Racism Untaught, Process Book Graduate Students

FIRING RACISM G U I DE B O OK

An Intervention Manual For Academic Hiring Committees

Behind Firing Racism The Research Process Behind Interventions Daniel Curtis, Kiana Fathinezhad, Ruixin Han, Joshua Pridemore, Holly Strickland (Alphabetical Order) 1

Graduate Design for Responsible Innovation Students Fall 2022 EDGE ARTD 451 Professor Lisa Mercer Daniel Curtis Kiana Fathinezhad Ruixin Han Joshua Pridemore Holly Strickland

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5

Table of Contents

2

Firing Racism Guide Book

1

Introduction

4

The Toolkit

5

Getting Started

8

Using Firing Racism

10

Behind Firing Racism

17

Intro to firing Racism

18

Literature Review

20

Research Proposal

40

Ideate

46

Prototyping

46

Impact

49

References

54

Firing Racism Guide Book An Intervention Manual For Academic Hiring Committees

1

2

3

Introduction !"#"$%&'()"*+&"*&(&,#(+-./#0&($1&2//30"2&.4")4& 5*-*&24-&1-*"%$&#-*-(#)4&6#/)-**&2/&"1-$2",7& #()"(3"8-1&4"#"$%&6#()2")-*&($1&)#"2")(337&(**-**&($2"9 #()"*2&4"#"$%&(66#/()4-*:&;-&./#0-1&24#/5%4&24-& '()"*+&<$2(5%42&,#(+-./#0&1-=-3/6-1&>7&?"*(&@:& A-#)-#&($1&B-##-*(&A/*-*:&B4-&2//30"2&.-&)#-(2-1& "$)351-*&(&*-2&/,&6#/+62*&,/#&5$"=-#*"27&4"#"$%& )/++"22--*&2/&5*-&.4-$&)/$*"1-#"$%&>"(*-*&"$&24-& 4"#"$%&6#/)-**:&!"#"$%&'()"*+&("+*&2/&,"33&24-&%(6*&"$& 24-&*566/#2&*2#5)25#-&>-2.--$&4"#"$%&)/++"22--*& ($1&)($1"1(2-*:& B4#/5%4&24"*&()2"="27C&4"#"$%&)/++"22--*&."33D E& F#"2")(337&-G(+"$-&24-&4"#"$%&*2(%-*&($1& (**/)"(2-1&>"(*-*H E& I-*"%$&/#&#-1-*"%$&24-&4"#"$%&6#/)-**& ())/5$2"$%&,/#&#()"(3&"$-J5"2"-*H E& @=(35(2-&($1&"+63-+-$2&3(*2"$%&*566/#2& *2#5)25#-*&,/#&-+63/7--*:

4

The Toolkit

The Workboard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

The Consideration Decks B4"*&2//30"2&"$)351-*&*-=-$&1-)0*&.-&)(33&24-&F/$*"1-#(2"/$&I-)0*C&-()4&)/$2("$"$%&6#/+62*&,/#&4"#"$%& )/++"22--*&2/&)/$*"1-#&(2&-()4&*2-6&/,&24-&4"#"$%&6#/)-**:&B4-&)(#1*&+-(*5#-&!"#$%&'()*+,-:&^$&-()4&/,& 24-&*-=-$&1-)0*&/,&1"[-#-$2&)/3/#-1&)(#1*&.-&)(33&24-&F/$*"1-#(2"/$&F(#1*C&24-#-&(#-&2./&2/&,"=-&>3($0& )(#1*:&;-&4(=-&(11-1&24-*-&)5*2/+"8(>3-&)(#1*&*/&24(2&)/++"22--*&+(7&(11&"1-(*&24(2&+(7&)/+-&56& 15#"$%&24-&4"#"$%&6#/)-**:&B4-*-&4-36&2/&-$*5#-&24-#-&"*&(&+/+-$2&/,&%#/56&#-,3-)2"/$&"$&/#1-#&2/&)/$*"1-#& 24-&)4($%-*&24-7&)($&+(0-&."24"$&24-&4"#"$%&6#/)-**&2/&6/*"2"=-37&"+6()2&24-&4"#"$%&6#/)-**&($1&*566/#2& *2#5)25#-&,/#&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&($1&_-/63-&/,&F/3/#&-15)(2/#*&."24&24-&)/++"22--: B4-&)(#1*&+(7&>-&63()-1&/$&24-&./#0>/(#1C&1-6-$1"$%&/$&.4-#-&24-&./#0>/(#1&"*&*"25(2-1:&B4-&)(#1*& *4/531&*2(7&/$&24-&./#0>/(#1&15#"$%&24-&15#(2"/$&/,&24-&6#/L-)2:&B4"*&63()-+-$2&."33&(33/.&6(#2")"6($2*&2/& #-,-#&>()0&2/&-(#3"-#&*2-6*&+/#-&J5")037&2/&(**-**&24-"#&./#0&(*&($&"2-#(2"=-&6#/)-**: & B4-&2/2(3&$5+>-#&/,&)(#1*&"*&VRD E& I-)0&XD&B4-&`--1&aXN&)(#1*b&MIIK@NO E& I-)0&ND&B4-&F(33&aXN&)(#1*b&MIKNPNQ E& I-)0&PD&c)#--$"$%&aXN&)(#1*b&MQPRSTU& E& I-)0&WD&^$2-#="-."$%&aXN&)(#1*b&MVWNTVX E& I-)0&UD&c-3-)2"$%&aXU&)(#1*b&MIFRRNR E& I-)0&QD&d$>/(#1"$%&aXN&)(#1*b&MNPX!NS E& I-)0&RD&c566/#2"$%&aXN&)(#1*b&MTFNOUU

5

6

7

Getting Started

T-,/#-&5*"$%&24-&!"#"$%&'()"*+&2//30"2C&.-&"$="2-&7/5& 2/&5$6()0&24-&)/$)-62&/,&#()"*+&($1&24-&#/3-&#()"*+& 63(7*&"$&7/5#&3",-:&^2&"*&4"%437&#-)/++-$1-1&2/&>-%"$& 24(2&6#/)-**&>7&$(="%(2"$%&7/5#&/.$&6/*"2"/$(3"27C& *2/#7C&>()0%#/5$1C&)5325#(3&"1-$2"27C&($1&56>#"$%"$%& 2/&4-36&*4-1&3"%42&/$&7/5#&)5325#(3&>"(*-*&($1&4/.& 7/5&)(+-&2/&()J5"#-&24-+:&e/5&)($&1/&24"*&."24& */+-&/,&24-&,/33/."$%&)/$)-62*&3"*2-1&>-3/.:

Concepts

B4-&)/$)-62*&>-3/.&.-#-&"1-$2","-1&($1&1-,"$-1&>7& 24-&)#-(2/#*&/,&'()"*+&<$2(5%42:&

Racism '-*-(#)4&1-,"$-*&#()"*+&(*&24-&*/)"(3&)/$*2#5)2& /,&#()-&(*&24-&6#"+(#7&1-2-#+"$($2&,/#&24-& #()"(337&1/+"$($2&)5325#-&2/&564/31&)/$*)"/5*&/#& *5>)/$*)"/5*&>-3"-,*C&()2"/$*C&($1&>-$-,"2*&24(2& *566/#2&*7*2-+")&#()"(3&6#-L51")-&($1&/66#-**"/$& 24#/5%4&6/.-#&($1&6#"="3-%-&a6#-L51")-&f&6/.-#& /=-#&f&6#"="3-%-bC&":-:C&24-&;4"2-&#()-&/=-#&_-/63-&/,& F/3/#&"$&24-&<$"2-1&c2(2-*:&'()"*+&<$2(5%42&.(*& $/2&)#-(2-1&2/&6#/=-&24(2&#()"*+&-G"*2*&"$&1-*"%$H&"2& .(*&)#-(2-1&2/&#-=-(3&4/.&1--6&"2&#5$*&($1&4/.&2/& 1-*"%$&(66#/()4-*&24(2&+(0-&($&($2"9#()"*2&)5325#-:

