A Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

A Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Lu, Hao-Yeh Department of Architecture, Tunghai University, Taiwan November 2019

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Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Content I. Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 4 II. Keyword ............................................................................................................................... 4 III. Statement of Purpose ............................................................................................................ 4 IV. Purpose ................................................................................................................................. 6 V. Literature Review ................................................................................................................. 6 VI. Research Method ................................................................................................................ 19 VII. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 38 VIII. Reference ......................................................................................................................... 38

List of Figure Figure 1 Comparative plate of the evolution of the temple ........................................................ 7 Figure 2 The Greek Temple Genealogy ..................................................................................... 7 Figure 3 Comparative Plans of English Cathedral ..................................................................... 7 Figure 4 Schroder House and Maison Cook Comparison .......................................................... 8 Figure 5 The Comparative Genealogy of Contemporary Zeitgeist Memorial ........................... 8 Figure 6 The building results of rule-based divions ................................................................... 9 Figure 7 The process of floor plan composition ........................................................................ 9 Figure 8 Durand’s method of composition, reversed ................................................................. 9 Figure 9 Saynatsalo Civic Center Composition ....................................................................... 10 Figure 10 Generation of a Shape .............................................................................................. 10 Figure 11 Generation of the windows and doors in the Villa Malcontenta ............................. 10 Figure 12 Generic grammar derivation - Palladio's Villa Malcontenta ................................... 10 Figure 13 Villa Malcontenta and Villa Stein analytical diagrams .......................................... 11 Figure 14 Pattern Language Urban Form ................................................................................. 11 Figure 15 Frank Lloyd Wright's Prairie House Grammar ........................................................ 11 Figure 16 Shift + Notch Operative Design Verbs .................................................................... 12 Figure 17 Japanese Museum Floor Plan External Boundary Types Genealogy ...................... 12 Figure 18 Progression of algorithm optimizing a sample apartment complex building .......... 13 Figure 19 Floor plan optimization process ............................................................................... 13 Figure 20 Automatic Room Detection and Room Labeling Workflow ................................... 13 Figure 21 Wall segmentation results for different floorplan datasets ...................................... 14 Figure 22 Wall segmentation on images from the data set ...................................................... 14 Figure 23 Convert a floorplan image into Vector Format ........................................................ 14 Figure 24 Automatic Segmentation and Room Adjacency Detection ..................................... 15 Figure 25 Spatial Design Assistant Optioneering System ....................................................... 15 Figure 26 ProtoFit, A program for optimizing floorplan models ............................................. 15 Figure 27 Artificial Intelligence Assistant Generated Program and Plan ................................ 15 Figure 28 XKool Plan Automatic Generator ............................................................................ 16 Figure 29 Minimized Energy Use Design Optioneering .......................................................... 16 Figure 30 Design Evaluation Metrics....................................................................................... 16

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Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Figure 31 Kitchen Working Route Triangle Diagram.............................................................. 17 Figure 32 A Computer-aided Approach for Building Massing ................................................ 17 Figure 33 Stair Height Regulation Automation Check ............................................................ 17 Figure 34 BIM-Watson Taiwan Building Regulation Assistant Check System ...................... 18 Figure 35 SMARTcodes Builder Regulation Automatic Translator ........................................ 18 Figure 36 Building Regulation on BIM Project Hierarchy ..................................................... 18

List of Table Table 1 Straight Liner Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset ...................................................... 19 Table 2 Curved Liner Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset....................................................... 20 Table 3 Transformed Linear Formative Genealogy Dataset .................................................... 22 Table 4 Circular Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset ............................................................... 23 Table 5 Organic Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset ............................................................... 25 Table 6 Organic with Rectangular Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset ................................... 26 Table 7 Triangular Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset .......................................................... 27 Table 8 Rounded Triangular Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset ............................................ 29 Table 9 Straight Ramp Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset ..................................................... 30 Table 10 Curved Ramp Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset .................................................... 30 Table 11 Two Body Angular Cluster Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset .............................. 31 Table 12 Multi-Body Angular Cluster Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset ............................ 32 Table 13 Multi-Body Cluster Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset........................................... 33 Table 14 Diagonal Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset ........................................................... 34 Table 15 Pattern Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset ............................................................... 34 Table 16 Rectangular Section Formative Genealogy Dataset .................................................. 35 Table 17 Sloped Section Formative Genealogy Dataset .......................................................... 35 Table 18 Organic Section Formative Genealogy Dataset ........................................................ 37 Table 19 Grid Elevation Formative Genealogy Dataset .......................................................... 38

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Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

I. Abstract This essay is concentrate on the notion of Formative Genealogy, based on the architecture typology through comparative method approach. Retrospect the past paradigm in the architecture history, analysis the genetics geometrical similarity, from those well-reputed paradigms , distinguish the significant invention of original primitive ideas, and evolutionary derivative pattern language. All in all, conclude an abstract criteria of formative genealogy, for further academic and practical application, such as Pattern Language, Shape Grammar, Optimization Computation, and Design Automation Method.

