ʤ˜ Ù˘ International Committee of Medical Journal
Editors/ Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, (http://www.icmje.org Î·È http:// www.icmje.org/icmje.pdf). OÈ Û˘ÓÙÌ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Ù›ÙÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÒÓ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ Cumulated Index Medicus [List of Journals Indexed in Index Medicus (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform requirements.html)].
Proesmans W. Bartter syndrome and its neonatal variant. Eur J Pediatr 1997;156:669-679.
™˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈÎfi Ù‡¯Ô˜ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡:
Flyvbjerg A. Role of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF-binding proteins in the renal complications of diabetes. Kidney Int 1997;52 (60 Suppl):S12-S19.
Èڛ˜ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·:
National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference. Neurofibromatosis conference statement. Arch Neurol 1988;45:575-578.
¶ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù‡Ô˘ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘:
Schreiner GF, Lange L. Ethanol modulation of macrophage influx in glomerulonephritis [Abstract]. J Am Soc Nephrol 1991;2:562.
Should antileukotriene therapies be used instead of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma? [Editorial]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:1697-1701.
Laux-End R, Inaebnit D, Gerber HA, Bianchetti MG. Vasculitis associated with levamisole and circulating autoantibodies [Letter]. Arch Dis Child 1996;75:355-356.
II. µπµ§π∞
∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ Û ‚È‚Ï›Ô:
Clark AG, Barratt TM. Steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome. In: Barratt TM, Arner ED, Harmon WE, editors. Pediatric Nephrology. 4th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott William Wilkins; 1999. p. 742.
™‡ÁÁÚ·ÌÌ· ‹ ÌÔÓÔÁÚ·Ê›·:
Gorlin RJ, Cohen MM, Levin LS. Syndromes of the head and neck. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1990.
¢ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË Û ÙfiÌÔ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ: Bauer AW. The two definitions of bacterial resistance. In: Smith AJ, Rogers CA, eds. Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Chemotherapy; 1962 May 29-31; New York: International Society of Chemotherapy; 1963. p. 484-500.
Kaplan SJ. Post hospital home health care: the elderly’s access and utilization [dissertation]. St. Louis (Mo): Washington Univ.; 1995.
πππ. CD-ROM
Anderson SC, Poulsen KB. Anderson’s electronic atlas of hematology [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.
IV.™∆O ¢π∞¢π∫∆ÀO ÕÚıÚÔ Û ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi:
Abood S. Quality improvement initiative in nursing homes: the ANA acts in an advisory role. Am J Nurs [Internet]. 2002 Jun: Webpage: http://www.nursingworld.org/AJN/2002/june/Wawatch.htm
ªÔÓÔÁÚ·Ê›·:
Foley KM, Gelband H, editors. Improving palliative care for cancer [Monograph, Internet]. Washington: National Academy Press; 2001. Webpage: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309074029/html
πÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜: Cancer-Pain.org [Webpage, Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources, Inc.; 2002: http://www.cancer-pain.org/
The Greek Paediatric Society is the owner of “Paediatriki”, its official scientific journal, which is distributed to its members. Its objectives are the publication of paediatric scientific work and the continuing education of paediatricians. For this purpose, it publishes a variety of articles, and in particular:
1.Editorials (upon invitation by the Editorial Board).
2.Review articles.
3.Award-winning articles.
4.Original articles.
5.Clinical Quiz
6.Round tables.
7.Current issues.
8.Issues of healthcare management and education.
9.Case reports.
10.News.
11.Brief reports.
12.Letters to the editor.
13.Abstracts.
14.Future congresses and events.
15.Book reviews.
The Editorial Board reserves the right to publish articles of special scientific interest and articles on current issues without observing submission order. In addition it publishes upon decision original papers presented at the Annual Paediatric Conference, presentations of special interest - in whole or in part, and letters - in whole or in part - referring to scientific articles published in the journal. Regarding papers on current issues, the author’s request for immediate publication should be quoted on the first page. The Editorial Board reserves the right to accept such papers for immediate publication.
All manuscripts should not have been published previously, in whole or in part, and not be under consideration by another publication. Manuscripts should acknowledge any funding, sponsorship or other financial support. All clinical research should have been conducted following informed consent of participants or of their legal representatives according to the Declarations of Helsinki and Tokyo. In addition, the US National Institute of Health guide for the care and use of laboratory animals (DHEW Publication, NIH, 80-23) should have been observed. Clinical trials should have been approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital.
Authors’ opinions and conclusions expressed in the published papers do not necessarily reflect those of the journal. The Greek Paediatric Society, the Editorial Board and the Publisher of the journal do not necessarily approve the content of the advertisements appearing in the journal.
The copyright of all published papers is held by “Paediatriki” and their reproduction in whole or in part is authorized only following written consent of the journal.
B. Manuscript Preparation
“Paediatriki” suggests compliance with the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals”, recently modified and published on the websites:
http://www.icmje.org and http://www.icmje.org/icmje.pdf
The entire paper (including figure legends and tables)
should be typed on one side of blank paper format A4 (21x29.7 cm), double line spacing and minimum indent 2.5 cm on both sides.