Sexism '-*-(#)4&1-,"$-*&*-G"*+&(*&(&6-#*/$g*&*-G& )3(**",")(2"/$&(*&24-&6#"+(#7&1-2-#+"$($2&,/#&24-& +(3-91/+"$($2&)5325#-&2/&564/31&)/$*)"/5*&/#& *5>)/$*)"/5*&>-3"-,*C&()2"/$*C&($1&>-$-,"2*&24(2& *566/#2&*7*2-+")&6(2#"(#)47&($1&/66#-**"/$& 8

24#/5%4&6/.-#&($1&6#"="3-%-&a6#-L51")-&f&6/.-#& /=-#&f&6#"="3-%-bC&":-:C&+(3-&/=-#&,-+(3-&/#&"$2-#*-G& "$1"="15(3*:

Ableism '-*-(#)4&1-,"$-*&(>3-"*+&(*&24-&)/$*)"/5*& /#&*5>)/$*)"/5*&>-3"-,*C&()2"/$*C&($1&>-$-,"2*& 24(2&63()-&=(35-&/$&6-/63-g*&>/1"-*&($1&+"$1*& >(*-1&/$&*/)"-2(337&)/$*2#5)2-1&"1-(*&/,& $/#+(3"27C&"$2-33"%-$)-C&-G)-33-$)-C&1-*"#(>"3"27C& ($1&6#/15)2"="27:&K>"3"27&"*&*--$&(*&24-&6#"+(#7& 1-2-#+"$($2&/,&45+($&)(6()"2"-*C&($1&24/*-&."24/52& 1"*(>"3"2"-*&(#-&"$4-#-$237&*56-#"/#&a6#-L51")-&f& 6/.-#&/=-#&f&6#"="3-%-bC&":-:C&$/$91"*(>3-1&/=-#& 1"*(>3-1&"$1"="15(3*:

Humility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

Transparency <*-#*&/,&24-&2//30"2&+5*2&>-&2#($*6(#-$2&."24&24-"#& 4"*2/#7&($1&/[-#&"2&56&."33"$%37&2/&(33/.&/24-#*&2/& *4(#-&24-"#&/.$:&B4"*&2#($*6(#-$)7&."33&-$(>3-&,/30*& .4/&4(=-&$-=-#&2(30-1&(>/52&24-*-&*5>L-)2*&24-& %#()-&2/&3-(#$&($1&%#/.&,#/+&24-"#&+"*2(0-*:&`/&/$-& "*&6-#,-)2C&($1&24"*&0"2&."33&#-=-(3&2/&6(#2")"6($2*&24(2& -=-#7/$-&63(7*&(&#/3-&"$&6-#6-25(2"$%&#()"*+:&

Trauma and Uncomfortability T-)(5*-&#()"(3"8-1&1-*"%$&"*&1--637&-+>-11-1&"$& <c&)5325#-C&"2&"*&-**-$2"(3&2/&#-)/%$"8-&24(2&#()"(3"8-1& 2#(5+(&."33&-G"*2&."24&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&($1& _-/63-&/,&F/3/#&aT^_dFb&24(2&5*-&!"#"$%&'()"*+:&^2&"*& "+6-#(2"=-&2/&>-&*-$*"2"=-&2/&24-*-&2#(5+(*&($1&2/& 4(=-&(&63($&/,&()2"/$&",&6(#2")"6($2*&,--3&2#"%%-#-1:& '-+-+>-#&24(2&24-#-&"*&(3*/&(&1"[-#-$)-&>-2.--$& >-"$%&2#"%%-#-1&($1&,--3"$%&5$)/+,/#2(>3-:&^$&/#1-#& 2/&%#/.C&5*-#*&*4/531&3-($&"$2/&24"*&5$)/+,/#2(>37& ."24&2/6")*&24-7&1/&$/2&5*5(337&1"*)5**:&

Intersectionality h^$2-#*-)2"/$(3"27&"*&(&3-$*&24#/5%4&.4")4&7/5&)($& *--&.4-#-&6/.-#&)/+-*&($1&)/33"1-*C&.4-#-&"2& "$2-#3/)0*&($1&"$2-#*-)2*:&^2&"*&$/2&*"+637&24(2&24-#-& "*&(&#()-&6#/>3-+&4-#-C&(&%-$1-#&6#/>3-+&4-#-C&($1& (&)3(**&/#&?TiBj&6#/>3-+&24-#-:&A($7&2"+-*&24(2& ,#(+-./#0&-#(*-*&.4(2&4(66-$*&2/&6-/63-&.4/&(#-& *5>L-)2&2/&(33&/,&24-*-&24"$%*:k&9&l"+>-#3m&F#-$*4(. ^$2-#*-)2"/$(3"27&1-*)#">-*&4/.&#()-C&)3(**C&%-$1-#C& ($1&/24-#&"$1"="15(3&)4(#()2-#"*2")*&,#/+&4"*2/#")(337& +(#%"$(3"8-1&)/++5$"2"-*&h"$2-#*-)2k&."24&/$-& ($/24-#&($1&/=-#3(6:

Dominant Culture B4-&1/+"$($2&)5325#-&"*&/$-&.4/*-&=(35-*C& 3($%5(%-C&($1&.(7*&/,&>-4(="$%&(#-&"+6/*-1&/$&(& *5>/#1"$(2-&)5325#-&/#&)5325#-*&24#/5%4&-)/$/+")& /#&6/3"2")(3&6/.-#:&B4-&1/+"$($2&)5325#-&"*&;4"2-C& A(3-C&F"*%-$1-#C&F4#"*2"($C&@$%3"*49*6-(0"$%C&-2):

Privilege & Power Dynamics _#"="3-%-&"*&-(#$-1&(524/#"27&%#($2-1&24#/5%4&*/)"(3& *2#5)25#-*&($1&)/$=-$2"/$*&2/&())-**&($1&)/$2#/3& 6-/63-&24#/5%4&"$*2"252"/$*&($1&*7*2-+*&a&":-:C& A($(%-+-$2C&Y5+($&'-*/5#)-*C&@G-)52"=-&?-=-3& ?-(1-#*4"6C&-2):b:&_/.-#&"*&-(#$-1&(524/#"27&%#($2-1& 24#/5%4&*/)"(3&*2#5)25#-*&($1&)/$=-$2"/$*&2/&4(=-& ())-**&($1&)/$2#/3&/=-#&6-/63-&24#/5%4&"$*2"252"/$*& ($1&*7*2-+*&a&":-:C&A($(%-+-$2C&Y5+($&'-*/5#)-*C& @G-)52"=-&?-=-3&?-(1-#*4"6C&-2):b:&'-+-+>-#D& _/.-#&($1&6#"="3-%-&(#-&$/2&>"$(#7:&B4-#-&(#-&(&3/2&/,& $5($)-*&($1&%#(7&(#-(*&.4-$&.-&2(30&(>/52&24-*-& )/$)-62*: K3*/C&6(7&(22-$2"/$&2/&6/.-#&17$(+")*&a,()5327& 2/&*251-$2C&-+63/7-#&2/&-+63/7--C&/#&-G2#/=-#2&2/& "$2#/=-#2b&*/&24(2&24-&3-(#$"$%&-$="#/$+-$2&6#/="1-*& (&)/+,/#2(>3-&-G6-#"-$)-&.4-#-&-=-#7/$-g*&=/")-& )($&>-&4-(#1:

9

Using Firing Racism B/&-G-+63",7&1"[-#-$2&-3-+-$2*&/,&#()"*+&($1& /66#-**"/$&"$&4"#"$%&6#()2")-*C&.-&1-2-#+"$-1& *-=-$&)/$)35*"=-&(#-(*&"$&.4")4&#()"(3"8-1&4"#"$%& 6#()2")-*&)($&>-&"1-$2","-1&($1&6/*"2"=-37&)4($%-1H& 24-&$--1C&24-&)(33C&*)#--$"$%C&"$2-#="-."$%C& *-3-)2"$%C&/$>/(#1"$%C&($1&*566/#2"$%:&B4-&2//30"2& )/$*"*2*&/,&(&./#0>/(#1&($1&RS&)(#1*&1"="1-1&"$2/& )/##-*6/$1"$%&*2-6*:&e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