II. Keyword Formative Genealogy, Architecture Typology, Morphology, Pattern Language, Shape Grammar, Comparative Method, Data Mining, Design Science, Generative Design, Optimization Algorithm, Design Optioneering, Machine Learning, Parameterization, Automation, Numeralization III. Statement of Purpose For me, design is all about the process of form-giving. The nature of Architecture Design is neither pure reason nor transcendental aesthetic, but the duality of Aesthetic Reasoning. As a licensed architect, government officer, and awarded designer, my core interest is to bridge the gap between theory and reality, connecting academy research and industry application.

Preceding interdiscipline education makes me a renaissance person. I had been trained as an Engineer during my college days, learning Computational Material Science and Design Automation. Nonetheless, because of the longing for Architecture Science which is the intersection of art and science after my graduation, I decided to attain the M.Arch I degree in Tunghai University. It was the artsy atmosphere focused on Architects personal creativity and expressibility which I was keen on indeed. Meanwhile, the diversity in contemporary architecture design and theory, made me reflect on the which is the fundamental principle in Architecture Science according to previous engineer background.

The Architecture Typology provide the answer in Science of Design during my education. In the very first curriculum of precedents paradigm in architecture was began with Comparative Analysis Method. Through those intensive theoretical curriculum and design studies lead by professors who graduated from top-notch Ivy League institutions, I have been enthusiastic in the notion that Formative Genealogy since then. Consequently, I traced back from Pantheon, Newton Memorial till decommissioning Nuclear Power Plant, purposed the Formative Genealogy of Contemporary Zeitgeist Memorial in my master thesis “Ouroboros City�, which was well-received and highly-awarded, and received the Master of Architecture Summa Cum Laude from Tunghai University.

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Lu, Hao-Yeh｜A Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Meanwhile, I had practiced in professional setting in Architecture Design as much as possible. The most notable experience is the internship at Hirata Akihisa Architecture Office in Tokyo, with the funding of Pilot Overseas Internship Program funded by the Ministry of Education in 2013. During those days, I participated in the “Taipei Sky Terrace”, which is a vertical greening prototype housing project, as well as so much distinct with other residential typology in Taiwan, and honored by the Taiwan Residential Architecture Award in2017. I was amazed by how much difference the architecture design resolution could be, due to variety of initial parameter, such as culture difference, site context, programing, and design strategy. Through the abroad experience, I realized the more intercultural mutation, the more possibility the architecture design could evolved, which I intend to advance my education to study abroad.

To see is to believe, the architecture grand tour is the best approach to dig in architecture typology. After graduation, I traveled around Europe for two month in 2016. I had visited most of canonized architecture paradigm, from classical ancient Roman Forum, to modern works of Le Corbusier, till the contemporary works. The magnificent sublime of architecture speak for itself I was astonished by those prestigious architects’ insightful will. Meanwhile, the more site I have visited, the more similarity between those paradigm that I noticed, which motivated me to further study the Formative Genealogy in architecture history.

The fundamental research of Formative Genealogy have practical value from many aspect.

First of all, the Genealogy could be the database for structural data analysis. Since I passed the civil service examinations, became licensed architect in 2016, I have been served as government office in Kaohsiung. After constantly reviewing numerous drawing for building permits as my duty task, I fully realized the similarity and variety of architecture typology in design become my design methodology, shape my perception of practice.

Secondly, Formative Genealogy could be the cure of Design Automation in architecture.

“How to evolve the optimized design methodology, with emergent technologies, in order to increase efficiency, flexibility and adaptability? “ This is the topic I strongly interested in, and the reason I intend to pursue the post-professional degree. It is the tremendous gap between theory and reality that. In my career experience, I noticed that most of architects were either narrowly focused on scheme design or devoted into building regulation inspection. I believe my interdiscipline experience is my niche to achieve my goal.

All in all, the architectural design process is the duality somewhere between rational decision making and sensational aesthetic dialectic. With the help of strongest connection between practical industry and theoretical academy, I believe I could bridge two seemingly opposite ends of architecture design – theory and reality –a little bit closer.

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Lu, Hao-Yeh｜A Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

IV. Purpose The fundamental question in science of architecture since the very beginning, is that how does the form of architecture be given, and is there any artificial order behind the process. Not only for historical analysis purpose in academic setting, but also for reasoning the process of the design method in practical field. Those canonized luminaries, including Julien-David Le Roy, Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand, Banister Fletcher, George Stiny have developed their own theory, to decipher the enigma of creativity in architecture design.

In most of previous research in this field, are based on comparative method, which classified existed architecture paradigm by chronology, scale, geometry character and functionalism, categorized into various typology. Thereby, derivative divergent pattern language and shape grammar, in order to building the autonomy in architecture design.

Nowadays, with the assistance of digital technology and computation, there are much efficient to generate copious of architecture forms, shapes and patterns. Nonetheless, most of those forms still can be generalized into limited typology and genealogy. In this essay, will generalize contemporary architecture paradigm into distinct genetical typology in the following section.

