MINERAL NUTRITION OF PLANTS PRACTICAL GUIDE
ghidul agricultorului
Azomures, member of Ameropa group, is the leading Romanian producer of fertilizers for agricultural use, supplying farmers with the best quality products in the domain of mineral nitrogen fertilizers – solid and liquid, NP and NPK complex fertilizers. Azomures products contain all nutritious elements in different combinations and ratios, necessary for a favourable environment for rich, high quality crops. In the last years, Azomures focused its efforts on selling products to the domestic market, targeting that more than 80% of the total production reaches to Romanian farmers. Efficient distribution system, which covers all Romania’s agricultural areas, relies on permanent and ad-hoc customers, so as Azomures can respond to all requests in the shortest time. In order to support local agriculture, the number of partners increased significantly. Today, the most important producer of mineral fertilizers, cooperates with research and development centers, universities, farmers and other top agribusiness companies, however, making Azomures a trustworthy partner for the Romanian farmers.
A M E R O PA Founded in 1948, Ameropa, a Swiss, privately owned company, is one of the most important international trader of grains and fertilizers. The company headquarter is located in Binningen, Switzerland, near the city of Basel, with regional offices on all five continents. In order to sustain international trade, the company’s main activity, Ameropa invests globally in all activities related to production, distribution and logistics.
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MINERAL NUTRITION OF PLANTS – PRACTICAL GUIDE
Azomures Packing Azomures products can be packed in double bags, polypropylene and polyethylene, bags of 600 kg or 50 kg. Package labelling complies with current regulations and may be customized according to the customer’s request.
DOUBLE BAG POLYPROPYLENE + POLYETHYLENE (600 KG)
DOUBLE BAG POLYPROPYLENE + POLYETHYLENE (50 KG)
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Complex NP and NPK fertilizers
The complex NP and NPK fertilizers, with a balanced nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) formula, enriched with other main nutritious elements, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) and with microelements like zinc (Zn) and boron (B), guarantee fertilization rich in nutritious substances, with direct results in increasing and improving crop quantity and quality.
MINERAL NUTRITION OF PLANTS – PRACTICAL GUIDE
Nitrogen (N) is one of the fundamental elements of the plant’s life, being responsible for the development of the vegetative mass and of the root system, which are essential in yield growth. It has a major impact on the production of vitamins and organic acids and, implicitly, on the quality of vegetal products, by improving protein content and quality. Nitrogen (N) deficiency in plant nutrition leads to slowing or even stopping plant growth, yellowing leaves and the reduction of the foliar surface, drastically reducing yield per surface unit.
Phosphorus (P) is a particularly important element both in the initial phases of plant development and during ripening period. It ensures root development for young plants, shortens plant maturation period and increases plant resistance to stress factors. It is the key element responsible with energy storage and its transport to the cell. Phosphorus (P) deficiency slows the root growing process, the plants are small (signs of dwarfism), and the leaves have red-violet colors. It delays blooming and ripening, thus affecting yield and quality.
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Complex NP and NPK fertilizers Potassium (K), one of the most important nutrients, controls the quality of the vegetal production through carbohydrates synthesis and accumulation. Additionally, it also controls plant water regime by diminishing plant sensitivity to drought. It is a determinant of important crop quality indicators such as flavor, color, taste, having a major impact on the storage period of agricultural products. Potassium (K) deficiency in plant nutrition leads to major growth and quality disorders, and is also a cause of relative water insufficiency. The leaves exhibit marginal necrosis and age prematurely, dry, and maturation is uneven.
Calcium (Ca) is an effective participant in building the structure and permeability of vegetal tissues and membranes. It ensures the quality of consumption, storage and industrialization of vegetal products. Alongside potassium, calcium supports maintaining cellular water balance and also cationic balance. It influences balanced plant growth and the vigorous development of the root system. Calcium (Ca) deficiency in plant nutrition is manifested by stunted growth, twisted young leaves, dried tips and lower drop resistance. The deficiency frequently triggers weak storage resistance and the emergence of storage diseases (especially in the case of fruits).