The Problem Statement

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The Consideration Prompts

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Deck 1: The Need E& T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&($1&_-/63-&/,&F/3/#& (#-&4"*2/#")(337&5$1-##-6#-*-$2-1&"$&(#2& ()(1-+"(:&Y/.&)($&24"*&4"#"$%&)/++"22--& 10

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

The Call

;-&*5%%-*2&4(="$%&)/++"22--*&#-="-.&5$"=-#*"27& %5"1-3"$-*&,/#&4"#"$%&)(33*&($1&1#(,2&(&*4/#2&%5"1"$%& *2(2-+-$2&24(2&,/33/.*&($1&"+6#/=-*&56/$&24/*-& %5"1-3"$-*:&B4"*&1#(,2&."33&*-#=-&(*&(&#-,-#-$)-&,/#& 24-&>#/(1-#&6#/)-**:&I5#"$%&24"*&*2(%-&"$&24-&4"#"$%& 6#/)-**C&6(#2")"6($2*&."33&(6637&3-(#$-1&,()2/#*& ,/#&+/#-&)/$2-G2&($1&5$1-#*2($1"$%&"$&24-&4"#"$%& 6#/)-**&2/&%("$&+/#-&)/$2-G2&($1&5$1-#*2($1"$%&/,& 24-&4"#"$%&6#/)-**:&

The Problem Statement ;4-$&6/*2"$%&L/>&6/*"2"/$*C&24-&3($%5(%-&($1& #-J5"#-+-$2*&*4/531&)/++5$")(2-&24(2&24-#-&(#-& -G"*2"$%&*6()-*&,/#&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&($1&_-/63-& /,&F/3/#&."24"$&24-&*)4//3&"$*2-(1&/,&+(0"$%& >#/(1C&*.--6"$%&*2(2-+-$2*&/,&h1"=-#*"27:k&F(33*& )($&-G-+63",7&24-"#&)5##-$2&"$"2"(2"=-*&24(2&*566/#2& T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&($1&_-/63-&/,&F/3/#&,()5327& +-+>-#*&($1&24-&)5325#(3&)/$$-)2"/$&/,&*251-$2*& ($1&)5##")535+:&;4(2&",&24-#-&"*&$/&-="1-$)-&/,& 1"=-#*"27\

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The Consideration Prompts I-,"$-&4/.&7/5&+"%42&(66#/()4&7/5#&4"#"$%& 6#/)-**:&`-G2C&)#-(2-&(&%5"1"$%&*2(2-+-$2&2/&4-36& ,/)5*&7/5#&4"#"$%&)4(33-$%-: Deck 2: The Call E& i"=-&-G(+63-*&/,&6(*2&/#&)5##-$2&*5))-**,53& 1"=-#*"27&"$"2"(2"=-*&"$&24-&*)4//3:

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a*251-$2*&/#&,()5327&+-+>-#*b&+"%42&4(=-&."24& 24-&6#/%#(+\ 11

Screening

T-,/#-&*2(#2"$%&24"*&*2-6C&24-&4"#"$%&)/++"22--&+5*2& 4(=-&+($7&L/>&)($1"1(2-*:&B4-&)/++"22--&*4/531& %/&24#/5%4&24-&F/$*"1-#(2"/$&6#/+62*&/$&24-& 1-)0&2/&4-36&24-+&24"$0&(>/52&#()"(3"8-1&*)#--$"$%& ($1&(=-$5-*&2/&([-)2&6/*"2"=-&)4($%-&"$&24-*-& 6#()2")-*:

The Problem Statement B4-&4"#"$%&)/++"22--&*4/531&(*0&,/#&#-3-=($2& (663")(2"/$&+(2-#"(3*&,/#&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&($1& _-/63-&/,&F/3/#&)($1"1(2-*:&;4-$&*)#--$"$%& )($1"1(2-*C&)/++"22--*&*4/531&3//0&,/#&#-3-=($2& *0"33*&($1&-G6-#"-$)-&#(24-#&24($&,/33/."$%&*2#")2& 1-%#--&/#&65>3")(2"/$&#-J5"#-+-$2*:&

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E& E& E& E&

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The Consideration Prompts F/$*"1-#&",&24-&6-#*/$&"*&(&%//1&)($1"1(2-&,/#&24-& 6/*"2"/$&($1&4/.&*)#--$"$%&6#()2")-*&)($&>-&6(#2& /,&24-&($2"9#()"*2&*/352"/$:&_3()-&24-&+/*2&#-3-=($2& )(#1*&(#/5$1&24"*&*2(%-&/$&24-&./#0>/(#1: Deck 3: Screening E& I/-*&24"*&)($1"1(2-&4(=-&-G6-#"-$)-&2-()4"$%& "$&(&6/*29*-)/$1(#7&*-22"$%\ E& I/-*&24"*&)($1"1(2-&4(=-&-G6-#"-$)-&2-()4"$%& "$&$/$96/*29*-)/$1(#7&*-22"$%*\&^,&*/C&4/.&)($& 24(2&-G6-#"-$)-&)(##7&/=-#&"$2/&24-"#&#/3-&(*&($& -15)(2/#&."24"$&24-&1-6(#2+-$2\ E& Y/.&1/&24"*&)($1"1(2-g*&J5(3",")(2"/$*&($1& -G6-#"-$)-&+--2&24-&#-J5"#-+-$2*&($1& 12

E&

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

Interviewing

B4-&)/++"22--&*4/531&)#-(2-&($&"$2-#="-.&6#/)-**& >(*-1&/$&24-&#()"(3&1"=-#*"27&)4($%-*&*/5%42&"$& 24-&*)4//3:&B4"*&6#/)-**&)($&>-&,()"3"2(2-1&>7& )/$*"1-#"$%&24-&%"=-$&6#/+62*:

E& E&

The Problem Statement Y"#"$%&)/++"22--*&*4/531&561(2-&"$2-#="-.& 6#()2")-*&2/&5*-&())-**">3-&3($%5(%-&"$*2-(1& /,&()(1-+")&L(#%/$C&.4")4&.#/$%,5337&564/31*& ()(1-+"(&(*&(&63()-&,/#&)($1"1(2-*&,#/+&6#"="3-%-1& >()0%#/5$1*:&F/++"22--*&*4/531&(3*/&4(=-& #-6#-*-$2(2"/$&."24"$&24-"#&"$2-#="-.&6#/)-**& ."24/52&)5325#(337&2(G"$%&-G"*2"$%&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C& ($1&6-/63-&/,&)/3/#&,()5327:

E&

E& E&

The Consideration Prompts B4-*-&6#/+62*&*4/531&>-&)/$*"1-#-1&"$&24-& 1"*)5**"/$&7/5&."33&5*-&2/&-=(35(2-&24-&=(35-&/,& -()4&)($1"1(2-:&F/$*"1-#&24-&"$2-$2&)/+6(#-1&2/& 24-&"+6()2&/,&24-&)($1"1(2-&($1&24-"#&-G6-#"-$)-:& B4"$0&(>/52&4/.&)/++"22--*&)($&*4",2&*7*2-+")(337& /66#-**"=-&24/5%42*&($1&([-)2&($2"9/66#-**"=-& ()2"/$:& Deck 4: Interviewing E& ;4(2&3($%5(%-&1/&4"#"$%&)/++"22--*&5*-&24(2&"*& -G)35*"/$(#7C&($1&4/.&)($&.-&(=/"1&5*"$%&24-+& 15#"$%&)($1"1(2-&"$2-#="-.*\ E& Y/.&)($&24-&"$2-#="-.&6#/)-**&>-&"$)35*"=-&,/#& (&1"=-#*-&*-2&/,&)($1"1(2-*&."24/52&)5325#(337&