V. Literature Review In retrospect of the development in architecture typology, it was integrally corresponded with the architecture history, theory and criticism. The dawn could date back to 1770, Julien-David Le Roy revolutionarily developed the comparative method 1,which might be inspired by the biological typology and comparative anatomy. In his masterpiece “Les ruines des plus beaux monuments de la Grece.”, demonstrated the evolution of the temple form among the Egyptians, Hebrews, Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, and Christians. For the very first time, there are a systematic method to trace the evolution and creativity in architecture design.

In 1800, the notion of typology was inherited by Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand’s canon “ the Recueil et Parallèle des edifices de tout genre”, which was the first introduced the term genre , and classified various genre based on chronology, geometry, and building form in scale. The genre table is efficacious for architecture academic setting in É cole Polytechnique, consequently developed into Beaux-Arts educational method.

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Later in 1905, Banister Fletcher in "A history of architecture on the comparative method” , first used the term comparative method 3, and canonized a Tree of Architecture into several culture and style, in order to formalized the history of architecture, which could consider one of the origin of formative genealogy.

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Lu, Hao-Yeh｜A Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Nowadays, in 2013, Kenneth Frampton in“A Genealogy of Modern Architecture, Comparative Critical Analysis of Built Form”, basing on the critical theory of Frankfurt School, sensationally selected a pair of architecture paradigm and analysis the similarity and difference, to advocate the notion of Genealogy 4. Through this approach, the thesis design “ Ouroboros City : The Death and Rebirth of Maanshan Nuclear Power Plant ” retrospect the Pantheon, Newton Memorial, and decommissioning nuclear power plant, as a Contemporary Zeitgeist Memorial.

Figure 1 Comparative plate of the evolution of the temple Julien-David Le Roy,1770, Comparative plate of the evolution of the temple ,Les ruines des plus beaux monuments de la Grece, Plate 1

Figure 2 The Greek Temple Genealogy Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand,1800,the Recueil et Parallèle des edifices de tout genre, anciens et modernes

Figure 3 Comparative Plans of English Cathedral Banister Fletcher,1905,A history of architecture on the comparative method, London:Batsford,p300

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Lu, Hao-Yeh｜A Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Figure 4 Schroder House and Maison Cook Comparison Kenneth Frampton,2013,A Genealogy of Modern Architecture, Comparative Critical Analysis of Built Form, Lars Muller,p56-57

Figure 5 The Comparative Genealogy of Contemporary Zeitgeist Memorial Hao-Yeh Lu,Guan-Hong Liu,2015,Ouroboros City : the Death and rebirth of Maanshan Nuclear Power Plant, Tunghai University Master’s Thesis

From another point of view, the science of architecture design could be view as an abstraction analysis of decision-making process., when Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand became a professor in É cole Polytechnique in Paris, based on previous typology research, he induct those comparative typology, into more abstract principle of composition in his textbook “ Précis des leçons d' architecture données à l'École Polytechnique”. Later in 1813, Durand demonstrated the usage of principle of composition in ” Nouveau précis des leçons d’architecture” . This far-reaching attempt influenced the approach of architectural typology. In the epoch of scientific revolution, Durand’s contribution is not only for systemize, but also for the abstract the process of design , which is well demonstrated in Leandro Madrazo’s essay in 1994 ”Durand and the Science of Architecture”.

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For continued discussion concentrated on forms and shapes, in 1963, Peter Eisenman’s doctorate dissertation “The Formal Basis of Modern Architecture” in University of Cambridge, it is the foremost query that discuss the priority order between form, concept, function and structure. After excluding other put the form as the primary element in architecture. This conclusion is worth to be mentioned in the time of science and technology progress, refocus on the importance of shapes.

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Lu, Hao-Yeh｜A Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

The further study of the principle of shapes evolved began in 1972, George Stiny’s innovative essay “ Shape Grammars and the Generative Specification of Painting and Sculpture “ , discussing the rules in process of design from the viewpoint of computation algorithm. By defined transform, evolve, and adapt with other variables, intend to generate shapes and form in logical method. Later in 1978, Stiny analysed the work of Andrea Palladio, concluded the “The Palladian grammar” . This analytical approach is inherited by Deborah Benros, Jose Pinto Duarte, Sean Hanna’ essay “The Inference of Generic Housing Rules a Methodology to Explain and Recreate Palladian Villas “ 11, to revealed this process more straightforward. The effort for abstraction principle could be benefit for comparative method, a key example of this is Colin Rowe' s essay “Mathematics of the Ideal Villa” 12, which demonstrate the similarity of composition between Palladio's Villa Malcontenta and Le Corbusier’s Villa Stein.

