is the purpose of any process of translation and interpretation. The works, therefore, are very varied: the translation has all kinds of texts and documents. such as research papers, reports, legal documents, brochures, technical specifications, manuals, and textbooks, respecting the original message, as well as the sense and style.

We will explain the most important functions of a translator: • Study and analyze the particularities of the audience to which the translation is intended. • Adapt written content (technical documents, web pages, marketing materials, among others) based on the language and culture to which it is addressed. • Use computer-assisted translation tools to work faster and ensure consistency in the material. • Review and correct the translated documents to ensure they are free of errors. • Review the accuracy of the terms and structure of the document. • Collect linguistic information from terminology databases to update your glossaries. Interpreters specialize in at least two languages, their native language and a foreign language of their choice; However, there are expert professionals in more than two languages, being essential to have an absolute fluency of all the languages you know, considering that this work is in great demand in practically any area.

Some of the main functions are: •Learn specialized terminology related to the topic to be interpreted, such as legal, scientific and commercial terms. •Listen, interpret and speak at the same time as the speaker, ensuring that the transmitted version retains the meaning and tone of the original speech. •Be able to follow the speaker's rhythm to ensure the flow of the message to be transmitted. •Translate sign language into a spoken language and vice versa, both simultaneously and consecutively. •Be fluent in English and sign language, which means being able to point and spell with your fingers, as well as using specific body language.

Nowadays it is easier to translate a text into another language, with a tool that most people use, now the cell phone is not only used to make calls, send messages or search for cooking recipes in Google, it is also a powerful weapon to translate texts in seconds. There are many applications which help translate the desired text into the language you are specifically looking for.

Some of them are the following: • TripLingo: This application allows us, in addition to the instantaneous translation of texts or voice recordings, the possibility of learning through guides from different countries, phrases, calculation of tips so that we know where to give them and how much, and more cultural information about the country in the one that we meet. • Babylon Touch: This application belongs to a major developer of dictionaries and software, Babylon. It allows us to translate any text that we capture with the camera of our mobile simultaneously and has more than 1,600 glossaries in multiple languages. A detail to keep in mind in Babylon Touch and in most of these applications is that they need an Internet connection to work. • Microsoft Translator: Since Microsoft launched this tool. It allows us to translate text, audio and of course, capture text with the camera for translation. It is completely free and available for all mobile operating systems. • iITranslate Voice: This application allows very interesting features such as the possibility that two devices can be synchronized to translate the content each one to a different language. The application can translate up to 42 different languages. • Stepes: It is an application somewhat different from the previous ones, and it is that the translation is done through real translators (people) who receive our information online. The use of Stepes is so much the quick translation in the case that we are traveling, but rather in the case that we need to translate longer texts, news or web pages, although that use can also be applied, although we must consider note that translations are charged for words. 10

In our country, learning a foreign language does not only mean acquiring knowledge only of English. The languages of French, Mandarin Chinese, have attracted the attention of the population, being also languages well consumed by us. Learning a language gives us more job and cultural opportunities. It is essential so that the future does not take us unawares and we can respond in a good way to the opportunities that come our way.

Learning another language leaves, us several benefits some of them are: â€˘ Several studies have shown that adults who speak two or more languages are less likely to acquire dementia or Alzheimer's. Of course, there are other facts, but this one seems to be consistent. â€˘ Improvement of memory Multilingual seems to remember better lists or sequences. â€˘ Improve decision-making skills. Bilinguals must make more rational decisions since they can think in a second language and see if the initial conclusions remain. The question is that even if a translator or interpreter works in continuous contact with different languages, the truth is that each of these professions requires different skills that can cause a language expert to move towards one or another side. it is essential to have a university degree in Translation, Interpretation, Modern Languages or other related careers; however, professional experience is crucial, since many companies only hire those who have worked previously.

British Tea Culture By LucĂa E. PĂĄramo The United Kingdom has always been recognized for its elegance and punctuality. In this article, I am going to talk about something for which British gastronomy is known for, everything that surrounds "Tea time". When thinking about the image of a cup of tea from UK, but is tea a simple drink? Why did it become something so typical of a culture in such a powerful country?

In England, tea is drunk at all hours: tea with breakfast, tea at mid-morning, and tea

in the afternoon. Every day at five o’clock in the afternoon is “The Tea Time", which is a very important tradition in English culture. It is a meeting where you can enjoy a cup of tea accompanied by delicious snacks in English style. Tea time is widely known as a name for the evening meal. It is usually the main meal of the day, eaten between 5 and 7, so “Tea time” refers to the meal and not the drink. When many people picture the life in England, they almost always imagine the british people sitting down at the table with delicate teapots, three-levels cakes plate and delicious snacks. I believe it is unquestionably a lifestyle in the most celebrated British traditions. I can say that “Tea time” is not just a routine; it has been an integral part of English life.

Probably until nowadays many people have thought that tea is the heritage of the English, but it is not quite like that. The origin of the tea plant dates back many years before Christ in China. According to the blog “Directo al paladar” describes a short history of the concept of “The Afternoon tea”. Tea arrived to England in the seventeenth century, when King Charles II married the Portuguese princess Catherine of Braganza. She used to drink this “infusion”, and then transformed it into the drink of the royalty. Tea was not produced in England; it was imported into Britain from India through the East India Company. It was not until the early nineteenth century when the concept of “The Afternoon Tea” was established; it is attributed to the Duchess Anne of Bedford, who presented “The Afternoon tea” in England. “The duchess used to be hungry around four or five o’clock in the afternoon and her dinner was always served at eight o’clock, leaving a long time between lunch and dinner. Because of this, the duchess asked for a plate of tea, bread with butter, a sandwich (Did you know that The Earl of Sandwich was the one who had the idea of putting a filling between two slices of bread?) and cake to be brought to her room during the afternoon. This became a habit of her, and she began to invite friends to join her”(Ben Johnson. s.f.)

This new concept of drinking tea became a fashionable social event. In 1880 all the women of the upper class dressed with long dresses, gloves and hats for the afternoon tea, which was usually served in the living room. In my opinion, I would have liked to have experienced this type of meetings in those golden times, wearing a long dress with a high hairstyle, drinking the tea with all the full style. There is a legend that I really like very much among many others about the origin of tea. The most interesting one is the Chinese legend that according to the blog Tebebo.com tells that Emperor Chen-Nung discovered the tea accidentally when he was boiling water under the shade of a wild tea tree whose leaves softened with the breeze of the air, and accidentally some leaves fell into his pot. He drank the infusion and the result of this small accident was fantastic. When he drank it, he felt comforted with a sense of well-being. The origin of the tea plant goes back many years before Christ and places us in China. It was at the time of the six dynasties (589-222 b.c.) when the tea began to conquer the south of the country, and It was a medicinal plant and later became a pleasure drink.

According to the website "Taste of Home" tea is a plant of the family of camellias; therefore the botanical name of Camelia Sinensis. Most teas are made from young leaves. When the shrub reaches the necessary maturity, the harvest is done by hand. For the highest quality teas only the highest leaf and the next two are taken. Then the drying takes place. The leaves are spread out and allowed to wilt until they are flexible enough to roll up without breaking. It is precisely during the drying and rolling that the leaves release the substances that give it its characteristic color and aroma. As we said before, all the tea comes from the same plant camellia sinensis: it is grown, harvested and made by hand to produce different types. As BBC good food said that White Tea is the lightest, most delicate tea, retaining the highest levels of antioxidants. The best are sweet and grassy with no bitterness at all. A cup of this is best drunk on its own taste. Green Tea is fired or steamed at high temperatures shortly after picking. This takes care of weight, helps digestion or, simply, to relax, many are the people who have included green tea in their daily diet. Black Tea is fully oxidized to bring out the deepest flavours. The best hand-crafted leaf and can taste of chocolate and caramel or highly floral. Black tea is best enjoyed with sweet meals. PuĂŠr Tea is fermented tea, traditionally made in large discs known as cakes and crumbled into the teapot. The flavour is earthy and highly savory. It goes well with fatty foods. Another important point about tea is which is better Tea bag or loose bag. Bags are convenient but they are only good for tiny broken fragments. Good leaves are much bigger and they display as they infuse, re-hydrating and swelling. leaves in teabags are cut smaller, and this is thought to improve the extraction process. They need the teapot. Loose leaf may contain more bioactives because they use higher quality leaves. Most Britains drink tea with a little milk, but never with cream or the high-fat milk that Americans put in their coffee. Low-fat milk is a much better choice. Adding sugar to tea seems to be going out of fashion, although many people still do it. If you add sugar, make sure it is white sugar. Brown sugar might be OK in coffee, but somehow it never tastes right in tea. 16

Linda Barrett (2017)”Some people still thinking that “pinky up” is the proper way to drink tea. According with the blog Meredith Sweetpea, the proper etiquette for holding the teacup is to pinch the handle of the cup between the thumb and the index finger if the handle is small, or pinching the same two fingers together through the handle. The finger should not hook through the handle to raise the cup. It is considered rude to stick out the pinky, in addition to looking ridiculous. The practice originated from those wishing to elevate their status, however, it is ultimately taken as a symbol of elitism. In social settings, lifting the pinky will surely identify you as unsophisticated rather than what you intended it to mean”. Often the phrases "Afternoon Tea" and "High Tea" are used indistinctly as many mistakenly believe that there is no difference. Both tea traditions are impregnated in British history. As we said before Afternoon Tea is a British food tradition of sitting down for an afternoon treat of tea, sandwiches, scones, and cake. It is served around 5 p.m. High tea is the British tradition of drinking tea while sitting in high-backed chairs at a table full of plated items such as cold meats, vegetables, pickled fish, potatoes, salads, pies, tarts, homemade bread or crackers with butter, teacakes and fruitcakes. It’s basically dinner, and in the working parts of England today, the word “tea” is used for a meal happening (with tea) from 5 to 7 p.m. The use of the word “high” marks it as different from a similar tradition of afternoon tea, where the tea happens in casual chairs or sofas that are lower and possibly more soft and relaxing. According with the tea-ometer on the Tea Council UK website, the british population drink tea and herbal infusions every day. On average each british drink 3½ cups of tea a day, or 130,000 tonnes in a year, 96 per cent of which are from tea bags. They drink 165 million cups per day or 62 billion cups per year; over 25 per cent of all the milk consumed in the UK goes in their cups of tea. Tea time is usually accompanied by small sandwiches of cucumber bread, watercress (like lettuce) and egg, salmon and cream, roast beef and mustard, cheese and tomato. As for the sweet it is served as coffee cake and nuts or glazed cakes, and the famous "scones", some muffins accompanied, literally coagulated cream. 17

The hotels in the category also serve a glass of champagne with all that banquet. The biscuit might be topped with chocolate or have currants (a small dried fruit) in it. You might dip it in your cup of tea, as a snack after lunch. The word biscuit comes from the Latin biscotum (panem), which means bread 'twice baked', which would explain the hard, crunchy quality of a British biscuit. If you are thinking to go to London and you would like the experiece The Afternoon Tea, your first thought shouldn´t be where?, but what kind. As in what kind of afternoon tea service?

Everyone knows that the British love tea. Tea for them is more than a drink, it is a way of life. Whether at work, visiting friends or simply spending a day relaxing at home, if there is a British person around, it will not take long to ask: “fancy a cuppa’?” which its formal version would be “Would you like a cup of tea?”. The best places To take an "Afternoon Tea" in the big hotels of London, that is to say the Ritz, The Savoy, Claridge's, the Brown's Hotel, The Dorchester or Fortnum & Mason, you have to reserve a table as if you were a restaurant and you have to Dress formally though taking a full tea in these places can cost around 40 pounds per person.

Acoording with the blog Serious Eats, The Afternoon tea can be divided into three categories:

Some facts and curiosities about Afternoon Tea

• Traditional: the classic, old-fashioned, full-service, white glove teas.

1.- A Cream Tea is an "Afternoon Tea" composed only of tea, scones, jam and coagulated cream.

• Modern: the full tea (savory, sweets, and scones), but in a less formal setting where the food is often more contemporary.

2.- Never blow over the cup to cool, is considered very bad taste, stir with the spoon.

• Basic: very causal teas where you can opt for just pastries and tea.

3.- Good tea is usually served in porcelain cups called “bone chine”. In conclusion, tea drinking in England is a part of their culture, as are the Beatles, their famous red telephone booths or Big Ben. Of course, we can not forget to mention the famous ‘Tea Time'. Centuries ago, this innocent and casual beverage became a tradition practiced by the aristocracy and the upper bourgeoisie. Although this custom was not popularized until the nineteenth century, today the custom continue in England. The tradition of “The Afternoon Tea” is a British pastime by excellence and has been part of the nation’s culture for centuries. It has also remained a popular social occasion. I think that for Asians and the English Tea is more than a drink. For Asians, it is synonymous with relaxation or a way of meditating. On the other hand, the English use it for social engagements with family , friends or co-workers.

The Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) Approach: Advantages and Challenges By Ornela Gonzรกlez A.

There are many approaches teachers in the second language acquisition use nowadays, some of these being more used than others, and some being relatively new to the second language teaching. Content and Language Integrated Learning or CLIL is an approach that European countries are starting to put in practice for learning a new subject through a second language or learning a second language by studying a content-based subject. Subjects teachers are being asked to teach their subject (like Science) in another language (like English) and language teachers to teach a subject or content in the language they teach. It has shown to be very effective for developing communicative skills, which is why is being used more and more over the years. This is an advantage, but like any other approach, it has its challenges too, a lot of this challenges are being the main reasons why is not yet being applied in many other countries, or not taken as a main approach in the second language teaching. These advantages and disadvantages must be taken into account if we are interested in teaching with this approach.

The

CLIL approach is very useful when teaching a second language; it has its very own advantages. The CLIL approach has a dual aim: learning the content and learning the language, so the students are not only learning another language but also learning a new subject. CLIL has a lot to do with language immersion. The students are taught in a language which is not their mother tongue. Because of this, learners have the need to understand and communicate in that second language, so it helps them develop communicative competence. Motivation is a key factor in this approach. When learners are interested in the topic that is being taught, they are motivated to acquire a second language to communicate. This approach focuses on language acquisition rather than enforce learning, which makes the learning more natural. Since the learning is not enforced on to students, the learning is more enjoyable. The need to understand the new subject and materials gives the students a real purpose for learning the second language, which also increases their motivation to learn. By introducing learners to the wider cultural context, it makes them develop an interest in the second language culture, which helps them understand the second language better. Since is a specific subject that the students are learning from, language is seen in real-life situations. The learners acquire specific vocabulary in the target language. This helps the student be prepared for when they have to face real-life situations out of the classroom, so it increases their opportunities in real life. For the CLIL, reading is the primary and essential skill. Reading in the target language helps learners notice the language and its structures while doing it. When the students read they are noticing the written language in the sentences; they acquire the knowledge of structure without knowing they are. Students learn complete sets of words and start to notice the language pattern, which means they are learning grammar. This is similar to the lexical approach, which focuses on frequent expressions that occur in dialogues. Like the lexical approach, the CLIL makes the students remember complete sentences and phrases while reading the texts they are learning from. They start to develop fluency in the target language when communicating with the other classmates. In this approach, fluency is more important than accuracy, so it focuses more on it than in being strict with correcting grammar errors.

Cooperative learning is another advantage of this approach. Since a subject is also being taught, learners start to communicate with their classmates and help each other as well as with the teacher. By learning together and working with each other, the learning is more meaningful to them; they understand the topic better. Learners interact with each other, and their communicative skills grow. This also helps them develop attitudes that would come in hand in the social aspects of lives. They learn to work together, so it teaches them how to work with a group of people, which will be useful in their futures, sharing experiences and interests with each other and making new memories. It also makes learning more fun and enjoyable. As much as we want to see an approach have only things in favor, we have to be realistic and face the truth: all approaches have their disadvantages. These disadvantages can be seen as challenges. Why challenges? Because I believe that in the future since education is always making new ways and improving the teaching and learning processes, it will aboard the problem to try to find a solution. But for now, the challenges of the CLIL approach are still there, so let’s point them out. As we have said before, the CLIL approach’s primary and essential skill is reading, but what about the others ones, like the productive skills? For years, studies on this approach have been carried out to find results and demonstrate if this approach is really the “approach of the future”, and if it’s practical enough to become the best one in use.