E&

E&

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2(G"$%&)5##-$2&,()5327&+-+>-#*&.4/&(#-&T3()0C& ^$1"%-$/5*C&($1&_-/63-&/,&F/3/#\& ;4(2&)($&>-&1/$-&2/&#-+/=-&6-#*/$(3&>"(*&,#/+& 24-&"$2-#="-.&6#/)-**\ Y/.&)($&)($1"1(2-*&,--3&#-6#-*-$2-1&"$&24-& "$2-#="-.&."24/52&)5325#(337&2(G"$%&T3()0C& ^$1"%-$/5*C&($1&_-/63-&/,&F/3/#&,()5327& +-+>-#*\ ;4/&"*&/$&-()4&4"#"$%&)/++"22--\&K#-&24-7& 1-=/2-1&($1&.-339=-#*-1&"$&24-&*)4//3g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

13

E& E& E& E&

B-()4&($1&+-$2/#&1"=-#*-&5$1-#%#(15(2-& *251-$2*: K22#()2&($1&+-$2/#&1"=-#*-&%#(15(2-&*251-$2*: _/*"2"=-&)/$2#">52"/$*&2/&1-6(#2+-$2&)3"+(2-: ^$)35*"=-&2-()4"$%&)(6(>"3"2"-*:

Onboarding B4"*&*2(%-&."33&6#/+62&)/++"22--*&2/&)/$*"1-#& >#"$%"$%&(&$-.37&4"#-1&,()5327&+-+>-#&"$2/&24-& *)4//3&"$&(&*566/#2"=-&.(7:&F/++"22--*&*4/531& 1-2-#+"$-&4/.&2/&"$)/#6/#(2-&($2"9/66#-**"=-& 6#()2")-*&"$2/&24-&*)4//3&17$(+")&($1&-=(35(2-& 24-&(**/)"(2-1&(#-(*&/,&#()"(3"8-1&)/$)-#$:&

The Problem Statement

Selecting

I5#"$%&24"*&6#/)-**&*2(%-C&)/++"22--*&#($0& 24-&+/*2&"+6/#2($2&)#"2-#"(&,/#&(&)($1"1(2-g*& )/$*"1-#(2"/$:&B4-*-&)#"2-#"(&*4/531&>-&%(#$-#-1& ,#/+&3-(#$-1&3-**/$*&"$&6#-="/5*&*2(%-*&($1& *566/#2&24-&,5$)2"/$(3&#-15)2"/$&/,&#()"(3& /66#-**"/$:

The Problem Statement B4-&4"#"$%&)/++"22--&*4/531&(%#--&/$&(&4"-#(#)47& /,&)#"2-#"(&.4-$&*-3-)2"$%&)($1"1(2-*:

The Consideration Prompts B4"*&*2(%-&1"[-#*&,#/+&24-&/24-#&*"G&"$&24(2&24-#-& (#-&$/&6#/+62*&>52&#(24-#&(&*-2&/,&)#"2-#"(:&B4-& )/++"22--&*4/531&#($0&24-&%"=-$&)($1"1(2-& )#"2-#"(&,#/+&3-(*2&)#"2")(3&2/&+/*2&"+6/#2($2&2/&,"33& 24-&$--1&1-,"$-1&"$&*2(%-&/$-:&_3()-&24-&)(#1*& "$&(&1-*)-$1"$%&/#&(*)-$1"$%&/#1-#&,/#&="*5(3& #-,-#-$)-&($1&())/5$2(>"3"27&2/&24-&)/++"22--g*& (%#--1&4"-#(#)47:& Deck 5: Selecting E& F/$*)"-$2"/5*&5$"=-#*"27&)/++5$"27&+-+>-#: E& c)4/3(#37&"+6()2&"$&24-&)3(**#//+: E& '-*-(#)4&6#/15)2"="27: E& '-*-(#)4&,5$1"$%: E& F/33(>/#(2"/$&."24&1"=-#*-&)/33-%-*: E& F/$2#">52"/$&2/&1-6(#2+-$2(3&1"=-#*"27&($1& "$)35*"/$&%/(3*: 14

B4-&4"#"$%&)/++"22--&*4/531&1-2-#+"$-&.4/& +($(%-*&24-&&/$>/(#1"$%&6#/)-**&,/#&$-.& ,()5327&($1&*566/#2&24-+&"$&)#-(2"$%&/$>/(#1"$%& %5"1-3"$-*&24(2&.-3)/+-&($1&,(+"3"(#"8-&$-.& ,()5327&."24&24-&*)4//3g*&6#/%#(+*C&)3(**-*C&($1& *251-$2*:

The Consideration Prompts F/++"22--&+-+>-#*&*4/531&-=(35(2-&)5##-$2& /$>/(#1"$%&6#()2")-*&($1&24-"#&-[-)2"=-$-**C& -*6-)"(337&,/#&$-.&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&/#&6-#*/$&/,& )/3/#&,()5327:

Deck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

Supporting

c566/#2&*4/531&>-&6#/="1-1&,/#&)($1"1(2-*& 24#/5%4/52&24-&-$2"#-&4"#"$%&6#/)-**&($1&15#"$%& 2"+-&*6-$2&(*&4"#-1&,()5327:&Y"#"$%&)/++"22--*& *4/531&)/$*"1-#&,()5327&+-+>-#*g&#-2-$2"/$C&.4")4& "*&>-*2&1/$-&24#/5%4&*566/#2&6#()2")-*:

The Problem Statement ^+6#/=-&24-&$-2./#0&($1&6(#2$-#*4"6&2/&1-=-3/6& (&+/#-&)5325#(337&)/$$-)2-1&($1&*566/#2"=-& )/++5$"27&,/#&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&($1&6-/63-& /,&)/3/#&,()5327&*/&24(2&24-7&1/&$/2&4(=-&2/&>-& >5#1-$-1&>7&>-"$%&24-&/$37&6-/63-&>5"31"$%&($1& *5*2("$"$%&($2"9/66#-**"=-&*6()-*:

The Consideration Prompts F/++"22--*&*4/531&5*-&24-&%"=-$&)(#1*&(*&($& "$)-$2"=-&2/&"$=-*2"%(2-&)5##-$2&*566/#2&,/#&,()5327& ($1&($(378-&24-"#&"+6()2:&_3()-&#-3-=($2&)(#1*& (#/5$1&24"*&*2(%-&/$&24-&./#0>/(#1&($1&-=(35(2-& ($7&%(6*&"$&)5##-$2&6#()2")-*: Deck 7: Supporting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`-2./#0"$%&+--2"$%*: E& ^+6#/="$%&6(#2$-#*4"6

15

16

Behind Firing Racism The Research Process Behind Interventions For Academic Hiring Committees

17

Intro to Firing Racism

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

Research Team Positionality

n>(*-1&/$&,"#*29.--0&()2"="2"-*o d5#&#-*-(#)4&2-(+&"*&)/+6#"*-1&/,&24#--&./+-$& ($1&2./&+-$H&24#--&.4"2-C&/$-&(*"($C&($1&/$-& +"113-&-(*2-#$&"1-$2",7"$%&"$1"="15(3*:&B4#--& .-#-&>/#$&"$&24-&<$"2-1&c2(2-*C&/$-&"$&F4"$(C& ($1&/$-&"$&^#($:&B./&"1-$2",7&."24"$&24-&?iTBjf& )/++5$"27&a*6-)",")(337&%(7&($1&>"*-G5(3bC& ($1&(33&,"=-&+-+>-#*&/,&24-&2-(+&"1-$2",7&(*& )"*9%-$1-#:&K*&(&2-(+C&.-&6/*"2"/$&/5#*-3=-*& ."24"$&24-&1"*)/5#*-&/,&#()"*+&"$&24-&4"%4-#& -15)(2"/$&*7*2-+:&;-&5$1-#*2($1&24(2&24"*& )/$=-#*(2"/$&#-=/3=-*&(#/5$1&24-&/66#-**"/$&/,& T3()0&*251-$2*&($1&-15)(2/#*C&($1&.-&(*&(&2-(+& )($$/2&2#537&5$1-#*2($1&24-&-[-)2*&24-#-/,&(*& $/$-&"1-$2"27&."24&24"*&4"*2/#")(337&+(#%"$(3"8-1& %#/56:&

18

19

The Prompt

“I have been an undergraduate student on this campus for three years and have not learned about any designers who identify as Black, Indigenous, and People of Color in any of my design courses.”