The paper should have the following structure: title page, short title, abstract in Greek and English, list of abbreviations, text, acknowledgements and quoting of grants, sponsorships or other financial support sources, references, tables, figures, figure legends. Each of these sections should be started on a new page. Pages should be numbered consecutively, beginning with the title page.
Text length shall be:
ñreview articles 2000-3000 words;
ñoriginal articles and case reports 1500-2500 words;
ñbrief reports1000-1500 words;
ñletters 250-500 words.
The title page should include:
ñthe title (<14 words) and the short title (<5 words) of the article. No abbreviations are permitted in the title;
ñthe name and surname of all authors;
ñthe centre (institution, clinic, laboratory) of origin of the paper. If there is no affiliation with a specific centre, the status of the author(s) should be cited (e.g., private paediatrician) and home address;
ñthe complete address, e-mail and telephone number of the author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstracts
The abstract should summarize the objectives, methodology, main results and conclusions of the study.
ñIt should contain at least 200 words, and not exceed 250 words.
ñIt should consist of the following paragraphs: background, methods, results and conclusions.
The English abstract should cite at the beginning the title of the paper and the authors’ names in English. The content of the text should consist of the following paragraphs: background, methods, results and conclusions. The abstract in English should not differ in content from the corresponding Greek abstract.
Beneath the Greek and English abstracts, three to five key words in the respective language should be supplied, to be used in the thematic index.
Text
Original articles include: introduction, methods, results and discussion. The introduction includes the latest research data on the subject and the main references and the objectives of the paper. The description of the methods should be precise and detailed so as to enable reproduction by other researchers. In addition, the statistical methods of analysis and evaluation of the results should be described. Results should be presented clearly, together with the appropriate statistical analysis. Discussion should cover the results ensuing from the research, their significance and possible associations with the observations of other researchers.
Case reports comprise a short introduction, case description and brief discussion, with emphasis on differential diagnosis.
The structure of all other articles is free, according to the judgment of the authors.
Thanks or acknowledgements (reference to grants, sponsorships or other sources of financial support) should be quoted at the end of the text, before references.
Units of measures of laboratory analyses
Laboratory analyses should be expressed in the Système International (SI) units and in the metric (Conventional) system in parentheses. See conversion tables on the websites: http://www.icmje.org and http://www.icmje.org/icmje.pdf
Abbreviations
All issues of the journal contain internationally established abbreviations. Complex or long terms often repeated in the text may be replaced by abbreviations explained by the authors in a list submitted with the paper. Abbreviations are reported in parentheses only in abstracts.
References
The reference section contains all references numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. In the text, references are to be indicated by Arabic numerals in parentheses. References should be no more than:
ñ70 in review articles;
ñ30 in original articles;
ñ12 in current issues and case reports;
ñ5 in brief reports and letters.
In listing references follow the recently modified standards of the InternationalCommitteeofMedicalJournalEditors/Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, (http://www.icmje.org and http:// www.icmje.org/icmje.pdf). Abbreviated names of journals should conform to the Cumulated Index Medicus [List of Journals Indexed in Index Medicus (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform requirements.html)].
Examples of reference style
I. JOURNALS
All authors are cited if they are six or less; if they are 7 or more, the first six are cited, followed by “et al”.
Regular edition:
Proesmans W. Bartter syndrome and its neonatal variant. Eur J Pediatr 1997;156:669-679.
Supplement issue:
Flyvbjerg A. Role of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF-binding proteins in the renal complications of diabetes. Kidney Int 1997;52 (60 Suppl):S12-S19.
No author:
National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference. Neurofibromatosis conference statement. Arch Neurol 1988;45:575-578.
Article type specification:
Schreiner GF, Lange L. Ethanol modulation of macrophage influx in glomerulonephritis [Abstract]. J Am Soc Nephrol 1991;2:562.
Should antileukotriene therapies be used instead of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma? [Editorial]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:1697-1701.
Laux-End R, Inaebnit D, Gerber HA, Bianchetti MG. Vasculitis associated with levamisole and circulating autoantibodies [Letter]. Arch Dis Child 1996;75:355-356.
II. BOOKS
Chapter in book:
Clark AG, Barratt TM. Steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome. In: Barratt TM, Arner ED, Harmon WE, editors. Pediatric Nephrology. 4th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott William Wilkins; 1999. p. 742.
Book or monograph:
Gorlin RJ, Cohen MM, Levin LS. Syndromes of the head and neck. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1990.
Publication in a volume of proceedings:
Bauer AW. The two definitions of bacterial resistance. In: Smith AJ, Rogers CA, eds. Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Chemotherapy; 1962 May 29-31; New York: International Society of Chemotherapy; 1963. p. 484-500.
Doctoral dissertation:
Kaplan SJ. Post hospital home health care: the elderly’s access and utilization [dissertation]. St. Louis (Mo): Washington Univ.; 1995.
