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Paediatriki

Trimonthly publication of the Greek Paediatric Society

President

A. Constantopoulos

Editorial board

Director

G. S. Varlamis

Members

S. Andronikou

E. Galanakis

A. Evangeliou

L. Thomaidou

M. Kanariou

A. Kapogiannis

S. Kitsiou-Tzeli

E. Mantadakis

P. Panagiotopoulou-Gartagani

A. Papadopoulou

V. Papaevagelou

A. Papathanassiou

A. Siamopoulou-Mavridou

A. Syrigou-Papavasiliou

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EDITORIAL

G.S. Varlamis

SHORT ABSTRACTS

REVIEW ARTICLES

Bullying behaviors in children and adolescents: “an ongoing story” Artemis Tsitsika, Efi Barlou, Elisabeth Andrie, Christine Dimitropoulou, Eleni C. Tzavela, Mari Janikian, Marisa Tsolia

The impact of family factors on juvenile delinquency Panagiotis N. Papanikolopoulos, Panagiotis Ν. Kardaras

Congenital heart disease: transition from pediatric to adult care of the adolescent - young adult

Maria Th. Papaphylactou, Spyridon Rammos, Dimitrios Cassimos, Mihalis A. Gatzoulis

The phenomenon of optimal outcome in autism spectrum disorders Athanassios Koutsoklenis, Zoi Theothoridou, Athanassios Evangeliou

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): a review of the literature Pavlos Troizos-Papavasileiou, Stella Mouskou, Nicoletta Iacovidou

Narcolepsy and other hypersomnia in children

Soultana Kolyva, Tsintoni Asimina, Kalegias Iossif

ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Prediabetes prediction in obese children and adolescents: the value of 1-hour glucose levels during the oral glucose tolerance test Eleni P. Kotanidou, Ioannis Kyrgios, Assimina Galli-Tsinopoulou

Skin and soft tissue infections in children

Elisabeth Michailidou, Antigoni Pavlaki, Constantina Nalbanti, Ioannis Kavaliotis

Τριμηνιαία

Α.

Α. Σιαμοπούλου-Μαυρίδου

Α.

Υποβολή εργασιών e-mail: grammateia@e-child.gr

Οδηγίες προς τους συγγραφείς: http://e-child.gr/publications/ instructions-to-authors

Iδιοκτήτης

Eλληνική Παιδιατρική Eταιρεία Μπακοπούλου 15,15451, Ν. Ψυχικό

Tηλ.: 2107771140 e-mail: grammateia@e-child.gr

Eτήσια συνδρομή: €40

Eιδικευόμενοι, φοιτητές: €20

Volume 77 • Number 4 • October-November-December 2014

Trimonthly publication of the Greek Paediatric Society

President A. Constantopoulos

Editorial board

Director G. S. Varlamis

Members

S. Andronikou

E. Galanakis

A. Evangeliou

L. Thomaidou

M. Kanariou

A. Kapogiannis

S. Kitsiou-Tzeli

E. Mantadakis

P. Panagiotopoulou-Gartagani

A. Papadopoulou

V. Papaevagelou

A. Papathanassiou

A. Siamopoulou-Mavridou

A. Syrigou-Papavasiliou

Manuscript submission

e-mail: grammateia@e-child.gr

Instructions to authors: http://e-child.gr/publications/ instructions-to-authors

Owner

Greek Paediatric Society 15, Mpakopoulou st. GR - 15451, Ν. Psychiko

Tel.: +302107771140

e-mail: grammateia@e-child.gr

Annual subscription

All foreign countries: US$50

PRACTICAL ISSUES

Status epilepticus management algorithm for children

Foteini Zafeiropoulou, Iordanis Papadopoulos, Argirios Dinopoulos

Management of urinary tract infection - vesicoureteral reflux

Ioannis Th. Kavaliotis

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Artemis Tsitsika, Efi Barlou, Elisabeth Andrie, Christine Dimitropoulou, Eleni C. Tzavela, Mari Janikian, Marisa Tsolia. Bullying behaviors in children and adolescents: “an ongoing story” O

Panagiotis N. Papanikolopoulos, Panagiotis Ν. Kardaras. The impact of family factors on juvenile delinquency

Maria Th. Papaphylactou, Spyridon Rammos, Dimitrios Cassimos, Mihalis A. Gatzoulis. Congenital heart disease: transition from pediatric to adult care of the adolescentyoung adult

Athanassios Koutsoklenis, Zoi Theothoridou, Athanassios Evangeliou. The phenomenon of optimal outcome in autism spectrum disorders

Pavlos Troizos-Papavasileiou, Stella Mouskou, Nicoletta Iacovidou. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): a review of the literature

Soultana Kolyva, Tsintoni Asimina, Kalegias Iossif. Narcolepsy and other hypersomnia in children

Eleni P. Kotanidou, Ioannis Kyrgios, Assimina Galli-Tsinopoulou. Prediabetes prediction in obese children and adolescents: the value of 1-hour glucose levels during the oral glucose tolerance test