;-&.-#-&6#/+62-1&>7&(&6($-3&1"*)5**"/$&)(33-1& @#(*5#-&>7&@G)35*"/$:&B4"*&6($-3&.(*&3-1&>7& *)4/3(#*&($1&(#2"*2*&.4/&1"*)5**-1&24-"#&#/3-& "$&()(1-+"(&(*&,()5327&($1&*251-$2*&($1&4/.& 24-&)/$2"$5($)-&/,&.4"2-&*56#-+()7&"$&*)4//3*& ([-)2-1&24-"#&-15)(2"/$&($1&.-339>-"$%:&!#/+&24"*& 6#/+62C&.-&.-$2&24#/5%4&24-&1-*"%$&#-*-(#)4&*2-6*& /523"$-1&"$&?"*(&A-#)-#g*&'()"*+&<$2(5%42:&&

The Context

B4-&#-*-(#)4&2-(+&+-+>-#*&"$1"="15(337& #-*-(#)4-1&-3-+-$2*&/,&#()"*+&($1&#-6/#2-1&24-"#& ,"$1"$%*:&B4-*-&-3-+-$2*&.-#-&24-$&($(378-1& 24#/5%4&24-&3-$*&/,&24-&6#/+62-1&6($-3&2(30&2/& 1-2-#+"$-&24-"#&#-3-=($)-&2/&24-&1"*)5**"/$:&B4-& (*6-)2*&/,&#()"*+&(663")(>3-&2/&(#2&-15)(2"/$&(#-& 3"*2-1&>-3/.:

Elements of Racism B4-&2-#+*&>-3/.&.-#-&6#/="1-1&($1&1-,"$-1&>7& 24-&'()"*+&<$2(5%42&2//30"2:&d5#&#-*-(#)4&2-(+& 1-*)#">-*&24-&2-#+g*&(663")(>"3"27&2/&24-&2/6"): White Social Capital — The networks of relationships among white people who live and work in a society that enables the oppression of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color. ;4"2-&*/)"(3&)(6"2(3&"*&(&$-2./#0&/,&.4"2-&6-/63-& 24(2&./#0*&."24"$&(&*/)"-27&24(2&-$(>3-*&24-& /66#-**"/$&/,&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&($1&_-/63-&/,& F/3/#:&B4"*&"*&6#-*-$2&"$&24-&@#(*5#-&>7&@G)35*"/$& 2(30&>-)(5*-&24-&+("$&2/6")&"*&24-&-#(*5#-&/,&T3()0& (#2./#0&($1&)5325#-&"$& ()(1-+"(C&*6-)",")(337&"$&24-&!"$-&K#2*:&c/+-& -G(+63-*&(#-&*251-$2*&$/2&>-"$%&2(5%42&(>/52& T3()0&(#2"*2*&/#&>7&T3()0&6#/,-**/#*&."24"$&24-& "$*2"252"/$:&B4"*&3"+"2*&24-&6-#*6-)2"=-*&/,&*251-$2*:& ;4"2-&c/)"(3&F(6"2(3&)($&>-&,/5$1&"$&5$"=-#*"2"-*& 20

($1&24-&6#/,-**"/$(3&(#2&./#31:& Linguistic Oppression — Discriminatory judgments about a person’s wealth, education, social status, or character based on an individual’s language, vernacular, or accent. ?"$%5"*2")&d66#-**"/$&"*&6#-*-$2&"$&24"*&2(30&.4-$& 24-7&1"*)5**&24-&-G)35*"/$&/,&T3()0&3"2-#(25#-&($1& 24"$0-#*&"$&()(1-+"(&15-&2/&24-&#()"*2&24/5%42&24(2& $/&/$-&.4/&"*&T3()0&./531&>-&(>3-&2/&)#-(2-&($7& 0$/.3-1%-&/#&.#"2"$%*&/,&4"%4&-$/5%4&J5(3"27:&B4-7& +-$2"/$&4/.&.-&1/&$/2&1"*)5**&24-&)/$$-)2"/$*& 2/&T3()0&(#2&/,&24"$0"$%&"$&+($7&(#2&+/=-+-$2*:& d$-&*6-)",")&-G(+63-&"*&4/.&!#-51&"*&*2"33&2(5%42C& 7-2&.-&$-=-#&4-(#&(>/52&24-&6/-2&($1&24"$0-#&K"+-& F-*("#-:& Microaggression — A comment or action subtly and often unconsciously or unintentionally expresses a prejudiced attitude toward a marginalized group member.

A")#/(%%#-**"/$&.(*&6#-*-$2&*-=-#(3&2"+-*&."24"$& 24-&*6--)4:&c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egregation — The enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community, or establishment.

B4"*&.(*&+-$2"/$-1&>7&24-&,"#*2&6($-3"*2&(>/52&24-& 1-*-%#-%(2"/$&"$&B-G(*&($1&4/.&.-&(#-&$/.&3"="$%& "$&(&2"+-&/,&#(6"1&#-*-%#-%(2"/$&24(2&"*&"+6()2"$%& 24-&=(35-&/,&45+($&3",-:&;-&(#-&*--"$%&="/3-$2& ()2"/$&($1&6/3")7&24(2&"*&([-)2"$%&T3()0&)4"31#-$& *"%$",")($237:&c4-&2(30*&(>/52&4/.&T3()0&*251-$2*& (#-&>-"$%&([-)2-1&>7&>5*"$%&6#/%#(+*&24(2&+(0-& 24-+&3(2-&/#&"$4">"2&24-"#&*)4//3&())-**:& White Savior — A White person who serves or helps non-White people, with that help in some contexts perceived to be self-serving. ;4"2-&*(="/#&.(*&(66(#-$2&.4-$&/$-&/,&24-& (51"-$)-&+-+>-#*&(*0-1&(>/52&(&*6-)",")&6("$2"$%& /,&@++-2&B"33&>7&I($(&c)4528C&(&.4"2-&(#2"*2:&K*& -G6#-**-1&>7&/$-&/,&24-&6($-3"*2*C&24-&6#/>3-+& ."24&24"*&6("$2"$%&"*&24(2&"2&1"1&$/2&)(625#-&24-&%/#-& ($1&="/3-$)-&24(2&.(*&24-&()25(3"27&/,&@++-2&B"33g*& >/17&(,2-#&>-"$%&+5#1-#-1:&B4"*&"*&6#/>3-+(2")& >-)(5*-&>7&I($(&+(0"$%&24"*&6("$2"$%C&*4-&"*&1/"$%& (&1"**-#=")-&2/&$/2&/$37&@++-2&>52&4"*&+/24-#C& A(+"-&B"33:&c4-&.($2-1&6-/63-&2/&>-&(.(#-&/,&24-& >#52(3"27&)/++"22-1&(%("$*2&4-#&*/$:&B4-&6($-3"*2& *5%%-*2-1&(&6#/6-#&.(7&2/&*6-(0&(>/52&24"*& *"25(2"/$&(*&(&.4"2-&(#2"*2&"*&+(7>-&2/&2#7&2/&#-3(2-& 2/&24-&./+($&.4/&3"-1&(>/52&@++-2&.4"*23"$%&(2& 4-#&3-(1"$%&2/&4"*&+5#1-#:&F#"2"J5"$%&24"*&24#/5%4& 4-#&(#2&./531&>-&+5)4&+/#-&+-($"$%,53&,#/+&4-#& 6-#*6-)2"=-:& Misogyny — A hatred of, aversion to, or prejudice against women.