πππ. CD-ROM
Anderson SC, Poulsen KB. Anderson’s electronic atlas of hematology [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.
IV. ON THE INTERNET
Article in journal
Abood S. Quality improvement initiative in nursing homes: the ANA acts in an advisory role. Am J Nurs [Internet]. 2002 Jun: Webpage: http://www.nursingworld.org/ AJN/2002/june/Wawatch.htm
Monograph
Foley KM, Gelband H, editors. Improving palliative care for cancer [Monograph, Internet]. Washington: National Academy Press; 2001. Webpage: http://www.nap.edu/books/0309074029/html
Websites
Cancer-Pain.org [Webpage, Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources, Inc.; 2002: http://www.cancer-pain.org/
Tables and Figures
Three copies should be submitted (original plus 2 copies). Their width should either be equal to the width of one column (7.5 cm) or to the width of the page (15.5 cm). Their maximum length, titles included, should not exceed 22 cm.
Tables are numbered with Arabic numerals in the order in which they appear in the text. They should have a short title and abbreviations should be listed at the bottom. Vertical lines in tables should be avoided.
All illustration material is considered as figures (graphs, pictures, etc.). They should be of excellent quality. Also, at the back of every picture, the number of the picture and the name of the first author should be noted in pencil, with an arrow showing the top of the picture. The identity of patients should not be recognizable from their pictures nor should their names be stated.
C. Manuscript Submission and Publication
All manuscripts should be accompanied by a floppy disk or CD, as well as by a letter, signed by all the authors, in which it is stated that the paper has not been published in part or in whole, or is not under consideration by another journal and that the authors accept its publication in “Paediatriki”. Any funding, sponsorship or other financial support should be acknowledged.
Once the manuscript has been accepted, the corrected version, rewritten according to the reviewers’ recommendations should be submitted to the Editorial Board accompanied by a floppy disk or CD, containing the paper in Word format, along with a covering letter specifying in detail the modifications or objections to the reviewers’ suggestions.
Delay in submission of the modified paper exceeding 30 days entails new submission.
Authors will be charged film and reprint expenses, paid upon dispatch of the first proof directly to the printer.
Manuscripts of papers which have not been approved for publication are not returned to the author. The accompanying figures and photographs can be returned upon request within six months.
Manuscripts submitted for review and publication in “Paediatriki” should be sent in three copies to the following address:
Editorial Board
Greek Paediatric Society 92, Michalakopoulou Street 115 28 Athens, Greece
Before submitting your paper, make sure it contains:
1.3 copies of the text of the paper, printed according to instructions.
2.A floppy disk or CD with the entire material of the paper (text, tables, pictures).
3.A covering letter and a statement that the paper has not been previously published.
4.The title page (on a separate page), which includes: a.the title and short title of the paper; b.the name and surname (full name)of the author(s); c.the academic centre(s) of origin; d.the corresponding authors’ name, address and telephone number;
5.English and Greek abstracts, with the following structure: background, methods, results and conclusions (double space, separate page) and keywords.
6.List of abbreviations (double space, separate page).
7.Text (double space, separate page).
8.Acknowledgements and reference to funding, sponsorships or other financial sources.
9.References (double space, separate page).
10.Tables (one per page) in three copies.
11.Figures with an arrow at the back showing the top, numbered, in two copies.
12.Figure titles (double space - on separate pages) in three copies.
1.Luster AD. Chemokines - chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation. N Engl J Med 1998;338:436-445.
2.Rollins BJ. Chemokines. Blood 1997;90:909-928.
3.Rossi D, Zlotnik A. The biology of chemokines and their receptors. Ann Rev Immunol 2000;18:217-242.
4.Zlotnik A, Yoshie O. Chemokines: a new classification system and their role in immunity. Immunity 2000;12:121-127.
5.Murphy PM. International Union of Pharmacology. XXX. Update on chemokine receptor nomenclature. Pharmacol Rev 2002;54:227-229.
6.Huber AR, Kunkel SL, Todd RF 3rd, Weiss SJ. Regulation of transendothelial neutrophil migration by endogenous interleukin-8. Science 1991;254:99-102.
7.Jiang Y, Beller DI, Frendl G, Graves DT. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 regulates adhesion molecule expression and cytokine production in human monocytes. J Immunol 1992;148:2423-2428.
8.Vaddi K, Newton RC. Regulation of monocyte integrin expression by beta-family chemokines. J Immunol 1994;153:4721-4732.
9.Bischoff SC, Krieger M, Brunner T, Dahinden CA. Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 is a potent activator of human basophils. J Exp Med 1992;175:1271-1275.
10.Clark RA. Activation of the neutrophil respiratory burst oxidase. J Infect Dis 1999;179 (Suppl 2):S309-S317.
11.Weiss SJ. Tissue destruction by neutrophils. N Engl J Med 1989;320:365-376.
12.Strieter RM, Standiford TJ, Huffnagle GB, Colletti LM, Lukacs NW, Kunkel SL. “The good, the bad, and the ugly”. The role of chemokines in models of human disease. J Immunol 1996;156:3583-3586.