MINERAL NUTRITION OF PLANTS – PRACTICAL GUIDE
Magnesium (Mg) is an activator in the process of photosynthesis, acting as a central ion in the composition of chlorophyll. By improving the effectiveness of photosynthesis, it has a positive effect on yield quantity and, due to the products of this basic process, it also enhances crop quality. In the absence of magnesium, there are no green plants. Magnesium (Mg) deficiency in nutrition is manifested by a modification in nervure color from green to light green or yellow. Once this deficiency becomes chronic, it may lead to premature drying.
Sulfur (S) has an important role in plant nutrition, influencing vegetative growth, photosynthesis, cold resistance, wound healing, seed germination but also the quality of vegetal production due to the synthesis of sulfurcontaining amino acids and proteins, which are essential to vegetal and human metabolism. Sulfur (S) deficiency is manifested by young leaf yellowing, leading to slow and eventually stunted plant growth.
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Zinc (Zn) is indispensible for plants. It activates the growth process in plants, it increases cold and drought resistance. A good zinc supply increases the content of tryptophan, a known precursor of auxin and is an important activator of enzymatic systems in which a multitude of metalloenzymes function. Zinc (Z) deficiency leads to lower yields, to an inferior quality of grains or fruits, to the occurrence of chlorosis manifested by yellow-white tinting in leaves. For fruit trees, zinc deficiency causes very slow growth of sprouts with small leaves in rosette. For grapevine, zinc deficiency causes irregular edges of leaves, discoloring between nervure and sprouts with short internodes. In cases of severe deficiency, plants acquire dwarfed stature with intensely yellow tips. Grapevine, corn and some leguminous plants are sensitive to zinc deficiency.
Boron (B) is essential to plants. It has an active role in the plant metabolism and prevents young leaf yellowing, kernel rot of sugar beet and inflorescence rot of cauliflower. It increases resistance to foliar diseases. It is the microelement with the most important contribution in pollen germination and viability. If facilitates blooming and fructification. Boron (B) deficiency causes chlorosis, twisting and deformation of upper leaves, stop of the plant growth and development processes. Boron deficiency also causes sterility in flowering plants and weak fructification productivity, especially in fruit trees, but also in other crops.
MINERAL NUTRITION OF PLANTS – PRACTICAL GUIDE
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MINERAL NUTRITION OF PLANTS – PRACTICAL GUIDE
Complex NP type fertilizers Recommendation for application: The high and balanced content of the fertilizing elements, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) makes this type of fertilizer suitable for basic fertilization on all soils and crops. Product NP 27:13,5 type is also suitable for phasial application (extra application)
NP
20:20 Characteristics Appearance Total Nitrogen Total P2O5 Water soluble P2O5 P2O5 soluble in citric acid 2% pH Water content Granulation
colored granules 20 % 20 % 60 % 98 % min. 4,5 max. 0,6 % 1-4 mm min. 95 %
NP
27:13,5 Characteristics Appearance Total Nitrogen Total P2O5 Water soluble P2O5 P2O5 soluble in citric acid 2% pH Water content Granulation
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colored granules 27 % 13,5 % 60 % 98 % min. 4,5 max. 0,6 % 1-4 mm min. 95 %
MINERAL NUTRITION OF PLANTS – PRACTICAL GUIDE
Complex NPK type fertilizers Recommendation for application: Complex NPK type fertilizers represent the best choice for basic fertilization on all types of soil and crop. They are suitable for phasial application (extra application), especially for demanding crops: oleaginous, technical plants, vegetables, fruits etc
NPK
16:16:16 Characteristics Appearance Total Nitrogen Total P2O5 Water soluble P2O5 P2O5 soluble in citric acid 2% Water soluble K2O – from potassium chloride pH Water content Granulation
colored granules 16 % 16 % 60 % 98 % 16 % min. 4,5 max. 0,6 % 1-4 mm min. 95 %
NPK
25:5:10 Characteristics Appearance Total Nitrogen Total P2O5 Water soluble P2O5 P2O5 soluble in citric acid 2% Water soluble K2O – from potassium chloride Water content Granulation
colored granules 25 % 5% 60 % 98 % 10 % max. 0,6% 1-4 mm min. 95%
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NPK
16:16:8 Characteristics Appearance Total Nitrogen Total P2O5 Water soluble P2O5 P2O5 soluble in citric acid 2% Water soluble K2O – from potassium chloride Water content Granulation