A"*/%7$7&.(*&*6/0-$&(>/52&"$&T(54(5*&($1&"2*& +/=-&2/&24-&<$"2-1&c2(2-*&(,2-#&24-&.(#:&K,2-#& 24-&.(#C&1-*"%$&($1&(#2&*)4//3*&>-)(+-&+/#-& +(*)53"$-&."24&24-&#"*-&/,&+(3-&*251-$2*:&B4"$%*& *5)4&(*&4(#*4&/#&>#52(3&)#"2"J5-&)(+-&/52&/,&24"*& 6-#"/1C&($1&24-&24/5%42&.(*&24(2&",&7/5&)/531&$/2& 2(0-&*5)4&)#"2"J5-C&7/5&.-#-&$/2&h2/5%4k&/#&h+($k& -$/5%4&2/&>-&24-#-:& White Solidarity — A term coined by Robin J. DiAngelo describes the unspoken agreement among white people to protect white advantage, privilege, and power by not causing another white person to feel racial discomfort by confronting them when they say or do something racially problematic.

;4"2-&c/3"1(#"27&"*&+-$2"/$-1&.4-$&/$-&/,&24-& 6($-3"*2*&*6-(0*&(>/52&24-&-#(*5#-&/,&$/2&/$37& T3()0&(#2&>52&(3*/&/,&T3()0&4"*2/#7&"$&*)4//3& 2-G2>//0*:&B4"*&"*&/,2-$&1/$-&2/&-#(*-&24"*&4"*2/#7&2/& h6#/2-)2k&.4"2-&,--3"$%*:&B4"*&)($&(3*/&>-&*--$&>7& L5*2&35+6"$%&(33&/,&T3()0&Y"*2/#7&"$2/&/$-&+/$24&($1& "%$/#"$%&"2&,/#&24-&#-*2&/,&24-&7-(#:&B4"*&"*&(3*/&*4/.$& .4-$&/$-&6($-3"*2&#-)/5$2*&24(2&4-#&.4"2-&6--#*& ./531&$/2&-$%(%-&."24&4-#&./#0&>-)(5*-&24-7& )3("+-1&*4-&.(*&2#7"$%&2/&+(0-&24-+&,--3&*256"1&>7& (*0"$%&(>/52&1/+-*2")&./#0-#*&"$&24-&)/++5$"27:& B4-&6#/,-**/#&1"1&$/2&-=-$&)(33&/52&24-*-&*251-$2*:& Monolithic Thinking — The assumption that people who identify as Black, Indigenous, or a Person of Color all believe in the same thing or act in the same way.

A/$/3"24")&B4"$0"$%&"*&*--$&.4-$&/$-&/,&24-& 6($-3"*2*&(*0*C&"*&h24-&K,#")($&6(#2&/,&24-&45+($& ,(+"37\k:&Y"%4-#&-15)(2"/$&)/$2"$5-*&2/&>-&"%$/#($2C& *4/."$%&24(2&24"*&($*.-#&"*&h`/k&2/&2//&+($7:&B4-& ()(1-+7&(3*/&,--3*&24(2&$/&0$/.3-1%-&/#&3"2-#(25#-& ,#/+&($7/$-&/,&K,#")($&1-*)-$2&"*&./#24&2-()4"$%:& Y-&(3*/&,--3*&4-&.(*&2#-(2-1&3"0-&(&>(*0-2>(33&63(7-#& "$&24-&,"$-&(#2*&*)4//3&"$&24(2&4-&.(*&#-)#5"2-1C& )/5#2-1C&($1&())-62-1&2/&24-&*)4//3:&^&24"$0&24"*& 2#-(2+-$2&/,&4"+&($1&24-&5$())-62($)-&/,&T3()0& *)4/3(#*4"6&"$&24-&*)4//3*&*4/.*&24(2&24-&()(1-+7& 1/-*&$/2&24"$0&24(2&24-#-&"*&(&=(#"-27&/,&T3()0& 0$/.3-1%-&/#&($7&24(2&"*&,"22"$%&2/&24-&"$*2"252"/$:& Entitlement — The belief that one is inherently deserving of privileges or special treatment. @$2"23-+-$2&"*&-G-+63","-1&+($7&2"+-*&"$&24-& *2/#"-*&2/31&>7&24-&6($-3"*2:&c2"33C&/$-&^&."33&6/"$2& /52&"*&/$-&6($-3"*2g*&*2/#7&(>/52&4-#&>-"$%&/$-& /,&24-&,"#*2&%#/56*&,#/+&4-#&*)4//3&"$&B-G(*&2/&>-& 1-*-%#-%(2-1&($1&>#/5%42&2/&24-&,/#+(3&h.4"2-9 /$37k&*)4//3:&c4-&#-)/5$2*&4/.&+5)4&+/#-&())-**& 2/&24-"#&0$/.3-1%-C&"$)351"$%&2-G2>//0*C&.-$2&6(*2& 24-&*-)/$1&./#31&.(#:&c4-&(3*/&#-+-+>-#*&"2&>-"$%& 3-**&)#/.1-1&($1&)3-($-#&15-&2/&,5$1"$%&($1&+/#-& *2([:&B4"*&*4/.*&24(2&.4"2-&6-/63-&.-#-&-$2"23-1&2/& 24"$0&24-7&1-*-#=-1&>-22-#&-15)(2"/$&24($&T3()0& *251-$2*&"$&24-&)/++5$"27:& Eurocentric Beauty Standards — European standards of beauty and appearance, which are impossible for Black, Indigenous, or 21

people of color to live up to (i.e., straight hair, narrow noses, light skin, etc.). @5#/)-$2#")&>-(527&*2($1(#1*&(#-&+-$2"/$-1&.4-$& 24-&24"#1&6($-3"*2&2-33*&5*&(&*2/#7&(>/52&4-#&>-"$%& /$37&24#--&7-(#*&/31&($1&5$1-#*2($1"$%&24(2&4-#& h>3()0&)/"37&4("#k&.(*&$/2&)/$*"1-#-1&>-(52",53&"$& */)"-27:&B4"*&)(+-&(>/52&.4-$&4-#&+/24-#&2/31& 4-#&,#"-$1&4/.&>-(52",53&*4-&.(*&(*&(&>(>7:&B4"*& 6#/=/0-1&24-&6($-3"*2&2/&6/"$2&2/&24-&>(>7&"$&?(*& A-$"$(*C&.4/&+(2)4-1&24-&@5#/6-($&>-(527& *2($1(#1*C&($1&(*0&",&24(2&.(*&4-#p*4/."$%&24(2& *4-&5$1-#*2($1*&24-&@5#/6-($&*2($1(#1*&/,&>-"$%& >-(52",53&($1&$/2&4-#&,-(25#-*:& Feminist — One who advocates for women’s rights based on the equality of the sexes can sometimes be accused of hating men.

B4"*&"*&+-$2"/$-1&(2&24-&-$1&(*&($&-G(+63-&/,&4/.& ./+-$g*&*2517&)(+-&(>/52&(*&(&276")(3&)3(**&"$& "$*2"252"/$*:&B4-&6($-3"*2&*6/0-&(>/52&4/.&*/3"1(#"27& ($1&24-&1-+($1&,/#&*5)4&0$/.3-1%-&2/&>-&2(30-1& (>/52&(#-&4/.&.-&%/2&./+-$g*&*251"-*&($1&4/.& .-&)($&(3*/&*2(#2&1-+($1"$%&2/&3-(#$&(>/52&T3()0& (#2"*2*C&)5325#-C&($1&4"*2/#7: Gender Role Expectations — An assumed social role encompassing a range of behaviors and attitudes that are normalized and considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for a person based on that person’s biological or perceived sex (i.e., secretarial roles, cooking, cleaning). i-$1-#&#/3-&-G6-)2(2"/$*&.-#-&+-$2"/$-1&.4-$& 24-&6($-3"*2*&1"*)5**-1&4/.&24-&(#2&()(1-+7& 5*-1&2/&>-&6#-1/+"$($237&,-+(3-&>52&.(*&+/#-& +(3-91/+"$(2-1&"$&24-&XOWS*&(,2-#&24-&.(#&15-& 2/&24-&i^&>"33:&K*&(#2"*2*C&./+-$&.-#-&$/2&*--$& (*&6#/,-**"/$(3*C&>52&(*&*//$&(*&"2&>-)(+-&+(3-9 1/+"$(2-1C&"2&.(*&*--$&(*&(&6#/,-**"/$(3&6#()2")-:& B4"*&(3*/&#-*532-1&"$&24-&3-%()7&6-1(%/%7&/,& )#"2"J5-*&24(2&.(*&$/2&>-$-,"2"$%&($7/$-&($1&(*0-1C& hK#-&7/5&+($&-$/5%4&2/&>-&4-#-\k:& Colorism – Prejudice or discrimination against individuals with a dark skin tone, typically among people of the same ethnic or racial group.