13.Greenberger MJ, Strieter RM, Kunkel SL, Danforth JM, Laichalk LL, McGillicuddy DC et al. Neutralization of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 attenuates neutrophil recruitment and bacterial clearance in murine Klebsiella pneumonia. J Infect Dis 1996;173:159-165.
15.Rhoades ER, Cooper AM, Orme IM. Chemokine response in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 1995;63:3871-3877.
16.Cocchi F, DeVico AL, Garzino-Demo A, Arya SK, Gallo RC, Lusso P. Identification of RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells. Science 1995;270:1811-1815.
17.Bleul CC, Farzan M, Choe H, Parolin C, Clark-Lewis I, Sodroski J et al. The lymphocyte chemoattractant SDF-1 is a ligand for LESTR/fusin and blocks HIV-1 entry. Nature 1996;382:829-833.
18.Paxton WA, Martin SR, Tse D, O’Brien TR, Skurnick J, VanDevanter NL et al. Relative resistance to HIV-1 infection of CD4 lymphocytes from persons who remain uninfected despite multiple high-risk sexual exposure. Nat Med 1996;2:412-417.
19.Arvanitakis L, Geras-Raaka E, Varma A, Gershengorn MC, Cesarman E. Human herpesvirus KSHV encodes a constitutively active G-protein-coupled receptor linked to cell proliferation. Nature 1997;385:347-350.
20.Call DR, Nemzek JA, Ebong SJ, Bolgos GL, Newcomb DE, Remick DG. Ratio of local to systemic chemokine concentrations regulates neutrophil recruitment. Am J
Pathol 2001;158:715-721.
21.Repine JE, Beehler CJ. Neutrophils and adult respiratory distress syndrome: two interlocking perspectives in 1991. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;144:251-252.
22.Steinberg KP, Milberg JA, Martin TR, Maunder RJ, Cockrill BA, Hudson LD. Evolution of bronchoalveolar cell populations in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:113-122.
23.Calkins CM, Bensard DD, Patrick DA, Karrer FM, McIntyre RC. Altered neutrophil function in the neonate protects against sepsis-induced lung injury. J Pediatr Surg 2002;37:1042-1047.
24.Knapp S, Thalhammer F, Locker GJ, Laczika K, Hollenstein U, Frass M et al. Prognostic value of MIP-1 alpha, TGF-beta 2, sELAM-1, and sVCAM-1 in patients with gram-positive sepsis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1998;87:139-144.
25.Hageman JR, Caplan MS. An introduction to the structure and function of inflammatory mediators for clinicians. Clin Perinatol 1995;22:251-261.
26.Meadow W, Rudinsky B. Inflammatory mediators and neonatal sepsis. Rarely has so little been known by so many about so much. Clin Perinatol 1995;22:519-536.
27.Grob PM, David E, Warren TC, DeLeon RP, Farina PR, Homon CA. Characterization of a receptor for human monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor/interleukin-8. J Biol Chem 1990;265:8311-8316.
28.Holmes WE, Lee J, Kuang WJ, Rice GC, Wood WI. Structure and functional expression of a human interleukin-8 receptor. Science 1991;253:1278-1280.
29.Cummings CJ, Martin TR, Frevert CW, Quan JM, Wong VA, Mongovin SM et al. Expression and function of the chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 in sepsis. J Immunol 1999;162:2341-2346.
30.Strieter RM, Polverini PJ, Kunkel SL, Arenberg DA, Burdick MD, Kasper J et al. The functional role of the ELR motif in CXC chemokine-mediated angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 1995;270:27348-27357.
31.Arenberg DA, Polverini PJ, Kunkel SL, Shanafelt A, Hesselgesser J, Horuk R et al. The role of CXC chemokines in the regulation of angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer. J Leukoc Biol 1997;62:554-562.
32.Keane MP, Arenberg DA, Lynch JP 3rd, Whyte RI, Iannettoni MD, Burdick MD et al. The CXC chemokines, IL-8 and IP-10, regulate angiogenic activity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Immunol 1997;159:1437-1443.
33.Garcia-Zepeda EA, Combadiere C, Rothenberg ME, Sarafi MN, Lavigne F, Hamid O et al. Human monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-4 is a novel CC chemokine with activities on monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils induced in allergic and nonallergic inflammation that signals through the CC chemokine receptors (CCR)-2 and -3. J Immunol 1996;157:5613-5626.
34.Minshall EM, Cameron L, Lavigne F, Leung DY, Hamilos D, Garcia-Zepeda EA et al. Eotaxin mRNA and protein expression in chronic sinusitis and allergen-induced nasal responses in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1997;17:683-690.
35.Luster AD, Rothenberg ME. Role of the monocyte chemoattractant protein and eotaxin subfamily of chemokines in allergic inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 1997;62:620-633.
36.Gillitzer R, Wolff K, Tong D, Muller C, Yoshimura T, Hartmann AA et al. MCP-1 mRNA expression in basal keratinocytes of psoriatic lesions. J Invest Dermatol 1993;101:127-131.