Even though it has proven to have many advantages, studies on the CLIL topic have shown that some productive skills are less boosted when using this approach in teaching, so students show a lower performance in writing and speaking skills. This happens because in the CLIL classrooms students don’t tend to write as much as they read; the approach focuses more on understanding the topic, gaining vocabulary when listening and interacting in the classroom than it does on learning structures or writing reports. Another main challenge of CLIL is when teachers do not have a full understanding of the topic that they are about to teach, whether is a subject teacher teaching English or an English teacher teaching a subject. When the person teaching lacks the knowledge of the topic, it prevents students from learning. If the subject teacher lacks knowledge on the second language they will teach, this will become the big problem. The same way, if an English teacher teaches a subject that he is not familiar with, it can become a barrier in the teaching process, therefore, an obstacle in the learning process.

Having said this, teachers have to be prepared in both the subject and the second language they will teach if they use this approach. But what about when there arenâ€™t many materials to teach with? This task can become more difficult. One big concern about the CLIL is the lack of material used for this approach. Teaching in a subject-based context, elaborating a book on each language and topic would take a lot of time. Making material for each country based on their culture and the specific curricula sounds like a very hard job that can take many years, so publishing houses have not yet developed these books. There is also a lack of material online. Because of this, teachers have to create their own material. When teachers elaborate their educational planning, they sometimes share it in forums. This has helped a little in the teaching environment, helping other teachers to develop new material based on the existing one. Although they help mutually, lending material to each other and showing support when creating new one, the lack of material for this approach is still a big problem. Maybe in a future the publishing houses would have developed the books and tests needed to keep teaching with this approach. 23

In conclusion, this method has many things in favor, such as the motivation that it gives to students when learning a second language, the fact that when learning this way students develop reading and cooperative learning skills, and the acquiring of specific vocabulary. Being all these great contributions to their academic and personal formation, learners can use all of the mentioned knowledge in real life situations. On the other hand, the disadvantages or challenges that this approach presents, such as the lack of development in productive skills, the lack of knowledge of teachers and the lack of material to teach with this method, mean that it still does not stand out as a whole as the method of the future. After having exposed the advantages of the CLIL approach, I think that we still have to work on the challenges that this method entails. Although the advantages are many, the challenges that this approach presents are big, being the lack of material, in my opinion, the most important one and the one which should be addressed with greater importance. Traditional methods still dominate in the teaching of a second language environment. But perhaps in the future, other approaches such as CLIL can stand out and be used more frequently for the proper development of a second language in students of all cultures and ages.

Difficulties in Translation By Ana J. Madrigal H.

This essay consists about the translation and the challenges about it. Translation demands a deep understanding of both grammar and culture about the countries Translators need to know the rules of a language as well as the habits of the people who speak it. And even for the most experienced professionals, confusion and frustration are familiar feelings.

Some of the most common challenges of translation include: - Language structure - Idioms and expressions - Compound words - Grammatical problems - Multiple meanings

1. Cultural problems. All around the world we had different customs. This influences a lot in translators because in the documents we can find weird words. Meaning is really down to context, often framed by the cultures of the languages involved. And translation is the compromise between respecting the source text and the need to make it comprehensible in the language you’re transforming it to. And it’s not just words but also how you address the person you’re talking to or how you translate cultural expressions.

2. Lexical problems. Each language has it’s own words. Lexical problems can be resolved by consulting dictionaries, glossaries, terminology banks and experts. These problems include terminology alternatives, neologisms, semantic gaps, contextual synonyms and antonyms (these affect polysemic units: synonyms and antonyms are only aimed at an acceptance which depends on the context to determine which meaning is correct), semantic contiguity (a consistency procedure which works by identifying semantic features common to two or more terms) and lexical networks.

The same word may mean multiple things depending on where it’s placed and how it’s used in a sentence. This phenomenon typically follows one of two patterns. There are homonyms, which look and sound alike but are defined differently. And then there are heteronyms, which look alike but are defined and pronounced differently. 26

3. Gramatical problems Grammatical problems include, for example, questions of temporality, aspectuality (the appearance indicates how the process is represented or the state expressed by the verb from the point of view of its development, as opposed to time itself), pronouns, and whether to make explicit the subject pronoun or not. “Translation is about finding the equivalent meaning to a sentence in a different language but more often than not you don’t have the exact equivalent words ”Almeida, Maria. (2018). Why is translation so difficult?. FEBRUARY 13, 2018 Every language has its own restrictions which can really get in the way of a good translation.

4. Syntactic problems Syntactical problems may originate in syntactic parallels, the direction of the passive voice, the focus, or even rhetorical figures of speech, such as a hyperbaton or an anaphora. Every language sits inside a defined structure with its own agreed upon rules. The complexity and singularity of this framework directly correlates to the difficulty of translation.

These difficulties can also include other challenges; for example, in the translation of a marketing text from English into French, specifically with the translation of the personal pronoun “you”. The translator must decide whether the formal or the informal “you” is more appropriate, a decision which is not always clear. A language may not have an exact match for a certain action or object that exists in another language. “Idiomatic expressions explain something by way of unique examples or figures of speech. And most importantly, the meaning of these peculiar phrases cannot be predicted by the literal definitions of the words it contains” Xie, Caroline. (2014). . Many linguistic professionals insist that idioms are the most difficult items to translate. In fact, idioms are routinely cited as a problem machine translation engines will never fully solve.

Conclusion: Anyone is not able to translate properly. A computer does not have that capacity for intercultural adaptation, no matter how much progress is being made in the area of machine translation programs.

A simple sentence in English has a subject, verb, and object — in that order. For example, “she eats pizza.” But not every language shares this structure. Translators frequently have to add, remove, and rearrange source words to effectively communicate in the target language.

5. Rethorical problems Rhetorical problems are related to the identification and recreation of figures of thought (comparison, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, oxymoron, paradox, etc.) and diction.

6. Pragmatic problems Pragmatic problems arise with the difference in the formal and informal modes of address using “you”, as well as idiomatic phrases, sayings, irony, humor and sarcasm. 27

The Future of Translation Technology By Mónica Rodríguez H.

It is well-known that technology is increasing every day to the point that we are now able to find more and more sites where we can translate everything. We can translate from a single word to a whole document. But, are they good enough to fully trust them? Translation

is an essential part of our lives when talking about learning a new language or when simply looking to know the meaning of a word in the target language. A conventional method of translation is the study and preparation of the same. There are careers that prepare us to be able to translate all kinds of texts, to know the best and effective way to do it, as well as the classifications, among other things, but on the other hand, we also have innovative tools that allow us to obtain translations instantly, tools such as applications, web pages or platforms. Using an application to translate a word, phrase or text is much faster and takes away headaches, but at the same time, we know that not all technological tools provide an efficient translation. Todayâ€™s translation industry is driven by technology and has a robust sector. Practically all language professionals use localization and translation software in their daily work. (Globalization and Localization Association, 2018) â€œTechnologies are often used as a support tool, although in the not so distant past some translation tools were not completely effective or accurateâ€?. Nowadays they have improved so much to the point of making such good translations in comparison to the manuals ones.

The job of a professional translator is to carry out the translation of texts from one language to another without losing its essence. Translators study for years to absorb knowledge and to discover methods and techniques that make their work more effective. This means that all translators must be able to express themselves perfectly in the target language, in addition, they need to have a deep knowledge of the source and destination language, they must always show perfect spelling and grammar, identify metaphors and double meanings of the language of origin and know how to transfer them to the target text without losing a bit of the intention of the source text. It has always been said that a translation made by a translator is much better than a translation made by a website, because it is more realistic, detailed and successful. On the other hand, websites can be a great resource for those who find themselves in a troubling situation or in an emergency. Furthermore, an online translator can help those that know a language but not in a heightened or advanced level. In these situations, this tool can provide an opening and the necessary skills to communicate. For these reasons, an online translator is a safety tool. There are those applications for technological devices that come at a cost. Others, however, do not have a high price. Instead, they are a free option that can be accessed by anyone with an internet connection. 30

These online translator applications are great for those who want the additional support but do not have the money to invest in complicated or more advanced software. Google Translate is a great option for instant access to information on translation. There are several free applications available, but this one is among the most popular ones. It can literally be accessed with no fee and can be pulled up on any device with an internet connection and the appropriate capabilities, including a mobile phone or a computer. “As it has been said, the technology has an incredibly wide scope when it comes to translating, for example, another two of the best and most popular online translators are DeepL and Babylon NG. DeepL is an online page which translates complete documents but has a limited use, in order to obtain more advantages of translation, you must pay a membership which will guarantee confidentiality of all your data, unlimited use of the translator, online editing of any document that you have translated, advanced use of tools, etc”(Deep GmbH,2017). Babylon NG can be online or through an application. As in DeepL, this software allows you to translate documents and texts of different magnitudes. 31

“Babylon also allows you to establish conversations directly with the translators in charge of this page, thus giving you the opportunity to give you an approach with the target language you are trying to understand and which are you looking to adapt a new translation”(Babylon NG, 2011). Among other options that it offers, you can have access to more than 1700 completely free dictionaries. All these devices are facilitators. As has been commented many times, no online translator of which exist today, give you the accuracy as a manual translator does. You can get the gist of the draft or documents, but it has to be corrected manually later on. There are many translators online working as facilitators allowing us to make instant translations, and of course, some are better than others. But if the technology keeps developing, we can be sure that in a not too distant time we will be able to find applications or translation pages that will provide an adequate translation, even putting at risk the work of the manual translators. What modern translators need is a tool that will adapt to their needs as they go.

“Translation tools are great at identifying matches on the sentence level, relatively good at finding concordances, and absolutely abysmal at coming up with good suggestions at the sub-sentence level, let alone at a morphological level” (Klinc,s.f.). This should not be taken as much as a criticism of translation technology as of translators, or the translation industry as a whole. (Klinc,s.f.) “Translation technology is a tool, but translators are only human and they have more trouble at recalling information than computers, and computers are far more catastrophic at making sense of that information than we are”. According to the article "Technology at the service of translators" (Melania Cabezas, 2018), computer-assisted translation is profitable in technical texts, those in which sentences are repeated, texts that are periodically updated with small changes, pages web, etc. On the contrary, it is not recommended for the translation of texts that require great creativity, such as literary ones. Therefore, the use of systems and, with them, the possibility of reusing translations, offers a multitude of advantages, such as saving time, reducing costs, increasing productivity, terminological coherence and improving quality, among many other benefits. Many of these advantages are obtained thanks to the fact that the systems allow combining different resources, such as dictionaries, terminology databases or predictive text tools so that the user can adapt the software to their preferences. Just as we still have many translation services able to give us all the help we need, it is not to be expected that in the future, these same devices will be replaced by some with a much more advanced technology, something that simply goes to such a broad level, but can manual translations be at risk of being needed? We don’t know exactly, but what we do know is that technology is an important part of society and its development, and in the area of translation, it plays a very important role.

The Challenges of Being a Teacher By Ana J. Madrigal H.

This essay consists about the analysis of being a teacher, the characteristics; responsibility; the teacher role, as well as the challenges about it considering the fundamental objective of the teaching-learning process. According to Freire (1997),â€?The act of learning is

a natural action of human beings, not only necessary but inevitableâ€?.We learn from experiences, studies, and examples. Teaching is an essential activity in society, not only to transmit knowledge but also about values such as respect, collaboration, integration, and tolerance.

1. Teaching people with different learning abilities. There are different types of learning, and not all people learn in the same way. They learn at different speeds, and they each have their own way of taking in content and remembering it. You need to know about your students, and what is the best way to teach them. Ask any teacher, and they will tell you that every student is different, and thatâ€™s true. Each student has their abilities, and each teacher must discover and take advantage of this capacities.

Problems arise when teachers are expected to apply a fixed curriculum to students with vastly different needs. We need to adapt lessons to students and adapt content to their needs and plan activities that help them to unfold.

Know your subject thoroughly.

Every teacher needs to know every topic of the subject. You must be clear in each topic, and study thoroughly for all the questions that your students can ask. Prepare well and should be a master of your subject. If you are not clear, the students are never going to understand. And remember, you can only give what you have. Teachers need to be ready to answer any question anytime. Sometimes, the students ask questions they cannot articulate at all. These situations are difficult to deal with. It requires immense receptivity on the teacher's part to help the student to articulate his question first, and then answer it.

Being receptive and open.

You have taught the subject to several students. You can now predict the questions to an extent. And there are times when you think you know what the student is going to ask. You almost dismiss her question mid away and are about to start answering, and she surprises you. Even if the student is asking the same question and you know what she is going to ask already, you need to remind yourself that your job is to encourage questions. Because when you do that, you are encouraging thinking.

3. You cannot know the answer to every question.

5. Some students are still not going to understand.

You can try. Many times, students ask awkward or unexpected questions that we need time to search for the answers and get back to them in the next class.

You must accept that sometimes no matter how much you try, despite all your efforts, some students are still not going to understand it at all.

Being honest about it is the best course of action. We might tell them "I don't know" and then we will find out. Accept this can be a challenge. 37

No matter how many examples you give or how many case stories you narrate. So, you need to let it go, and accept your limitation. At least for then. Go back to the student a couple of days later and try again. See if that makes a difference.

Patience.

A lot of people think teachers have to be very patient. This is not true at all. Teaching is not about being patient. Many times, teachers must deal not only with their students but also with other teachers, parents, and the principal. There will be times when you donâ€™t feel good but try to smile always for your students.

7. Some students aren't interested in learning. You also need to accept that some students in each class are not going to be interested in learning at all. Maybe they have enrolled for the course out of parental pressure or they simply are not interested in education. And that is okay too, but it is very difficult for a teacher to understand or accept a student who is not interested in learning. Not only is it the job of the teacher to accept such students, but we also must acknowledge their lack of interest. We must fully accept our limitation, own them as our students and keep doing the job the best we can. In this sense, and as a conclusion, the important thing is to understand the challenges outlined above in order to put them into practice in the pursuit of the development of competencies that favor continuous and autonomous learning in our students, making use of the resources that are necessary, especially technological. And that it is not a mere "should be" at the level of educational policies of the government but that it is more than willingness with common efforts with teaching to achieve the quality so sought, and until today not achieved.

By Alejandra Rosas G.

St. Patrickâ€™s Day is a religious celebration held on March 17th, where the Irish people commemorate the death of Saint Patrick, who is the patron saint of Ireland, and how Christianity arrived in Ireland. In this article, I am going to talk about who is Saint Patrick and the things he did to start this celebration, the meaning of the symbols they use in this festivity, as well as the food that is most common to eat on this day. 39

I’m also going to talk about the most important traditions, like the meaning of the color green in this celebration and the sports they like to play on this date. The religion also takes place in this date, thanks to Saint Patrick. It’s mostly celebrated in Ireland, but many other countries, like the United Kingdom and The United States, commemorate this date. St. Patrick Saint Patrick’s real name was Maewyn Succat; he was born in the year 387 in Scotland. He was a Romano-British Christian missionary and bishop of Ireland; he was mostly known as the founder of Christianity in Ireland. Everything that is known of him is thanks to the Declaration, which was supposedly written by Saint Patrick. At the age of 16, he was taken by pirates as a prisoner and sold as a slave. He stayed six years in Ireland, where they taught him the Celtic language. One night he dreamed with a voice that told him that he should run away from that place and go to the beach where a boat would be waiting.