colored granules 16 % 16 % 60 % 98 % 8% max. 0,6 % 1-4 mm min. 95 %
NPK
16:8:16 Characteristics Appearance Total Nitrogen Total P2O5 Water soluble P2O5 P2O5 soluble in citric acid 2% Water soluble K2O – from potassium chloride Water content Granulation
colored granules 16 % 8% 60 % 98 % 16 % max. 0,6 % 1-4 mm min. 95 %
MINERAL NUTRITION OF PLANTS – PRACTICAL GUIDE
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Kieserit
Some of the dedicated and balanced NP and NPK type complex fertilizers, were enriched with sulphur (S) and magnesium (Mg), extracted from Kieserit (natural hidrated magnesium sulphate). Therefore, it makes them suitable for acid soils, in comparison with other fertilizers in which sulphur is extracted from ammonium sulphate. Compared to ammonium sulphate, Kieserit has magnesium ( 16%) expressed in magnesium oxide and soluble sulphur ( 31%) expressed in sulphate and as it is a natural rock, is considered to be much more friendly with environment. Recommendation for application Enriched complex type fertilizers are the best choice for basic fertilization at the crops which need sulphur, such as rapeseed, sunflower and soybeans, but also for wheat, grape-vine, vegetables and fruit farming. Dosage must be performed in accordance with pedoclimatic necessities and the targeted yield. MINERAL NUTRITION OF PLANTS – PRACTICAL GUIDE
Enriched complex fertilizers
Microelements Microelements are essential nutrients as macroelements. NP and NPK type complex fertilizers are enriched with zinc (Zn) and boron (B) and enhance interaction macro/microelements, which particularly sustains the role and effect of each microelement present. Recommendation for application Complex fertilizers enriched with microelements are used for phasial application (extra application), in spring, at a wide range of agricultural crops and horticultural plants, the answer to using them being a significant one. They provide good results not only on crops which are big consumers of macronutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca and Mg), but also of micronutrients and sensitive to its deficiencies – sugar beet, potatoe, corn, sunflower, vegetables, fruit trees, grape-vine and flower species. Dosage must be performed in accordance with pedoclimatic necessities and the targeted yield.
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NP+ complex type fertilizers
NP + S + Mg
20:20+5SO3+2MgO Characteristics Appearance Total Nitrogen Total P2O5 Water soluble P2O5 P2O5 soluble in citric acid 2% SO3 water soluble MgO Water content Granulation
Colored granules 20 % 20 % 60 % 98 % 5% 2% max. 0,6 % 1-4 mm min. 95 %
NP + S + Mg
18:18+10SO3+5MgO Characteristics Appearance Total Nitrogen Total P2O5 Water soluble P2O5 P2O5 soluble in citric acid 2% SO3 water soluble MgO Water content Granulation
colored granules 18 % 18 % 60 % 98 % 10 % 5% max. 0,6 % 1-4 mm min. 95 %
MINERAL NUTRITION OF PLANTS – PRACTICAL GUIDE
NP + S + Mg
19:19+7SO3+4MgO Characteristics Appearance Total Nitrogen Total P2O5 Water soluble P2O5 P2O5 soluble in citric acid 2% SO3 water soluble MgO Water content Granulation
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colored granules 19 % 19 % 60 % 98 % 7% 4% max. 0,6 % 1-4 mm min. 95 %
NPK+ complex type fertilizers NPK + S
15:15:15+12,8SO3 Characteristics Appearance Total Nitrogen Total P2O5 Water soluble P2O5 P2O5 soluble in citric acid 2% Water soluble K2O – from potassium sulphate SO3 water soluble Water content Granulation
colored granules 15 % 15 % 60 % 98 % 15 % 12,8 % max. 0,6 % 1-4 mm min. 95 %
NPK + S + Mg
14:14:14+7SO3 + 4MgO Characteristics Appearance Total Nitrogen Total P2O5 Water soluble P2O5 P2O5 soluble in citric acid 2% Water soluble K2O – from potassium chloride SO3 water soluble Mg Water content Granulation
colored granules 14 % 14 % 60 % 98 % 14 % 7% 4% max. 0,6 % 1-4 mm min. 95 %
MINERAL NUTRITION OF PLANTS – PRACTICAL GUIDE
NPK + S + Mg +B + Zn
14:14:14+7SO3 + 4MgO + 0,05B + 0,05Zn Characteristics Appearance Total Nitrogen Total P2O5 Water soluble P2O5 P2O5 soluble in citric acid 2% Water soluble K2O – from potassium chloride SO3 water soluble MgO B Zn Water content Granulation
colored granules 14 % 14 % 60 % 98 % 14 % 7% 4% 0,05 % 0,05 % max. 0,6 % 1-4 mm min. 95 %
NPK + S + Mg
24:4:4 + 10SO3 + 5MgO Characteristics Appearance Total Nitrogen Total P2O5 Water soluble P2O5 P2O5 soluble in citric acid 2% Water soluble K2O – from potassium chloride SO3 water soluble MgO Water content Granulation
colored granules 24 % 4% 60 % 98 % 4% 10 % 5% max. 0,6 % 1-4 mm min. 95 %
ADDITIONAL NP AND NPK FORMULAS CAN BE PRODUCED UPON REQUEST.