37.Nelken NA, Coughlin SR, Gordon D, Wilcox JN. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human atheromatous plaques. J Clin Invest 1991;88:1121-1127.
38.Arya M, Patel HR, Williamson M. Chemokines: key play-
ers in cancer. Curr Med Res Opin 2003;19:557-564.
39.Brew R, Erikson JS, West DC, Kinsella AR, Slavin J, Christmas SE. Interleukin-8 as an autocrine growth factor for human colon carcinoma cells in vitro. Cytokine 2000;12:78-85.
40.Miyamoto M, Shimizu Y, Okada K, Kashii Y, Higuchi K, Watanabe A. Effect of interleukin-8 on production of tumor-associated substances and autocrine growth of human liver and pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1998;47:47-57.
41.Fujisawa N, Sakao Y, Hayashi S, Hadden WA 3rd, Harmon CL, Miller EJ. alpha-Chemokine growth factors for adenocarcinomas; a synthetic peptide inhibitor for alphachemokines inhibits the growth of adenocarcinoma cell lines. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2000;126;19-26.
42.Moore BB, Keane MP, Addison CL, Arenberg DA, Strieter RM. CXC chemokine modulation of angiogenesis: the importance of balance between angiogenic and angiostatic members of the family. J Investig Med 1998;46:113-120.
43.Carr R. Neutrophil production and function in newborn infants. Br J Haematol 2000;110:18-28.
44.Mariscalco MM, Tcharmtchi MH, Smith CW. P-Selectin support of neonatal neutrophil adherence under flow: contribution of L-selectin, LFA-1, and ligand(s) for P-selectin. Blood 1998;91:4776-4785.
45.Koenig JM, Simon J, Anderson DC, Smith E, Smith CW. Diminished soluble and total cellular L-selectin in cord blood is associated with its impaired shedding from activated neutrophils. Pediatr Res 1996;39:616-621.
46.Franz AR, Steinbach G, Kron M, Pohlandt F. Interleukin8: a valuable tool to restrict antibiotic therapy in newborn infants. Acta Paediatr 2001;90:1025-1032.
47.Schultz C, Rott C, Temming P, Schlenke P, Moller JC, Bucsky P. Enhanced interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 synthesis in term and preterm infants. Pediatr Res 2002;51:317-322.
48.Martin H, Olander B, Norman M. Reactive hyperemia and interleukin 6, interleukin 8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the diagnosis of early-onset neonatal sepsis. Pediatrics 2001;108:E61.
49.Mehr SS, Doyle LW, Rice GE, Vervaart P, Henschke P. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in newborn bacterial infection. Am J Perinatol 2001;18:313-324.
51.De Dooy JJ, Mahieu LM, Van Bever HP. The role of inflammation in the development of chronic lung disease in neonates. Eur J Pediatr 2001;160:457-463.
52.Sullivan SE, Staba SL, Gersting JA, Hutson AD, Theriaque D, Christensen RD et al. Circulating concentrations of chemokines in cord blood, neonates, and adults. Pediatr Res 2002;51:653-657.
53.Hariharan D, Ho W, Cutilli J, Campbell DE, Douglas SD. C-C chemokine profile of cord blood mononuclear cells: selective defect in RANTES production. Blood 2000;95:715-718.
54.Dollner H, Vatten L, Linnebo I, Zanussi GF, Laerdal A, Austgulen R. Inflammatory mediators in umbilical plasma from neonates who develop early-onset sepsis. Biol Neonate 2001;80:41-47.
55.Ho WZ, Lioy J, Song L, Cutilli JR, Polin RA, Douglas SD. Infection of cord blood monocyte-derived macrophages with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 1992;66:573-579.
56.Sperduto AR, Bryson YJ, Chen IS. Increased susceptibility of neonatal monocyte/macrophages to HIV-1 infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1993;9:1277-1285.
57.Wasik TJ, Bratosiewicz J, Wierzbicki A, Whiteman VE, Rutstein RR, Starr SE et al. Protective role of betachemokines associated with HIV-specific Th responses against perinatal HIV transmission. J Immunol 1999;162:4355-4364.
1 Neonatology Clinic, University of Crete, Heraklion
2 Paediatric Clinic, University of Crete, Heraklion
Chemokines, a fascinating family of proteins, appear to be involved in a number of physiological and pathological processes. Their role in the pathophysiology of various diseases is under extensive investigation. They are involved at all stages of tumour development. Chemokines can also modulate angiogenesis, which is associated with several chronic inflammatory diseases. Their role in host response to infection is essential, since they control the attraction of leucocytes to tissues. Chemokines may also be involved in the undesirable sequelae of sepsis, including the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. There is evidence that neutralization of chemokine activity may be of therapeutic value in the septic process. Especially in the neonatal period, when sepsis-related morbidity and mortality is high, the understanding of the role of chemokines in the pathophysiology of the septic process along with the new therapeutic targets that this understanding may provide, is expected to improve the prognosis of perinatal infections.
