Return to Paradise

Return

To Paradise

Seperation Seperation is a summary about the relationship of ecology and anthropogenic action of the past. Ecology and human activities are at both ends of the dualism.

Design and construction more focused on human experience while ignoring the role of ecology.

Cooperation Cooperation is the definition of the objectives of the project. Refers to the process of exploring cooperation between ecology and human activities. Ecological fitness and human comfort should have equally consider.

Contribution Contribution is a desire for the relationship between future ecology and human activities. Anthropogenic produce and ecological system should contribute to each other, forming a mutually beneficial relationship.

Return

To Paradise Paradise should be good and happiness for people and creatures. However, with the increasing human activities and the neglect and destruction of the ecological environment, the living environment has become farther and farther away from heaven for creatures other than human beings.

This project uses turtles as research agent, exploring the impact of human activities on wildlife and the damage to the habitat environment at this stage. And explore the possibility of creating a state of mutual cooperation between ecology and human activities through the means of landscape design.

Human beings cannot live alone in the world.

Emcompassing human needs while balancing ecological fitness become necessary. Once the human and ecosystem form a mutually beneficial relationship, then for all living things, they will return to the paradise of good happiness.

Return

To Paradise Hunman Can not live in the world as the only living thing.

But what people do now is killing other animals,

Introduction Return to paradise is a ecotourism proposal that shift the original economy priority framework to ecology priority framework.

The Return to paradise ecotourism project is linked to the wildlife habitat that have been serious destroyed by the pollution from the traditional tourism program.

As tourism develop in Nuevo Vallarta, many luxury hotel and golf course have been establish in the area.

The toxic water and daily land fill has been emission to the lagoon and channel from those tourism facilities.

The mangrove and coastal has been polluted by the black water, wildlife like birds, crocodiles and sea turtles are also at risk.

In order to reducing the negative effect to ecosystem from the tourism, the project has two goals. One is Ecology goal. There are two main strategies related to the goal: 1.Improve water quality: Improving water quality is the basis for improving the overall ecological environment quality of the region. Because the water quality directly related to the condition of the habitat.

The main methodology of improve the water quality is establish constructed wetland near the golf course and soften the river bank. The purpose is using the vegetation cut off the source of pollution and also absorb the toxic elements from the water.

2.Mangrove Forest Restoration: White mangroves serve as a characteristic vegetation of the area and also as a habitat for a variety of animals. The methods is replanting the baby mangrove in lagoon area and also plant follow the riverbank.

The second goal is response to the tourism. The goal is response to the ecotourism experience. The main ambition is to enhance the wildlife watching experience. For this goal, there are two strategies: 1.Establish New Landmarks: Establishing a series of landmarks related to the habitat restoration proposal can help to enhance the feeling of the ecotourism project.

2.Infrastructure: Travel support facilities are set up according to the terrain conditions and surrounding environment to enhance the tourist experience.

Based on the natural succession of plant communities, the overall landscape will change over time. So the purpose of setting up facilities and landmarks is to enable people to experience the natural landscape of each period more intuitively and to feel the changes of the landscape over time.

Hunman Can not live in the world as the only living thing. But what people do now is killing other animals, and destroy the environment step by step.

Contents Design Concept Intial Research ............9 Global Sea Turtle's Situation Sea & Human Activities Wildlife Watching Tourism

Overview ............19 Site Need & Action

Research ............25 Toutism Attractions Hydrology & Pollution Problem Flora & Furna Site Obervation

Outreach ............35 Ecology Goal Tourism Goal

Design ............41

New Ecotorism Structure Water Quality Improve Habitat Restoration Project Design Principle

Design Implementation Implemention Roadmap ............53 Typology & Timeline Process

Near Term Proposal (S scale) ............59 Landmark-Lookout Tower Observation Tower Deck Sky Bridge

Mid Term Proposal (M scale) ............77 Eastury Lagoon Meadow Riverbank

Long Term Proposal (L scale) ............89 Larger Plan Overview Mangrove Corridor

Bibiliography ............91 7

Many of the activities and products that make modern human life possible are polluting the world. Even places that are relatively untouched by 21st-century developments experience the effects of pollution. —WWF

8

Design Concept Intial Research Global Sea Turtle's System Turtle & Human Activities Wildlife Watching Tourism

Overview Site Need & Action

Research Toutism Attractions Hydrology & Pollution Problem Flora & Furna Site Obervation

Outreach

Ecology Goal Tourism Goal

Design

New Ecotorism Structure Water Quality Improve Habitat Restoration Project Design Principle

9

Global Sea Turtle Situation As a core member of coastal ecosystems and coral ecosystems, turtles are an important hub linking humans, the environment and other animals. The core framework of the system is to study the protection and threat of human activities by the turtlecentered ecosystem. Through landscape interventions, the threat of human activities to sea turtles and turtle habitats, as well as the ecological restoration of habi- tats, are mitigated.

Due to population growth and in- creasing urbanization, the interfer- ence of human activities into the ecological environment is inevitable. The intensification of human activi- ties has gradually led to the blurring of the boundaries of the ideal eco- system or the ideal habitat environ- ment, and the deformation is known to eventually collapse. Human activities completely cover the entire ecological habitat system.

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Tourism Time Migration Route Coral Reef Triangle Edge Coral Reef Site

Nesting Site(Uncertain Number)

Nesting Site

Discovering Hot Nesting Region Despite their wide distribution and migratory behav- ior, many turtles and other large ocean predators aggregate in concentrated hotspots that are surprisingly small and migrate in similar patterns each year. Preliminary analysis of Tagging Of Pacific Pelagics (TOPP) and NOAA tagging data suggests consistent patterns of movement over time and isolated hotspot areas where turtles spend the majority of their time. This information can be used to identify and protect important ecolog- ical areas for sea turtles as they move across ocean regions (Ferraroli et al. 2004).

1. U.S West Coast Each year, some sea turtle cross the entire Pacific Basin to feed in the nutrient-rich waters of the California Current. Attracted to congregations of jellyfish, their primary food source, these Asian- born travelers visit coastal areas like Monterey Bay, providing a rare opportunity to see these ancient Pacific reptiles. Since 2001, the U.S. government has annually closed a large area off the - coast of California and Oregon to drift gillnetting during the fall when leath- erback sea turtles are known to feed there, resulting in no reported leatherback catch. Illustrated migration route based on TOPP and NOAA leatherback taggings by Peter Dutton, Scott Eckert, - Pala- dino, and Scott Benson, George Shillinger, Bryan Wallace, Jim Spotila, Frank Barbara Block.