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Figure 6 The building results of rule-based divions Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand,1805,Précis des leçons d′architecture données à l′École polytechniqu, Ensemble d’edifices resultants des divions du carre, du parallelogramme, et de leurs cobinatiosons avec le cercle Part II, Plate 20, Paris

Figure 7 The process of floor plan composition Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand,1813, Nouveau précis des leçons d’architecture

Figure 8 Durand’s method of composition, reversed Leandro Madrazo,1994,Durand and the Science of Architecture, Journal of Architectural Education, 48.1

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Lu, Hao-Yeh｜A Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Figure 9 Saynatsalo Civic Center Composition Peter Eisenman,1963,The Formal Basis of Modern Architecture, University of Cambridge Doctorate dissertation

Figure 10 Generation of a Shape George Stiny,1972," Shape Grammars and the Generative Specification of Painting and Sculpture", In Information Processing 71,1460–1465

Figure 11 Generation of the windows and doors in the Villa Malcontenta George Stiny,1978,The Palladian grammar, Environment and Planning B,volume 5,p5-18

Figure 12 Generic grammar derivation - Palladio's Villa Malcontenta Deborah Benros,Jose´Pinto Duarte, Sean Hanna,2015,The Inference of Generic Housing Rules A Methodology to Explain and Recreate Palladian Villas, Prairie Houses and Malagueira Houses,Design Computing and Cognition '14,p401-419

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Lu, Hao-Yeh｜A Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Figure 13 Villa Malcontenta and Villa Stein analytical diagrams Colin Rowe,1947,Mathematics of the Ideal Villa, Architecture Review,p5-21

A more genealogical result was contributed by Christopher Alexander. In 1977, his “A Pattern Language Towns, Buildings, Construction " is the fundamental doctrine from various point of view, not only for urban design theory, bus also in architecture design methodology.

The notion of Language in architecture was developed since John Summerson in his The Classical Language of Architecture(1966),Bruno Zevi’ s The Modern Language Of Architecture (1978) and Charles Jencks’ s Language of Postmodern Architecture(1977).

Lately applied on H. Koning and J. Eisenberg’s research of discussed “ The language of the prairie, Frank Lloyd Wright's prairie houses “13 . Nowadays, a iconic example of genealogy such as Anthony di Mari’s Operative Design: A Catalog of Spatial Verbs (2012), as well as Machin Helena conclude the Evolution of contemporary Japanese Art Museums through the analysis of the plan configuration since the Second World War .

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Figure 14 Pattern Language Urban Form Christopher Alexander,1977,A Pattern Language Towns, Buildings, Construction, Oxford University Press

Figure 15 Frank Lloyd Wright's Prairie House Grammar H. Koning and J. Eisenberg, The language of the prairie, Frank Lloyd Wright's prairie houses,Environment and Planning B 8 1981, p295-323

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Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Figure 16 Shift + Notch Operative Design Verbs Anthony di Mari,Nora Yoo,2012,Operative Design: A Catalog of Spatial Verbs,BIS Publishers

Figure 17 Japanese Museum Floor Plan External Boundary Types Genealogy Helena Machin, Jorge Almazan,2017,Evolution of Contemporary Japanese Art Museums through the Analysis of the Plan Configuration,Journal of Architecture and Planning,2017 Volume 82 Issue 735 Pages 1309-1318

Design is all about process of form-giving. The fundamental data-mining research of architecture formative genealogy (Chen Liu,2017), could be deemed as machine learning sample datasets input the Big Data database. Collaborate with the progressively advanced Computer Pattern Recognition technology (Jiu Xu,2017), the formative genealogy datamining could provide various application, such as Machine Learning (Wanyu He,2019), Generative Design, Optimizing Computation (Jeremy Michalek, 2002), Operations Research Method (Violet Whitney, 2018), Numerical Reasoning, Automatic Regulation Check (Nan, Fang-Ying,2012). Those top-notch institute including Autodesk, Google Deepmind, MIT, Harvard GSD,Columbia GSAPP have invested significant efforts into this fundamental research. With the help of Artificial Intelligence Design Decision Making Assistant System, the labor-and-knowledge-intensive industry of architecture design from the formative genealogy data-mining, saving considerable resources. In the end of foreseeable future, will the Artificial Intelligence architect eventually arrival.

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Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Figure 18 Progression of algorithm optimizing a sample apartment complex building Jeremy Michalek,Ruchi Choudhary,Panos Papalambros,2002,Architectural Layout Design Optimization, Eng. Opt., 2002, Vol. 34(5), pp. 461–484

Figure 19 Floor plan optimization process Paul Merrell,Eric Schkufza,Eric Schkufza,2010,Computer-Generated Residential Building Layouts,ACM Transactions on Graphics 29(6)

Figure 20 Automatic Room Detection and Room Labeling Workflow Sheraz Ahmed,Marcus Liwicki,Markus Weber,Andreas Dengel,2012,Automatic Room Detection and Room Labeling from Architectural Floor Plans,University of Kaiserslautern 1

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Lu, Hao-Yeh｜A Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Figure 21 Wall segmentation results for different floorplan datasets Lluís-Pere de las Heras, Sheraz Ahmed, Marcus Liwicki, Ernest Valveny, Gemma Sánchez, 2013, Statistical segmentation and structural recognition for floor plan interpretation, Computer Vision Center Barcelona

Figure 22 Wall segmentation on images from the data set Samuel Dodge, Jiu Xu, Bjorn Stenger, 2017, Parsing Floor Plan Images, 2017 Fifteenth IAPR International Conference on Machine Vision Applications, Rakuten Institute of Technology

Figure 23 Convert a floorplan image into Vector Format Chen Liu, Jiajun Wu, Pushmeet Kohli, Yasutaka Furukawa, 2017, Raster-to-Vector, Revisiting Floorplan Transformation, Washington University, Deep Mind, MIT