Elisabeth Michailidou, Antigoni Pavlaki, Constantina Nalbanti, Ioannis Kavaliotis. Skin and soft tissue infections in children

Foteini Zafeiropoulou, Iordanis Papadopoulos, Argirios Dinopoulos. Status epilepticus management algorithm for children

Ioannis Th. Kavaliotis. Management of urinary tract infection - vesicoureteral reflux

Artemis Tsitsika*

Efi Barlou

Elisabeth Andrie

Christine Dimitropoulou

Eleni C. Tzavela

Mari Janikian

Adolescent Health Unit, “P & A Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece

Marisa Tsolia

Second Department of Pediatrics, “P & A Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece

Bullying behaviors in children and adolescents: “an ongoing story”

Artemis Tsitsika*, Efi Barlou, Elisabeth Andrie, Christine Dimitropoulou, Eleni C. Tzavela, Mari Janikian and Marisa Tsolia

ABSTRACT

Bullying in school-aged children is a universal problem, which continues to be a serious threat to physical and emotional health of children and adolescents. This article highlights the prevalence, the common characteristics of bullies and victims, as well as the short -and long- term impact of bullying involvement. Key areas highlighted include the efficacy of bullying prevention programs, which can help health care providers to assess and provide interventions to children and adolescents affected by bullying.

Key words: bullying, bully, victim, school, emotional health

1. Ttofi MM, Farrington DP. Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying: a systematic and meta-analytic review. J Exp Criminol (2011) 7:27–5610.1007/ s11292-010-9109-1 [Cross Ref]

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3. Arseneault L, Bowes L, Shakoor S. Bullying victimization in youths and mental health problems: ‘much ado about nothing’. Psychol Med (2010) 40:717–2910.1017/ S0033291709991383 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

4. Nansel TR, Overpeck M, Pilla RS, Ruan WJ, Simons-Morton B, Scheidt P. Bullying behaviors among US youth. JAMA (2001) 285:2094–10010.1001/jama.285.16.2094 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

5. Wolke D, Woods S, Bloomfield L, Karstadt L. Bullying involvement in primary school and common health problems. Arch Dis Child (2001) 85:197–20110.1136/ adc.85.3.197 [PMC free article] [PubMed][Cross Ref]

6. Reulbach U, Ladewig EL, Nixon E, O’Moore M, Williams J, O’Dowd T. Weight, body image and bullying in 9-year-old children. J Paediatr Child Health (2013) 49:288–9310.1111/jpc.12159 [PubMed][Cross Ref]

7. Lind J, Maxwell G. Children’s Experience of Violence at School. Wellington: Office of the Commissioner for Children; (1996).

8. Ttofi MM, Farrington DP, Lösel F, Loeber R. The predictive efficiency of school bullying versus later offending: a systematic/meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies. Crim Behav Ment Health (2011) 21:80–910.1002/cbm.808 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

9. Schiltz L, Houbre B. Multidimensional homogeneity analysis with small samples: comparison of different subgroups of people suffering from exclusion. Bull Soc Sci Med Grand Duche Luxemb (2006) 311–25[PubMed]

10. Nansel TR, Craig W, Overpeck MD, Saluja G, Ruan W. Cross-national consistency in the relationship between bullying behaviors and psychosocial adjustment. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med (2004)158:730.10.1001/archpedi.158.8.730 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

11. Wolke D, Copeland WE, Angold A, Costello EJ. Impact of bullying in childhood on adult health, wealth, crime, and social outcomes. Psychol Sci (2013) 24:1958–7010.1177/0956797613481608[PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

12. Roberts SJ, Glod CA, Kim R, Hounchell J. Relationships between aggression, depression, and alcohol, tobacco: implications for healthcare providers in student health. J Am Acad Nurse Pract (2010) 22:369–7510.1111/j.1745-7599.2010.00521.x [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

13. Natvig GK, Albrektsen G, Qvarnstrøm U. Psychosomatic symptoms among victims of school bullying. J Health Psychol (2001) 6:365–7710.1177/135910530100600401 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

14. Gasteiger-Klicpera B, Klicpera C. Aggressiveness and social status in the class social structure. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother (1997) 25:139. [PubMed]

15. Sutton J, Smith PK, Swettenham J. Social cognition and bullying: social inadequacy or skilled manipulation? Br J Dev Psychol (1999) 17:435–5010.1348/026151099165384 [Cross Ref]

16. Olweus D. Bullying at school: basic facts and effects of a school based inter-

vention program. J Child Psychol Psychiatry (1994) 35:1171–9010.1111/j.14697610.1994.tb01229.x [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

17. Houbre B, Tarquinio C, Thuillier I, Hergott E. Bullying among students and its consequences on health.Eur J Psychol Educ (2006) 21:183–20810.1007/BF03173576 [Cross Ref]

18. Brendgen M, Boivin M, Vitaro F, Girard A, Dionne G, Pérusse D. Gene-environment interaction between peer victimization and child aggression. Dev Psychopathol (2008) 20:455–7110.1017/S0954579408000229 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