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1

2

2. Baja California

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4

5

3. Costa Rica

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10

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Recent SEA TURTLE satellite tagging has revealed that while log- gerheads span ocean basins, they spend a surprising amount of their lives (over 95%) foraging in a small, localized area off the Pa- cific Coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico, where pelagic red crabs are found at high densities on the shallow continental shelf (Nichols et al. 2000).

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6

This last major eastern Pacific population of SEA TURTLE has plummeted in recent years and is in high danger of extinction. After nesting, adults migrate along 7 a sea of underwater mountains, feed in the Galapagos Islands, and continue offshore of Chile where they disperse to feeding areas on the high seas. Illustration based on TOPP and NOAA sea turtle.

Ocean Current Ocean currents are the biggest boost in the migration of sea turtles. Understanding the ocean current distribution can infer the nesting position of the turtle’s potential activity route

Sea Level Change Sea level rise is one of the potential threats to sea turtles. As the sea level rises, a large number of coastal areas are lost, and the turtles lose their nesting habitat.

Mangrove Location Recently, mangrove has become a new breeding and matching site for Hawksbill sea turtle. It must be a new pertential seaturtle habitates. In addition, mangrove has special senery which attract more and more tourism. However, urbanization and climate change also threat mangrove.

4. Japan 4

5

6

Japanese nesting Hawksbill sea turtles have declined by over 80% in the last 15 years (Kamezaki et al. 2003).

Sea turtle Shell Trade As one of the precious stones, clam shell is very popular among high-income people in Asia. Especially in Japan, the production and sale of enamel crafts has a long history. Turtle shell trade has become one of the biggest threats to turtle life.

5. Malaysia What was once one of two major nesting sites for Hawksbill sea turtle has disappeared within the last decade. The Terengganu, Malaysia, population is effectively extinct, with the number of nesting females perhaps as low as 2-5 (NMFS 2006).

4

6. Indonesia 7

Though significantly reduced over the last 30 years, Jamursba Medi and War Mon beaches are the last remaining major nesting areas of Hawksbill sea turtle.

7. Eastern Asia Until recently, eastern Australia hosted one of the major Hawksbill breeding aggregations on the planet.

Since 1977, nesting females declined by 86% (Limpus and Limpus 2003).

These sea turtles travel throughout the southwest Pacific and sometimes migrate across the Pacific to Chile.

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5 6

Coastal Urban Popullation

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11

With the urbanization and population growth in the coastal areas, the beach area is eroded by human activities, and the turtles cannot find suitable nesting sites or the hatching rate of sea turtles declines.

Turtle & Human Activities

Attractions

Deep Ocean

Coastal Area

Shallow Sea

Mating

Breeding

Lifespan

Juveniles

Nesting

Hatching

Pollution

Commodity

Support

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Anthoropogenic Interaction Population Increasing Offshore Oil Exploitation Building Construction

Urbanization

Infrustruction Construction

Marine Transportation Urban Expansion

Industry

Shipbuilding Industry Fishery Industry

Theme Park

Wildlife Watching

Coastal Sightseeing Fishing

National Park Tourism

Eco-Tourism

Vacation Hotel

Fishing Boat Sightseeing

Golf

Mangrove Forest Hiking

Coastal Activities

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Wildlife Watching Tourism Wildlife watching tourism, like other types of tourism, is sensitive to economic circumstances and has decreased during this recent economic recession.

Nevertheless, wildlife watching tourism is a growing market segment and interest in wildlife watching trips has only increased with a rise in media coverage and Internet communication.

Conservation issues and awareness of the risk of extinction of an increasing number of species also contribute to tourists’ motivation to observe wildlife ranging freely in their natural habitats21.

Marine Turtle Observation In 2004, a WWF study analyzed the non-consumptive use of marine turtles for observation in 13 locations in the tropics and subtropics of Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. In nine of these locations, this activity is considered a major revenue generator while in the other four locations is only one of many attractions.

Kinds of wildlife watching offered per tour poerator (%)

Others

Volunteering

Homestay

0

Nature-Related

20

Resort

40 Special

0

Safari

20

Cultural Heritage

60

40

Fishing

60 Bird Watching

80

Marine Wildlife

100

80

Great Apes

100

Adventure Sports

The gross-revenue attributed to marine turtle observations was calculated by multiplying the average tourist expenditure by the number of tourists that participated in this activity. The analysis included all expenditures (food, accommodation, souvenirs, transport and others) made by tourists during their stay at the turtle-watching site.

Activities combined with wildlife tours (%)

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Marine Turtle Observation December

Southeast Asian The Southeast Asian islands are numerous and are the main distribution sites for coral reefs, providing a rich food re- source and a large number of spawning grounds for alfalfa and other turtles, making it an important habitat for alfalfa.

At the same time, Southeast Asia is also the main producer of enamel products. Due to the prosperity of the fishing industry and people’s pursuit of economic interests, a large number of cockroaches lose their lives every year.

January

November

February

October

September

March

April

August

May

July

June

Mexican Region

December

January November

February October

September March

August

April

July

May

June

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Sea turtles, and it is also a region with a serious urbanization process.

At the same time, the Gulf of Mexico region is also a concentration of turtle shell trade. In recent years, Mexico has gradually become a popular tourist resort, especially in central Mexico. The hatching of turtles and the return of the turtles to the sea have even become a tourist project.

After entering the year 2000, the Mexican region began to re- alize the importance of protecting sea turtles and introduced a series of measures and measures to protect sea turtles.

For example, legislation restricting the trade of the tortoise shells, as well as the protection of nesting turtles and baby turtles by the popular tourist destinations, has increased the survival rate and nesting rate of sea turtles in the past decade.

Due to the improvement of people’s awareness and the great enthusiasm of the local government and civil protection or- ganizations for the protection of sea turtles, the ecological habitat of the area has been repaired.

Wildlife Watching Tourism Finland 1 China 7

Denmark 1 Czech Republic 1

Handicarafts

Germany 24

Croatia 1 Australia 1

Exotic Destination

America 7 Wellness

Canada 1 Republic of Korea 1

Sports

United Kingdom 8

Bangladesh 1

Switzerland 2 Advanture

Spain 1 Portugal 1

Good/ Exotic Food

Italy 8 Netherlands 9

International tour operators by countries of origin

Nightlife

Shopping

Base on the research, the engagement of wildlife watching tourism become stronger than before.