Advantages of using complex fertilizers - Balanced fertilization with all nutritive elements encourages rational application and helps in maintaining biological balance of the soil. - Balanced formula contributes to improving quality of the agricultural products. - Ensures increased tolerance to unfavourable weather conditions, increased resistance to pathogens, maintenance of humus level. - Adequate supply with potassium (K), by controlling the water flow, makes the nitrogen (N) absorption more efficient, reduces the risk of nitrogen (N) leaching and improves substantially the quality of the agricultural products. - Uniform spreading on soil guaranteed by optimal granulation and anti-caking of the product. - Adding magnesium (Mg) and sulphur (S) improves substantially the quality of the agricultural products. - Maximum yields obtained by adequate supply with microelements, zinc (Zn) and boron (B).
MINERAL NUTRITION OF PLANTS – PRACTICAL GUIDE
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MINERAL NUTRITION OF PLANTS – PRACTICAL GUIDE
Fertilizers with nitrogen (N) Fertilizers with nitrogen (N) provide plants with the most significant element which influences vegetal production growth – nitrogen (N). Without a proper supply with nitrogen, it’s impossible to obtain a good crop. According to the fertilization scheme, the application of fertilizers with nitrogen ensures, on the one hand, production growth and contributes to a vigorous development of plants, while, on the other hand, it improves the quality of yield by increasing the protein content. The quantity of fertilizers which is applied, must be correlated with the nitrogen requirement of plants and with the soil structure and composition, after determining the nutrient and humus content of soil. Grass land and hayfields, but also crops like sugar beet, corn, wheat, oat, barley, potato, grape vine, or apple or pear orchards, react very well to fertilizers with nitrogen.
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Granular/prilled ammonium nitrate
MINERAL NUTRITION OF PLANTS – PRACTICAL GUIDE
Granular/prilled ammonium nitrate Characteristics Appearance Total Nitrogen pH Water content Granulation Granular ammonium nitrate Prilled ammonium nitrate
White granules , tinted 33,5 % min. 4,5 max. 0,45 % 2 - 5 mm min. 90 % below 1 mm max. 5 % below 0,5 mm max. 3 % 1-4 mm min. 95 %
Advantages: • From agronomical point of view, nitrogen (N) is the necessary element for the development of vegetal mass and plays a key role for the quality of grains. • The product ensures a balanced nutrition of crops. • On the one hand, this fertilizer provides the nitrates needed by plants and on the other hand, it ensures the necessary amount of nitrogen which the plant requires during the entire vegetation season. • Ammonium nitrate contains both forms of nitrogen which can be assimilated by plants: Nitric nitrogen (immediately accessible for plants) and Ammoniacal nitrogen which, in time, turns into forms which are accessible for plants. • The optimal granulation and the product’s non-caking feature ensure good soil spreading. Recommendation for application: It is particularly recommended for phasial nitrogen (N) applications ( extra application) for field crops, vegetables, fruits, vine yards, ornamental plants etc. It is suitable both on surface and incorporated in soil, as basic fertilizer, prior to or simultaneously with sowing and planting. It must be dosed in accordance with the pedoclimatic necessities and the estimated yield.