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Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Figure 24 Automatic Segmentation and Room Adjacency Detection Divya Sharma, Chiranjoy Chattopadhyay and Gaurav Harit,2017,Analysis and Retrieval of Architectural Floor Plans, IAPR Summer School on Document Analysis Document Informatics

Figure 25 Spatial Design Assistant Optioneering System Andrew Wit, 2016, Spatial Optioneering Configurator

Figure 26 ProtoFit, A program for optimizing floorplan models Violet Whitney,2018,Computation in Space Planning,Data Mining the City course,Columbia University GSAPP

Figure 27 Artificial Intelligence Assistant Generated Program and Plan Stanislas Chaillou,2019,AI + Architecture, Harvard GSD Thesis

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Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Figure 28 XKool Plan Automatic Generator Wanyu He,2019,XKool Plan Automatic Generator ,Xkool Technology

Figure 29 Minimized Energy Use Design Optioneering Autodesk,2011, IDEA Studio Scholars, Design optioneering, variation, exploration, correlation

Figure 30 Design Evaluation Metrics Danil Nagy, Damon Lau, John Locke, Jim Stoddart, Lorenzo Villaggi, Ray Wang, Dale Zhao and David Benjamin, 2016,Project Discover, An Application of Generative Design for Architectural Space Planning, The Living, Autodesk Studio

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Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Figure 31 Kitchen Working Route Triangle Diagram Elizabeth Ranney,1949,Kitchen Planning Standards,University of Illinois Building Research Council Circular Series,C5.32,p7

Figure 32 A Computer-aided Approach for Building Massing Nan,Fan-Ying,Shang-Hsien,2012, Computer-aided Approach for Building Massing Method, National Taiwan University Civil Engineering Master Thesis

Figure 33 Stair Height Regulation Automation Check Huang,Yu-Shun,2016,BIM application on Building Regulation Automation Check,Architectural Institute of Taiwan Journal ,2016 Jan, p19-27

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Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Figure 34 BIM-Watson Taiwan Building Regulation Assistant Check System Lin, Wei-Yu,2016,BIM-Watson BIM-Watson Taiwan Building Regulation Assistant Check System

Figure 35 SMARTcodes Builder Regulation Automatic Translator Ra Remco Niemeijer, de Bauke Vries,2009,Check-mate: Automatic constraint checking of IFC models,Managing IT in Construction,Managing Construction for Tomorrow

Figure 36 Building Regulation on BIM Project Hierarchy Guo,Rong-Cin,Hsieh,Shang-Hsien, 2013,The application of BIM in Building Regulation Administration Affairs Research,Architecture and Building Research Institute,Ministry of the interior

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Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

VI. Research Method Based on the methodology mentioned on previous literature review, the main research will concentrate on the classify the geometry similarity by chronological order.in this essay, through this comparative approach. Those catalogue table will begin with linear plan composition, continued with curves, circles, and other complex composition as follow. As the table show the inheritance and evolved geometry and shapes.

Table 1 Straight Liner Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset Le Corbusier,1953,Chandigarh Secretariat

Le Corbusier,1958,UnitĂŠ d'Habitation

Rem Koolhaas,1972,Exodus, or the voluntary prisoners of architecture

Steven Holl,1979-1982,Bridge of Houses

Zaha Hadid,1980,Peak Leisure Club

Peter Zumthor,2011,Steilneset Memorial

Hans Scharoun,1969-1973,Theater Wolfsburg

Daniel Libeskind,2001,Jewish Museum Berlin

Steven Holl,2009,Vanke Center plan

Bjarke Ingels Group,2010, House 8

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Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Vilhelm Wohlert,Jørgen Bo,1958,Louisiana Museum of Modern Art

Steven Holl,2003-2009,Linked Hybrid

1603, Nijo Castle

SANAA,2012,Louvre Lens

Table 2 Curved Liner Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset Le Corbusier,1933, Plan Obus,Alger,Algeria

Affonso Eduardo Reidy,1947, Conjunto Pedregulho plan

Alvar Aalto,1948, MIT Baker House Dormitory

Richard Meier,1971,Olivetti Training Center Dormitory Tarrytown, New York

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Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Marcel Breuer, Bernard Zehrfuss, 1951,UNESCO Headquarter

Marcel Breuer,1963,IBM France Research Center, La Gaude, France

Alvaro Siza,1980, Neighbourhood of Kreuzberg

Oscar Niemeyer,1981, French Communist Party Headquarters

Bertrand Goldberg,1986,River City

James Stirling,Michael Wilford,1991,Braun Headquarters and Industrial Complex

Morphosis,2010,Giant Interactive Group Corporate Headquarters

Alvaro Siza,2014,Chemical Plant Offices in Huaian City

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Lu, Hao-Yeh｜A Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Table 3 Transformed Linear Formative Genealogy Dataset Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,1924,Brcik Country House

Frank Llyod Wright,1936, Fallingwater

Frank Lloyd Wright,1935, Stanley Marcus House,Dallas

Á lvaro Siza,1966, Leça Swimming Pool

EMBT, 1991,Olympic Archery Range

Zaha Hadid,1993,Vitra Fire Staion

Peter Eiseman,2010,Cidade da Cultura de Galicia

Tadao Ando,1994,Garden of Fine Arts

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Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