Luxury Hotels

Beaches

Contact With Local

It can be seen as a new way for the development of tourism in the future. On the other hand, the new tourism method can help to reduce the negative effect to ecosystem from the tourism.

Cultural Sites

Wildlife

National Parks

Nature 0

10

20

30

Not at all important

40

50

Not so important

60

70

Important

80

90

100

Very Important

Importance Of Tourism Assets For Visitors (%)

Handicarafts

Exotic Destination

Wellness

Sports

Advanture

Good/ Exotic Food

Nightlife

Shopping

Luxury Hotels

Beaches

Contact With Local

Cultural Sites

Wildlife

National Parks

Nature 0

10

20

Not at all important

30

40

50

Not so important

60

70

Important

80

90

100

Very Important

Importance Of Tourism Assets For Customers (%) 16

Stakehold of Wildlife watching International Hotel Chains

Wildlife watching tourism involves many different groups of stakeholders. A stakeholder is any person or group that is involved in or may be affected by an activity. For wildlife watching tourism, stakeholders include indigenous and local communities; wildlife managers in public and private sectors; national and local government; conservation NGOs (especially wildlife societies which have a role in popularizing and raising aware- ness about wildlife and conservation); the tourism sector including tour operators, local operators, excursion providers, and accommodation; and, of course, tourists.

International Tour Operators

The National Governments

National Tourism Authorities

National Parks

National Hotel Chains

National Tour Operators

Local Government

Local Tourism Authorities

Other Local Providers

Local Tourism Service Provoders

The wildlife watching tourism also can help to improve local economy. Because it creat new potential consumers.

Local Tour Operators

Local Communities 0

5

10

15

20

25

80

100

Beneficiaries of wildlife watching tourism(%)

Accommodation

Restaurant

Food & Beverages

Wellness

Transport

Tour Guides

Inbound Local TO

National Park Service

Cultural Performance

Others 0

20

40

60

Local service included in wildlife watching tour packages(%)

17

Many of the activities and products that make modern human life possible are polluting the world. Even places that are relatively untouched by 21st-century developments experience the effects of pollution. —WWF

18

Design Concept Intial Research Global Sea Turtle's Situation Sea turtle & Human Activities Wildlife Watching Tourism

Overview Site Need & Action

Research Toutism Attractions Hydrology & Pollution Problem Flora & Furna Site Obervation

Outreach Ecology Goal Tourism Goal

Design

New Ecotorism Structure Water Quality Improve Habitat Restoration Project Design Principle

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Site The Paradise—

Nouevo Vallarta

Golf Club

Hotel Zone

Nuevo Vallarta is a planned residential-resort community located in the Mexican state of Nayarit. By automobile, it is about fifteen minutes north of Puerto Vallarta's Licenciado Gustavo DĂ­az Ordaz International Airport.

Nuevo Vallarta receives many tourists from both the United States and Canada and has many malls and stores that accept payment in Mexican pesos or U.S. dollars.

Water

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Tourism is the core economic income source of Nuevo Vallarta. In addition to the existing tourism industry such as coastal tourism, golf, and pleasure boat, the region will plan to build large-scale theme parks in the next decade.

The introduction of the concept of ecotourism into the region has become one of the contents of the strategic planning for the future development of the region, in which the landscape plays an important role in ecological restoration and creation of a new ecological environment.

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Need & Action

+Why Nuevo Vallarta Nuevo Vallarta is more than just a resort, it is a habitat with a variety of geographical and topographical environments. The negative impact of human activities on these habitats has attracted the attention of surrounding communities.

The surrounding community has a strong appeal to enhance the overall environment of the entire Nuevo Vallarta area. Thus, developing eco-tourism is a good choice for the region.

+Why Lagoon Quelele Surrounded by more than one hundred hectares of white mangroves around Lagoon Quelele. Therefore, Lagoon Quelele has become an important habitat for animals and plants. As the only large lake in the region, the surrounding community has a strong demand for dealing with Lagoon pollution. For eco-tourism, Lagoon can be one of the most important sights for wildlife sightseeing.

+Why Follow the channel Channel links Lagoon and the estuary area. Due to the domestic garbage generated by resort hotels and holiday homes along the coast, the entire canal was seriously polluted and has introduction contaminated the coastal area. The surrounding community also has a strong demand for dealing with canal pollution.

For eco-tourism, coastal mangroves and cruise ship tours will be an important attraction for tourists.

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1984-Puerto Vallarta

2004-Puerto Vallarta

1994-Puerto Vallarta

2014-Puerto Vallarta

In the more than 20 years since 1994, the urbanization of the Nuevo VallartaPuerto Vallarta region is increasing. The urban area and farmland area are gradually increasing, correspondingly the area of the ​​ natural area is gradually decreasing. As the second largest tourist city and the most prestigious tourist area in Mexico, the Puerto Vallarta-Nuevo Vallarta area receives a large number of visitors every year. This has led to the construction of a large number of tourist services such as resort hotels and golf courses in the area. Despite this, the region’s ecotourism resources cannot be ignored. Mangrove resources, birds, crocodiles, sea turtles and other wildlife resources also bring a large number of tourists to the area. Introducing new eco-tourism and shifting the focus of tourism development to upgrading the natural environment and developing wildlife tourism projects will open up new roads for the development of the region.

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Urban Area

Pollution may muddy landscapes, poison soils and waterways, or kill plants and animals. Humans are also regularly harmed by pollution. —WWF

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Design Concept Intial Research Global Sea Turtle's Situation Sea Turtle & Human Activities Wildlife Watching Tourism

Overview Site Need & Action

Research Toutism Attractions Hydrology & Pollution Problem Flora & Furna Site Obervation

Outreach

Ecology Goal Tourism Goal

Design

New Ecotorism Structure Water Quality Improve Habitat Restoration Project Design Principle

25

Flamingo Golf

Quelele Lagoon +White Mangrove +Birds Habitat El Cora Crocodile Sanctuary

Existing Tourism Attractions

+Boat Sightseeing

Hotel Zone

At this stage, Nuevo Vallarta's popular tourist projects are mainly golf clubs, 10km long white sand beaches, 100 hectares of mangrove forests and cultural relics of surrounding towns.