B4-&1"*)/5#*-&(>/52&.4")4&(#2"*2*&(#-&2(5%42&"$&24-& (#2&*)4//3&)5##")535+&)/+6(#-*&24-&.4"2-&(#2"*2*& 22

)/=-#-1&($1&24-&_dF&(#2"*2*&$/2&)/=-#-1:&_dF& (#2"*2*&*5)4&(*&!#"1(&l(43/&(#-&$/.&"$)351-1C&>52& 1(#0-#9*0"$$-1&(#2"*2*&*5)4&(*&I(="1&Y(++/$*&(#-& $/2: Cognitive Dissonance — The state of having inconsistent or contradictory thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially regarding behavioral decisions.

K#2&*)4//3*&(#-&5*5(337&,"33-1&."24&6#/%#-**"=-& 24"$0-#*C&7-2&24-&)5##")535+&1/-*&$/2&+(2)4&24-& =/)(3&-[/#2&/,&5$"=-#*"2"-*&2/&1"**5(1-&#()"*+:& Colonization — The process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area through the changing of thought, language, religion, and everyday practices. ;-*2-#$&(#2&6#()2")-*&($1&)5##")535+&"*&,/)5*-1& /$&(#2"*2*&($1&6"-)-*&24(2&.-#-&6#/15)2*&/,& )/3/$"8(2"/$&/#&.-*2-#$&>-(527: Historic Trauma Transmission – The cumulative psychological, sociological, and anthropological wounding across generations within an oppressed racialized group, often used in describing the experiences of Indigenous people.

B4-&*5>L-)2*&/,&+/*2&6"-)-*&"$&(#2&4"*2/#7&.-#-& ([35-$2&.4"2-&6-/63-&.4/&>-$-,"22-1&,#/+&24-& *5>L5%(2"/$&/,&-$*3(=-1&6-/63-:&B4-*-&(#2"*2*&6("$2& /=-#&24-&2#(5+(C&($1&24-&6/#2#("2*&)/531&2#($*+"2& 24"*&2#(5+(&2/&_dF&="-.-#*:& Passive Racism — Attitudes and actions contribute to maintaining racism without openly advocating violence or oppression.

B4-&)/$2"$5(2"/$&/,&24-&.4"2-9)-$2#")&(#2&)5##")535+& "*&6(**"=-&#()"*+&>-)(5*-&"2&1/-*&$/2&#-6#-*-$2&24-& _dF&(#2&($1&_dF&(#2"*2*&24(2&.-#-&L5*2&(*&()2"=-&"$& 6#/+"$-$2&+/=-+-$2*:&B4"*&6/#2#(7*&(&1-=(35(2"/$& /,&$/$9.4"2-&(#2: Tokenism — Making a symbolic effort to recruit a small number of people from underrepresented groups in order to give the appearance of equality.

B4-&)/$,-#-$)-&>/(#1&+-+>-#*&2-33&4/.&24-7& (#-&/,2-$&/$-&/,&(&4($1,53&/,&>3()0&-+63/7--*&(2& 24-"#&#-*6-)2"=-&/))56(2"/$*&)/$,-##"$%&24-&"1-(& /,&(&1"=-#*"27&4"#-:&A/#-/=-#C&(#2&*)4//3*&=-#>(337& ()0$/.3-1%"$%&(&3()0&/,&>3()0&(#2&>52&$/2&()2"=-37&

)4($%"$%&24-&)5##")535+&"*&2/0-$"*+:& Whiteness — The embodied ideology that whiteness is the norm and this normative standard has the power to control society’s social, political, economic, and cultural behavior.

B4"*&"*&#-6#-*-$2-1&"$&24-&.4"2-91/+"$(2-1&(#2& *)4//3&)5##")535+:&B4-&3()0&/,&(#2"*2*&/,&)/3/#& 6#-*-$2*&.4"2-&(#2&(*&24-&$/#+: Intersectional Feminist — A lens of viewing how various forms of inequity and marginalization operate together and exacerbate experienced sexism.

B4-&)/$,-#-$)-&>/(#1&+-+>-#*&)/$*"*2&6#"+(#"37& /,&T3()0&./+-$C&($1&24-7&-G6#-**&1"[")532"-*&"$&24-& #()-9#-3(2-1&,"-31&)/+6/5$1-1&>7&%-$1-#: Intellectual Inferiority — An internalized ideology that leads one to believe an individual is not as intelligent as other people based on perceived gender or race.

B4-&6($-3&2/31&($-)1/2-*&/,&2"+-*&24-"#&"$2-33"%-$)-& ($1&#/3-&(2&5$"=-#*"2"-*&.-#-&J5-*2"/$-1&>-)(5*-& /,&24-"#&#()-:&B4-&)/+6(#"*/$&/,&24-&#(2"/&/,&T3()0& 2/&.4"2-&6#/,-**/#*&($1&24-&#(2"/&/,&T3()0&2/&.4"2-& >(*0-2>(33&63(7-#*&.(*&5*-1&2/&4"%43"%42&24"*& 6-#)-"=-1&#()"(3&"$,-#"/#"27: Aversive Racism — A form of implicit bias in which a person persistently avoids interaction with other racial and ethnic groups.

T"33&6/"$2-1&/52&.4(2&4-&.(*&)/$,#/$2-1&."24& "$&4"*&T!K&>7&"33"2-#()7C&"%$/#($)-C&"$1"[-#-$)-C& ($1&"$$/)-$)-&"$&24-&"$*2"252"/$C&(*&.-33&(*&/24-#& 6($-3"*2*&.4/&-G6-#"-$)-1&"%$/#($)-&"$&24-"#& -15)(2"/$: Blaccent — The vernacular of Black Americans is often made fun of by the dominant culture.

K*&+-$2"/$-1&>-,/#-C&24-&"33"2-#()7&24-7&(#-& )/$,#/$2-1&."24&"+63")(2-*&.4(2&24-&1/+"$($2& )5325#-&6-#)-"=-1&(*&24-&=-#$()53(#&/,&T3()0& K+-#")($* Cultural Taxation — A unique burden placed on Black, Indigenous, and People of Color to carry responsibility and service as the only represented minority within an

organization.