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4.Jan MM. Assessment of the utility of paediatric electroencephalography. Seizure 2002;11:99-103.
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24.Jayakar PB, Seshia SS. Electrical status epilepticus during slow-wave sleep: a review. J Clin Neurophysiol 1991;8:299311.
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Department of Neurology, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, Athens
Correspondence:
Konstantinos A. Voudris
Department of Neurology, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital
Electroencephalographic investigation of children with epilepsy
K. A. Voudris
Abstract
Electroencephalography is the basic technique for the neurophysiological investigation of epilepsy and may help in the diagnosis, study and prognosis of epilepsy. Although epilepsy is a clinical diagnosis, electroencephalographic data may play an important role in support of the clinical impression. Electroencephalography in paediatric epilepsy may be useful for confirmation of the diagnosis, recognition of the types of seizures and underlying epileptic syndromes, and for prediction, both of response to antiepileptic treatment and recurrence of seizures after discontinuation of antiepileptic treatment. Synchronized video-electroencephalographic monitoring offers improvements in the study of epileptic children with persistent epilepsy, and, in particular, may help in the differential diagnosis between epileptic and non-epileptic paroxysmal clinical events. Electroencephalography is a harmless and relatively inexpensive technique, which may be of great benefit for children with epilepsy when it is performed by experienced technicians and interpreted by specialized doctors, and the findings are correlated with clinical and other laboratory data.
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12.Rothmann C, Cohen AM, Malik Z. Chromatin condensation in erythropoiesis resolved by multipixel spectral imaging: differentiation versus apoptosis. J Histochem Cytochem 1997;45:1097-1108.
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Spectral imaging study of normal lymphocytes and lymphoblasts of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood*
N. Katzilakis1, E. Stiakaki1, A. Papadakis2, H. Dimitriou1, K. Balas2, M. Kalmanti1
Abstract
Background: In this study a new method is proposed for distinction between normal lymphocytes and L1 lymphoblasts of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), using spectral analysis and imaging. In many cases the morphological distinction of normal lymphocytes from L1 lymphoblasts using light microscopy is difficult. The differentiation and classification is based mainly on cytochemical features and on immunologic, cytogenetic and molecular characteristics.
Methods: The method, which is based on the principles of spectral microscope and imaging, assesses the spectral absorbance characteristics of blood cells with variant biochemical composition, which uptake dye in different ways on routine cytological staining. The spectral microscope system is capable of performing imaging of absorbance in a variety of spectral bands, at any spatial point of the image, in a wide spectral range from 400 nm to 1000 nm. Spectral analysis was performed on bone marrow smears of 30 children aged 2-14 years, 12 with ALL and 18 with non malignant disease (prolonged fever, anaemia, thrombopenia or neutropenia) following staining with May-Grunwald-Giemsa stain (MGG).
Results: The analysis showed a statistically significant difference (p<0.00005) between normal lymphocytes and lymphoblasts, based on the detection, identification and mapping of their spectral absorbance. The wavelengths of 535 nm and 545 mn corresponded with the maximum absorbance for lymphocytes and lymphoblasts respectively. The maximum spectral differentiation was observed at the wavelength of 630 nm.
Conclusions: The results of this study support the potential of spectral imaging to provide new quantitative indices correlated with the biochemical, functional and structural status of the cell, and consequently suggest a new method for cell differentiation and classification in acute leukaemia.
Neuropsychological aspects of learning disabilities in epilepsy. Epilepsia 1990;31 (Suppl 4):S9-S20.
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23.Mazurkiewicz-Beldzi‹ska M, Olszewska A. Effects of carbamazepine, phenytoine and oxcarbazepine on cognitive functions in children with epilepsy. Epileptologia 2000;8:1-88.
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26.Carlsson G, Igelbrink-Schulze N, Neubauer BA, Stephani U. Neuropsychological long-term outcome of rolandic EEG traits. Epileptic Disord 2000;2 (Suppl 1):S63-S66.
27.Deonna T. Rolandic epilepsy: neuropsychology of the active epilepsy phase. Epileptic Disord 2000;2 (Suppl 1):S59-S61.
28.Doose H, Neubauer B, Carlsson G. Children with benign focal sharp waves in the EEG: developmental disorders and epilepsy. Neuropediatrics 1996;27:227-241.
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Cognitive functions in children with focal epilepsy and long-term oxcarbazepine therapy
M. Tzitiridou1, T. Panou1, E. Pavlidou1, G. Arsos2, A. Makavos3, E. Michaletou3, C. Panteliadis1
Abstract
Background: Children with epilepsy function quite satisfactorily with appropriate antiepileptic therapy, but they are reported to be at risk of developing cognitive disabilities.