He decided to listen to the voice and run away. He walked 180 miles to reach the coast, where a boat was waiting for him. He escaped and arrived in France where he became a priest. At 46 years old, he decided to go back to Ireland to evangelize the Irish while using a simple language, for example, when he explained about the Holy Trinity he showed them a shamrock and told them that just as those three leaves form a single leaf, so did the three-divine people: The Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit form a single true God. There is a legend that says that Ireland has no snakes because St. Patrick banished them all. He chased them all to the sea because they attacked him for 40 days. However, this was declared false by naturalist Nigel Monaghan, keeper of natural history at the National Museum of Ireland in Dublin, who said; “At no time has there ever been any suggestion of snakes in Ireland, so [there was] nothing for St. Patrick to banish”(Monaghan, 2006). On March 17th, 461 A.D. St. Patrick died on Saul, Downpatrick, Ireland, and since that day, March 17th is known as a religious holiday.

Symbols This holiday has a lot of important symbols, and the most known is the Shamrock (also called Clover). As I said before, St. Patrick used the shamrock to represent the Holy Trinity, but nowadays the Shamrock is mostly known as a lucky symbol. It is said that if you happen to find a four-leaf clover, you will have luck for your whole life. Another important symbol is the Ireland flag. The flag consists of 3 colors: green, white and orange. The color green represents the Irish people, the white represents the peace, and the orange represents the victory of King William III. The Celtic cross is known for being a symbol of Saint Patrickâ€™s Day. Thereâ€™s a legend that says that Saint Patrick introduced the cross to Ireland during the evangelization, but there is not any record that says that the cross existed in that early age.

Finally, the most talked symbol are the Leprechauns; they are a classic character of the Irish mythology. The Lucky Leprechauns are known for being small creatures, not even 40 inches tall, with a sullen and reserved character. They are shoemakers, always wearing green clothes and a striking hat, and they own a lot of golden coins. The greatest treasure they have is a pot of gold and they hide it at the end of a rainbow. This is why the rainbow is always changing places, because the Leprechauns donâ€™t want anyone to find it. There is a tradition in Ireland that says that if you happen to find a Leprechaun you should not lose sight of them because that is the only way to find the treasure at the end of the rainbow.

Traditions

Food

There are a number of traditions in this holiday. Here, I am going to explain the most commonly used. We all know that the color green is the biggest representation of this celebration; since the first day it was celebrated, it became a tradition to wear something green. Whether it is clothes, a hat or even a scarf, they wear this to celebrate their Irish heritage.

There cannot be a celebration without food, and on this day, there are a lot of variety. There is the Colcannon, which is the Irish smashed potatoes, the main side dish every Irish eats at Saint Patrick’s Day. This dish is also combined with cabbage. You can use normal green cabbage, but they most common one is the nap cabbage, because it is sweeter. For dessert, they eat cake, obviously decorated in green.

Also, every year the Chicago River is painted green for the whole celebration; they have done this for the last 50 years. This day is celebrated with spectacular festivals and parades where the color green invades the whole cities. The first parade was celebrated in 1776 in New York, and to this date, that parade is known for being the most spectacular. There is also a tradition of drinking green beer. This tradition is mostly practiced in the US and Canada, and you can find this green beer on every bar.

Sports Events The sports are also influenced by the traditions of Saint Patrick’s Day. One of the most important competitions of this day is “The Saint Patrick’s Day Test” which is a Rugby match celebrated since 1995. In this event the Irish and USA rugby team compete against each other. The All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship final is also celebrated and is the final championship of the Gaelic Football of Ireland. It is and Irish sport where the use of hands is permitted. In conclusion, celebrating this holiday is very important because the traditions that the Irish people do will keep enriching the culture in other countries. They maintain the essence of Ireland, so we need to keep celebrating Saint Patrick and all he did for his country.

Influence of Technology in a TranslationÂ´s Job By Bianca Limon Paniagua

â€œThe technology and inventions supporting the performance of a translatorâ€?

The translatorâ€™s job had been suffered huge changes referring to communication. This change has affected the professional activities of the translator in a very positive way, because it makes easy to find information on reliable researches. One of the most important transformations in the

environment is the appearance of technology and the internet. Nowadays the usage of internet has changed the way people is working and have changed he communication systems. Technology has incorporated programs that help us to have all the information in the palm of our hand working as the main support to make researches on the internet. Throughout the history, the language has been one of the main hinders between the different cultures, making difficult to carry out an effective communication. The internet participates directly in the translation due to the huge information you can find on it. Beyond translating, the innovations and inventions work as a tool which permits to know about different cultures and environments.

How is the technology an important tool for a translator? Nowadays it is not difficult to find information about an investigation that we are making thanks to the technological advances and tools that have been developed in recent years that facilitate the process of the translator. New technologies are the element that has marked important changes in our way of living and working. Its importance in daily life or for any profession is clear, since new technologies and especially internet had made easier the access to information and work in research and communications in all fields of knowledge human. Some of the most popular and useful are the voice recognition applications, virtual dictionaries, glossaries, forums and online platforms that allow us to keep abreast of updates. 45

For a translator it is very important to be aware of these advances as they help improve to their translations and increase their knowledge about the world and its changes. One of the main ones is the internet.

The support of the internet to researches. The Internet is a connection tool between several people anywhere in the world; the ease that we have of accessing a web page is not a problem nowadays since one of the objectives of the Internet is to give and receive information. It is a social, cultural, and technological phenomenon that brings more and more people, institutions, companies, etc. Through an easy, fast and instant communication around the world. The possibilities of the internet are used in multiple studies and investigations; since it is a useful tool for their jobs thanks to the communication capacity and the huge volume of information that day after day increases and is accessible from anywhere.

The importance of learn about another culture. We currently live in a globalized world in which people interconnect internationally in different areas: economic, political, technological, social and cultural. This has brought the world closer through the exchange of information, knowledge and culture. Our environment is very diverse and it is important to fully understand the culture of the people with whom we interact. It also increases the ability to learn another language and understand the historical concept, the uses and customs, the real meaning of the different manifestations of people's way of thinking and acting, avoiding misinterpretations. To know about other culture opens the opportunity to extend our horizons, to realize that there are other ways of seeing the world, of conceiving reality. In turn, this allows us to be open to other criteria, as well as patients and willing to consider other points of view.

It is very different to know through books, information or images the kind of life people have in other countries, however, the best way to know their culture in depth is by interacting directly with the people who live in those places, much better if the interaction is directly in that environment and live it in the flesh.

Language as a hinder of communication. The expression "Barriers to Communication" refers to those disturbances that tend to distort, alter and distort, in an unpredictable way, the messages transmitted. In many cases, the message is not received exactly the way it is intended, this prevents the flow of adequate information.This is caused due the meaning of the words; when we do not specify the meaning, it can be misunderstood. One of the main reasons may be the language since many times the meaning varies depending on the area, creating a confusing message if you do not have enough knowledge about it. Here also influences the culture and customs of each country or region. It is not that we can not speak the language, is simply that the context makes the meaning of the language to change.

Even when someone communicates in the same language, the terminology we use in a message can create a barrier if it is not fully understood. For example, a message that includes a lot of jargon or slang and abbreviations will probably not be understood by someone who is not familiar. The recent inventions used as a resource of translating.Translation is one of the oldest professions in the world and has played a fundamental role in the evolution of mankind, making use of technological advances and the importance of technology in all aspects of our lives is undeniable.In our highly connected world, language barriers will soon be a thing of the past thanks to new technology. Because of the existence of todayâ€™s inventions we have already seen. Today, the whole world has tools that help improve in any area, in this case translators, have at their disposal the use of translation memories which are useful to keep a record of translations that have been done previously, without leaving aside that the continuous improvement of the web pages make the information more and more accurate. On the other hand, there is a drawback that is the inappropriate use of information. A very clear example is the use of Wikipedia; The amount of information and topics contained on that website is huge, however, the information can be modified and not precisely in a favourable way. Unfortunately, this type of pages is constantly recurred and as it is, there are many more. Conclusion It is true that the world has advanced and improved its way of life, making it easier to access many things such as information.The new technologies, related to our environment, are streamlining, optimizing and perfecting some activities that we carry out in our day to day life. Communication today is something that has advanced a lot, a communication that is much faster than before. Technology plays a very important role in the world from the moment you create something innovative. In general terms, technology has brought great benefits to humanity. Its main role is to create an improvement of tools and accessories adapted to users to facilitate and save effort and, above all, time in our daily lives. 46

Translatorâ€™s Day By Paula A.Francisco F.

Translator’s day is an important celebration that celebrates the translators all around the world. This celebration is not as popular as others, but it is very important. This article will talk about the translator's day, the date when is celebrated, the patron saint, the profession, the skills of the translators, etc. It is expected that with the celebration of this day, more people could be aware of the importance of the figure of the translator.

The types of translators vary according to their trai-

ning and specialization; we can distinguish different types, such as generalist translators, interpreters, audiovisual translators, sworn translators, technical translators, literary translators, etc. The International Day of the Translator is celebrated every year on September 30 in commemoration of the death of St. Jerome of Estridon, patron of this profession. This celebration was provided by the International Federation of Translators (FIT) since 1953. Eusebio Hierónimo of Estridon or Jeronimo of Estridon, also known as St. Jerome in Christianity, lived in Rome in the fifth century. He spends part of his life translating the Bible from Greek and Hebrew into Latin. This allowed the Romans to understand the Sacred Scriptures because St. Jerome translated them into the "vulgar" language, also known as Latin.

This is why his translation of the Bible is known as the «Vulgate». He was considered as the first translator when he started to translate the bible. He is also considered the father of the church. The translator and interpreter professions are often confused, although the mission of both professionals is to transmit a message from one language to another. The main difference between a translator and an interpreter is that: A translator is a professional who is dedicated to the written translation of all types of texts. On the other hand, an interpreter is the professional specialized in oral translation. Newmark (1991: 27) defines the act of translating very briefly. It is the act of transferring meaning of a stretch or a unit of language, the whole or a part, from one language to another. (The discussion on meaning can be seen at sub-point F. Meaning, Message, and Style.)

Some skills that a translator must have are the following: A good translator needs to have a deep knowledge of the language of origin and the destination language of the documents he works on, as well as a perfect grammar. He has to also be good at checking, correcting, and editing texts. Also, the translator must be able to understand and interpret the twists, metaphors and double meaning phrases in the text in the source language and transfer them to the target text.

How many words does a professional translator translates in a day? A translator can translate 150 words per hour working on a complex text in which he or she is not very familiar with and that requires a lot of research. On the other hand, the same translator could translate 600 words per hour when working on a much simple text of an area where he or she specializes in. The translator must also consider the type of formats with which they work, whether is printed or electronic. This also influences their performance, since working with hard copies takes more time than working with electronic formats. The speed of typing must also be considered. This is one of the main factors that determine the words that are translated daily. Everything depends on the person or company; the skills, experience, and organization of the work method is an essential role when determining the number of translated words.

Some advantages of being a translator are the following: Translators can work in the comfort of their home; nobody is going to tell them what they must wear, or how they need to organize their workspace, etc. The contact with the client is usually minimal: most of the time this contact is only by email or phone. The translator can decide when he is available and when he is not. Work schedules: The translator can organize his time as he chooses, nobody will tell him at what time he has to start or finish with his work, the only thing that matters is to meet the delivery date.

Finally, and most importantly, when translating, much knowledge is acquired. When a translator searches new vocabulary or has to translate a text that he is not related to, he must search for information. This gives him new knowledge on various topics. Thanks to translators, we can become closer to many people, communicate and understand each other; we can have the potential to generate opportunities and overcoming personal and professional issues. The Day of the translator was proclaimed so that the world was aware of the importance of this profession. Even though nowadays we have many tools at our disposal, some more useful and effective than others, we must never forget the figure of the translator as a professional.

Idiomatic barriers in Latin America By Juan J. Hazel Lรณpez T.

Nowadays the idiomatic barriers are diffuse thanks to technological advances. The importance of learning a second language goes beyond a luxury and has become a necessity, but nevertheless, there are certain zones of the world where the difference of language has become an impediment for the understanding, and memorizing words is not the solution to establish a correct communication. Is it all about the attitude? In this article, you will discover some strategies that can help you overcome these barriers.

Limited communication How does language affect the communication between English-speaking and Spanish-speaking countries? is a topic that has been worrying Mexico for several decades. Going back years, it is known that during the government of Porfirio Diaz, more precisely in 1869, declared English and French mandatory in the upper primary school; At present (2018) â€œEnglish is the fourth most spoken language in Mexico and according to the National Association of Universities and Institutions of Higher Education (ANUIES in Spanish), 48% of institutions consider English as a compulsory subject and 41% consider it a requirement to have a second language to be titledâ€? (Labastida, Alto Nivel, 2015)â€Ś then why is there still such a strong problem of communication with the foreigner? 52

The importance to learn English

Problems in the learning process

Currently, in schools, the English language subject has been added to the numerous curricula, this with the aim of increase the mastery of a second language nationwide, what is the reason for this?

Currently, one of the proposed points in the new education system pretends that Mexican students are bilingual; however, the dependency does not have enough personnel to achieve it. At present there are only 50,000 English teachers in the whole country, but there are 236 thousand schools; that means there would only be 1 teacher for every 5 schools; this is an alarming figure considering the goals that are estimated at school level but there is not only this problem.

Let's start by analyzing a little the geographical location of the country; It is merely border with the United States, this opens the doors to Mexicans, not only with employment opportunities but also, as a cultural level there is a great approach and this generates in a certain way the need to understand the language, beyond this be one of the most talked around the world. Another strong point in favor of learn English for the work field is that it allows you to interact easily with people around the globe with whom it would be impossible to communicate due to the language barriers of these, but thanks to the basic knowledge of English they have, can make friends with people who do not speak their mother language. In this way, it is clear that learn English goes beyond just having more knowledge, opens your possibilities to interact with people worldwide.

Children are seen as the future of the country regardless of the region of the world and it is partly also expected a degree of responsibility on their part but what happens when the child has the resources, means and even then, does not improve in their learning process? It is quite simple to say that the problem is with the child and partly that is right, but in part it is also the environment that surrounds them, because for multiple reasons young people are discouraged not only to learn for love but also to practice their knowledge of the language, for these, in addition to not being a mere necessity halfway through life, it is difficult for other people to understand because they are not familiar with the language itself.On the other hand, not everything depends on the environment or the people around.

Is an attitude problem? As mentioned vaguely in the previous paragraph, part of the problem in learning is not having a strong reason why you want to learn it, this being an attitude problem, what are the emotional reasons that become an impediment to learn the language? Let's analyze a little why do we have to talk about attitude, if it does not directly provide us with knowledge to improve our domain of the language? Although it may not seem like it, the mentality that we have influences everything we do every day. Having a positive mentality results in positive results, the same happens when there is a negative mentality and suddenly nothing comes out as we want. The attitude has a lot to do in the moment to learn and execute a speech in another language, either the way of pronouncing the words until it develops a complete conversation with another speaker. Having the right attitude in the classroom will allow you not only to have a better disposition to learn and remember the information you get, it will also give you what you need to carry out the activities in which you need to speak in English. When talking about this topic, we can’t limit ourselves only to the classroom, obviously the matter of attitude must be taken in the day to day if you are looking to master the language. Always take the first step, think about how you can improve your fluency or vocabulary, instruct people who have knowledge of the language similar to yours to practice. Be persistent, inquire about what is unknown and ask for help when it’s necessary, everything is a matter of attitude, attitude to learn and want to overcome. Now it is easier to understand why the importance of having a good attitude to learn English.