Dophin Discovery Vallarta

Hotel Zone

N Estury Area

El Tigre Club de Golf

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Outstanding Result: 1. The arrival of international tourists in 2018, was 41.4 million, exceeding 2 million 156 thousand tourists, this represented a growth of 5.5% in comparison to 2017.

45.0

25.0%

40.0

20.0%

35.0

15.0%

30.0 25.0

10.0%

20.0

5.0%

15.0

0.0% 2017

2018

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2010

2011

20.0%

20,000.00

15.0%

15,000.00

10.0% 2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2007

10,000.00 -

6. During 2018, the arrival of foreign air-coming visitors who nationality are the United States represented 56.1% of all foreign arrivals by air transport, followed by Canadian citizens with 11.5%. From the Latin American and the Caribbean region, the countries of nationality with the highest number of foreign arrivals to Mexico were Colombia and Argentina, with 3% and 2.6% of total visitors respectively.

-10.0%

25,000.00

5,000.00

5. The balance by international visitors registered 11 thousand 209 million dollars, this represents an increase of 6.8% in comparison to 2017.

-5.0%

Arrival Of International Tourists

3. In 2018, the amount of foreign currency that visitors residing in Mexico spent when going abroad was 11 thousand 300 million dollars, amount that was 460 million dollars higher than the observed in 2017 and equivalent to an increase of 4.2%.

4. The departure of international tourist from Mexico abroad totaled 19 million 839 thousand, this was 772 thousand more tourists than 2017, which represented a growth of 4%.

2009

-

2008

5.0

2007

10.0

2008

2. Foreign currency income from the arrival of international visitors was 22 thousand 510 million dollars equivalent to an increase of 5.5% in comparison to 2017.

5.0% 0.0%

International Travel Receipts

Canada 11.5% United States 3.2% United Kingdom 3.2% Colombia 2.6% Argentina 2.6%

7. The percentage of hotel occupation in a group of 70 resorts reached 60.9%, a level 0.3 point lower compared to that observed in 2017.

Other 23.6%

8. The arrival of domestic tourists to hotel rooms was 60 million 875 thousand tourists (73.6%).The remaining arrivals 21 million 850 thousand (26.4%), were from foreign tourists.

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Anthropic Development Agriculture Mangrove Disturbed Mangrove Other Vegetation Golf Club Plant Losses

Profits

Mangrove and Mangrove surface changes disturbed in the four dates of study 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0

Flora & Fauna

2015

Anthropic Development Agriculture Mangrove Disturbed Mangrove Other Vegetation Golf Club Plant

At this stage, Nuevo Vallarta's popular tourist projects are mainly golf clubs, 10km long white sand beaches, 100 hectares of mangrove forests and cultural relics of surrounding towns.

N

Contour Water Building Road Anthropic Development Agriculture Mangrove Other Vegetation Golf Club Plant

Anthropic Development Agriculture Mangrove Disturbed Mangrove Other Vegetation Golf Club Plant

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Calidris Alpina

Calidris Canutus

Bird's Sandpiper

Common Nighthawk

Northern Pygmy Owl

Virginia Rail

Birds: Nuevo Vallarta is a beautiful place that not only offers an immensity of species within its waters, in its thick jungles, but it is also the home to beautiful birds that soar through the skies and can be seen and enjoyed at any time of year.

Phalaropus Lobatus

Roadside Hawk

Yellow-billed Cuckoo

Vallarta is not only sun and beach, it offers a wide variety of options, especially for those who enjoy natural attractions.

Let nature delight your senses and enjoy a unique opportunity to witness the wonders that inhabit the surroundings of beautiful Puerto Vallarta.

Phalaropus Lobatus

White-throated Swift

White Mangrove Nuevo Vallarta has rare white mangrove resources. The light yellowgreen leaves are broad and flat with two glands located at the base of the leaf where the stem originates.

These glands are sugar glands called nectaries. White mangroves produce greenish-white flowers in spikes, blooming from spring to early summer.

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Hydrology & Pollution Lagoon Quelele is the only large lake in the region and flows into the sea through a 9km long canal.

The resort complex of lagoon’s golf course and salt canal is the main source of pollution.

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Contour Water Building Road Vegetation Flood 2m Flood 3m Flood 6m Land Fill Toxic Pollution

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The Lagoon Lagoon Quelele ie the only interesting body of water in the municipality and that fulfills a very important function of regulating the micro climate in which it is located.

The Water Die It is considered that agrochemicals and leachates are present in the system due to the proximity to the "Flamingos" golf course in Nuevo Vallarta, Nayarit and to the restaurants located around the body of water that do not have a drainage system.

Environment Impact

The hoteliers of Nuevo Vallarta with their proverbial blindness have stopped and although it comes very closely through nine kilometers of channels to an estuary, del Chino, which is the small Marina of Nuevo Vallarta

The flora is reduced by the felling, introduction of species and the affectation by plagues.

Likewise, the site shows the introduction of exotic fauna and the hunting of native species.

No fauna was affected by vehicular traffic, but there is considerable fragmentation of the vegetation for the construction of roads. This affects atmospheric emissions, mainly from dust and smoke generated by machinery used for construction

Serious Pollution All the water that arrives there is infested with black water and it leaves in a very short stretch to the sea by a channel breakwater, consequently that part of the beaches of Nuevo Vallarta is infested.

On the side of the candidates for the state and municipal governorship of BahĂ­a de Banderas, there is a notable absence of awareness of the importance of preserving this estuary system.

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Switch Area: + Pollution From nearly Golf Club

Natural Reventment

Natural Reventment

Site Observation

Artificial Bulkhead

The community around Nuevo Vallarta indicates that the original forest vegetation was destroyed during road construction. The entire forest in the Nuevo Vallarta area is cut into pieces by road

Artificial Reventment

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Contour Water Building Road Anthropic Development Vegetation Reventment Bulkhead Natural Reventment Combination

Artificial Bulkhead

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Block Broken

Due to road planning and agricultural activities, the forest of Nuevo Vallarta was divided into pieces.

Since Nuevo Vallarta is currently the mainstay of tourism development, consider rehabilitating broken forests by returning farmland to forests.

Linear Broken Due to the construction of Bulkhead and Artificial Revetment, the original mangrove belt along the river was damaged to some extent.

Considering the method of softening the revetment and establishing an ecological revetment to restore the natural revetment ecological environment, and then rebuilding the coastal mangrove corridor.