19. Bowes L, Arseneault L, Maughan B, Taylor A, Caspi A, Moffitt TE. School, neighborhood, and family factors are associated with children’s bullying involvement: a nationally representative longitudinal study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry (2009) 48(5):545–5310.1097/CHI.0b013e31819cb017[PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

20. Loeber R, Hay D. Key issues in the development of aggression and violence from childhood to early adulthood. Annu Rev Psychol (1997) 48(1):371–41010.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.371 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

21. Salmivalli C. Bullying and the peer group: a review. Aggress Violent Behav (2010) 15:112–2010.1016/j.avb.2009.08.007 [Cross Ref]

22. Espelage DL, Swearer SM, editors. , editors. Bullying in American Schools: A Social-Ecological Perspective on Prevention and Intervention. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; (2004).

23. Pepler DJ, Craig WM, Connolly JA, Yuile A, McMaster L, Jiang D. A developmental perspective on bullying. Aggress Behav (2006) 32:376–8410.1002/ab.20136 [Cross Ref]

24. Salmivalli C, Poskiparta E. Making bullying prevention a priority in Finnish schools: the KiVa antibullying program. New Dir Youth Dev (2012) 2012:41–5310.1002/ yd.20006 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

25. Vreeman RC, Carroll AE. A systematic review of school-based interventions to prevent bullying. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med (2007) 161:78–8810.1001/archpedi.161.1.78 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

26. Gini G, Pozzoli T. Association between bullying and psychosomatic problems: a meta-analysis.Pediatrics (2009) 123:1059–6510.1542/peds.2008-1215 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

27. Espelage DL, Bosworth K, Simon TR. Examining the social context of bullying behaviors in early adolescence. J Couns Dev (2000) 78:326–3310.1016/j.chiabu.2012.12.004 [Cross Ref]

Panagiotis N. Papanikolopoulos

Child and adolescent psychiatry resident

Panagiotis Ν. Kardaras

Associate Professor of Development and Social Pediatrics

3rd Pediatric Department, Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece

The impact of family factors on juvenile delinquency

Panagiotis N. Papanikolopoulos, Panagiotis Ν. Kardaras

The juvenile delinquency is a phenomenon which relates to the most vulnerable part of the population, children and adolescents. The juvenile delinquency has serious and often life-long negative impact on the mental health and the social functioning of the child. Although some idiosyncratic personality traits and specific developmental disorders contribute to the emergence of delinquent behavior of the minors, the family plays a vital role. The classic image of the juvenile offender from disturbed family still dominates today. The main risk factors related to the dynamics and family functioning are the ineffective parental behavior/practices, the parental or sibling delinquency, the family conflicts and the mistreatment during childhood. The corresponding protective factors are the close bonds with parents and the adequate parental behavior/practices. The main risk factors related to the characteristics of the family are the single parenthood, the mental health of parents, the number of children, the family income and the lack of family stability. The corresponding protective factors are the family and financial stability and the religiosity of family.

Key words: Juvenile delinquency, Family factors

Correspondence

Panagiotis N. Papanikolopoulos

Konstantinoupoleos 49, 546 42

Tel.: +30 2310992988

ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓH

ΑΠΟΔΙΟΡΓΑΝΩΜΕΝΕΣ

ΚΑΚΟΠΟΙΗΣΗ

ΠΑΙΔΙΩΝ

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Μιχάλης

Adult Congenital Heart Centre and Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Royal Brompton

M.Th. Papaphylactou

S. Rammos

Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Disease Intensive Care Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece

D. Cassimos

University Pediatric Clinic, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece

M.A. Gatzoulis

Adult Congenital Heart Centre and Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom

Congenital heart disease: transition from pediatric to adult care of the adolescent - young adult

M. Th. Papaphylactou, S. Rammos, D. Cassimos, M. A. Gatzoulis

ABSTRACT

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is anatomically defined disease entities – cardiovascular abnormalities – caused by abnormal morphogenesis or abnormality of the normal sequence of the cardiovascular system of the fetus and newborn. CHD is one of the most common inborn defects, occurring in approximately 0,8% of newborn infants and comprise a wide spectrum from simple to complex lesions. Advances in the diagnosis and management of patients with CHD have contributed a large number of these patients surviving to adulthood. To meet the specific needs of this patient population appropriate and experienced lifetime care for adults with CHD is needed. Effective transition of care from adolescence to adulthood is taking on increasing importance. The present article summarizes key clinical information on adolescents and adults with CHD for the benefit of physicians who are not specialized in this field in order to optimize the care of these patients.