Memorize words is not learn One of the many common mistakes that occur when learning English is the memorization of words. Is this really bad? No, because in a certain way it generates a limited vocabulary that can help us later in the learning process, what is bad is to depend completely in our ability to memorize words because this action does not merely show that there has been a significant learning. Why catalog it in this way? It is because the memorization does not allow us to develop our capacity of judgment to formulate our own answers to unknown problems that abound in the process of learning a language, the simple fact of memorizing words does not give us the ability to engage in a fluent conversation and in the worst case, answer a single question with a well-formulated answer. Imagine a hypothetical situation in which thanks to memorizing words, you have been able to learn how to ask a basic question like ‘’ where is the bathroom?’’ and a few single words about food or specific parts of a house; Now imagine that we know someone, who wants to know where you can buy clothes or rent a hotel room or need to go to a hospital; Now the words we learned are not very useful to us, right? This is because our vocabulary and ability to reason a coherent response is limited by the information we memorize. No matter how easy it may seem, do not start memorizing words without a purpose or context; generate your own ideas from learned topics, so you can respond to different variables in speech. 54

Some strategies to break that barriers After having identified some problems that cause language barriers and how they make communication difficult, it is correct to share a few tips on how we can overcome these impediments. The truth is that especially at the beginning, one canâ€™t expect intercultural communication to follow the same rhythm as when we communicate with someone from the same culture. Cultivating a little patience will make you a more effective communicator. Be convinced when learning a language and make an effort to understand your message. Pay real attention to the person you are trying to talk to, probably not have a good domain of English and is going through the same situation as you. Overcoming these barriers depends completely on you, and only you will know how far to go and how you will use the language acquired. I hope that after reading this article you have a more accurate idea of the enormous barrier that has to be overcome, but that with studies and a good attitude can be broken and thus erase the line that divides people with different languages

Translating Poetry: ugly and faithful or beautiful and unfaithful? By Katia L. Osorio RamĂrez

Translation is an accurate art. In all their types, a translation should be fair and respect the OL and give the same sense in the TL. While translating general literal pieces can be a challenge for any translator, translating poetry goes beyond that. Given that poetry is such a delicate subject it should maintain specific characteristic to maintain its beauty and meaning. The translator finds themselves in this crossroad: to make it ugly and faithful? Or should I keep it beautiful and unfaithful? During this essay, we will explore this field to help the translators find the best choice to translate poetry.

To begin with, let’s define poetry. Poetry is more than a form of literature; Dylan Thomas defined poetry this way: "Poetry is what makes me laugh or cry or yawn, what makes my toenails twinkle, what makes me want to do this or that or nothing."

There are many kinds of poetry, such as: • Sonnet - a short rhyming poem with 14 lines. • Limerick - a five-line witty poem with a distinctive rhythm. The first, second and fifth lines, the longer lines, rhyme. The third and fourth shorter lines rhyme. (A-A-B-B-A). • Haiku - Haiku's are composed of 3 lines, each a phrase. The first line typically has 5 syllables, the second line has 7, and the 3rd and last line repeat another 5. • Narrative - A narrative poem tells the story of an event in the form of a poem. There is a strong sense of narration, characters, and plot. • Epic - a lengthy narrative poem in grand language celebrating the adventures and accomplishments of a legendary or conventional hero. • Couplet - two lines of verse which rhyme and form a unit alone or as part of a poem. • Free Verse - A Free Verse Poem does not follow any rules. Their creation is completely in the hands of the author. Rhyming, syllable count, punctuation, number of lines,number of stanzas, and line formation can be done however the author wants to convey the idea. There is no right or wrong way to create a Free Verse poem.

Poetry is beauty. And it should be beautiful in its original and translated form, but to do that we should acknowledge all the difficulties that may cause a translation of a poetry. These difficulties to translate poetry can be divided in three: Linguistic problems, literary or Aesthetic problems, and socio-cultural references. Each one of these difficulties can be divided in even more specifics problems, which will be explained to learn how to overcome them. •

Linguistic Problems.

Collocation refers to words or word groups with which a word or words may typically combine. The combination may by syntagmatic or horizontal. like make a speech (not say a speech), run a meeting (not do a meeting), etc. Something to remember is in different languages the collocates tend to be different. The other class of collocation is pragmatic or vertical. This consists of words belonging to the same semantic field or be semantic opposite. When you find yourself with a collocation in the OL you must find and use the equivalent in the TL if it exists. You should also pay closer attention to collocations that are similar in both languages, but they have different meanings. The second point to consider in term of linguistic matters is obscured (non-standard) syntactic structures. Such kinds of structures may be intentionally written in a poem as a part of the expressive function of the text. Hence, such structures should be rendered as closely as possible. The first step to deal with this problem is to find the deep (underlying) structure. According to Newmark (1981: 116), the useful procedure is to find the logical subject first, and then the specific verb. If the two important elements are discovered, the rest will fall into place. After that the translator can reconstruct the structure in the TL as closely as possible to the original structure. Besides, the structure of each phrase or clause should be examined clearly also. 58

• Literary or Aesthetic Problems.

• Socio-cultural references.

The aesthetic values, according to Newmark (1981: 65) are dependent on the structure (or poetic structure), metaphor, and sound.Aesthetic plays a major importance in the beauty of everything. Especially in poetry, the translator should be beyond cautious given that the aesthetic values are closely related to the actual meaning of the poem. Hence, every word, the word order and the sounds should be respected as much possible in the translation.

Translating socio-cultural references in every aspect is difficult because the translator needs to create an invisible bridge for both cultures. The same thing happens with poetry, except that in a poetry we should be cautious about choosing a word that fits the structure, the meaning and the sound of the poem.

Poetic structure includes the plan of the original poem, the shape and the balance of individual sentences in each line. Maintaining the structure in the poem may mean maintaining the original structure of each sentence. Metaphorical expression is related to visual images created with combinations of words, which may also evoke sound, touch, smell, and taste images, the traditional metaphors, direct comparisons without the words "like' and "as if", and all figurative languages. To translate metaphors, (Newmark, 1981) advises to first understand the following terms: object (topic, item), image (the terms of which the item is described), sense (similarities between aspects of the object and the image), metaphor (the words taken from the image), and metonym (one word image that replace the object) to begin to translate the metaphors. Newark also proposes three procedures to translate general metaphors in poetry: • Reproducing the same image of the OL in the TL • Replacing images of the OL with a standard image of the TL • Translating a metaphor by a simile, retaining the image of the OL Sound is anything connected with sound cultivation including rhyme, rhythm, assonance, onomatopoeia, etc. Out of these three aspects, this one could be the one that, in need, could be sacrificed. Although, the translator should adjust the translation towards where the beauty of the poem lies more on. If the poem lies more on the sound of the rhymes, then it can not be ignored, and the translator should balance both semantic meaning and sound.

Once we have considered all these difficulties, we need to make the right choices. What is more important: to keep the meaning or the structure? Jack Child (Introduction to Spanish Translation, 1992) quoted a French saying, “translations are like lovers: the faithful are not beautiful and the beautiful are not faithful”.

Child created the Beautiful-Faithful Matrix which gives us four stages of translation with beautiful-faithful at the top and the worst-case scenario ugly-unfaithful. In poetry, every word and structure are carefully chosen, and when translating a poem, it is hard to choose an appropriate equivalent. In translating poetry, you may find your translation in the two levels between the top and the bottom of the matrix. Because you intend to make the poem maintains its beauty and find yourself changing a word. Or on the other hand, you respect entirely the original form of the poem and its translation loses its beauty.

In her thesis “Selected Poems of Rosario Castellanos in Translation” in her attempt to translate the poems of Rosario Castellanos, Rachel M. Popma writes “For these reasons, it is important that the author's intent is thoroughly understood, and his/her diction analyzed thoroughly so appropriate choices can be made for the translation.” In her methodological procedure described that “I have aimed to be as faithful to Castellanos' language and meaning as possible, while also striving to create a natural, flowing line in English…However, there are some cases in which maintaining the original line construction would make the line seem forced or unnatural; in these cases, I have bowed to my poetic sensibilities and adjusted the phrasing appropriately while attempting to keep the tone of Castellanos' original… Above all, I have tried to create a translation which would be poetic in its own right.” (Popma, 1998). Like Popma we may not find ourselves leaning completely into ugly and faithful or beautiful but unfaithful but making a balance out of them to give the translated poem its own identity. José Martí (1875) said that “To translate is to transcript from one language to another”. That is why a poetry translator should have a sense of artist within himself. Sometimes theory like the Beautiful-faithful matrix is just a basis for the actual practice. Maybe while translating poetry there will be no precise method to do it, since every poem is different one from another and each one has a specific particularity. “Poetry, in a general sense, may be defined to be ‘the expression of the imagination’: and poetry is connate with the origin of man.” (Shelley, 1840). There are many types of poetry and each poem has characteristics that makes them special. When translating poetry, translators must take the same particularities of the original text into the translation. Poetry is very rich in all cultures, and translators should look for these pieces out in the world and be encouraged to translate them, focusing on making every piece unique and independently beautiful.

Using Technology in Teaching English as a Second Language By Miguel Angel RodrĂguez Rivera

As a student of a second language, you know in advance that the use of technology is of great importance for good learning and acquisition, first, the vocabulary and thus of a good command of the language in all the skills that the learning of a second language requires. In the past, one of the most notorious difficulties students faced when learning a foreign language was the lack of opportunities to practice what they were learning. Students’ knowledge was practically restricted to what their teacher could offer them, therefore learning took longer than expected, and classrooms were full of unmotivated learners.

It is a positive impact that technology is having on language learning. Regular classroom classes do not usually meet all students’ needs. The amount of instruction time each student receives is proportional to the number of students in a classroom.

Besides, they are usually forced to learn at the pace of the rest of the class. A positive aspect of technology is that it can greatly increase learners contact time with a foreign language. By using the internet, office pack, video games, multimedia, and practice programs, students can engage in individualized instruction designed to meet their specific needs. The internet has proven to be very effective in helping students to learn a second language. It has opened a whole new world of opportunities to access a great range of activities and programs designed to develop and improve students’ skills. Some of the most useful and successful resources have been online English courses, many of which are free. Devices such as iPods, iPads, mp4 players, and Smartphones are very popular tools among young people. These gadgets enable them to watch and listen to language situations downloaded straight from the internet, record their voices and keep track of their progress. Besides, they can look up the meaning of unknown words, read the lyrics to their favorite songs in the target language, chat, and share meaningful experiences with others. As long as they have an internet connection, those who want to learn English can now do so from the comfort of their own home or elsewhere. They can log in to their spelling and do lessons, and with WIFI, technology is becoming more and more readily available. In social networks, you can have a learning either such as Twitter, Facebook, or Instagram, which are the most popular now, you can interact with people who speak English. 63

Recent technological advancements have given people the opportunity to have more ways to interact with the target language at any time and place. All this helps to make the study of foreign languages very practical and relevant in their lives. To sum up, the advent of the technological era has had a positive impact on English language learners in numerous ways. With new gadgets and web pages, it has become an important component in language learning, making it easier for highly motivated students, giving them a natural affinity for new technologies. It has also enhanced the time they are exposed to the target language and has given them the possibility of access to authentic material and native speakers at any time. Most importantly, technology has boosted learner’s autonomy to learn languages.

1.2 Technology

in English language

teaching Many people study English as a Second Language. Some are immigrants who are starting a new life in the United States, some are students that want to study at a university in the U.S., and others are business people who need to improve their English fluency for international business. Whatever the studentâ€™s goal, technology can help him or her to learn English. It also provides the teacher with another set of tools for teaching. Technology is a tool, not a solution. It is best used when needed, either in a flipped classroom setting or a blended classroom setting. (Cohen, 2016) As Cohen mentions, the use of technology must be a tool and not a solution. Speaking from the side of teaching, teachers often put a video for the class, and some exercises on the computer terminate their class, but do you think it is the right way to use technology for teaching? The methods of teaching have changed; however, I believe that new methods and more technologies should go hand in hand with traditional teaching methods, I believe that by joining them they would make a magnificent set when teaching and learning. In the case of English language teaching, we know that many technological tools are used, such as videos, audios, podcasts, online exercises, even video games to learn English, etc., but the classes in a classroom complement the use of these tools, at the end of the day your evaluation would have to be done by a teacher, we should not let everything be evaluated by a computer.

1.2.1 Videos and Multimedia There is no doubt that modern teaching methods have many advantages over traditional ones. Compared to traditional textbook or workbook, a multimedia program can provide immediate feedback on the correctness of the learnerâ€™s response. Nevertheless, traditional teaching methods are still commonly used because of their own strong points. So, teachers should combine their strong points with modern teaching methods, which not only raise classroom teaching quality and efficiency but also improve teaching and learning environment between teachers and students. (Zhen, 2016). 64

The use of multimedia generates a pleasant environment for the student, and in turn, connects with the teacher as the new generations use multimedia resources for their daily lives. A clear example is the use of smartphones that most of the time is used by students for social networks, but its use can also be didactic if you know how to use the right way.

1.3 Devices in English language teaching â€œTechnological devices are nowadays used to such an extent that we are starting to have a hard time without them. In most schools, teachers have different kinds of devices available for classroom use, which can enrich their teachingâ€?. (Jenni, 2017, pĂĄg. 14). Jenny, according to her research work, did interviews in which she obtained information about how positive the use of the devices is, and for that reason, she divides its use into three aspects that are the following: Easier access information, teaching cultural Knowledge and motivating the students. 1.3.1

Tools

The technological tools of today are immense, and they make it easier for us to learn, in the teaching of the English language they are of great use so that with them we can improve the skills and strengthen them in a way that we cannot imagine. To say some, we have Google Drive, Edmodo, Screen Casting, YouTube, blogs, etc. These tools will facilitate our learning if we make good use of them.

1.4 The benefits of using technology, devices and tools in English language teaching To close and as a conclusion, we must say that everything related to technology and the learning of the English language will always be of great support for learning it, but we must not forget the traditional methods since we start from there. Making good use of technological devices and tools will make your skills develop to the maximum, and it will be easier and more fun to learn the language, do not waste access to these teaching methods and always remember to use them responsibly and always with the goal of acquiring more knowledge For teachers, we know that these tools are of great support at the time of teaching, but we should not let them do it all, always use them as support but not as a whole, the student will always need the support of a teacher in the teaching-learning process. In conclusion the above makes it clear that there are two important parts in the use of technology in the teaching of the English language. Teachers and students, both benefit from their experiences with technology in order to make the teaching process more enriching taking into account the role that the student plays, the learning styles, the technological resource used, as well as the role of the teacher and the effect of technological means on the teaching and learning process of the English language.

The Good Teacher By Alexandra Uribe.

They need a combination of professional development skills along with their knowledge and experience to be effective teachers. Teachers must also maintain current professional development standards by taking regular refresher courses and tests.

Commonly schools look for certificated teachers, with College degree, experience working with children and a high level of knowledge based on tests like TOEFL. But this is not enough; in my opinion, the teaching skills are one of the most important things. These are not easy to measure with a simple test, however, they can be improved.

The requirements vary from position to position and from state to state. Private schools may hire non-certified teachers, but not all of them do. Some types of private schools require very specific training in a teaching method. The requirements vary from position to position and from state to state. Private schools may hire non-certified teachers, but not all of them do. Some types of private schools, require very specific training in a particular teaching method. If you are considering becoming a teacher, you have a long process ahead of you to acquire the necessary educational skills, but there are also some generalized skills that all good teachers have. You can use my list to help determine whether a career in teaching could be for you. Teaching, by definition, is a form of communication, so it follows that a teacher must have excellent communication skills. These include both verbal and written communication, professional yet friendly body language, and the ability to really listen. â€œYou also must be able to adapt your communication style to the needs of different students, depending on their age, culture, ability, and learning style. You will also have to communicate in clear, accurate, and professional terms with parents, colleagues, and administrators, both in person and in writingâ€?. (Allison Doyle, 2018). Verbal communication skills are extremely important in teaching. You need to be able to effectively speak with your students, using a calm, clear tone. You must be able to explain the material in terms that are both accessible and meaningful to the students. Body language is also important â€“ you want to appear confident in your stance and your facial expressions. 68

I think patience is the mother of the teaching skills, working with kids doing the same question over and over again, deal with unexpected problems and situations and keep the calm. “Teachers need to solve a number of different problems, often on a tight deadline. This frequently involves, answering difficult questions on the spot, solving conflicts, creating new lesson plans, teaching games and dealing with other personal issues between pupils or colleagues”. (Johanna Zambas, 2018). In conclusion, we all can give classes but not all can be a real good teacher; public and private schools needs quality, teachers with real passion, we need people who love their jobs, people who really want change the world. Education is the base for a better society and better people. We have the future of our country and our hands and is the most beautiful responsability. According to Robert John Meehan, “teachers who love teaching, teach children to love learning”

Learning English with English Songs By Lucía E. Páramo Z. and Mónica H. Rodríguez 71

Learning English with English songs have always been an effective, fun and entertaining method, the songs in English give us a lot of help when it comes to remembering phrases, meanings of words, among other things. But it is well-known that songs in English do not give you an explanation of the history, of its grammatical or structural conformation of that language. Giving these points, we can say that English songs can be effective when it comes to having an approach with the foreign language.