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Granular calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN)
MINERAL NUTRITION OF PLANTS – PRACTICAL GUIDE
Granular calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) Characteristics Appearance Total Nitrogen CaO MgO pH Water content Granulation
White-cream colored granules 27 % 7% 5% 7,2 max. 0,5 % 2-5 mm min. 90% below 1 mm max. 5% below 0,5 mm max. 3%
Advantages: • Due to the presence of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) which ensure optimal and balanced crop growth, calcium ammonium nitrate is a valuable product. • The calcium (Ca) content has the capacity of preserving soil pH and is especially recommended to decrease acidity. • The magnesium (Mg) content is required for the plant photosynthesis process. • Out of the nitrogen fertilizers category, the product is the most suitable for acid soils (pH<6,5 – 6,8). It is a protector of soil reaction. • The optimal granulation and the product’s non-caking feature ensure good soil spreading.
Recommendation for application: It is particularly recommended for phasial nitrogen (N) applications (extra application) for cereal crops, grasslands, orchards etc. It can be applied early in the spring, before sowing. It is the most adequate nitrogen (N) fertilizer for acid soils. It must be dosed in accordance with the pedoclimatic necessities and the estimated yield.
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URAN/UAN liquid fertilizer
MINERAL NUTRITION OF PLANTS – PRACTICAL GUIDE
URAN/UAN liquid fertilizer Characteristics Appearance Total Nitrogen Nitrogen in nitrate Nitrogen in urea Biuret Alkalinity, NH3 Density pH Crystallization temperature
Colourless liquid to yellow 32 % 15,5 % 16,5 % max. 0,5 % max. 0,1 % min. 1,320g/cm3 at 15O C 7,5 ± 0,5 00 C
Packing: The product is stored in carbon steel or stainless steel containers. Advantages: • Equipment for applying plant protection products can be used for fertilization with liquid fertilizer. • The use of liquid fertilizers implies a decrease of packing and handling costs. • It is incorporated directly in the soil together with irrigation water. Recommendation for application: It is suitable for application with corrosion-resistant hydraulic mechanisms, both in undiluted form, on stubble, with soil incorporation and in foliar application, with appropriate dilution of max.1,5 % active substance. It must be dosed in accordance with the pedoclimatic necessities and the estimated yield. Using liquid fertilizers for wheat, barley, oats Older technologies for nitrogen application together with crop residues and immediate incorporation, foresaw approx. 30 kg N active substance/ha, but under mineral form. In UAN version, with actual soils – more productive – ratio grains/straw 1,5 to 1 ( meaning that for a production of 6 tons grains with 4 tons straws and with 15 kg N active substance/ ha) it is necessary a proper quantity of UAN, with an intake of 60 kg N active substance/ha. www.azomures.com
It implies a uniform distribution of straws on the relative surface, a straw crushing at 5-7 cm and obviously, immediate incorporation in soil with a tillage at 15-20 cm. The effects are the following: • It counteracts the reduction of humus content from the soil. • Straws decomposes faster than in normal conditions. • In time, nitrates excess is prevented, their production being more temperate. • Humus mineralization speed is reduced. The technology is available also for the incorporation of chopped corn cobs, including stalks and leaves of sugar beet. Special application of UAN – 32% N fertilizer Before the first soil tillage, it is recommended to apply the quantity of 110-150 l/ ha UAN (liquid fertilizers with 32% nitrogen (N) content), action which facilitates decomposition of vegetable residues from the surface of the harvested soil. The liquid fertilizer which is applied and incorporated together with vegetal residues, ensures the nitrogen requirement needed for basic nutrition of microorganisms which are implied in the humidification process. These microorganisms interfere in the decomposition process of cellulose and lignin existent in the vegetable residues. This contributes to reduction of the phenomenon “ nitrogen hunger”, that may affect the humidification of organic matter, thus decreasing soil fertility. The application of 110-150 l/ha UAN on the vegetable residues remained after harvesting and their incorporation into the fertile soil, ensure the best conditions for their efficient humidification, contributing to a balanced fertilization procedure, starting from the moment of soil preparation for the following crop. This agro-technical method helps maintaining soil fertility and contributes to a great extent to the preservation or even increase of the humus content level. This creates basic conditions for agricultural activities which are at the same time profitable and sustainable in the long run.