By reshaping the mangroves on the shoreline, link with the mangroves in the Lagoon area to form a complete mangrove carridor.

Combination

The waterfront vegetation belt is connected to the forest to minimize the original vegetation ecology.

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Chemicals that persist in the environment and accumulate in the bodies of wildlife and people, endocrine disruptors that can interfere with hormones, and chemicals that cause cancer or damage DNA. —WWF

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Design Concept Intial Research Global Sea Turtle's Situation Global Sea Turtle's Situation Sea Turtle Watching Tourism Ecosystem & Tourism

Overview Site Need & Action

Research Toutism Attractions Hydrology & Pollution Problem Flora & Furna Site Obervation

Outreach

Ecology Goal Tourism Goal

Design

New Ecotorism Structure Water Quality Improve Habitat Restoration Project Design Principle

35

Ecology Goal Water Quality Improve: Improving water quality is the basis for improving the overall ecological environment quality of the region.

My goal is to block chemical pollution sources and domestic waste from golf and Hotel courses by constructing constructed wetlands and ecological revetments. Through the adsorption and purification of chemical toxins by plants, the pollution in the water system is relieved to some extent.

Mangrove Restoration: White mangroves serve as a characteristic vegetation of the area and also as a habitat for a variety of animals. Therefore, mangrove forests are the key areas for ecological restoration. The goal of mangrove restoration is to rebuild the mangrove forest along the canal and repair the mangrove forest surrounding Lagoon. Creat special mangrove corridor.

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Tourism Goal New Landmarks: My goal is to create a series of landmarks throughout the Nuevo Vallarta area as a symbol of each small area and an experiential landscape architecture.

Infrastructure: In each small area, travel support facilities are set up according to the terrain conditions and surrounding environment to enhance the tourist experience.

Landscape Change With Time: Based on the natural succession of plant communities, the overall landscape will change over time. So the purpose of setting up facilities and landmarks is to enable people to experience the natural landscape of each period more intuitively and to feel the changes of the landscape over time.

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The sensing, processing, and visualizing that are currently in development withing the environment boldly change the ways design and maintenance of landscapes are perceived and conceptualized. —Responsive Landscape

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Design Concept Intial Research Global Sea Turtle's Situation Sea Turtle Watching Tourism Ecosystem & Tourism

Overview Site Need & Action

Research Toutism Attractions Hydrology & Pollution Problem Flora & Furna Site Obervation

Outreach Goal

Design

New Ecotorism Structure Water Quality Improve Habitat Restoration Project Design Principle

41

New Ecotourism Structure Nuevo Vallarta's original tourism structure is dominated by economic interests. The main tourist projects and sources of economic benefits are golf driving range and resort hotels.

Base on the research, the golf driving range and resorts attract international visitors from the US and Canada. On the other hand, eco-tourism sites dominated by mangrove areas around Lagoon Quelele attract a large number of animal and plant tourism enthusiasts and experts.

The new ecotourism structure is transformed into ecological development. Planning vegetation and habitat restoration based on existing tourism projects and developing wildlife watching tourism with local characteristics.

Ecological restoration can alleviate the river pollution caused by golf courses and hotels in the original structure to a certain extent. In addition, eco-tourism, which is dominated by wildlife tourism, can attract a large number of animal and plant tourism enthusiasts and experts. This part of the tourists will become potential customers of the hotel and will also play a positive role in the development of the regional economy.

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Tourism Attraction Profit $ $ $

$

$

$ $

$ $ $ $ $

Non-Profit

$ $

Golf Club

$

$$ $ $

Vacation House $

$ $ $

Pollution

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

$ $$ $$

$ $ $ $$ $

Mangrove Forest

Seperation

$ $ $$ $$

$

$

$ $ $

Improve

$

$ $ $$ $

$

White beach

$

$

Cruise

Lagoon & Channel

$

$$ $

Hotel

$

$

$

$

SWITCH

Tourism Attraction Profit $ $ $

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Non-Profit

$

$

$

$ $

$

$ $

Golf Club Vacation House Hotel Cruise

Limited

$

$

Pollution

$

$$ $

$

$

$

Lagoon & Channel

$

$$ $ $

$

$

$ $$ $$ $

Living Beach

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

Wetland

$

$

$ $ $$ $$

$

$

$ $ $$ $$

$

$

$

$

Mangrove Corridor

Connection

$ $ $

$

$

$ $ $$ $$ $

$

$

$ $ $$ $$

$

$

New Habitat

Protection Destroying

43

New Attraction

Water Quility Improve A. Reduce Pollution Sources Constructed Wetland: Reducing chemical contamination of the Meadow and Lagoon regions by constructing constructed wetland using the natural adsorption of plants.

Connected Water: Connect the small lagoon in the meadow area to the Lagoon Quelele and channels by building small canals. Accelerate the purification of contaminated water bodies.

Soften Revement: Revetment softening helps to reduce surface runoff and reduce pollutants generated along river banks into the water. The purification effect of plants will also play a positive role in the purification of the entire water system.

44

B. Restricting Pollutant Discharging Government Department: Nayarit State Departments should step up restrictions on golf course use of highly toxic pesticides.

The Nayarit State Department should strengthen and monitor the disposal of domestic waste at hotels along the river. The garbage on the river should also be salvaged and cleaned up in time. Appropriate punishment for the behavior of littering.

Limited constructing new hotel in Nuevo Vallarta area.

45

Habitat Restoration A. Vegetation Restoation Mangrove: Mangroves are an important habitat for a variety of birds and wildlife. The reconstruction of the mangrove environment is important for the overall ecological reconstruction of the Nuevo Vallarta area.

Other Plants: Wetlands are an important foundation for the entire habitat. Wetlands are habitats for small animals such as fish and insects, and form the basis of the overall ecological chain.

46

B. Animal Habitat Restoration Birds: Birds in the area mainly inhabit the mangroves around the Lagoon Quelele and the estuary area. There are more than 300 species of birds in the entire Nuevo Vallarta area, of which about 164 are rare and endangered. Restoring ecology is essential for protecting rare species.