Acquire a second language will always be a cha-

llenge, but this challenge is less difficult depending on the technique you use in the process. “Music has been reported to help second language learners acquire vocabulary and grammar, improve spelling, and develop the linguistic skills of reading, writing, speaking, and listening (Jalongo and Bromley, 1984, McCarthney, 2985; Martin, 2983, Mitchel,1983, Jolly, 1975)”. Beyond giving us a rhythm or a fashion, can also give us a lot of help when it comes to having an approach to the target language. Thanks to the songs we can quickly understand the meaning of many words, know idiomatic expressions, and familiarize ourselves with culture and many other things but, do you believe that in a classroom will be effective the technique of teaching English through songs of said language? According to the blog English Language and Culture Blog “The music is a good tool to start learning English for students because it is just so catchy, and the music has a way of making humans move and sometimes the songs or lyrics from songs get stuck in our heads for hours, days or even weeks”. This learning method allows English learners to build their vocabulary and sentence structure through English music. The sentences usually are easy to understand; the vocabulary is simple, and the sentences are short and repetitive for the student’s senses. Music is a truly universal language, and the students need to take advantage of something that they can understand and connect with, regardless of which languages they speak. Learning English through songs is an effective way because they increase our confidence, music gives us an overview of the language and its syntactic functions. Our confidence in how sentences are structured and why will grow. Also, it is so helpful to hear speech to understand their colloquial and cultural relevance. Another point is that you become more fluent and familiar with phrases. Lyrics are often articulated with fluency. It depends on the song, of course, but often, lyrics are spoken rhythmically and evenly to a beat. And finally, learning more about English-speaking cultures. Music is one of the world’s main shared cultures. Its connective power is transferable and long range.

Accurate pronunciation is an important part of learning any language, and especially when we are learning English. The way our speech sounds can have a big impact on whether or not people understand what we are saying and their initial impression of us. The tricky thing about pronunciation is that is not just a question of acquiring knowledge, it is a physical skill that you need to practice regularly. (Gabriel GoyoSongs s.f) “Songs provide a good technique when improving pronunciation. English songs give us examples of authentic, memorable, and rhythmic language. They can be motivating for students, interested to repeatedly listen to and imitate their favorite songs. Some aspects of pronunciation can be focused on through songs. Using songs to focus on sounds, learners can find sounds difficult to pick out and may not see the point in focusing on them. So, what can we do as teachers? Just focus on learners, on particular sounds, and create activities based on songs' rhymes”. Another point is using songs to focus on words. Words are combinations of sounds which form together to give meaning. A word is pronounced in syllables, usually one emphasized syllable (the stress) and the rest weak (unstressed). Words in songs fit the music, helping learners associate the number of syllables/stress in these words, with memorable rhythms. Using songs to focus on connected speech. Connected speech is the natural way we speak, linking together and emphasizing certain words, rather than each word standing alone. (Balbina Ebong & Marta J. Sabbadini, British Council, Cameroon).

It does not exist 'standard' songs for teaching pronunciation. Any song can be an example of different pronunciation aspects. However, teachers can try to choose songs that are clear, not too fast, memorable, likely to appeal to our learners and easy to create activities for, depending on the area of pronunciation that they are focusing on.

Some benefits of songs in learning English as a second language and how to use them as a tool are: 1.- Songs are valuable sources for vocabulary, sentence structures, and grammar. Songs can provide the opportunity for vocabulary practice. They are usually based on a theme or topic that can offer the context for vocabulary learning. The more we listen to the lyrics, the better our English vocabulary becomes. At first, we may not completely understand the lyrics, but comprehension improves over time.

2.- Music increases memory. According to the blog enjoy research has shown that listening to music is one of the best ways to stimulate both sides of our brain. It has a positive impact not only learning English but also general learning. When we listen to music on a regular basis, we are at the same time improving our memory.

3.- Improve our pronunciation. As we said before, listening to music helps to improve our pronunciation. The pronunciation is one of the most difficult aspects to master when it comes to learning a new language. Learning English through songs will help to train your accent. When we learn our English songs, we will tend to repeat the songs again and again.

4.- Motivation. Mtivation is a factor that makes us learn more comfortably and faster. Because we are doing what we like. For example, if we like to sing we obviously want to know the meaning of the lyrics of the song we like and we usually sing over the voice of the original singer. Songs can help us to improve our listening skills, and pronunciation, therefore it potentially helps us enhance our speaking skills as well. The inclusion of songs in English in a classroom has a very positive effect in many aspects since this can play a motivating role when it comes to learning new topics. The application of these students does not pose any obstacle but can even serve as an incentive to encourage even the shyest student. An experimental education means putting the student in different contexts, involving them not only with conventional methods but also creating new methods that can be more effective. The use of songs in English in the classroom gives us ample benefits, the use of these provides students with more effective learning. â€œSongs in English are a recommended tool for develop the listening and expression skills and join them with the most frequent words or expressions of English language we can get the students to familiarize more quickly with the language by facilitating the teaching-learning process.â€? (Julia Bernal, Amaya Epelde, Miguel Gallardo, Africa RodrĂguez, 2010). In my opinion, I believe that songs in English are a good technique when applying the teaching process in a classroom. For students, it will always be very easy to get bored or not want to pay attention when learning or reviewing a topic, and the songs always arouse curiosity in them. The surprise factor is very important when it comes to learning, a turn to conventional methods is always a good way to direct the course of the teaching process, attract the attention of students, giving them the freedom to interact and awaken in them the desire to learn, that is what songs in English can provide us; the class becomes more empathetic and likewise be sure that the learning process is much more effective.

By Zaida E. Pedraza

Halloween also know as All Hallows' Eve is a celebration with a history of many decades ago. Many people do not know the meaning of this celebration and I will give you an explanation about the beginning and how the festivalevolved. (A., 2011) â€œInternationally it is celebrated on October 31st and it is about trick or treat and costumes but originally it was a much more important festival called Samhainâ€?.

(A., 2011) “Halloween falls on October 31 because the ancient Gaelic festival of Samhain considered the earliest known root of Halloween, occurred on this day. It marked a pivotal time of year when seasons changed, but (more importantly) observers also believed the boundary between this world and the next became especially thin at this time, enabling them to connect with the dead. This belief is shared by some other cultures; a similar idea is mentioned around the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur, which also typically occurs in October and involves saying prayers for the dead”.

According to people's opinions what we know today as Halloween or Halloween was celebrated more than 3000 years ago by the Celts, a warrior people who lived in areas of Ireland, England, Scotland and France. Precisely on October 31, the Celts celebrated the end of the year with the Samhain, a pagan festival. With the European immigration to the United States, mainly that of the Irish Catholics in 1846, the tradition of Halloween came to the American continent. When talking about Halloween or Halloween, you think of costumes, makeup, parties, sweets and children; but the tradition indicates that its celebration was not always festive and joyful, and that the rites practiced during the night had a purifying and religious character.

According to people of the Middle Ages, the persecution of all the pagan rites began, (everything that is not Christian) and is persecuted for its presumed link with the evil one. However, it is with the Counter-Reformation and with the different Protestant schisms that the persecution of witchcraft increases markedly. It was with the papal bull Summis Desiderantes Affectibus, of Pope Innocent VIII on December 5 of the year of 1484, with which the persecution of witches, torture and execution was legitimized, generally burning at the stake, thus beginning the Inquisition to pursue witchcraft. The most famous historical figure who was condemned to burn at the stake under the accusation of a witch was Joan of Arc. (Villegas, 2000) ¨In 1717 all the druids of Europe met to inaugurate Druidism again. Among them there were the so-called "covens", who were twelve witches and a priest, who had the belief of worshiping Baal (king of the latter's demons). Throughout the celebration, some people dressed in costumes made with skins and heads of slaughtered animals. It is also believed that they obtained their sacrifices from the same inhabitants of the place.¨ (Villegas, 2000) ¨Today, Halloween is a day of publicity for merchants. It's a night when decent people become insolent exhibitionists. 60% of Halloween costumes are sold to adults. On October 31, for psychic readers, clairvoyants and self-proclaimed visionaries, it is the busiest time of the year. One in four people between 18 and 40 years of age disguises themselves as something.

Those who publish books on topics ranging from astrology to witchcraft, indicate a dramatic increase in sales. The population of Salem, in Massachusetts, United States, which needs to be the homeland of American witchcraft, now celebrates a "feast of scares" on Halloween night, to extend its summer tourist season. Halloween is a European tradition and was attributed to the Celts who populated ancient England, Ireland and northern France; these people celebrated on the last day of October, the end of the year with the festival of Samhain whom they considered as "the lord of death". The Celts believed that the Samhain allowed the souls of the dead to return to their homes that night and thought that demons, ghosts and black cats were wandering everywhere. During the festival of the druids (who were priests and teachers of the Celts) the villagers were ordered to light a fire in their houses while they lit another giant on top of the hills. Why do we keep celebrating it? It's estimated that by the early 20th century, Halloween was celebrated across North America by the majority of (candy-loving, costume-wearing) people. And this year, once again, we'll all be enjoying our favorite treats and admiring our neighbors' decorations on October 31â€”and the only spooky spirits we'll be talking about are the witches and ghosts our friends dressed up as.

On All Hallows' Eve, many Western Christian denominations encourage abstinence from meat, giving rise to a variety of vegetarian foods associated with this day. (A., 2011) Â¨Because in the Northern Hemisphere Halloween comes in the wake of the yearly apple harvest, candy apples (known as toffee apples outside North America), caramel apples or taffy apples are common Halloween treats made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, sometimes followed by rolling them in nuts.Â¨

In conclusion: maybe people do not know very well why or the origin of Halloween and many reluctant people are scared to celebrate it but if we start to investigate further on the subject we will realize that not only is something of "the devil" it refers to a change of season and how grateful people from different cultures were at the time.

After reading where our version of Halloween stemmed from, you should have a much clearer understanding of what it's all about. And that, while some people still consider this to be an evil and fearsome holiday, it really all comes down to having a little bit of fun. People love stepping away from reality and become someone else. Halloween gives us the opportunity to do this. Even if it is only once a year.

How to Teach English to Students with Special Needs By Lorena Valeriano S.

We have all known someone who has a disability. In fact, there are disabilities that can be hidden at first sight, or that are difficult to notice unless we know what we are looking for. A disability has been known as lack or limitation of any physical or mental faculty that makes impossible or hinders the normal development of a person's activity. Let’s take autism for instance. The main characteristics of autism refer to a broad range of conditions characterized by challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech, and nonverbal communication.

is also known that there is not only one type of autism but many subtypes. Each person with autism can have its own unique strengths and challenges. Many people with autism also have sensory issues. These can include aversions to certain sights, sounds, and other sensations. People think that this special need is difficult to treat. In schools, it is necessary to have trained teachers. Consequently, teachers need to have patience and dedication in these cases. One of the teaching methods of the English language is by means of pictograms. This method was created by Amaya Ariz and her association ANA (Asociación Navarra de Autismo). "In fact, this system can be adapted with the same methodology to any other language" (Ariz, 2012), said the creator Amaya Ariz. In another case, children with language disabilities have problems reading, spelling, and writing. For example, Dyslexia is a lifelong problem that can present challenges on daily basis, but support is available to improve reading and writing skills and help those with the problem so that they can be successful at school and work. The parents can notice when his child presents this kind of problem, and they can begin to treat it. “One sign that may indicate dyslexia are when a person reads and writes very slowly, confuses the order of letters in words, puts letters the wrong way around (such as writing "b" instead of "d"), understands information when told verbally, but has difficulty with information that is written down, and has poor or inconsistent spelling”(Davis, 2014). The first step is to speak to their teacher or their school's special educational needs coordinator about your concerns. If the child continues to have these problems despite the extra support, the school may consider requesting a more in-depth assessment from a specialist in dyslexia teaching or an educational psychologist.

According to Lorenzo Antonio Hernández Pallarés (psychologist, psychotherapist, and trainer in tale therapy), there are several factors that will be decisive for learning the foreign language. “The first one is the age in which the teaching is incorporated, the second one is the form and methodology in which it is carried out, and the third one is the transparency that the second language has at the level of its visual-orthographic decoding””.(Pallarés,2017). Lorenzo Antonio suggests a series of recommendations.

One of them is that the student needs to avoid literacy and needs to start to learn English with oral practices and culture; trying not to emphasize on grammatical aspects or correction, but on communicational and pragmatic aspects. For instance, the use oral and visual support in language teaching makes the teaching very practical, starting from topics of interest to the child, to awaken the communicative interest and not forcing ahead of time learning. The next disability is the visual disability, which “is defined as a decreased ability to see to the point that it causes problems that are not fixable by usual means, such as glasses or medication. Visual impairment can be due to disease, trauma, and congenital or degenerative conditions” (Disabled World, 2018). There are several numbers of eye problems and conditions that may make it more difficult for a person to see things clearly, yet they do not cause complete loss of vision. An example of this is” Myopia” or “Nearsightedness”, “where a person sees nearby objects clearly, but has difficulty focusing on objects that are more distant. “Hyperopia” or “Farsightedness” is another example of a vision condition; this one involves the ability to see distant objects clearly, with difficulty focusing on nearby objects. A third example of an eye condition that does not cause complete loss of vision is “Astigmatism”, where the person's vision appears blurred at any distance. These conditions are common and can often be corrected with eyeglasses or contact lenses”(Disabled World, 2018). The blind and visually impaired students who study a foreign language in the integration classroom have the problem that the didactic material used is fundamentally visual, yet it is not an inconvenience because they can use a tactile material, composed primarily of textured complementary illustrations. Some researchers consider that blind people have more facility for foreign languages due to their sensitiveness and their memory training. Frequently the blind student follows the class with the braille text version. It will take the student much more time working with this material unlike his classmates, not only because of the reading in braille is a slow process, but also because of the complicated descriptions of the illustrations in the text included in the braille version. The tactile material consists of a series of tactile sheets composed of textured silhouettes with removable and easily recognizable pieces for the blind child. 82

This technique is really good, and people have demonstrated a quick learning with it. Intellectual disability (ID), once called mental retardation, “is characterized by below-average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for day-to-day living. People with intellectual disabilities can and do learn new skills, but they learn them more slowly” (Parekh, 2017). There are varying degrees of intellectual disability, from mild to profound, for example, Down syndrome. This disability occurs when an individual has a full or partial extra copy of chromosome 21. Children with Down syndrome vary as widely in their development and progress as typically developing children. Students with Down syndrome have strong visual learning modalities. Teaching reading to students with Down syndrome should be characterized by a strong emphasis on visual learning. Visual demonstrations, pictures, and illustrations can also be successfully used to assist in providing effective instruction in other subject areas of the curriculum. Students with Down syndrome generally demonstrate good social skills, which can be constructively utilized to increase learning and teaching opportunities. Tactile demonstrations and activities also appeal to many students with Down syndrome. Inclusion is the act of educating learners who were previously educated in special schools, as a result of their special needs, in regular schools that provide the necessary support to ensure access to quality education. Curriculum adaptation refers to improvements and amendments in what is taught, methods of teaching and structures of education with the aim of accommodating all learners, the use of different teaching strategies, dedication of their time, group work, and lowering the bar, for example giving remedial work from lower classes to accommodate all learners, were some of the methods used. The “Doman Method” can be used to help brain injured children, including children diagnosed with cerebral palsy, autism, Down syndrome, developmental delay, and learning problems. When the children diagnosed with developmental delay, cerebral palsy, autism, Down syndrome, attention deficit disorder, hyperactivity, learning problems, dyslexia, and a host of other symptomatic diagnoses have been considered hopeless. These are symptomatic labels, not a proper diagnosis.