MINERAL NUTRITION OF PLANTS – PRACTICAL GUIDE
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Granular urea
MINERAL NUTRITION OF PLANTS – PRACTICAL GUIDE
Granular urea Characteristics Appearance Total Nitrogen Biuret Alkalinity, NH3 Water content Granulation Borden test
White granules 46 % max. 1,2 % max. 0,02 % max. 0,5 % 2-5mm min. 90 % min. 6 pH units
Advantages: • The high content of nitrogen (N) makes it one of the most important agricultural fertilizers. • It represents the most economical source of nitrogen (N) currently on the market. • It acts as a neutral substance in the soil, without affecting the pH. • Product has increased mechanical resistance to crushing, thus, ensures storage and handling of the product without breaking, uniformity of the granules remaining constant. • Smoother surface of the granules opposes a lower aerodynamic resistance, so spreading can be achieved in wider strips, until 36 meters. Thus, one can obtain a better economic efficiency associated with a higher performance of the spreader. • It is efficient for plants with long vegetation periods. • The optimal granulation and the product’s non-caking feature ensure good soil spreading. Recommendation for application: It is particularly recommended for phasial nitrogen (N) applications ( extra application) for all agricultural soils and for all plants. It is applied by spreading on the soil during vegetation, but also during sowing. It must be dosed in accordance with the pedoclimatic necessities and the estimated yield.
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Fertilization application methods
It is recommended to seek specialist advice before using mineral fertilizers! In order to make the most efficient use of the fertilizers, the method and the period of application are particularly important. Establishing the correct application method is a factor which determines to a great extent the fertilizer’s efficiency. Moreover, the inappropriate use of fertilizers may lead to unfavorable results. For these reasons, one must take into account a series of essential factors such as the soil type and its agro-chemical state as well as the optimal fulfillment of all technological conditions. The main task is primarily about ensuring that the nutritious substances get to the area of the active roots. One should take into account the fact that the depth of the plant roots and the edaphic volume which they explore differ from one species to another. Three methods are used, according to the application specificity of each fertilizer: • Basic fertilization, before sowing / planting; • Fertilization applied simultaneously with sowing / planting; • Fertilization during vegetation. Two methods are used, according to the application specificity of each fertilizer: 1. Spreading on soil or on vegetation, in doses which were established experimentally or by calculation. 2. Incorporation: • in bands, during sowing; • by fertigation; • after uniform distribution over the entire surface.
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GUIDANCE TO ENSURE SAFE STORAGE OF FERTILIZERS IN THE FARMS DON’Ts Do not store fertilizers where there is public access. Do not smoke or use of open fire. Do not allow access of unauthorized persons. Do not leave fertilizers in the field overnight, unwatched. Do not store fertilizers near to, or visible from, the public roads. Do not re-sell the fertilizer unless the purchaser is personally known to be a bona-fide farmer user and is aware of the need to follow all the measurements in matter of safety in using fertilizers.
DO’s Do follow any national regulations. Do record deliveries and usage of fertilizers. Do store fertilizers inside a locked building, dry, clean and well vented. Do store fertilizers inside a locked building or compound wherever possible, following temperature and humidity conditions, but also guidance form safety/security authorities. Do fully cover with a protection stack fertilizers stored outside and regularly check to ensure that the stack has not been tampered due to temperature, humidity or other external factors. Do store ammonium nitrate separately from other fertilizers. Do store solid fertilizers in stacks of maximum 10 rows for 50 kg bags and 2 rows for 600 kg bags. Do carry out regular stock checks. Do report immediately any stock discrepancy or loss to the police or other appropriate authority in your country. Do record particulars of supplier and delivery, any manufacturers’ code numbers from the delivery papers and any other relevant information, if available, for traceability, security and safety purposes.
Good storage practices will preserve the quality of fertilizers to be used and will ensure a uniform distribution on the soil. For more information please consult the “Safety data sheet” for each product, which can be found on the website www.azomures.com and respect “Guidance for safe storage of Azomures fertilizers at distributors, authorized companies for selling fertilizers, farmers” available at the producer and distributors.
MINERAL NUTRITION OF PLANTS – PRACTICAL GUIDE
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Recommended fertilization schemes
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Address 300 Gheorghe Doja Street 540237 TÎrgu Mures, Mures, România Telephone: 0040 265 253700 Fax: 0040 265 252627 0040 265 252706 E-mail: Domestic Sales & Marketing marketing@azomures.com Export export@azomures.com General Information office@azomures.com Press office press.office@azomures.com