47

Possitive Force: + Mangrove natural grown + Other vegetation succession + Wetland Purification Funcation Negetive Force: + Pollution From nearly Golf Club

1 Possitive Force: + Mangrove natural grown + Other vegetation succession Negetive Force: + Local Community Expand + Pollution From nearly Vallage

2

Possitive Force: + Mangrove natural grown + Other vegetation succession Negetive Force: + Local Community Expand + Pollution From nearly Vallage

5

Principle

3

Possitive Force: + Mangrove natural grown + Other vegetation succession Negetive Force: + Local Community Expand + Pollution From nearly Vallage

N

Contour

4

Water Building Road Plan Area( M Scale) Negetive Effect Area Negetive Effect Area (Golf) Negetive Effect Direction Boundary Change Direction Coastal Plan Direction Channel Plan Direction

48

1 Meadow Principle: + Establish Constructed Wetland + Connect small Lagoon + Wetland Purification Funcation

+ Constructed Wetland

2

Lagoon Principle: + Keep Mangrove natural grown + Other vegetation Replant + ImproveWetland Purification Funcation

3 River Bank Principle: + Softe Riverbank + Replant vegetation near the river + Plant mangrove alone the river

+ River Bank vegetation restoration +Living Shoreline +Connection Infrustruction

4 Estuary Area Principle: + Establish Tropical Lanscape + Establish Landmark + Establish Wetland Purification Water

+ Landmark + Living Shoreline + Riverbank Swamp

5 Coastal Area Principle: + Mangrove natural grown + Other vegetation succession + Wetland Purification Funcation 49

Return

To Paradise Hunman Can not live in the world as the only living thing.

But what people do now is killing other animals,

50

51

Paradise means a place or condition of great happiness where everything is exactly as you would like it to be. —Cambridge Dictionary

52

Design Implementation Implemention Roadmap Typology & Timeline Process

Near Term Proposal (S scale) Landmark-Lookout Tower Observation Tower Deck Sky Bridge

Mid Term Proposal (M scale) Eastury Lagoon Meadow Riverbank

Long Term Proposal (L scale) Larger Plan Overview Mangrove Corridor

Bibiligraphy

53

Typology & Timeline In the initial stage of the project, priority is given to building landmarks and infrastructures that require large amounts of engineering. Where landmark is lookout tower ,sky bridge and observation tower, and infrastructure is deck. After establish those strong engineering work, begin to creat the constructed wetland and living shoreline. After all the engineering work, just waiting for the water quility improve to suitable level for plant mangrove. After replant baby mangrove, the stage turn to the nature succession.

54

Landmark

Lookout Tower & Observation Site

Infrustructure Deck,Bridge & Path

Living Shoreline

River Bank environment improve

Break Water

River Bank environment improve

Marsh

Ricer Toxic Pollution Purifying

0 year

1 year

2 year

Mangrove Shoreline

River Bank environment improve

Coastal Wetland

River Bank environment improve

Mangrove Wetland

River Bank environment improve

3 year

4 year

5 year

55

Process

Tourism

Near Term Proposal (S Scale)

Infrustructure

Deck Observation Toewr Look Out Tower

Landmark

Sky Bridge

Ecology

Mid Term Proposal (M Scale)

Environment Improve

Living Shoreline

Habitat Restoration

Mangrove Swamp

Water Quility Improve

Constructed Wetland

Riverbank Park

Wildlife Reserves

Swage plant

At the begining of the project, the main tourism program are golf club and cruise sightseeing.

2019

With the growth of the vegetation, the special bird species will come back

2020

2021

Sky Bridge S Scale

2022

2023

Observation Tower

Page.72

Page.64

M Scale

Lagoo

n P.82

Meado w

56

P.84

Mangrove Corridor + Mangrove natural grown + Other vegetation succession + Wetland Purification Funcation

Long Term Proposal (L Scale)

After the mangrove forest restoration, many endangered wildlife can be saved. More and more people will join to the wildlife watching tourism.

2030

2030 2040

2030 2050

Deck

Lookout Tower

Page.68

Page.60

Riverb

ank P. 80 Estuar

57

y P.78

Chemicals that persist in the environment and accumulate in the bodies of wildlife and people, endocrine disruptors that can interfere with hormones, and chemicals that cause cancer or damage DNA. —WWF

58

Design Implementation Implemention Roadmap Typology & Timeline Process

Near Term Proposal (S scale) Landmark-Lookout Tower Observation Tower Deck Sky Bridge

Mid Term Proposal (M scale) Eastury Lagoon Meadow Riverbank

Long Term Proposal (L scale) Larger Plan Overview Mangrove Corridor

Bibiliography

59

Lookout Tower Landmark

1 Purpose: The purpose of establishing the 24meters high look out tower is creating mutipal view for visitours to enjoy the change of the environment. The tower will become a tool for visitors to witness the change through the project.

2 Concept: The concept of the tower is coming from the exhibition wall and oil painting. So the main building just look like a wall and the different scale of window looks like the frame, and the landscape is the painting.

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61

Lookout Tower Detail

Look Out Tower

Look Out Tower

(2020)

(2050)

Front Facade

25

25

20

20

15

15

10

10

5

5

0

Right Facade

0

25

25

20

20

15

15

10

10

5

5

0

Left Facade

Back Facade

Front Facade

0

Left Facade

25

25

20

20

15

15

10

10

5

5

0

Back Facade

0

25

25

20

20

15

15

10

10

5

5

0

62 Right Facade

0

Mterials: + Concrete + Timber +Metals Hierarchy: + Between -3m to 24m + Different level have different space

View: + Different level has different view + Window will become the frame + With the mangrove grow up, view will change

Experiences: + Different level can see different direction + Window frame can see different scale + Rout changed in different level

63

Observation Tower Landmark

1 Purpose: The purpose of establishing the 15meters high Observation tower is creating mutipal view for visitours to enjoy the change of the environment, and also protect the wet land area and wildlife.

2 Concept: The concept of the tower is creating the different level to see the birds. So the main journal have different hierarchy, and also can have different view.

64

65

Observation Tower Detail

Observation Tower

Observation Tower

(2020)

(2050)

Front Facade

Left Facade

Back Facade

Right Facade

25

25

20

20

15

15

10

10

5

5

0

Front Facade

0

25

25

20

20

15

15

10

10

5

5

0

Left Facade

0

25

25

20

20

15

15

10

10

5

5

0

Back Facade

0

25

25

20

20

15

15

10

10

5

5

0

66 Right Facade

0

Mterials: + Concrete + Timber +Metals

Hierarchy: + Between -3m to 15m + Different level have different space

View: + Different level has different view + Window will become the frame + With the mangrove grow up, view will change

Experiences: + Different level can see different direction + Window frame can see different scale + Rout changed in different level + Different level can see different wildlifes

67

Observation Tower Landmark

1 Purpose: The purpose of establishing the deck is creating mutipal view for visitours to enjoy the change of the environment. The deck have tree different level, can have the experence about the above the water and below the water.