Key words: Congenital heart diseases, adolescents, adults

356, 17674

+302109493201

e-mail: mpapaphylactou@gmail. com

Correspondence

Maria Th. Papaphylactou

356, Sygrou Avenue, 17674

Athens-Greece Tel: +302109493201

e-mail: mpapaphylactou@gmail. com

Criss-cross

Συντομογραφίες ΑΠ:

ΣΚ:

ASD (Atrial Septal Defect):

AVSD (Atrioventricular Septal Defect):

ccTGA (Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries):

CoA (Coarctation of the Aorta):

Hb (Hemoglobin):

PLT (Platelets):

re-CoA (Re-Coarctation of the Aorta):

TOF (Tetralogy of Fallot):

Fallot

VSD (Ventricular Septal Defect):

WPW:

Wolff-Parkinson-White

Heart Association,

(European Society of Cardiology,

Association/American College of Cardiology, ή ACC/AHA) (23)

αναστόμωση Blalock-Taussig: αναστόμωση υποκλειδίου αρτηρίας

Waterstone:

Potts:

Blalock-Taussig:

Mustard, Senning, Glenn

(38).

(58).

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Athanasios Koutsoklenis

Zoe Theodoridou

Department of Special Educational Needs, St. Luke’s Hospital

Athanasios Evangeliou 4th Paediatric Clinic of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

The phenomenon of optimal outcome in autism spectrum disorders

Athanasios Koutsoklenis, Zoe Theodoridou, Athanasios Evangeliou

Autism Spectrum Disorders are characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction and by the presence of stereotyped, restricted and repeated behaviors. ASD are associated with various cognitive and behavioral disorders, and medical conditions. They are generally considered as lifelong, irreversible disorders. However, recent evidence shows that a small proportion of children with a history of ASD achieves the optimal outcome and loses the diagnosis. This article presents the key points of the scientific debate regarding the optimal outcome phenomenon in ASD. It reviews recent evidence that documents the possibility of optimal outcome for some children with ASD and places the emphasis on the unique characteristics of those who achieved the optimal outcome and on the possible positive predictors. Within this scope, the critical role of those involved in ASD diagnosis and treatment becomes prominent.

Key words: autism spectrum disorder, outcome, optimal

2310390746 Κιν.: 6978708753

e-mail: a.koutsoklenis@gmail.com

Correspondence

Athanasios Koutsoklenis

Panorama, Thessaloniki, Greece.

Tel.: +302310390746

Mob.: +306978708753

e-mail: a.koutsoklenis@gmail.com

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Pavlos Troizos-Papavasileiou

National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece

Stella Mouskou “P& A Kyriakou” Childrens hospital, Athens, Greece

Nicoletta Iacovidou

Neonatal Department, Aretaieio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Μedical School, Athens, Greece

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): a review of the literature

Pavlos Troizos-Papavasileiou, Stella Mouskou, Nicoletta Iacovidou

ABSTRACT

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is still a frequent cause of infant mortality even in developed countries. It refers to the sudden death of a healthy infant, the cause of which remains unclear despite the detailed postmortem investigation (necropsy/autopsy, examination of the death scene) and the reviewing of the victim’s medical history. Recognizing the importance of the syndrome, mainly across the English speaking countries, 15th of October is declared as a day of remembrance and October as month of awareness and information on perinatal mortality causes including SIDS. On these grounds, the present review attempts to analyze the most important epidemiological data and tοidentifythe syndrome’ sknown risk factors. Existing data of the underlying pathogenesis and current prevention guidelines and possible future research and other targets are being presented.

e-mail: stelli_m@yahoo.com

Correspondence

Stella Mouskou

Thivon & Levadias, Goudi, 11527

e-mail:s telli_m@yahoo.com

(Munchausen by proxy) (60).

(22).

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Soultana Kolyva

Asimina Tsintoni

Joseph Kaleyias

Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University General Hospital of Patra

Narcolepsy and other hypersomnias in childhood

Soultana Kolyva, Asimina Tsintoni, Joseph Kaleyias

ABSTRACT

We present the new data on symptoms, diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment of childhood hypersomnias of central origin with emphasis on narcolepsy. Excessive daytime sleepiness is the main manifestation of all hypersomnias of central origin. The diagnosis of hypersomnias may be difficult and is based on sleep history, exclusion of other causes of hypersomnolence and appropriate sleep diagnostic tests. In clinical practice, narcolepsy is the most common hypersomnia of central origin. The revised International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-3) includes changes regarding narcolepsy; terms narcolepsy with cataplexy and narcolepsy without cataplexy have been replaced by narcolepsy type 1 and narcolepsy type 2, respectively. A deficiency in the hypothalamic hypocretin system underlies the pathophysiology of narcolepsy type 1 and low CFS hypocretin-1 levels in patients with excessive daytime sleepiness are diagnostic for narcolepsy type 1. Stimulants medications, modafinil and sodium oxybate are the pharmacological options used in combination with lifestyle changes for the symptomatic treatment of narcolepsy. Pediatricians should be aware of hypersomnias in order to suspect the diagnosis and refer the child to a sleep disorder center. Notwithstanding the progress in understanding the pathophysiology of narcolepsy, further research is necessary so that curative treatments will be found; this prospect would ameliorate the quality of life of these patients.

e-mail: taniakolyva@yahoo.com

Key words: sleep disorders, narcolepsy, hypersomnia, sleepiness, children

Correspondence

Soultana Kolyva

Department of Pediatrics, University General Hospital of Patra, Rio 26504

Tel: +30 2610429878

e-mail: taniakolyva@yahoo.com

3. Δευτεροπαθής

PraderWilli

Nieman Pick

Ιστορικό ύπνου Καθημερινό

(sleepparalysis)

(hypnogogic/hypnopompichallucinations)

(REMsleepbehaviordisorder)(46).