A proper diagnosis describes where the problem exists in the brain, the degree of the problem, and the extent of the problem in the brain. It is difficult to know if Glenn and The Institutes are better known for their pioneering work in the treatment of brain-injured children, or for their work in the early development of well children. Glenn Doman and The Institutes are internationally known for pioneering work in a child´s brain development and for its programs to help brain-injured children achieve wellness.

â€œChildren who have different needs can develop great skills for learning the English Language, even with children who do not have deficiencies, the needs should not be an obstacleâ€? (Doman, 2011). In conclusion, learning can be achieved by choosing the appropriate methodology depending on the student, prior observation that has been made in advance, and the case study that can be complemented, in most cases, parents think that their children who have a disability will never be able to learn English. All disabilities have their treatment and there will be no obstacle that can impede the learning of the language with patience this children can achieve more that we can imagine.

Importance of Education By Luisa F. Cรณrdoba V.

Education is one of the most influential factors for the advancement and progress of people, societies, and countries, which has become more important due to changes in accelerated media and technology. Education on the subject of the economy is one of the most important factors in production, on social issues as the basis for eradicating inequalities, poverty, and illiteracy. Education is necessary in every way. To improve our social welfare, our quality of life, to access better employment opportunities, to strengthen our values and social relationships. The importance of education lies in being better every day and taking advantage of the resources we have.

The importance of the teacher's role in education Teacher training is a very important part of education,the challenges for the teacher are presented every day and it is very important that the teacher has the necessary tools to be able to solve them, they have the responsibility to train students in all its aspects and if this does not have the necessary knowledge they will not be able to transmit knowledge to learners that is why the teacher must know perfectly the teaching content, to know what is taught and know how to teach and if the strategy used with the students is not the indicated, the teaching-learning process can be lost. One of the most important characters for the student within the classroom experience is the teacher, who has a role invested with authority to be considered the holder of institutionalized official knowledge and from whom the student constantly seeks approval. (Castorina, 1996). This makes the teacher have a great influence on the student, how he feels in the pedagogical process, and how he feels in relation to the rest of the group.

Attitudes in the classroom It is important that both the teacher and the student have the greatest disposition as an attitude for better learning. In the case of students, they must put double the attitude for a better response in their learning, because if the student does not pay the necessary attention their learning will be less at the time of an evaluation. As teachers, we must pay attention to this type of case to see the fruits of our teachings. The procedure to be used in the classroom is basically the same when you are outside of it. First, try to understand the students with whom we work and detect the attitudes that are acting to enhance or impede learning.

The student's attitude refers to the degree of attention, curiosity, interest, optimism, and passion showed when they are learning or being taught, which extends to the level of motivation to learn and progress in their education.â€? In general terms, the concept of "student participation" is based on the belief that learning improves when students are inquisitive, show interest or are inspired, and learning tends to suffer when they get bored, show no interest, and are discontented or "unhooked". The participation of students or the improvement of student participation are common educational objectives expressed by educators.

Normally, when we correct an error in an exercise of our students we do not just indicate where the mistake is, but we also indicate the way to do it well. In the case of attitudes, it is more important not to limit oneself to identifying the attitude that hinders learning and try to always offer an alternative attitude. It is not enough to ask our students to remove the glasses they used to see the world, we have to offer them some of the best graduations or else they will have no reason to change.

Confidence in the classroom environment In every classroom, the balance between the indisputable norms, tolerance and flexibility play an important factor in the teaching-learning process. At the same time, the training of the students can be favored when the teachers introduce constant changes in the work methodology, as well as in the student-teacher interaction; with the aim of avoiding routine and increasing the dedication of learning. The student will feel protected and supported, self-sufficiency develops in the students. Students become more sociable, Improves mutual communication and fosters self-esteem in the student. To achieve this climate of trust, it depends on the personality of the teacher; not trying to be authoritarian, meeting the learning needs of each of the students, encouraging teamwork at the same time that the teacher is involved in the learning process of the students, helps them resolves doubts, exemplifies and once in a while he talks with them about a little more personal topics.

Learning is vital to the success Learning is the process through which new skills, abilities, knowledge, behaviors or values are acquired as a result of study, experience, instruction, reasoning, and observation. 89

Learning is one of the most important functions since in this several factors intervene in which human beings are acquiring new experiences that leave them a new learning. We can say that a person has had a development when he has achieved things that he could not do before. Learning and personal development are completely linked, since we understand learning has increased the ability to act effectively, autonomously and recurrently for a specific purpose. In some areas of our life, learning can be relatively easy, but we also all have certain areas to learn that are extremely difficult. And this must see that in order to learn we need to get out of our comfort zone. The comfort zone is everything that we feel comfortable with and that does not cost us much effort, everything we know, dominate and have experienced is part of our comfort zone. When we decide to learn, it also means leaving our comfort zone to enter a learning area. What it means is, to stop being comfortable and enter an unknown world. Being in a learning zone means more effort and expanding beyond our personal limits, overcoming challenges and experiencing fears that can slow us down.

Conclusion Education is very important tool for everyone to succeed in life and get something different, It opens various doors to the opportunities of achieving better prospects in life so promotes career growth, education is must for both men and women equally as both together make a healthy and educated society. It is an essential tool for getting bright future as well as plays a most important role in the development and progress of the country.It is an essential tool for bright future for all of us.

How to Translate American Idioms By Gisselle Hurtado Garibay

What do you know about idioms and translation strategies? In this essay, we will discuss strategies to translate idioms. Throughout this text, you will know when is acceptable to use them. You may wonder if it is the same in English and Spanish and also if it is a good idea to apply them or not. Some researchers have shared their knowledge and help us with different issues when we are translating. I believe that to translate idioms correctly is really important because that is what makes sense in the whole sentence. To start, I would like to ask what is culture? Culture is the knowledge and characteristics of a particular group of people, it contains social habits, language, religion, architecture, cuisine, arts, and urbanism. It is argued that The United States has an Anglo majority that is politically and economically dominant. Mahmoud Ordudari . (2010) says “The United States is an enormous place where each city tells a different story about it.

Talking about food, they have food rules to apply such as “Hopping John” a dish made with black–eyed peas, to bring good luck in the New Year or at Jewish funerals, fish usually pickled and eggs may be served as symbols of life’s continuation”. In language, it is remarked that English is the most widely spoken language in The United States, but there is something particularly used in daily language and it is called “idioms”.

What are idioms? Idioms are phrases or expressions that have a figurative, or sometimes literal, meaning. They are categories of the way we use language; an idiom's figurative meaning is different from the literal meaning. The literal translation means exactly what it says, with no exaggerating. That is the reason literal translation can be also known as “word by word” translation. Figurative translation, on the contrary, is used when you have a word or phrase that does not have its typical everyday literal meaning. We use it to impart concepts beyond the literal meanings of words. Using figurative language is also called using figures of speech,too. This method of language does considerable things that literal language cannot do. One of the things is that instead of telling you what to do, it creates an image in your mind as I was saying, and most of the time it can send messages more precisely. You are better able to understand what the other person is saying or implying. This makes the things that we say more memorable, more funnier, scarier, it is all about adding emotional effects. There are different types of figurative language such as alliteration, euphemism, hyperbole, metaphor, personification, simile, oxymoron, understatement, etc

Gabriela Bosco. (2017). ““A word by word translation can be used in some languages and not others dependent on the sentence structure”. That is because there are different types of idioms and the less common ones are the literals, on the contrary, the figure expressions are the most common in speaking. A literal meaning is the meaning of a word as it appears in a dictionary or when sometimes you google the word and it gives you the literal translation, such as “spring chicken”, we already know that spring is the season, or “early in the year” and chicken is a bird, so it does not work together. On the other hand, you need to translate sense by sense, if someone says “I am not a spring chicken” he or she with the word “spring” is referring to “Young” and we know that chickens run around outside and sometimes they can get pretty fast.

Americans use idioms to have common and informal conversations with friends, family and the people they feel comfortable with. Several examples of common idioms using in daily life are: (Sophia 2018 “break a leg” that means a way to wish someone good luck”. They are not referring to give others bad feelings. “To kick the bucket” means “to die”, they are not referring to kick a bucket literally. “To shed crocodile tears” that means to cry about something but without actually caring because crocodiles don’t cry, that is a way to protect their eyes and it seems like crying but actually not. So, figuratively, it means “fake tears”. “To eat a horse” means “to be extremely hungry or starving” they are not referring to eat an animal. And there are more and more examples used in daily life to express feelings, emotions and situations in other words.

The correct translations will be something like “I am not a young person who can move really well” or “I am older”. The figurative definition is just what the words mean as if they are a symbol. When you look at the qualities in the definition of that word, those qualities are applied in a different sense. Certainly, figurative translation is when a word is used as a symbol for a different situation. Another example of the literal and figurative idiom is “The ball is in your court” (this comes for basketball). Literally, the ball is the object you play with and the “court” is the place where you play. However, the figurative definition will be that you have to make a choice about what you are going to do and how you are going to do it. Figuratively, means the choice is yours.

Stephen Whiteley.(2018).“When it is the moment to translate idioms, translators will overcome a number of difficulties”.M aybe it is because there are not equivalent idioms in the target language that correspond exactly with the idiom in the source language. Idioms have different types of characteristics there are cultural connections and to properly translate them, the translator needs to know the idioms’ characteristics in both languages. In unique context idioms it is important to use them in literal as well as idiomatic sense simultaneously. There is a useful strategy to translate idioms: To transfer all elements but the translator needs to be careful. This should be used when translating idioms is to make an attempt to transfer all elements, including cultural and language-specific that are found in the source language.

The correct strategy is for the translator to move away from the original text by focusing on the meaning of the original text and to try to convey the right effect on the reader. Usually this is called metaphrase or literal translation. This give us as a result a word by word translation achieving a text in the target language which is as correct as it is idiomatic. Literal translation can only be applied with languages which are extremely close in cultural terms. It is often associated with scientific, technical, technological or legal texts. On the other hand It is often considered a bad practice of conveying word by word translation in non-technical texts. This usually refers to the mistranslation of idioms that affects the meaning of the text, making it unintelligible. The concept of literal translation may be viewed as a contradiction in terms, given that literal denotes something existing without interpretation, whereas a translation, by its very nature, is an interpretation of the meaning of words from one language into another. Another one is same meaning and form. In this one, the translator should try to use an idiom that has the same meaning and form or can use an idiom which has a similar meaning but whose form is different. You need to find an idiom in your language which uses different words, but has the same structure and the same exact meaning.

This will help you a lot because you are giving the same sense but not exacly the same words. The words could be synonyms but keeping the structure. So that will not be difficult to understand when talking or reading. This can be seen in idioms like: “En boca cerrada no entran moscas” which refers to “Silence is golden”. In this example we can clearly see that it has not the same words, but has the same sense and meaning and it is easy to understand. We also can say “Dejar a alguien plantado” and the meaning is “To stand someone up”. We name this strategy “Adaptation”. Adaptation is also called cultural substitution or cultural equivalent. We can cover this strategy looking for synonym words or references that are common in our language because a cultural element replaces the original text with another one that is better suited to the culture of the TL. This achieves a more familiar and comprehensive text. The last method that we are going to discuss is to find an idiom in your own language that has different words, different structure but the same exact meaning. This is called: The last method that we are going to discuss is to find an idiom in own language that has different words, different structure but the same exact meaning. This is called modulation. Mathieu. (2016) “Modulation is about changing the form of the text by introducing a semantic change or perspective”. This helps to illustrate the difference between literal translation and coherent meaning translation. The idea or meaning is the same, but the phrases that are used in the source and target languages are different – the source language is not translated word-for-word into the target language.

Robert Mcgreen. (2018 )For instance: “Te lo dejo” means literally “I leave it to you”, but translates better as “You can have it”. Modulation is often used within the same language and there are two types of it. The first one is called “Recorded modulation” or “standard modulation”. It is usually used in bilingual dictionaries and conventionally established and is considered by many to be a ready-made procedure. The second one is called “Free modulation”. This second type is considered to be more practical in cases where “the target language rejects literal translation”. All in all, modulation as a procedure of translation occurs when there is a change of perspective accompanied with a lexical change in the target language. Yet, this procedure should better be avoided unless it is necessary for the naturalness of the translation. There are many manners to translate idioms and I consider that this information will be helpful for you if you need to understand common American talking or informal writing. Idioms are common in daily life, so it is not just about to know every word, it is about to give the correct grasp in the right moment. It is also about to find the main situation to apply them and as I mention before, it is also about culture. Transfer, adaptation and modulation are three helpful strategies to achieve your goals when translating. There are many other ways, but they are three really good techniques. Idioms help you to improve your vocabulary and to get and easier way to communicate with others, too. Also, If you are an English begginer and you find hard and difficult to translate idioms, my suggestion is to find an English native speaker who can explain the meaning to you. Then, once you get the meaning you will probably find in your memory a similar idiom in your own language or at least you will have an idea of what it is. Nowadays, with all the technology that we have near us, it is easier to talk with native speakers or with people in general all around the world. I have found an app on internet, it is called “Tandem”. Tandem is an app easy to use. All you need to do is to create a profile where you let them know your likes, hobbies, what is your target language and what other languages you can speak or just interested in, so then, you can match with other people that have the same interests as you have or with people that just want to help in order that you help them, too. 95

It is a fun and cultural manner to learn and practice languages and an excellent way to acquire new vocabulary and idioms. In this app you can apply all strategies and techniques that you have learned and at the same time you know other people and other cultures. It is 100% safe, and it is just for learn, teach and practice. I totally recommend the app. The best of all; it is free.

Strategies to Increase Your Vocabulary By Juan A. MuĂąoz de la Cruz

As time passes by, technology and culture advance quickly and it is necessary to learn a second language. The thing that is really hard about this is the ability to acquire an extensive vocabulary, but in this century there are many ways to learn new words. Nowadays you can implement them in practice, as well as with writing or with daily conversations. It does not matter what your personality is or why you want to improve your skills in a second language; I am pretty sure that some of these methods will help you to improve your lexicon.

Read more One of the best and most enjoyable ways to increase your vocabulary is to read for pleasure, in other words, read things that you really like. When looking at new and varied reading material, the learner will inevitably identify new words, which will help us increase our lexicon exponentially. First, you need to read the full text while identifying the words that you don´t know. Once we identified the words that we do not know, we need to find out their meaning. Before this, we will read the reading one more time, trying to find the meaning of the words that you don’t know by yourself when reading the plot of the story or the tone of the writing to make an assumption of the meaning of the word. Then you will check the words you don´t know with the dictionary and then write the words that do not match the meaning we had. Finally, we will reread the text one more time, and when we find the words we didn´t know, we will read their meaning to remember their definition.

Once you have a new vocabulary it is time to practice to increase the lexicon. It is important to practice the new vocabulary daily because it will give us a better lexicon when talking, writing and even listening to conversations. Here are some ways: • Adding new words to our writing and conversation will help us consolidate the understanding. • Associate the new words with your environment and daily life. • Every day learn a new word, you can read a new word from the dictionary and add it to our day to day. • Say the new words out loud in a sentence, you’re able to play two roles at once: the teacher and the student.