RCR,2007, Casa Rural

ARX,2001-2007,Escola Superior de Tecnologia do Barreiro

Table 4 Circular Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset Hadrianus,126,Pantheon

Etienne-Louis BoullĂŠe,1784, Cenotaph for Newton

Le Corbusier,1964, Ambassade de France,Brasil

Richard Meier,1990, Camden Medical Centre

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Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Aldo Van Eyck,1966,Sonsbeek Pavilion, Arnhem

SANNA,1999-2004,21 Century Museum

Karl Friedrich Schinkel,1830,Altes Museum

Le Corbusier,1963,Palace of the Assembly

James Stirling,1984, Neue Staatsgalerie,Stuttgart

Westinghouse,1982, Nuclear Power Plant

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Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Table 5 Organic Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset Le Corbusier,1951,Ronchamp Chapel

Le Corbusier,1959,Couvent Sainte-Marie de La Tourette

Le Corbusier,1963,Carpenter Center for Visual Arts

John Hejduk,1972, A.E.Bye House

Richard Meier,1987-1995,Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art

David Chipperfield,2000-2015,MUDEC

Herzog & De Meuron,1996, Cottbus Library,Brandenburg University of Technology

SANAA,2009,Serpentine Pavilion

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Lu, Hao-Yeh｜A Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Table 6 Organic with Rectangular Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset Le Corbusier,1926,Villa Stein

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,1934,Courtyard House

Le Corbusier,1952, Millowners Association Building

John Hejduk, Diamond Museum C, 1967

OMA,1989,Très Grande Bibliothèque Competition

Toyo Ito,2001, Sendai Mediatheque

SOM,2004,Burr Elementary School

SANNA,2010,Rolex Learning Center

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Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Mecanoo,2018,Architecten National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts

Toyo Ito,2014,Metropolitan Opera House

Table 7 Triangular Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset C.Y. LEE ,1968-969, Oasaka Expo Taiwan Pavillion

Han,Pao-Te,1978, Lo-Shao Villa

I.M.Pei,1978,East Building, National Gallery of Art

Tadao Ando,2006, Omotesando Hills Plan

Tadao Ando,2007, 21_21

Tadao Ando,2013, Asia University Museum of Modern Art

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Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Alvaro Siza,2018,China Museum Of Design Bauhaus Collection

Zaha Hadid,2012,Eli And Edythe Broad Art Museum

Toyo Ito,2002, Serpentine Gallery Pavilion

Toyo Ito,2007, Tama Art University Library

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Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Table 8 Rounded Triangular Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset EMBT,2005, Gas Natural Office Building

Alvaro Siza,1971-1974, Bank in Oliveira de AzemĂŠis

EMBT,1998-2004, Scottish Parliament

Alvaro Siza,1984-1988, Two Houses in Van Der Venne Park

UN Studio,1993-1998,Mobius House

Zaha Hadid,2016,Antwerp Port House Section Plan

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Lu, Hao-Yeh｜A Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Table 9 Straight Ramp Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset Le Corbusier,1928,Villa Savoye

Rem Koolhaas,1992,Kunsthal

Morphosis,2006, Cooper Union plan

Wang Shu,2008, Ningbo Historic Museum

Table 10 Curved Ramp Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset Le Corbusier,1925, Villa La Roche, Paris

Steven Holl,1998, Kiasma Museum of Contemporary Art

Richard Meier,1983,High Museum

Alvaro Siza,2003,Fundação Iberê Camargo

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Lu, Hao-Yeh｜A Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Table 11 Two Body Angular Cluster Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset Gunnar Asplund,1918, The Snellman House

Gunnar Asplund,1937, Summer House ,Stennäs,Sweden

Alvar Aalto,1950,Malmi Chapel Competition

Louis Khan,1967,Fisher House

Tadao Ando,1989,Light of Church

Alvaro Siza,1976,Casa António Carlos Siza

Peter Eiesman,1989,Wexner Center for the Arts

Alvaro Siza ,1993, Galicia Museum of Contemporary Art

Tadao Ando,2000,International Library of Children's Literature

Tadao Ando,2004,Langen Foundation

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Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Table 12 Multi-Body Angular Cluster Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset Louis Kahn,1965,Dominican Motherhouse

James Stirling,1998,WZB Berlin Social Science Center

Tadao Ando,2002, Chichu Art Museum

Sou Fujimoto,2006,Children's treatment centre

Frank Gehry,2014,Biomuseo

SANAA,2013-,Taichung City Cultural Center

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Lu, Hao-Yeh｜A Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Table 13 Multi-Body Cluster Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset João Antunes,1701,Santuário de Nossa Senhora do Cabo Espichel

Alvaro Siza ,1986, College of Education of Setubal

Apollodorus Damascus,140, Villa Adriana

Alvar Aalto,1959,Jyvaskyla University

Alvar Aalto,1966, Helsinki University of Technology

Alvaro Siza ,1987, Architecture Faculty of Porto

Aldo van Eyck,1960,Amsterdam Orphanage

Le Corbusier,1965,Venice Hospital

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Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Table 14 Diagonal Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset Gesamtplan von Delagrife ,1746, Plan de Versailles