Μεθυλφενιδάτη: 5-20mg/ day Αμφεταμίνη 10-30mg/day

Δεν συνιστάται σε ασθενείς <3 ετών

3mg/kg/day (10-200mg)

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Eleni P Kotanidou

Ioannis Kyrgios

Assimina Galli-Tsinopoulou

4th Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki

Prediabetes prediction in obese children and adolescents: the value of 1-hour glucose levels during the

oral glucose tolerance test

Eleni P Kotanidou, Ioannis Kyrgios, Assimina Galli-Tsinopoulou

Background: It has been proposed that 1-hour glucose levels ≥155mg/dL during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) represents an independent predictor of betacell failure, in obese adults.

Methods: The aim of the study was to investigate whether 1-hour glucose levels during the OGTT enhances the ability to predict pre-diabetes, in obese children. Ninety-eifht overweight /obese participants aged 2.6-16.5 years were enrolled. After a thorough clinical examination OGTT test was performed. In order to predict pre-

Τηλ-Fax: 2310991537

e-mail: gallitsin@gmail.com agalli@auth.gr Correspondence

Assimina Galli-Tsinopoulou Road Nea Efkarpia, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece

Tel-Fax: +302310991537

e-mail: gallitsin@gmail.com agalli@auth.gr

diabetes (fasting hyperglycemia and/or impaired glucose tolerance) the following four models were evaluated: (I) Basic: demographic characteristics [gender, pubertal stage, body mass index, ethnicity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, acanthosis nigricans, history of gestational diabetes, family history of type 2 diabetes or obesity or diabetes, low birth weight ] (II) Second: combination of the basic model and fasting glucose levels (III) Third: combination of the basic model plus 1-hour glucose levels during the OGTT (IV) Fourth: combination of the basic model plus fasting glucose levels and 1-hour glucose levels.

Results: Prediabetes was diagnosed in 67/98 participants (69.4 %). The basic model presented a significant predictive ability of prediabetes [AUC:0.74, 95%CI: 0.6360.851]. The additional evaluation of glucose levels in either fasting state or 1-hour timepoint during OGTT, significantly increased the predictive ability [AUC: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.75-0.92, AUC: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.70-0.89, respectively] while, the fourth model predicted prediabetes with the most potent ability [AUC: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.8-0.94].

Conclusions: One-hour glucose levels can be proposed as a reliable parameter for the detection of pre-diabetes in obese children and adolescents.

Key words: prediabetes, glucose, 1-hour glucose levels, children, adolescents, obesity

0.92, St. Error:0.044).

(AUC: 0.8, p<0.001, 95%CI : 0.7-0.89, St. Error:0.047).

p<0.001, 95%CI:0.8-0.94, St. Error:0.036).

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21. Boney CM, Verma A, Tucker R, Vohr BR. Metabolic syndrome in childhood: asso-

ciation with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 2005;115:290-296.

22. Abdul-Ghani MA, Williams K, DeFronzo RA, Stern M. What is the best predictor of future type 2 diabetes? Diabetes Care 2007;30:1544–1548.

23. Abdul-Ghani MA, Abdul-Ghani T, Ali N, Defronzo RA. One-hour plasma glucose concentration and the metabolic syndrome identify subjects at high risk for future type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2008;31:1650–1655.

24. Abdul-Ghani MA, Lyssenko V, Tuomi T, DeFronzo RA, Groop L. Fasting versus postload plasma glucose concentration and the risk for future type 2 diabetes: results from the Botnia Study. Diabetes Care 2009;32:281–286.

25. Bianchi C, Miccoli R, Trombetta M, Giorgino F, Frontoni S, Faloia E et al. Elevated 1-hour postload plasma glucose levels identify subjects with normal glucose tolerance but impaired β-cell function, insulin resistance, and worse cardiovascular risk profile: the GENFIEV study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:2100-2105.

26. Tfayli H, Lee SJ, Bacha F, Arslanian S. One-hour plasma glucose concentration during the OGTT: what does it tell about β-cell function relative to insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese children? Pediatr Diabetes 2011;12:572–579.

27. Kim JY, Goran MI, Toledo-Corral CM, Weigensberg MJ, Choi M, Shaibi GQ. Onehour glucose during an oral glucose challenge prospectively predicts β-cell deterioration and prediabetes in obese Hispanic youth. Diabetes Care 2013;36:1681-1686.

28. Tanaka K, Kanazawa I, Yamaguchi T, Sugimoto T. One-hour post-load hyperglycemia by 75g oral glucose tolerance test as a novel risk factor of atherosclerosis. Endocr J 2014;61:329-334.