Methods: This study was conducted during the period 1998-2002 in order to evaluate the effect of oxcarbazepine (OXC) on the cognitive function of school-age children with new onset epilepsy. This study included 43 children aged 6-14 years, suffering from either simple idiopathic or focal epilepsy, and 45 matched controls. Cognitive functions were evaluated by two tests: a) WISC-III, and b) Bender-Santucci. The patients and the children in the control group were examined neurologically, both clinically and by CT, MRI imaging, with normal findings. All the tests were performed at the beginning of the study and repeated after 14 months, during which the children with epilepsy were being treated with OXC. No differences were found between the patients and the control group on IQ evaluation pre-treatment.
Results: Six of the 43 patients and three of the 45 children in the control group had learning disabilities. These children had deficits in computational skill and in visual short-term memory and had poor reading skills. Scores for total, verbal and performance IQ of the children with learning disabilities were within the normal range. At re-examination 14 months later both groups showed improvement in logical abstract thinking and in verbal comprehension, which are dependent on cognitive and mental maturation. These findings show that OXC does not effect long-term acquisition and information retrieval. The BenderSantucci test showed increase in the opticokinetic perception, as the children became familiar with the test.
Conclusions: In summary, no effect of OXC on cognitive function was detected. Learning disabilities in a few children were unrelated occurrences.
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E. Apostolou1, E. Galanakis1, G. Vlahaki2, S. Stefanaki3, S. Maraki4, E. Kokori2, A. Tsilimigaki3, †S. Sbyrakis1,5
Abstract
Background: Neisseria meningitidis is a common cause of meningitis and septicaemia worldwide. Despite significant progress in its management, invasive meningococcal disease remains a threat for children of all ages. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of meningococcal disease in Crete over a 13-year period.
Methods: The study included all 67 children, residents of the prefectures of Iraklio, Rethimno and Lasithi, who were hospitalized for meningococcal disease in the three local Paediatric Departments and the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit in the period 1990-2002. The children were aged from 1 month to 13 years (mean age 4.66 years).
Results: Morbidity was increased during the winter months. The mean annual incidence was estimated at 5.54/100,000. The local rates for the prefectures of Rethimno, Iraklio and Lasithi were 7.85/100,000, 5.26/100,000 and 4.23/100,000 respectively. The prevalence was higher in infants, where serogroup B was more common. The serogroups was determined in 29 cases, serogroups B and C accounting for 48% and 41.3% respectively. Two periods of increased incidence of meningococcal disease were observed, the first in 1998-1999 with a predominance of serogroup C, and the second in 2002 with a predominance of group B. The fatality rate was estimated at 9%, with no correlation with the serogroup.
Conclusions: Meningococcal disease caused considerable morbidity and mortality in the three prefectures of Crete studied. Monitoring of the epidemiologic trends of this threatening infection is required to ensure rational use of the new vaccines.
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1 Paediatric Clinic of the University of Crete, Heraklion
2 Department of Gastroenterology, 2nd Clinic of Internal Medicine, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, Athens
3 Laboratory of Clinical Imaging, University of Crete, Heraklion
E. Papadopoulou1, E. Katsiyiannaki2, E. Mihailidou1, I. Grammatikakis3, E. Mantzouranis1
Abstract
Crohn’s disease is very rare in infancy. The case is presented of an 8 month-old boy who was hospitalized because of fever of undetermined origin and weight loss over the preceding month. A colonoscopy was carried out on the 35th day of hospitalization after episodes of bloody diarrhoea. The biopsy specimens were indicative of inflammatory bowel disease. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from the stool culture on the 45th day of the hospitalization. Amoxycillin/clavulanic acid was administered for four days, based on the antibiotic sensitivity test, with no clinical response. On the 50th day of hospitalization ciproxin plus metronidazole treatment was started, and the infant became afebrile after ten days. Sulphasalazine was added 12 days later. The ciproxin plus metronidazole was continued for three months and sulphasalazine for one year. The infant remained without fever for eight months, with normal stools and normal weight gain. After a relapse he was rehospitalized at which time colonoscopy and biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease. Since then the patient has been under treatment with mesalazine, and has remained symptom-free.
Key words
Crohn’s disease, infancy, fever of unknown origin, Campylobacter jejuni
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M. Hasiotou1, ∂. Sammouti2, G. Pitsoulakis1, M. Vakaki2, C. van Viet - Konstadinidou3, E. Koudoumnakis4
Abstract
Congenital cervical teratomas are rare, representing 3% of teratomas in childhood. Although mostly benign, because of their location they are associated with a high mortality rate due to respiratory distress, and require immediate surgical excision. Imaging investigation is essential for the exact diagnosis and to assist in preoperative planning. The imaging characteristics of 5 cases (4 boys and 1 girl) of cervical teratoma are presented. All children were operated on and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of teratoma. Two of the children died soon after surgery.
Key words
Cervical teratomas, children, imaging.