2 Concept: The concept of the deck is creat a connection for the riverbank, and creat the different view of the plant succession.

68

69

Observation Tower Infrustructure

Deck

Deck

(2020)

(2050)

Above The water (+4.5m)

Above The water (+4.5m)

Flat on The water (+0m)

Flat on The water (+0m)

Below The water (-3m)

70 Below The water (-3m)

Mterials: + Concrete + Timber + Metals + Glasses

Hierarchy: + Between -3m to 4.5m + Above the water to Below the water

Experiences: + Different level can see different Plant + Different level can see different wildlifes

View: + Different level has different view + Below the water view + With the mangrove grow up, view will change

71

Observation Tower Landmark

1 Purpose: The purpose of establishing the 15meters high Sky bridge is creating mutipal view for visitours to enjoy the change of the environment, and also protect the wet land area and wildlife.

2 Concept: The concept of the bridge is coming from the roller coaster. So the main journal have different hierarchy, and also can have different view.

72

73

Sky Bridge Detail

Sky Bridge

Sky Bridge

(2020)

(2050)

Front Facade

Left Facade

Back Facade

Right Facade

74

Hierarchy: + Between -3m to 15m + Different level have different space Mterials: + Concrete + Timber +Metals

View: + Different level has different view + Window will become the frame + With the mangrove grow up, view will change

Experiences: + Different level can see different direction + Window frame can see different scale + Rout changed in different level + Different level can see different wildlifes

75

Freshwater ecosystems occupy approximately 1 per cent of the Earth’s surface yet are home to around 10 per cent of all known animal species (Abramovitz, 1996; McAllister et al., 1997). —WWF

76

Design Implementation Implemention Roadmap Typology & Timeline Process

Near Term Proposal (S scale) Landmark-Lookout Tower Observation Tower Deck Sky Bridge

Mid Term Proposal (M scale) Eastury Lagoon Meadow Riverbank

Long Term Proposal (L scale) Larger Plan Overview Mangrove Corridor Living Coastal

Bibiliography

77

Establish Tourism Infrustructures

Soft River Bank (Living Shoreline)

Estuary-2020

Replant Tropic Vegetation

River Bank-2030

Picnic Boat Sightseeing Picnic Fishing Boat Sightseeing Mangrove Sightseeing Fishing Landmark Mangrove Sightseeing Landmark

Estuary-2050

78

Picnic Boat Sightseeing Fishing Mangrove Sightseeing Landmark

Pollution Problem Hotel Zones: The most serious pollution problem zone. Soften riverbank to cut off the source og pollution.

Replant Tropic Plant: Planting Zones: Using the special tropic plant creat special landscape in estuary area.

79

M Scale—River Bank Establish Tourism Infrustructures

River Bank-2050

Mangrove Bank (Living Shoreline)

River Bank-2030

Hiking Boat Sightseeing Bird Watching Hiking Fishing Picnic Wetland Bird Watching

River Bank-2020

80

Mangrove Restoration Planting Zones: Six major planting zones exist in any wetland habitat in relation to normal water level.

Growth Forms: Five major growth forms of vegetation are available for use in creat wetlands in relation to their suitability for particular planting zones.

+ 200mm Topsoil + 500mm Clay Blanket to extend above Water Level + Vegetation + Rammed Earth

Mangrove Habitat Grows in saline mud of tidal estuaries and inlets along parts of the central and east coastline (e.g.

Lake Connewarre, Swan Bay, Port Phillip Bay, Western Port Bay, Anderson’s Inlet, Shallow Inlet, Corner Inlet).

+ 200mm Topsoil + 500mm Clay Blanket to extend above Water Level + Vegetation + Rammed Earth

Deck Location

Hiking Hiking Hiking

81

M Scale—Lagoon

Establish Tourism Infrustructures

Lagoon—2050

Peplant Mangrove

Lagoon—2050

Picnic Boat Sightseeing Fishing Mangrove Sightseeing Hiking Bird Watching

Lagoon—2020

82

Hydrology Patterns Replant Baby mangrove should focus on water quility, which effect the successful rate.

Mangrove Restoration White Mangrove: This species normally grows in the back portion of mangrove swamps, which remains unaffected by tidal inundation, except during spring tides. The bark is light brown to reddish dark brown, and the leaves are ovate.

Environment: Assess the modifications of the previous mangrove environment that occurred that currently prevents natual secondary succession.

83

M Scale—Meadow

Establish Tourism Infrustructures

Establish Constructed Wetland

Meadow-2020

Connect Small Lagoon With New Channel

Meadow-2030

Establish Mangrove Swamp

Hiking Boat Sightseeing

Landmark

Bird Watching

Fishing

Fishing

Mangrove Sightseeing

Wetland

Hiking

Hiking Hiking

Picnic

Boat Sightseeing

Bird Watching Bird Watching

Bird Watching

Meadow-2050

84

Vegetation Option Planting Zones: Six major planting zones exist in any wetland habitat in relation to normal water level.

Growth Forms: Five major growth forms of vegetation are available for use in creat wetlands in relation to their suitability for particular planting zones.

Open Water

Deep Marsh

Shallow Marsh

Wet Meadow

Shrub Wetland

Forest Wetland

Growth Efficiencies: It is important to take into consideration the projected growth effciencies of the different types of vegetation under review. Competitive interactions, invasiveness, productivity, and biomass accrual will all affect the resulting function and appearance of the created wetland.

Vegetation List Eleocharis Palustris

Papyrus, Cyperus papyrus

Sambucus mexicana

Deschampsia cespitosa

Spartina alterniflora

Phragmites

Eleocharis cellulosa Torr.

Avicennia Marina Avicennia marina, commonly known as grey mangrove or white mangrove, is a species of mangrove tree classified in the plant family Acanthaceae (formerly in the Verbenaceae or Avicenniaceae). As with other mangroves, it occurs in the intertidal zones of estuarine areas.

Mangrove Swamp Mangrove swamps are coastal wetlands found in tropical and subtropical regions. They are characterized by halophytic (salt loving) trees, shrubs and other plants growing in brackish to saline tidal waters.