29. Shimodaira M, Niwa T, Nakajima K, Kobayashi M, Hanyu N, Nakayama T. Correlation between serum lipids and 1-hour postload plasma glucose levels in normoglycemic individuals. J Clin Lipidol 2014 8:217-222.

30. Kotanidou EP, Grammatikopoulou MG, Spiliotis BE, Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Tsigga M, Galli-Tsinopoulou A. Ten-year obesity and overweight prevalence in Greek children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 2001-2010 data. Hormones (Athens) 2013;12:537-549.

31. Wang G, Arguelles L, Liu R, Zhang S, Brickman WJ, Hong X et al. Tracking blood glucose and predicting prediabetes in Chinese children and adolescents: a prospective twin study. PLoS One 2011; 6:28573.

32. Reinehr T, Wabitsch M, Kleber M, de Sousa G, Denzer C, Toschke AM. Parental diabetes, pubertal stage, and extreme obesity are the main risk factors for prediabetes in children and adolescents: a simple risk score to identify children at risk for prediabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2009;10:395-400

33. Lee JM, Gebremariam A, Woolford SJ, Tarini BA, Valerio MA, Bashir S et al. A risk score for identifying overweight adolescents with dysglycemia in primary care settings. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2013;26:477-488.

Michailidou E

Pavlaki A

Nalbanti K

Kavaliotis J

Pediatric Department, Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Thessaloniki

Skin and soft tissue infections in children

Michailidou E, Pavlaki A, Nalbanti K, Kavaliotis J

ABSTRACT

Aim of the present study was to evaluate epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data of skin and soft tissue infections (STIs) in children hospitalized in our department during the period 1980-2010. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 170 patients. The ages of patients ranged from one to 166 months (mean ± sd: 52.3 ± 44.3 months). 24% of cases occurred in autumn, 15.7% in winter, 16.9% in spring and 43.4% in summer. Impetigo was diagnosed in 34 children (20% of the cases), cellulitis in 65 (38.23%), ecthyma in 29 (17.05%), erysipelas in 3 (1.76%), Staphylococcal Scaled Skin Syndrome in 10 (5.88%), pyoderma in 14 (8.23%), abscess in 5 (2.94%), furunculosis in 9 (5.29%) and anthrax in 1 (0,58%). The responsible microorganisms were identified in 74 (43.3%) patients. The most frequent were Staphylococcus (50%), followed by streptococcus in 43% of the cases and Pseudomonas (7%). The 35.1% of strains were resistant to some antimicrobials and 16.2% showed resistance

4, 54655

Tηλ.: 2310422295

Κιν.: 6972302205

e-mail: kavagrc@gmail.com

Correspondence

Kavaliotis Ioannis

Kimis 4, 54655 Thessaloniki

Greece

Tel.: +302310422295

Mob.: +306972302205

to oxacillin or methicillin. A predisposing factor was identified in 65 (38.23%) children. 75 patients were initially treated with amoxicillin/clavulanic, 32 fucidic acid, 7 received clindamycin, 40 cloxacillin, one vancomycin, 15 penicillin V, 13 cephalosporins, 6 macrolides and 9 aminoglycosides. The mean duration of antibiotic therapy was 8.7 ± 3 days. Surgical drainage was necessary in 17 (10%) patients. The average time of hospitalization was 5.5 ± 3.7 days.

Key words: skin infections, soft tissue infections, children, staphylococcus aureus. Pseudomonas aeruginosa

e-mail: kavagrc@gmail.com ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓH

Penicillin V

1. Hersh AL, Chambers HF, Maselli JH, Gonzales R. National trends in ambulatory visits and antibiotic prescribing for skin and soft-tissue infections. Arch Intern Med. 2008, 168:1585-1591.

2. Jackson MA. Skin Infections. In Feigin R.D, Cherry J.D, Demmler GJ, Kaplan SL editors. Textbook of Pediatrics -Infectious Diseases. 5th ed. Pensylvania: W.B.Saunders 2004.p.776.

3. Frei CR, Makos BR, Daniels KR, Oramasionwu CU. Emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections as a common cause of hospitalization in United States children. J Pediatr Surg. 2010;45:1967-1974.

4. Saxena S, Thompson P, Birger R, Bottle A, Spyridis N, Wong I, et al; Improving Children’s Antibiotic Prescribing Group. Increasing skin infections and Staphylococcus aureus complications in children, England, 1997-2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:530-533.

5. Dalager-Pedersen M, Søgaard M, Schønheyder HC. Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections in primary healthcare in Denmark: a 12-year populationbased study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;30:951-956.

6. Sdougkos G, Chini V, Papanastasiou DA, Christodoulou G, Stamatakis E, Vris A, et al. Community-associated Staphylococcus aureus infections and nasal carriage among children: molecular microbial data and clinical characteristics. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008;14:995-1001.

7. Katopodis GD, Grivea IN, Tsantsaridou AJ, Pournaras S, Petinaki E, Syrogiannopoulos GA. Fusidic acid and clindamycin resistance in community-associated, methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in children of Central Greece. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:351.