Pierre Charles L'Enfant,1791, Plan for the Federal Capital City

Ildefons CerdĂ ,1859,Extension of Barcelona

Le Corbusier,1922, Plan for a City of 3 Million Inhabitants

Table 15 Pattern Plan Formative Genealogy Dataset Alvaro Siza,1998, University of Aveiro Library

Alvar Aalto,1935,Viipuri Library

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Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Table 16 Rectangular Section Formative Genealogy Dataset Le Corbusier,1952, Unite d' Habitation

Bjarke Ingels Group,Julien De Smedt,2005, VM Houses

Steven Holl,1991,Void Space Hinged Space Housing

MVRDV,1997,Double House

Table 17 Sloped Section Formative Genealogy Dataset LeCorbusier,1933,Lotissement Durand,Oued Ouchaia,Algier,Algeria

Bjarke Ingels Group,2008, Mountain Dwellings

Peter Cook,1964, The Plug-In City

Peter Eisenman,Michael Graves,1965,Linear City,New Jersey

Kikutake Kiyonori,1963, Administrative building of Izumo Shrine

Otani Sachio,1966,Kyoto Conference Hall

35

Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

James Stirling,1971,University of Oxford Queen's College Florey Building secion

Paul Rudolph,1972,The Lower Manhattan Express Way

Marcel Breuer,1966,Whitney Museum

Kallmann, McKinnell, & Knowles, 1962,Boston City Hall

Le Corbusier,1965,Maison de la culture de Firminy-Vert

I.M.Pei,1977,Dallas City Hall

Delugan Messil,2009,Porsche Museum

Zaha Hadid,2016,Antwerp Port House

James Stirling, 1959-1963,University of Leicester,Engineering Building

OMA,2012-,Taipei Performing Arts Center

36

Lu, Hao-Yehď˝œA Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Table 18 Organic Section Formative Genealogy Dataset Ron Herron,Archigram,1965,Walking City

Manuel Dominguez,2013, Large Structure

Lebbeus Woods,1990,Berlin Free-Zone 3-2

Morphosis,2006,Cooper Union

Neil M. Denari,1992.

Prototype House,Tokyo

Bryan Cantley,2011,Mechudzu: The Architecture of Rhetorical Space,2011

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Lu, Hao-Yeh｜A Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

Table 19 Grid Elevation Formative Genealogy Dataset Le Corbusier,1959, Couvent Sainte-Marie de La Tourette

Rafale Moneo,1998, City Hall of Murcia

Max Dudler,2009,Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm Centre

David Chipperfield,2007, Literaturmuseum der Moderne

VII. Conclusion In this essay, aim to classify architecture typology based on distinct geometry characteristic, forms and shapes, in order to conclude a Formative Genealogy. The attempt could be the foundmentary research database of further analytical abstraction, such as shape grammar, pattern language or operative design. All in all, through those primitive elements, forms, geometry shapes and paradigm in the systematic design ,The result could then become a bridge between theoretical architecture history research and practical architecture design industry, in which both professional applications and academic explorations could be on the same wavelengths of thinking.

VIII. Reference 1. Julien-David Le Roy,1770,Comparative plate of the evolution of the temple form among the Egyptians, Hebrews, Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, and Christians,Les ruines des plus beaux monuments de la Grece 2. Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand,1800,the Recueil et Parallèle des edifices de tout genre, anciens et modernes 3. Banister Fletcher,1905,A history of architecture on the comparative method, London: Batsford 4. Kenneth Frampton,2013,A Genealogy of Modern Architecture : Comparative Critical Analysis of Built Form, Zürich: Lars Muller

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Lu, Hao-Yeh｜A Formative Genealogy of Comparative Architecture Typology

5. Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand,1805,Précis des leçons d′architecture données à l′École polytechniqu, Paris 6. Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand,1813, Nouveau précis des leçons d’architecture 7. Leandro Madrazo,1994,”Durand and the Science of Architecture”, Journal of Architectural Education, 48.1 8. Colin Rowe,1947,Mathematics of the Ideal Villa, Architecture Review 9. Peter Eisenman,1963,The Formal Basis of Modern Architecture, University of Cambridge Doctorate dissertation 10. George Stiny,1972," Shape Grammars and the Generative Specification of Painting and Sculpture", In Information Processing 71,1460–1465 11. George Stiny,1978,” The Palladian grammar”, ,Environment and Planning B,volume 5,p5-18 12. Deborah Benros, Jose Pinto Duarte, Sean Hanna,2015,”The Inference of Generic Housing Rules A Methodology to Explain and Recreate Palladian Villas, Prairie Houses and Malagueira Houses”, Design Computing and Cognition '14,p401-419 13.Christopher Alexander,1977, A Pattern Language Towns, Buildings, Construction, Oxford University Pres 14. H. Koning and J. Eisenberg, “The language of the prairie,Frank Lloyd Wright's prairie houses”, Environment and Planning B 8 1981, p295-323 15.Christopher C.M.Lee,2007, Typological Formations: Renewable Building Types and the City ,London: AA Publication 16.Christopher C.M.Lee, Sam Jacob,2011, Typological Urbanism: Projective Cities ,Cambridge,MA:Academy Press 17. Sam Jacoby,2013, The reasoning of architecture, type and the problem of historicity, Dissertation 18. Sam Jacoby ,2015,”Typal and Typological Reasoning A Diagrammatic Practice of Architecture”, Journal of Architecture, Volume 20,2015,p938-961 19.Jeremy Michalek,Ruchi Choudhary, Panos Papalambros,2002, “Architectural Layout Design Optimization”, Eng. Opt., 2002, Vol. 34(5), pp. 461–484 20.Paul Merrell,Eric Schkufza,Eric Schkufza,2010,” Computer-Generated Residential Building Layouts”, ACM Transactions on Graphics 29(6) 21.Anthony di Mari,Nora Yoo,2012,Operative Design: A Catalog of Spatial Verbs, BIS Publishers 22.Violet Whitney,2018,Computation in Space Planning,Data Mining the City course,Columbia University GSAPP 23.Andrew Wit, 2016, Spatial Optioneering Configurator 24.Stanislas Chaillou, Andrew Witt, 2019,AI + Architecture,Harvard GSD Thesis 25.Elizabeth Ranney,1949, “Kitchen Planning Standards”, University of Illinois Building Research Council Circular Series,C5.32,p7 26.Nathan Peters,2017,Enabling Alternative Architectures: Collaborative Frameworks for Participatory Design,,Harvard GSD Thesis 27. Autodesk,2011, IDEA Studio Scholars, Design optioneering, variation, exploration, correlation

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28.Sheraz Ahmed,Marcus Liwicki,Markus Weber,Andreas Dengel,2012, Automatic Room Detection and Room Labeling from Architectural Floor Plans, University of Kaiserslautern 29.Lluís-Pere de las Heras, Sheraz Ahmed, Marcus Liwicki, Ernest Valveny, Gemma Sánchez, 2013, “Statistical segmentation and structural recognition for floor plan interpretation”, Computer Vision Center Barcelona 30.Danil Nagy, Damon Lau, John Locke, Jim Stoddart, Lorenzo Villaggi, Ray Wang, Dale Zhao and David Benjamin, 2016, Project Discover, An Application of Generative Design for Architectural Space Planning, The Living, Autodesk Studio 31.Chen Liu, Jiajun Wu, Pushmeet Kohli, Yasutaka Furukawa, 2017, Raster-to-Vector, Revisiting Floorplan Transformation, Washington University, Deep Mind, MIT 32.Samuel Dodge, Jiu Xu, Bjorn Stenger, 2017, “Parsing Floor Plan Images”, 2017 Fifteenth IAPR International Conference on Machine Vision Applications 33.David Conover,International Code Council ICC,2009, “ SMARTcodesTM “, WIPO WO2009042222 34.Ra Remco Niemeijer, de B Bauke Vries,2009, Check-mate: Automatic constraint checking of IFC models,Managing IT in Construction,Managing Construction for Tomorrow 35.Divya Sharma, Chiranjoy Chattopadhyay and Gaurav Harit,2017, “Analysis and Retrieval of Architectural Floor Plans” , IAPR Summer School on Document Analysis Document Informatics 36.Helena Machin, Jorge Almazan,2017, “Evolution of Contemporary Japanese Art Museums through the Analysis of the Plan Configuration”, Journal of Architecture and Planning,2017 Volume 82 Issue 735 Pages 1309-1318 37.Huang,En-Yu,2015,Translated title of the contribution, Joint Publishing 38.Hao-Yeh Lu,Guan-Hong Liu,2015, Ouroboros City : the Death and rebirth of Maanshan Nuclear Power Plant, Tunghai University Master’s Thesis 39.Pan,Hui,2018, “The Non-Referential Architecture of Valerio Olgiati”, Architect Magazine No 193 40.Kuo,Ching,2012, the Digitalization and Logical Visual Form : The Mathematic Method of Architectural Creation and Evaluation,Tianjin University Master Thesis 41.Lin,Li-Chu,Chen,Yao-Ju,Huang,Yen-Ming,Sun,Chi-Jung,2017,”Open Building and Typological Study”, Architectural Institute of Taiwan Journal ,2017 January,p4-7 42.Guo,Rong-Cin,Hsieh,Shang-Hsien, 2013, The application of BIM in Building Regulation Administration Affairs Research, Architecture and Building Research Institute,Ministry of the interior 43.Huang,Yu-Shun,2016, “BIM application on Building Regulation Automation Check”, Architectural Institute of Taiwan Journal ,2016 Jan, p19-27 44. Lin, Wei-Yu,2016,BIM-Watson BIM-Watson Taiwan Building Regulation Assistant Check System 45.Wanyu He,2018, ”Artificial Intelligence Design, from Research to Practice” ,Time Architecture, 2018 January, p38-43 46.Wanyu He,2019,XKool Plan Automatic Generator, Xkool Technology

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