Birds List & Watching Time January

February

March

April

May

Bird's Sandpiper

Calidris Alpina

Calidris Canutus

Common Nighthawk

Northern Pygmy Owl

Phalaropus Lobatus

Phalaropus Lobatus

Roadside Hawk

Virginia Rail

White-throated Swift

Yellow-billed Cuckoo

85

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Freshwater ecosystems occupy approximately 1 per cent of the Earth’s surface yet are home to around 10 per cent of all known animal species (Abramovitz, 1996; McAllister et al., 1997). —WWF

86

Design Implementation Implemention Roadmap Typology & Timeline Process

Near Term Proposal (S scale) Landmark-Lookout Tower Observation Tower Deck Sky Bridge

Mid Term Proposal (M scale) Eastury Lagoon Meadow Riverbank

Long Term Proposal (L scale) Larger Plan Overview Mangrove Corridor

Bibiliography

87

L Scale—Nuevo Vallarta

Overview S+M=L Based on the natural succession of plant communities, the overall landscape will change over time. So at the end of setting up facilities and landmarks is to enable people to experience the natural landscape of each period more intuitively and to feel the changes of the landscape over time.

With the mangrove succession, the whole area will be connected with the vegetation (Mangrove).

More and more endangered speciese can be protected. The coorporation between ecosystem and human activities will creat new development to each others.

Observation Tower

Sky Bridge

Boating Route

Hiking Path

With the succession of the mangrove, the Mangrove corridor will be formed in the future.

88

Deck

Lookout tower

89

Bibiliography

Theory -Corner, J., 1999. The agency of mapping: speculation, critique and invention (pp. 213-252). na.

-Corner, J. and MacLean, A.S., 2000. Taking measures across the American land- scape. Yale University Press.

-Corner, J., 1997. Ecology and landscape as agents of creativity.

Ecological de- sign and planning, pp.80-108.

-McHarg, I.L. and Mumford, L., 1969. Design with nature. New York: American Museum of Natural History.

-Reed, C. and Lister, N.M.E. eds., 2014. Projective ecologies.

Cambridge, MA/New York: Harvard University Graduate School of Design.

-Ross, J., Lowe, K. W., Boyle, C., & Moorrees, A. (2003). Landscape plans for the eastern zones in the Victorian Volcanic Plain bioregion.

Parks, Flora and Fauna Division, Department of Sustainability & Environment, Melbourne.

-Schwarz, E.C. and Tait, R., 2007. Recreation, Arts, Events and Festivals: Their Contribution to a Sense of Community in the Colac– Otway Shire of Country

Rearch

-Diez, C.E. and van Dam, R.P., 2003. Sex ratio of an immature hawksbill seaturtle aggregation at Mona Island, Puerto Rico. Journal of Herpetology, 37(3), pp.533- 537.

-Houghton, J.D., 2004. Sea Turtle Behavior and Habitat Use in Coral Reefs. Her- petological Review, 35(1), p.4.

-Horrocks, J.A., Krueger, B.H., Fastigi, M., Pemberton, E.L. and Eckert, K.L., 2011. International movements of adult female hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbri- cata): first results from the Caribbean’s marine turtle tagging centre. Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 10(1), pp.18-25.

-Iverson, A.R.S., Hart, K.M., Fujisaki, I., Cherkiss, M.S., Pollock, C., Lundgren, I. and Hillis-Starr, Z.M., 2016. Hawksbill Satellite-tracking Case Study: Implications for Remigration Interval and Population Estimates. Marine Turtle Newsletter, (148), p.2.

-Whiting, S.D., Macrae, I., Murray, W., Thorn, R., Flores, T., JoynsonHicks, C. and Hashim, S., 2010. Indian Ocean crossing by a juvenile hawksbill turtle. Marine Tur- tle Newsletter, (129), p.16.

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Results of Tourism Activity 2018 Undersecretariat of Planning and Tourism Policy

ACTUALIZACIÓN Y EXPLORACIÓN DE LOS DATOS DEL SISTEMA DE MONITOREO 1970/1980−2015

Available in http://www.datatur.sectur.gob.mx/SitePages/versionesRAT.aspx

MANGLARES DE MÉXICO ACTUALIZACIÓN Y EXPLORACIÓN DE LOS DATOS DEL SISTEMA DE MONITOREO 1970/1980−2015

MANGLARES DE MÉXICO

Este libro se presenta para continuar la difusión y poner a disposición del público la información actualizada del Sistema de Monitoreo de los Manglares de México (SMMM). Se exponen los métodos utilizados para generar la cartografía de los manglares y sus zonas aledañas y se hace énfasis en los resultados estadísticos y cartográficos obtenidos en la evaluación de 2015 para cada uno de los estados costeros del país.

A diferencia de las publicaciones anteriores, en esta ocasión se abordan cinco temas con los avances más relevantes de algunas de las líneas de investigación que se desarrollan en la Subcoordinación de Percepción Remota de la CONABIO como parte del SMMM , con el propósito de que sean de utilidad para abordar temas similares o profundizar en éstos por otros grupos de trabajo.

Estos temas son: 1) el deterioro o perturbación de los manglares por distintos factores asociados principalmente con fenómenos meteorológicos o actividades antrópicas; 2) la detección de los sitios con procesos notables de dinámica de cambio de la línea de costa en las áreas con presencia de manglar; 3) la evaluación del uso de imágenes de satélite de alta resolución espacial para diferenciar Rhizophora mangle de otras especies de manglar; 4) los principales agentes que provocan la transformación de los manglares mexicanos y 5) un análisis, a manera de ejemplo, de cómo la ejecución de políticas públicas pueden tener consecuencias para la conservación de los manglares.

Se espera que la información presentada ayude a la toma de decisiones sustentadas en favor de la conservación de éste ecosistema, responsable de un gran número de servicios ambientales, cuyo efecto repercute más allá de la zona costera donde se distribuye.

COMISIÓN NACIONAL PARA EL CONOCIMIENTO Y USO DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD

South East of South Australia

WETLAND PLANTS IDENTIFICATION GUIDE

PUBLIC SEDIMENT VOLUME II PUBLIC SEDIMENT FOR ALAMEDA CREEK

SCAPE / LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE DPC DREDGE RESEARCH COLLABORATIVE ARCADIS UC DAVIS DEPT. OF HUMAN ECOLOGY AND DESIGN TS STUDIO ARCHITECTURAL ECOLOGIES LAB CY KEENER

Government of South Australia South East Natural Resources Management Board

91