8. Elliott DJ, Zaoutis TE, Troxel AB, Loh A, Keren R. Empiric antimicrobial therapy for pediatric skin and soft-tissue infections in the era of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatrics. 2009;123:e959-966.

9. Kisich KO, Carspecken CW, Fiéve S, Boguniewicz M, Leung DY. Defective killing of Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis is associated with reduced mobilization of human beta-defensin-3. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122:62-68.

10. Gong JQ, Lin L, Lin T, Hao F, Zeng FQ, Bi ZG, et al. Skin colonization by Staphylococcus aureus in patients with eczema and atopic dermatitis and relevant combined topical therapy: a double-blind multicentre randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155:680-687.

11. Mongkolrattanothai K, Aldag JC, Mankin P, Gray BM. Epidemiology of community-onset Staphylococcus aureus infections in pediatric patients: an experience at a Children’s Hospital in central Illinois. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9:112.

12. Nathwani D, Morgan M, Masterton RG, Dryden M, Cookson BD, French G, et al; British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Working Party on Community-onset MRSA Infections. Guidelines for UK practice for the diagnosis and management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections presenting in the community. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;61:976-994.

13. Livermore D, James D, Duckworth G, Stephens P. Fusidic-acid use and resistance. Lancet. 20027;360(9335):806.

14. Howden BP, Grayson ML. Dumb and dumber--the potential waste of a useful antistaphylococcal agent: emerging fusidic acid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:394-400.

15. Kaplan SL. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in children. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 2006;17:113-119.

16. Stevens D, Bisno A, Chambers H, Dellinger E, Goldstein E, Gorbach S, et al. Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: 2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. CID 2014, 59: 147-159.

Foteini Zafeiropoulou

Iordanis Papadopoulos

Argirios Dinopoulos

Third Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, “ATTIKON” Hospital

Status epilepticus management algorithm for children

Foteini Zafeiropoulou, Iordanis Papadopoulos,

Argirios Dinopoulos

ABSTRACT

Status epilepticus is an urgent situation that warrants timely and effective treatment and is followed by significant morbidity and mortality if not appropriately treated. Due to lack of evidence to support a uniform approach, treatment protocols vary among institutions and are based primarily on experts’ opinions. However, a clear and comprehensive algorithm is necessary for a quick and efficient approach that will ensure good prognosis. This protocol is based on international literature as well as our center’s experience and it is applicable in children beyond the neonatal period with generalized convulsive status epilepticus.

Key words: status epilepticus, seizures, children

12462

2105831283, 2130263933

Fax: 2105832229

e-mail: fotinizaf@hotmail.com

Correspondence

Foteini Zafeiropoulou

Rimini 1, Haidari, 12462

Tel.: +302105831283, +302130263933

Fax: +302105832229

e-mail: fotinizaf@hotmail.com

3. Τραύμα:

5. Όγκοι

6. Χρωμοσωμικά νοσήματα Δακτυλιοειδές

8. Μεταβολικές διαταραχές:

Συντομογραφίες

GCSE: Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus - γενικευμένο status epilepticus με κινητικές εκδηλώσεις

NCSE: Non Convulsive Status epilepticus - status epilepticus

χωρίς κινητικές εκδηλώσεις

GCS: Glasgow Coma scaleΚλίμακα Κώματος Γλασκώβης

ΜΕΘ: Μονάδα Εντατικής Θεραπείας

ΟΝΠ: Οσφυονωτιαία παρακέντηση ΗΕΓ: Ηλεκτροεγκεφαλογράφημα

D: Εκτίμηση της νευρολογικής κατάστασης (D: Disability)

• Κλίμακα κώματος Γλασκώβης (GCS) (Πίνακας 3)

• Κλίμακα ΑVPU: Αlert, Voice, Pain, Unresponsive (ΕΛΠΑ: Εγρήγορση, αντίδραση

Λεκτικά ερεθίσματα, αντίδραση στον Πόνο, Απουσία αντίδρασης)

• Κόρες (αντίδραση στο φως, ανισοκορία)

• Θέση σώματος (θέσεις απεγκεφαλισμού ή αποφλοίωσης)

• Σημεία μηνιγγικού ερεθισμού

Epistatus sol 10mg/ml

Buccolam sol προγεμισμένες

2,5 &5 & 7,5mg

Dormicum amp 5mg/ml

Stesolid 5 & 10mg

Diazepam Desitin 5mg

Stedon amp 10mg/2ml

Tavor amp 4mg/ml

Epanutin amp 250mg/5ml

Barbitan amp 200mg/2ml

1. Guidelines for treating convulsive status epilepticus in children (published in 2011). NICE Clinical Guidelines 2012;99-101

2. GM Brophy, R Bell, J Claasen et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care.2012;DOI 10.1007/s12028-012-9695-z

3. J Lee, L Huh, P Korn et al. Guidelines for the management of convulsive status epilepticus in infants and children. BCMJ.2011;53(6):279-285