Practice Words Associations Word association is another way to improve your lexicon. One way to do this is to connect a new word with something more familiar. For example, take an unusual word like Baked Potato (a potato baked whole and served in its skin). This word can easily be associated if you divide it into two words: baked (which we can remember it with making a cake) and potato (with the famous trademark “Sabritas”). For many people, this type of word association is the best way to remember the new vocabulary and also the vocabulary you already know. Another way to associate new words is through sound, for example, if you hear a song that you like, you can easily associate it with everyday moments of our life. Another way to learn new vocabulary is by playing videogames and it is actually the best way to learn new vocabulary for young people. Currently there is a wide variety of online games with servers in the United States whose contents are in English. Some games have the feature of communication between players, so learners can practice their hearing when listening to native speakers.

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Learning styles The individualâ€™s learning style refers to the preferential way in which people assimilate, processes, comprehends and retains information. Individual learning styles depend on cognitive, emotional and environmental factors, as well as oneâ€™s prior experience, in other words: everyoneâ€™s different. It is important to understand the differences in the learning styles to maximize your learning style and implement them in your daily activities.

Visual Learners Visual learners learn best by reading and writing. They can often improve their vocabulary by doing something as simple as reading. It is stated that people who are visual learners need to see new information in order to truly learn it. People who have this trait are often very spatially aware and respond to things like color, tone, brightness, contrast, and other visual info when they read, study and learn. Some them also have photographic memories in various degrees and can not only visualize information after reading it or seeing it but also recreate it. Most people utilize this learning method partly throughout their lives, especially since traditional school is geared toward those visual learners. Visual learners need materials in front of them to help get information fully committed to memory.

Activities auditory If you are an auditory learner you can learn by listening and reading the information. They understand and remember the information heard, and they can remember the information for the way it sounds. It easier for them to understand spoken instructions. They often learn by reading aloud, by using your sense of hearing to process the information.

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They required more verbal explanation or ask questions to have a better understanding of the subject. Normally these students learn better by listening, watching videos, or simply listening and identifying the verbal tones or the effects of sound.

Activities kinesthetic If you are a tactile learner, you learn by touching and doing. You understand and remember things through physical movement. You are a "hands-on" learner who prefers to touch, move, build, or draw what you learn, and you tend to learn better when some type of physical activity is involved. You need to be active and take frequent breaks, often speak with your hands and with gestures, and it may be hard for you to sit still. As a tactile learner, you like to take things apart and put things together, and you tend to find reasons to tinker or move around when you become bored. You may be very well coordinated and have a good athletic ability. You can easily remember things that were done but may have difficulty when remembering what you saw or heard in the process. Kinesthetic Activities are Important for all learners. The more senses we involve, the more learning occurs. It is important to note that the kinesthetic activities help ingrain learning into long-term memory by turning a lesson into a physical experience. A great side benefit is that kinesthetic learning activities are usually lots of fun.

Make your vocabulary A strategy for learning vocabulary words is to make your own vocabulary and memorize it. Adjust your strategy to your learning style or play some fun games with words to memorize vocabulary words quickly and easy. You can make a picture about your vocabulary word. In conclusion, the strategies mentioned in this text are proposed on your consideration to improve your vocabulary and raise your level of English.

The Audiolingual Method By Dulce Y. Cano D.

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The audio-lingual method is very important because it develops oral skills and oral ability is considered equivalent to correct pronunciation and grammar. Students are given new information in the form of dialogue and the acquisition of a language depends on memorizing and imitating.

The main objective is for the students to express with sentences and without errors. One of the main activities is repetition. This method also makes use of auditory materials such as music, dialogues, word games, and visual media, as pronunciation is very important and should be emphasized and encourage its development to the maximum. In this essay we are going to talk about how its beginning was based on some theories, for example: Skinner’s Behaviorism theory, it assumed that a human being can be trained using a system of reinforcement, and Charles C. Fries´ theory in which he believed that learning structure or grammar was the starting point for the student. Other points that we are going to see in this essay are its process, which consists of teaching the new language by reading a dialogue or text and carrying out oral repetition exercises. Also, some of its advantages like better communication, use of visual cues, and students practicing and then its disadvantages like the reduction of vocabulary and too much attention placed upon the teacher. The first point that we are going to talk about is, its beginning. The audio-lingual method is an approach which was introduced in the United States of America in the 1940s. Even though this approach is considered very old, many language teachers still like it and believe that it is a powerful method. The emergence of this system was a response to the need for a radical change of foreign language teaching due to the unfriendly relationship between USA and Russia, which launched its first satellite in 1957. The United States prevented from its people from becoming isolated people from scientific advances made in other countries

The method was much influenced by a method called the Army Specialized Training Program (ATSP). The ATSP was triggered by the condition from which USA entered World War II and tried to send its army to take up positions in other countries. The USA government found itself in need of personnel trained in a large number and wide variety of language, and the audio-lingual method could be the answer. The method was also a response to the Reading Method and the Grammar Translation Method. At that time many Americans felt unsatisfied with the reading aim and they thought that speaking was more important than reading. “Skinner’s Behaviorism theory assumed that a human being can be trained using a system of reinforcement. He introduced a new term into the Law of Effect-Reinforcement Behavior which is reinforcement tends to be repeated; behavior which is not reinforced tends to die out or be extinguished. The behavior is reinforced only after the behavior occurs at a specified number of times”(McLeod, 2018). For example, one reinforcement is given after every so many correct responses or after every 5th response and a child receive a star for every five words spelled correctly. In the conventional learning situation, operant conditioning applies largely to issues of class and student management, rather than the learning content. It is very relevant to shaping skill performances. A simple way to shape behavior is to provide feedback on learner performance. A variable-ratio produces the highest response rate for students learning a new task, whereby initially reinforcement occurs at frequent intervals, and as the performance improves reinforcement occurs less frequently, until eventually only exceptional outcomes are reinforced.

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Educators have a marked influence of operant behavioral theory since for them the behavior of students is a response to their past and present environment, in which all that behavior is learned. Therefore, any behavior problem is a reflection of the reinforcements that such behavior has had. As reinforcement theory has to do with the control of behaviors, teachers must provide students with an adequate environment to reinforce the desired behaviors. Therefore, the unwanted behaviors that the student has in the classroom, can be modified using the basic principles of operant conditioning. One of the most important contributions to education is programmed learning. It consists of separating the matter to be taught in simple parts and it is asking parts of which there is evidence that the student has knowledge. Before the correct answer (behavior) is reinforced with congratulations or score for the final exam. The behavior of the student tends to overcome, and as the student acquires more knowledge, questions with a greater degree of difficulty are introduced and the correct ones are always reinforced. Now talking about Charles C. Fries, he considers essential the comparison between the language native of the student and the language that is learning. The first research stream is Contrastive Analysis that arises in the mid-forties and postulates that systematically compares two linguistic systems. In our case, that is the target language and that is the second language. In order to identify similarities and differences, we can detect the areas of difficulty that they would be generating errors on the part of the learners of a second language. This was based on the conviction that all errors produced by students could be predicted by identifying the differences between the target language and the mother tongue of the learner since it was assumed that such errors were the result of interference with the mother tongue in learning of the new language. From the psycholinguistic point of view, it relied on the principles of behaviorism and theory of learning by association of stimulus, response, reinforcement, and habit. According to these premises, the process of learning / acquiring a second language has to be developed in the same way that it was considered that the mother tongue was produced, that is, through the creation of habits generated from the imitation and repetition of the productions.

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Proportionate and, in turn, the reinforcement of the correct answers of the students. These approaches had a great impact on the didactic, both in the practices of the classroom and especially, in the production of teaching materials: in both, the error is conceived as something to prevent at all costs, since it can generate incorrect habits. Therefore, an error-free learning is proposed, achieved through the repetition of statements to mechanize them correctly. â€œThe process of the audiolingual method consists in teaching the new language by reading a dialogue or text and carrying out oral repetition exercises. According to this method, learning a language consists of knowing its grammar and practicing it through different types of repetition exercises until new habits are created and the speech becomes spontaneousâ€? (Aicart, 2015)â€?. . Dialogues and repetition exercises are the basis in the classroom. The dialogues provide context to the language and are used for repetition and memorization. After reading a dialogue, the teacher selects some grammar points on which the different types of exercises are performed. As we can see the audiolingual method is a method of foreign language teaching which emphasizes the teaching of listening and speaking before reading and writing. It uses dialogues as the main form of language presentation and drills as the main training techniques. The audiolingual method advised that students be taught a language directly, without using the students' native language to explain new words or grammar in the target language. Even though the method is considered very old, many language teachers still like it and believe that it is a powerful method.

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The main activities include reading aloud dialogues, repetitions of model sentence and drilling. Key structure from the dialogue serves as the basis for pattern drills of different kinds. Lesson in the classroom focus on the correct imitation of the teacher by the students. Not only are the students expected to produce the correct output, but attention is also paid to correct pronunciation. Although correct grammar is expected in usage, no explicit grammatical instruction is given. It is taught inductively. The procedure can be as follows: The language teacher gives a summary of the content of the dialogue. The dialogue is not translated but equivalent translation of key phrases should be given for the language learners to comprehend the dialogue. The language learners listen attentively while the teacher reads or recites the dialogue at normal speed several times. Gestures and facial expressions or dramatized actions should accompany the presentation. Repetition of each line by the language learners in chorus is the next step. Each sentence may be repeated a half dozens of times, depending on its length and on the alertness of the language learners. If the teacher detects an error, the offending learner is corrected and is asked to repeat the sentence. If many learners make the same errors, chorus repetition and drill will be necessary. Repetition is continued with groups decreasing in size, that is, first the two halves of the class, then thirds, and then single rows or smaller groups. Groups can assume the speakerâ€™s roles. Pairs of individual learners now go to the front of the classroom to act out of the dialogue. By this time, they should have memorized the text. Some advantages about this method is that it was the first method to have a theory. It made language learning accessible to a large group of ordinary learners. Also, it was the first method to lay stress on the development of language syntax, whereas the other methods were preoccupied with morphology and vocabulary. The disadvantages are that there is not creativity. Students repeat and memorize what they do not understand. Also, the techniques used by this method become tedious and boring, causing fatigue. Make advanced students bored.

Conclusion:

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As a conclusion, we can say that the audiolingual method aims to develop the communicative competence of students using dialogues and drills. The use of dialogues and drills are effective in foreign language teaching as they lead the students to produce speech. Repetition of the dialogues and the drills will enable students to respond quickly and accurately in the target language.

Importance of Translation in Tourism By Claudia Fernanda Escobedo C.

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1.- VACATION One of the means of which the tourism industry is worth to be known to other countries and sell their image is the tourist translation. Travel agencies, hotels, tourism promoters, restaurants, among other companies, put in the hands of translators their most precious asset, I mean, their product, in order to meet the growing demand of the tourist market. They sell their image abroad and differentiate themselves from their competitors. Reaching as many customers as possible by translating the information to as many languages as possible is the main objective of the clients requesting translations for the tourism sector. For example, A Portuguese who wants to travel to Seville and look for information on the Internet about flights, hotels, restaurants, etc. will appreciate being able to consult this data in their language. A Norwegian who wants to make the Camino de Santiago and look for hostels to stay, will be more interested in those websites where they provide information not only translated into their native language but that this information has gone through a process of localization, so it also fits the way they think and their cultural environment. Therefore, to make the client more comfortable and show a greater predisposition, it is essential that tourism companies meet their linguistic and cultural needs, using translation services.

Right when the fall comes, we left behind umbrellas, bikinis, swimsuits, vacations, and good weather. But now, we go back to school, to work, to coats, umbrellas, water boots and rainy days. And we are already thinking about what our next destination will be, where we want to travel on the next long weekend with our family. Inevitably, we think of going away to another city, where we get to enjoy, to meet new places, to disconnect, to travel and to relax. In general, we're all like that. In addition, our cultural landscape and monumental diversity enriches us. It motivates us to know the plurality that we have within our reach in our own country. It also contributes to making the country a great tourist attraction for the rest of the world. Hence the tourism sector is the area that has generated and will continue to generate more economic activity in our country.

2.- CULTURE â€œWhatever the type aid that needs translating, it is, above all, the tourist who is being addressed, their cultural understanding and sensibilities. Even in a world of globalization, tourism documents are still very much reliant on the particularities of the target audiencesâ€™ culture. In other words, certain translations will not be the same depending on if they are addressed to an Australian or a Korean touristâ€? (Lafargue, 2015).

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2.1 importance of culture in tourism translation In fact, you should not only translate the words, you have to translate a culture: in a translation of this type of document it is necessary to make adaptations of the texts for the countries to which they refer. In the field of translations, this is the so-called localization. This work implies a deep knowledge not only of the history and of the local geography, also of the culinary specialties and in gastronomic, going by the art, the music, etc.

2.2 Different cultures â€œThe cultural differences should be dealt properly in translation, especially tourism text. For example, Chinese people and English people have their own specific history so the historical culture displayed in the original culture should be paid attention to and proper strategies should be chosenâ€?(Zhang, 2000, pĂĄg. 56). After having an accurate comprehension of source text, translators offer some complementary explanation to help readers understand the historical background.

2.3 Specialized translators As for the specialized translators, they put a special value not only in the native language and in the foreign language, but also in a high level of intercultural aptitude. This is because it is important to take into account the cultural and social aspects of the target country when it comes to translating tourism-related texts, such as travel catalogues, brochures and websites. It is only through doing this that the most diverse destinations of travel, cities and countries can be attractively demonstrated in several languages and successfully introduced into the potential vacationer.

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3. SERVICES Travel and tourism have transformed over the past decade, with the Internet; budget flights, ecotourism and luxury travel dramatically changing the landscape. The emergence of the Internet and the new information technologies has turned the network into the main communication channel for companies in the tourism sector. Professional translation does not understand media and therefore the same criteria are followed in the Web pages as in physical documents. Another thing happens with applications for mobile devices, much closer and functional for tourists. As for the increasingly numerous tourist blogs, translators specializing in tourism put special emphasis on respecting both the style and the lexicon used, as it is creative content. As for the rest of audiovisual content, professional translation services also deal with audio guides for museums, monuments and tourist attractions, digital or visual presentations, videos and any other audiovisual content. For these translations that combine the tourism sector and the audiovisual industry, our department of tourist translation collaborates with our audiovisual translation section.

3.2 Tourism promoters, what they do? “Tourism promoters are individuals or organizations that exist to help travelers make travel plans, organize trips, and outline vacation or travel details. There are three basic types of promoters within the tourism industry: travel agents, tour wholesalers, and destination management companies” (Schofield, s.f.).

4. MARKETING Marketing in the tourism industry is often about getting people excited about visiting places they’ve never been to before. Travel providers use marketing to persuade people to visit different countries. Because they’re looking for visitors from around the world, they need marketing materials in different languages. That’s where marketing translators come in. The range of different travel options is huge. There are beach holidays, cultural trips, foodie tours and more. The tourist industry needs translation and copywriting services that can sell this variety of leisure options to foreign customers. Among all existing marketing tools along with the logo and the name of the company, the slogan is critical to building the corporate identity of a company.

Conclusion In conclusion, we must highlight the need for specific training in translation for touristic enviroments to acquire the skills necessary to perform quality translations and thus minimize the negative effects that result in errors in the final product derived from the lack of knowledge from the translator. So, the tourist texts they are the source through which tourists receive the first impression of a tourist place. In fact, the translation must be attractive, direct, adequate, well formulated and error-free, since any error in such translation may provoke the disinterest of future visitors to our country and could lead to a loss of reputation for the vision of a place for tourists, both before and during your visit. In short, translation for tourists is essential, especially in countries where its economy is based in the touristic sector; and therefore, the translator of touristic texts must have a high level of all the necessary skills to offer a professional and quality linguistic and cultural mediation.

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Teaching English Through Cultural Aspects By Verรณnica J. Mar Ayala

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Teaching and learning a foreign language are not about getting a perfect pronunciation of the language studied. It is also about transmitting and bringing cultures closer to the country of origin and the target language. The study of a language is inseparable from its cultural context because it includes and encompasses all reality. 1. Language

competence is very important nowadays, and it is necessary to promote an education that develops the skills of the language as well as the cultural aspects of English in the students. The incorporation of cultural aspects in teaching increases the cognitive ability, and it provokes a major linguistic skill. There are many options in the English culture that can be interesting and integrated into the classroom, but we are going to focus on the use of music, literature, and cinema.