1 CT and MRI Department, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, Athens
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Paediatric Clinic of the University of Thessaly
Correspondence: Eleni Papadimitriou 14 Georgiou Stavrou str. 412 21, Larissa
Date of submission: 01-03-2004
Date of approval: 03-01-2005
Caroli’s disease with congenital hepatic fibrosis. A case report
E. Papadimitriou, G. Matafia, V. Hatzopoulou, V. Mikraki, N. Skenteris
Abstract
Caroli’s disease is a rare congenital disorder consisting of non-communicating cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic biliary ducts, very often associated with congenital hepatic fibrosis and polycystic kidneys. It is rarely diagnosed during childhood, usually presenting with symptoms of liver or kidney dysfunction. The case is presented of a girl of Ukrainian origin with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections during infancy. Imaging studies had at that time revealed large dysplastic kidneys. At the age of 2.5 years she presented with hepatomegaly of undetermined origin. She was referred for the first time to our clinic at the age of 11 years, for evaluation of prolonged fever. She was well developed, and her physical examination was unremarkable except for hepatosplenomegaly. The liver and kidney blood biochemistry findings were within the normal range, but the CT and MRI findings were consistent with Caroli’s disease. The patient has follow-up visits every six months. She has developed portal hypertension with first degree oesophageal varices and mild cytopenias due to hypersplenism. She is scheduled to undergo liver transplantation since Caroli’s disease carries an increased risk of development of bile duct carcinoma.
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An infant with PHACE syndrome
A. Tsitsika, H. Fryssira, A. Lourida, N. Manolaki
Abstract
Large facial haemangiomas may be found in combination with dysplasias of the central nervous system (primarily, the Dandy-Walker malformation), the cardiovascular system and the eyes. The name PHACE (an acronym) was proposed for the syndrome of patients whose deformities meet the above criteria. The case reported is of an 8 month-old boy who had a giant, unilateral, plaque-like facial haemangioma, with a coexisting Dandy-Walker variant malformation, pulmonary hypertension, eyelid ptosis and strabismus of the eye on the affected side. The child had received oral corticosteroids as treatment for the rapidly growing facial lesion and at first a slight improvement was observed. After discontinuation of treatment there was a relapse and the baby was referred for further evaluation and treatment. Interferon-alfa was administered at daily dosage of 3x106 U/M2 subcutaneously for 12 months with satisfying results. The coexisting anomalies were also treated. This patient is described as a possible PHACE case, and the pathogenesis, the clinical features, the diagnosis and the treatment options of the syndrome are discussed. It is emphasized that large, unilateral facial haemangiomas may be associated with the anomalies described, and in cases of abnormal findings or rapidly progressing haemangiomatosis further brain, cardiac and ocular investigation is indicated, as the diagnosis of PHACE syndrome must be considered.
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1 Department of Neonatology, "Alexandra" University Hospital, Athens
2 Department of Enzymology and Cellular Function, Institute of Child Health, "Aghia Sophia" Children’s Hospital, Athens
Congenital adrenal hypoplasia presenting as severe respiratory failure. Case report
M. Dasopoulou1, M. Apostolou1, G. Baroutis1, H. Michelakakis2, E. Loukatou1, C. Costalos1
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hypoplasia is a rare condition, which occurs with an incidence of approximately 1 in 12,500 live births, usually presenting with hypoglycaemic convulsions, vomiting, failure to thrive or even collapse in early life. Links between early adrenal insufficiency and adverse respiratory outcome or even bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight neonates have also been described. Respiratory problems in the early postnatal period are a rare manifestation of congenital adrenal hypoplasia and could be fatal unless early diagnosis is established, followed by prompt treatment. Aggressive treatment with corticosteroids should start immediately because of the unpredictable outcome of such a serious condition.
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In sudden death in childhood the cause, in the vast majority of cases, is of cardiac origin. In many cases the underlying cause is congenital heart disease, which may or may not have been diagnosed, and may or may not have been operated on. The death rate is particularly high in post-operative patients where the management is difficult. Sudden death usually occurs during sports or in conditions of extreme fatigue. The cardiomyopathies and especially the hypertrophic form, constitute another high risk category. Acquired heart diseases also play a major part. Apart from these diagnosed causes, it is well known that arrhythmias carry the highest risk in incidents of sudden death when the aetiology remains unknown even after necropsy. For management of the problem, the follow up and treatment of patients known to have heart disease is of paramount importance, along with general preventive measures. A cardiovascular check up is absolutely necessary in every child who is going to be involved in competitive sports and championships, and in any child when the paediatricians have identified suspicious findings including heart murmurs, rhythm disturbances, symptoms or events such as chest pain, syncope, etc. Also a family history of heart disease or sudden death should be taken into account. All the evaluations should be performed and the relevant certificates be issued by a specialist paediatric cardiologist, after clinical examination and tests such as electrocardiogram, colour Doppler and, whenever necessary, 24-hour Holter monitoring or other tests. The issue of certificates given by doctors unrelated to paediatric cardiology could be dangerous. For the time being, screening tests for all children are not considered necessary, but this will be reconsidered following the findings of various large-scale projects currently in progress on the subject.
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28 ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘- Pre-event to 1st European Conference on ∂Ú¤ÙÚÈ· 1 √ÎÙˆ‚Ú›Ô˘ 2005 Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion “Increasing efficiency in injury prevention”