4. NJ Friedman. Emergency management of the paediatric patient with generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Paediatr Child Health 2011;16(2):91-7

5. P Shearer, J Riviello. Generalized convulsive status epilepticus in adults and children: treatment guidelines and protocols. Emerg Med Clin N Am 29(2011):51-64

6. RC Scott, RH Surtees, BGR Neville. Status epilepticus: pathophysiology, epidiomiology and outcomes. Arch Dis Child 1998;79:73-77

7. T Martland, C Ηarris. Management of status epilepticus. Pediatr Child Health 2009;19(5):225-231

8. J Goldstein. Status Epilepticus in the Pediatric Emergency Department. Clin Ped Emerg Med 2008;9:96-100

9. Convulsive status epilepticus guideline. Paediatric intensive care unit policy. Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children. 2011

10. North west & north Wales paediatric critical care network. Guidelines for the management of generalized convulsive status epilepticus in children. 2012

11. Chapter 12. The convulsing child. In: M Samuels, S Wieteska editors. APLS manual. 5th edition. Wiley-Blackwell. BMJ books. 2012. p 128-135

12. Hypoglycemia. In: J Zschocke, G Hoffmann editors. Vademecum Metabolicum. Milupa Metabolics. 3rd edition 2011. p 5-6

13. British National formulary for children 2013-2014

14. KO Nakken, MI Lossius. Buccal midazolam or rectal diazepam for treatment of residential adult patients with serial seizures or status epilepticus. Acta neurol Scand 2011 Aug;124(2):99-103

15. JM Chamberlain, P Okada, M Holsti et al. Lorazepam vs diazepam for pediatric status epilepticus: a randomized controlled clinical trial. JAMA 2014 Apr 2330;311(16)1652-60

16. Chapter 5. Trauma. Head injury. In: S Crisp, J Rainbow editors. Emergencies in Paediatrics and Neonatology. 2nd ed. Oxford. Oxford University Press. 2013. p105

Management of urinary tract infection and

co - ureteral reflux

Kavaliotis J.

4 , 54655

6972302205

e-mail: avagrc@gmail.com

Correspondence

Kavaliotis J.

Kimis 4, 54655 Thessaloniki

Τel.: +306972302205

e-mail: avagrc@gmail.com

(Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, Proteus, Klebsiella).

1. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011, CD001534

2. Downs S. UTI and Watchful Waiting: The Courage to Do Nothing Pediatrics 2014; 133:3 535-536

3. Feigin /Cherry’s Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 2014

4. Finnell S, Carroll A, Downs S, and the Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection Technical Report: Diagnosis and Management of an Initial UTI in Febrile Infants and Young Children Pediatrics 2011; 128:3 e749-e770

5. Fisher D. Pediatric Urinary Tract Infection Medication. e-medicine, August 2014

6. Kenneth R. Revised AAP Guideline on UTI in Febrile Infants and Young Children

7. Am Fam Physician. 2012 Nov 15;86(10):940-946.

8. Nelson C, Johnson E, Logvinenko T, Chow J. Ultrasound as a Screening Test for Genitourinary Anomalies in Children With UTI. Pediatrics 2014; 133:3 e394-e403

9. NICE 2007 / 2013

10. Oh M, Kim J, Park M, etal. The impact of therapeutic delay time on acute scintigraphic lesion and ultimate scar formation in children with first febrile UTI. Eur J Pediatr 2012, 171:565-570.

11. Peters C, Skoog S, Arant B, etal. Summary of the AUA Guideline on Management of Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children. J Urol 2010, 184:1134-1144

12. Red Book 2012

13. Scola C, De Mutiis, Hewitt I, et al. Different Guidelines for Imaging After First UTI in Febrile Infants: Yield, Cost, and Radiation. Pediatrics 2014; 133:3 e665-e671

14. Tekgu S, Riedmiller H, Hoebeke P, etal. EAU Guidelines on Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children. Eur Urol 2012, 62: 534-542

15. UpToDate 2014

16. Zhang X, Xu X, Zhou L, Accuracy of Early DMSA Scan for VUR in Young Children With Febrile UTI Pediatrics 2014; 133:1 e30-e38

Παναγιωτοπούλου-Γαρταγάνη

Παπαβασιλείου-Συρίγου

Παιδιατρική | Τόμος 77 • Τεύχος 4 • Οκτώβριος - Νοέμβριος - Δεκέμβριος 2014

Paediatriki

Paediatriki

Trimonthly publication of the Greek Paediatric Society

Trimonthly publication of the Greek Paediatric Society

CONTENTS

PRACTICAL ISSUES

ABSTRACT

The impact of family factors on juvenile delinquency

ABSTRACT

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): a review of the literature

ABSTRACT

Narcolepsy and other hypersomnias in childhood

ABSTRACT

oral glucose tolerance test

Skin and soft tissue infections in children

ABSTRACT

Status epilepticus management algorithm for children

ABSTRACT

Management of urinary tract infection and

co - ureteral reflux