Culture

According to Samovar and Porter (1994), â€œCulture refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people over the course of generations through individual and group striving. The position that the ideas, meanings, beliefs, and values people learn as members of society determine their human natureâ€?.

1.1 Importance of culture in teaching English

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Culture is so important that for professors is better and easier to provide information about daily life and customs or to move towards various cultural manifestations such as literature, music, cinema, etc. These contents are attractive, so they are strongly linked to motivation. These aspects are considered by teachers when deciding cultural content. English teachers should try to bring the culture of the foreign country closer to their students so that they can interact with it and establish differences between the culture of their mother tongue and the culture of the foreign language they are learning.

1.2 Culture as a motivation to learn English The discouragement of students to learn languages has increased over the years. This may be due to a theoretical methodology which is not suitable for language teaching, and that was based on teaching the four language skills without giving more importance to other aspects. After many years, these negatives values in teaching have been considered, and measures have been taken so that students interact more with the language and its culture. For students to focus on the subject, it is essential that historical, social and cultural aspects take on a more important role and that language teaching becomes more practical and less theoretical. By doing this, students can work on the subject interacting between their language and their culture. This encourages students not only to observe the differences but also the cultural similarities between both societies.

2. Literature classroom

the

The role of literature has been re-assessed, and many people nowadays see literary texts as providers of rich linguistic input, effective stimuli for students to express themselves in other languages, and a potential source of learnerâ€™s motivation. Literature can help learners develop their understanding of other cultures, awareness of â€˜difference', and develop tolerance and understanding. At the same time, literary texts can deal with universal themes such as love, war, and loss that are not always covered in the sanitized world of course books The main objective of literature in the Foreign Language classroom is to familiarize students with the works of great writers, so that they acquire the tendency of reading and enjoyment of their works. The students must realize that through reading they can know societies and cultures in an entertaining and practical way.

The only drawback to the introduction of the original literature in the Foreign Language classroom is that the student may have difficulty when reading the work. To avoid this, teachers must use short texts so that the student is motivated and continues the reading.

3. Cinema as a means of cultural transmission The cinema is a great educational resource, which brings the English culture, both real and fictional, to the students. The cinema works like a machine time which allows us to know and live in the past or future. Students are always hesitant to read a text about traditions and cultural aspects, but they never do if they are encouraged to watch a movie with the same purpose.

However, we must be very cautious. The cinema is a great distorter of literary truth, so we must point out those aspects of the film that do not exactly adhere to the novel, play or poem. The cinema shows students the different ways of life between cultures, and at the same time, the linguistic registers and expressions used in real everyday situations. In this way, students can observe and know the reality of English society, although it is only through fiction.

4. Songs in the classroom Music is a very important element in the daily life of all cultures. We can find music in many places like on the radio, on television, in advertising, on the street, and at social parties; in all of these places it turns out to be a fundamental method to know the culture. 116

In the classroom it is essential, regardless of age or course to which the students belong, music always helps the teaching-learning process of a language. With younger students, the use of songs with movements keeps them interested and they enjoy the activity, which guarantees a better learning of the content. In contrast, with older students, songs containing messages should be used. In this way, students can review the grammatical aspects and reflect the cultural aspects that are shown in the song. In addition, the music greatly improves the hearing ability of students, as it is something they do with interest. In activities with songs, students can work on the pronunciation, accentuation, and intonation of words, a skill that is currently given more importance.

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Special Education By Aidee P. Sรกnchez G.

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Special education it is a form of teaching for those children who had different capacities. They had a disability and it is harder learning with the traditional education. The programs and services adapt content, teaching methodology and delivery instruction to meet the appropriate needs of each child. This education is for those students who have special educative needs. This kind of education covers all the specialized processes for different disabilities and the institution provides the material needed according to the disability and the student can develop the capacity of their skills and they can improve and learn. Is a discipline that has the purpose of develop to the fullest the intellectual of the children, the learning can be easy for them and they can involve in education.

The special education has been separated and different from the normal education, now with the inclusion of the schools, they offer the inclusive education. They have been separated because the traditional educative models have many differences from the special educative models that are used in the schools or centers. The child is not able to learn with efficiency and cannot develop their potential or skills because they require a special educative model that accords to the needs and capacity of the child and the disability. It is easier to the child, family and schools if the disability it is identified because they can inscribe the child to a school that offers the education that requires and can learn with classes designed for them. Special education investigates and studies the processes of teach â€“ learn giving special and needed support to the kids. The special education it is not based on what they cannot do, it is based on their abilities and the education can be specified for them. They are involved in a special environment and they can improve their abilities and learn with other students. The schools develop special programs to different disabilities, schools teach with special techniques the educative content and helps in the development of the children.

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These are the disabilities that require special education: • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) • Deaf-Blindness • Deafness/Hearing Impairment • Developmental Delay • Emotional Disturbance • Intellectual Disability • Multiple Disabilities • Orthopedic Impairment • Other Health Impairment(s) • Specific Learning Disability • Speech/Language Impairment • Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) • Visual Impairment (Including Blindness) (Teach,2017)

Kids with disabilities Children with disabilities can be affected by schools that do not have programs designed for the disability that the kid has, if the kid is not able to assist to a special school they cannot learn potentially because they do not learn as other kids that does not have disabilities. The children can suffer discrimination by kids if they are not in a specialized school affecting their development and learning.

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Specialized teachers It is required that the school has specialized teachers, they have an important role in the learning of the student. Specialized teachers help students to develop their abilities to learn efficiently because they have the knowledge on the disabilities and adjust the content with the children. The specialized teachers are important in the development and improvement of their students; if the school is not specialized, they can design the teaching adjusting to the disability of the children.

Learning with other techniques Children with disabilities are able to learn as the children who has not, but different as they do. Children can learn with a content designed for their disability, they can learn with the abilities that they have and improve it.

The techniques and teaching are modified at the disability and it is easier for children learn because they are able to the modifications that schools or teacher made to the content.

Specialized schools The specialized schools offer to the children the opportunity of learning and develop abilities that help to the improvement of their education. The schools have a special methodology according to the disabilities and offer a specific content to the children. The special schools are certified as schools that offer education adjusted to different disabilities with an appropriate environment and content to the children.

Games The games are important at teaching to children and to the children with disabilities. Games are attractive to kids because they are funny to them. The games are designed to the kids and the abilities that they have and improve. Teach with games help to the students to develop abilities giving education with it.

Creative teaching The creativity at teaching in special education is required because the content it is modified to a specific disability. Creative teaching is important with children because the content can be difficult to the student and the teacher provides an easy learning to them. The teacher offers to students the content and help the students with improvement in their learning.

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Translation in our lives By Juan J. Hazel Lรณpez T.

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It is not a secret that all of us have used a translator to know the meaning of a word in another language. Definitely, most people choose to use technology to cover this type of needs. However, there is a percentage that decides to learn completely the language of their interest.

Google translator is not always the answer

Learn a foreign language or just make use of a translator If you had to choose between translate a sentence by your own knowledge or using a virtual translator, what would you use? The most appropriate answer would be to do it by your own means, but the truth is that many people find it easier to connect to the internet or use an application to translate, and they are not blamed, the vast majority like easy things, technology has given us that great advantage, but we do not always have the devices at hand or the moment is not the most appropriate.

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Here is where the strong point comes in about mastering or at least understand another language; yes, it is true that it is a bit more complicated and slower but the advantages you get in the end are unmatched, without mentioning that new fields of opportunity will be opened. Let's analyze these two points a little more: On one hand, the use of electronic devices is now a lifestyle rather than a trend. It is common to find people who repeat this habit of using translators when they do not understand something and need a quick explanation. On the other hand, we have this '' need ''to communicate with people who speak a different language and it is vitally important to understand the language to have a concrete idea of what is being talked about. Mastering the language on your own allows a greater fluency in the communication process.

Virtual translators are not 100% reliable and we know it. At least 90% of people use the Google translator to find the meaning of a word. Actually, the development of the translator is also monitored by the people who make translations. They provide corrections and meanings to the words and that's one of the reasons why it's not as reliable as you think. You can find alterations in the texts if one analyzes them carefully, from orthographic errors to complete inconsistencies because even someone without experience can make their own corrections and update the data without any serious permission. Another reason why neither the Google translator nor any other type of virtual translator is really effective is that being platforms or virtual instruments, they lack a precise sense to identify different situations, in other words, if one does not provide the appropriate context at the moment of writing the text to be translated, the translator will pass it to the form that understands it, thus giving rise to fatal translation errors.

Social media is pushing us to another language

Cellphones as a portative translator Fortunately we live in an era in which practically every person in the world with sufficient resources can own a smartphone and given the need to translate things with greater ease, various portable translation applications were created that allow us to remove the doubts about the meanings of some words that we can find in day to day. Although these still have some similar faults already mentioned in the virtual translators, it is true that the fact that they are now portable gives them an overwhelming advantage because sometimes, these applications being developed by third parties, try to be more careful at the moment of translate, taking into account a greater number of parameters and granting a somewhat more accurate translation. This does not mean that mobile translators are 100% trustworthy, but they are certainly more reliable even working with a smaller amount of resources such as a smartphone can provide.

Is it worth to make friends who talk another language? Many times people ask themselves about the reasons why learning a language is worthwhile and one of the reasons in my opinion that itâ€™s worth it, itâ€™s the fact of being able to make new friends from different parts of the world. You're probably thinking, this how does it benefit me? But the truth is that it is really important nowadays to know more about the world and broaden panoramas not only to expand in the labor field but to understand other cultures that surround us, more if the countries that own these cultures are world powers. Many times not only making friends in other countries that do not speak your language but if they speak English will give you some advantage when considering working in other countries, if not culturally you will get knowledge that could be useful for, for example, understand the way of thinking of a specific group of people of different nationalities. In any of the cases, knowing new people is an advantage besides being interesting.

Social networks have been a strong point in recent years thanks to the exponential increase of smartphones in the world and with these an increase in applications that allow you to speak easily and easily from anywhere in the world just to be connected to the Internet. The advantage that this gives us is not only to be communicated with our family or friends, but also to establish an efficient communication with any person around the world, regardless of the language spoken; Regardless of the language? Of course!, many of the instant messaging applications already have their own integrated translation engines, either a translation of a specific text selected as "We Chat" or as an automatic translator in real time as is used in 'LINE', all this integrated thanks to the latent need to establish communication with people far from our reach either as a mere cultural exchange, to establish a friendly relationship or with the motivation to get work in the foreigner. Social networks and efficient translators have allowed us to get closer to people and to erase language barriers a little bit more every day for the common good. Well used can serve as a tool that gives us an advantage at the social level and facilitate understanding with other people even if none of the parties, masters a second language in particular 126

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DeepL GmbH. (18 de Agosto de 2017). DeepL . Obtenido de https://www.deepl.com/translator

BRITISH TEA CULTURE / Lucía E. Páramo Z. Nadia Whitehead. (2015) “High Tea, Afternoon Tea, Elevenses: English Tea Times For Dummies”. https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt / 2 0 1 5 / 0 6 / 3 0 / 4 1 8 6 6 0 3 5 1 / h i gh-tea-afternoon-tea-elevenses-english-tea-times-for-dummie Linda Barrett (2017)”Pinky Up or Pinky Down When Drinking Tea?”ht t p s : // m e r e d i t h s we e t p e a .wo r d p r e s s . c o m / 2 0 1 7 / 0 9 / 2 9 / pinky-up-or-pinky-down-when-drinking-tea/ Matthew B. (2016) “What exactly is British teatime?” http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/magazine/life-around-world/what-exactly-british-teatime Elaine Lemm. (2018) “What Is the Difference Between Afternoon Tea and High Tea?”https://www.thespruceeats.com/afternoon-vs-high-tea-difference-435327

THE FUTURE OF TRANSLATION TECHNOLOGY / Mónica Rocío Rodríguez Hernández

Babylon NG. (9 de Septiembre de 2011). Babylon . Obtenido de https://www.babylon-software.com García, M. C. (21 de Marzo de 2018). Universidad Internacional de Valencia . Obtenido de www.universidadviu.com Globalization and Localization Association. (2018). Obtenido de https://www.gala-global.org/language-industry/language-technology Klinc, U. (s.f.). The Future of translation technology. Obtenido de memoq: https://www.memoq.com/en/the-future-of-translation-technology ST. PATRICK´S DAY / Rosas González Alejandra "St Patrick's Day celebrations". Church of Ireland. The Irish Times. 12 March 2011. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2013 – via ireland.anglican.org.

Ben Johnson. (s.f.) “Afternoon Tea”https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Afternoon-Tea/

Ritschel, C. (2018). St Patrick's Day 2018: When is it and where can I celebrate?. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/lif e - s t y l e / s t - p a t r i c ks-day-2018-when-where-events-dublin-green-fancy-dress-ireland-ce lebrations-a8246761.html?amp

Mary Ladd (2016) “What Is High Tea?” http://www.foodrepublic.com/2016/11/22/what-is-high-tea/

Davidson, R. (2018). St. Patrick’s Day. Retrieved from https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/explore/celebrations/st-patricks-day/

THE CONTENT AND LANGUAGE INTEGRATED LEARNING (CLIL) APPROACH: ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES / Ornela Gónzalez Alonso

Snakeless in Ireland: Blame Ice Age, Not St. Patrick. (2018). Retrieved from https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/03/snakeless-in-ireland-blame-ice-age-not-st-patrick

Darn, S. (2006) Article: Content and Language Integrated Learning. Izmir University of Economics, Turkey.

LEARNING ENGLISH WITH ENGLISH SONGS / Hernández Rodríguez Mónica Rocio y Lucía Páramo.

Consulted from: The British Council’s webpage: https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/content-language-integrated-learning

Julia Bernal, Amaya Epelde, Miguel Galalrdo, áfrica Rodríguez, Universidad de Granada, 2010. http://www2.udg.edu/portals/3/didactiques2010/guiacdii/ACABADES%20FINALS/345.pdf

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Pallarés, L. A. (14 de noviembre de 2017). Change dyslexia. Obtenido de https://blog.changedyslexia.org/la-dislexia-y el-aprendizaje-del-ingles-y-otros-idiomas/ Parekh, R. (July de 2017). American psychiatric association. Obtenido de www.psychiatry.org/patients/-families/intellectual-disability/what-is-intellectual-disability IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION / Córdoba Velázquez Luis Fernanda Council of Chief State School Officers’ Interstate Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium (InTASC). (2011). Model core teaching standards: A resource for state dialogue. Retrieved from http://www.ccsso.org/Documents/2011/InTASC_Model_Core _Teaching_Standards_2011.pdf Zinkiewicz, L., Hammond, N., & Trapp, A. (2003). Applying psychology disciplinary knowledge to psychology teaching and learning: A review of selected psychological research and theory with implications for teaching practice. York, UK: University of York Embry, D. D., & Biglan, A. (2008). Evidence-based kernels: Fundamental units of behavioral influence. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 11(3), 75–113. doi:10.1007/s10567-008- 0036-x HOW TO TRANSLATE AMERICAN IDIOMS / Hurtado Garibay Giselle Mahmoud Ordudari . (2010). Translation procedures, strategies and methods. 8 de noviembre de 2018, de translation journal Sitio web: http://www3.uji.es/~aferna/EA0921/6c-Translating-culture-procedures.pdf Mathieu. (2016). 7 translation techniques to facilitate your work. 5 de noviembre de 2018, de cultures conections Sitio web: https://culturesconnection.com/7-translation-techniques/ Stephen Whiteley. (2018). best strategies when translating idioms. 26 de septiembre de 2018, de quick silver Sitio web: https://www.quicksilvertranslate.com/4810/best-strategies-when-translating-idioms

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