K*&24-&6($-3"*2*&6#-*-$2-1C&24-7&.-#-&#-*6/$*">3-& ,/#&3-22"$%&24-&65>3")&5$3-(#$&4"*2/#7:&Y/.-=-#C&24-& $-G2&%-$-#(2"/$&."33&,()-&24-&*(+-&"**5-&(,2-#&24-& 1"*)5**"/$:& Institutional Racism — Racial discrimination derives from individuals carrying out the dictates of a prejudiced institution or society. d$-&/,&24-+&+-$2"/$-1&24(2&4"*2/#7&.(*&2(5%42& 1"[-#-$237&2/&.4"2-&($1&>3()0&*251-$2*:&K3*/C&24-7& 2(30-1&(>/52&4/.&24-&7/5$%&*4/531&#("*-&24-& (.(#-$-**&-+>-11-1&"$&24-"#&-15)(2"/$: Intent Over Impact — Prioritizing well-intended actions over the negative impact they might have had on an individual who identifies as a Black, Indigenous, or person of color. ^$*2"252"/$*&6(7&+5)4&(22-$2"/$&2/&4/.&K,#")($9 K+-#")($*&1/&#()"(3&*2517:&B4-7&#-*2#")2&24-&3()0& /,&6-/63-&,#/+&"$,35-$)"$%&24-&"$*2"252"/$:&;4"3-& T"33&%(=-&4"*&($*.-#&2/&1"=-#*"27&($1&-J5(3"27C&4-& #-,-#-$)-1&*/+-/$-C&he/5&)($$/2&2(30&(>/52&.4(2& .(*&1/$-&2/&7/5:k Internalized Racism — When Black, Indigenous, or Person(s) of Color support the supremacy of the dominating group by perpetuating the attitudes, behaviors, ideologies, and social structures that support the dominating group’s power. '()"*+&"*&"$4-#-$237&"$)351-1&"$&6-/63-g*&>-4(="/#C& ($1&24-7&4(=-&2/&)/+6#/+"*-&24-&*7*2-+C&6/3")"-*C& ($1&4/.&"$*2"252"/$*&2#-(2&24-&*"25(2"/$&,/#&T3()0& (#2"*2* Racial Gaslighting — Psychologically manipulating someone who has experienced racism by denying facts, the environment, or context, or their feelings leading them to question their own sanity.

B4-&6($-3"*2*&+-$2"/$-1&+($7&2"+-*&24(2&/24-#*& J5-*2"/$&24-+*-3=-*C&h.4(2&(#-&7/5&%/"$%&2/&1/& (>/52&"2\k&.4")4&"+63"-*&24(2&24-#-&"*&3"223-&7/5&)($& 1/: Racial Slur — A racist insult refers to a Black, Indigenous person or person of color. d$-&/,&24-&6($-3"*2*&#-,-##-1&2/&24-&J5/2-&

23

($1&-+64(*"8-1&4/.&T3()0&6-/63-&)(33-1&$-%#/& 4(=-&(&1"[-#-$2&1-,"$"2"/$&,#/+&.4"2-:& White Mediocrity — The privilege granted to White people to set and live by their own standards, while people of color often feel pressured to double or triple that same standard to be accepted or deemed successful. ;4-$&T"33&2(30-1&(>/52&4"*&)/++"2+-$2&2/&4"*& )(#--#C&4-&*2#-**-1&4/.&4(#1&T3()0&6-/63-&4(=-& 2/&./#0C&)/$2#">52-&2/&24-&*)4/3(#*4"6C&($1&6#/=-& 24-+*-3=-*: White Privilege — An advantage granted to a White person because they fall into the dominant racial group of society.

T"33&2(30-1&(>/52&($&-=-$2&"$&.4")4&(&7/5$%&./+($& 4(1&24"*&1->(2-&."24&4"+&(>/52&24-&"##-3-=($)-&/,& #()-&"$&4-#&3",-:&Y-&J5-*2"/$-1&.47&24-#-&(#-&,-.& 2-$5#-1&K,#")($9K+-#")($&6#/,-**/#*&(2&24-&d4"/& c2(2-&<$"=-#*"27:&c4-&*("1C&h24-#-&(#-&+/#-&.4"2-*& "$&24-&6/653(2"/$:k&4-&(*0-1C&h.47&(#-&24-&+(L/#"27& /,&63(7-#*&"$&24-&`(2"/$(3&T(*0-2>(33&K**/)"(2"/$& T3()0\k&($1&*4-&*("1C&h>-)(5*-&24-7&(#-&%//1&(2&"2:k Manterrupting — The unnecessary interruption of a woman by a man.

B4-&4"*2/#7&/,&24-&(#2&()(1-+7&.(*&%-$1-#-1& ,-+"$"$-C&>52&"2&.(*&1"*#562-1&(,2-#&24-&.(#:&B4-& .4"2-&+($&)(+-&1/.$&($1&(*0-1&24/*-&./+-$C& h(#-&7/5&+($&-$/5%4&2/&>-&4-#-\k White Supremacy — The belief that white people constitute the superior race and the actions that perpetuate the exclusion, discrimination, and oppression of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color.

B4-&6#-*-$2(2"/$&($1&1"*)5**"/$&(#-&)-$2-#-1&/$& h4/.&(#2&*)4//3*&($1&"$*2"252"/$*&564/31&.4"2-& *56#-+()7:k&T-)(5*-&/,&24"*C&"2&"*&"$4-#-$237&6(#2&/,& 24-&2/6")&($1&6#/>3-+: Systemic Racism — Inequalities rooted in the system-wide operation of a society that excludes members of particular racial groups from significant participation in major social institutions. @G)351"$%&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&($1&*251-$2*&/,&)/3/#& ,#/+&(#2&*)4//3*&($1&"$*2"252"/$*&,--1&($1&(#-&,-1& >7&(&+/#-&*"%$",")($2&,/#)-&/,&*7*2-+")&#()"*+:& ^$&24"*&.(7C&*"+"3(#&2/&.4"2-&*56#-+()7C&*7*2-+")& 24

#()"*+&"*&"$4-#-$2&2/&(&6#/>3-+&3"0-&24-&-G)35*"/$&/,& T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&($1&*251-$2*&/,&)/3/#&"$1"="15(3*& ,#/+&(#2&*)4//3*&($1&"$*2"252"/$*:& White Washing — The removal of the voices and representation of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color by replacing them with White people, most commonly in the movie industry, with White characters being cast in historically non-White roles.

K#2&*)4//3*&($1&"$*2"252"/$*&(#-&.4"2-.(*4"$%& +($",-*2*&>7&$/2&2-()4"$%&(>/52&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C& ($1&*251-$2*&/,&)/3/#&(#2"*2*&"$&(#2&($1&(#2&4"*2/#7& )3(**-*:&A/*2C&",&$/2&(33C&/,&24-&6($-3&+-+>-#*C&2(30& (>/52&24"*&>-"$%&(&*-=-#-&"**5-C&($1&"2&"*&24-&>(*"*& ,/#&24-&6#-*-$2(2"/$&($1&2"23-&/,&24-&2(30: Othering — To view or treat a Black, Indigenous, or person of color as intrinsically different from and alien to oneself, also known as exclusion.

B4"*&)(+-&56&(&)/563-&/,&2"+-*&"$&24-&1"*)5**"/$& (+/$%&24-&6($-3"*2*:&B4-&,"#*2&2"+-&24(2&^&$/2")-1&"2& .(*&.4-$&T"33&.(*&2(30"$%&(>/52&($&-G6-#"-$)-&4-& 4(1&.4"3-&1"*)5**"$%&24-&3()0&/,&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C& ($1&*251-$2*&/,&)/3/#&6#/,-**/#*C&($1&24-&.4"2-& ./+($&4-&.(*&2(30"$%&."24&.(=-1&"2&/[&(*&>-"$%& 15-&2/&24-&3/.-#&6/653(2"/$&/,&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C& ($1&*251-$2*&/,&)/3/#&6-/63-&"$&24-&<c&>52&24-$& *("1&h24-7&(#-&>-22-#&(2&"2k&.4-$&(*0-1&.47&24-& `TK&"*&+(1-&56&/,&(&+(L/#"27&/,&T3()0&6-/63-:& Explicit Bias — Attitudes and beliefs about a person or group of people on a conscious level, usually expressed as a direct result of a perceived and socialized threat. @G63")"2&>"(*&(%("$*2&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&($1& *251-$2*&/,&)/3/#&"*&/$-&/,&24-&#//2&)(5*-*&,/#& -G)351"$%&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&($1&*251-$2*&/,&)/3/#& "$1"="15(3*&"$&(#2&*)4//3*&($1&"$*2"252"/$*:& Stereotyping — A widely held but fixed and oversimplified idea of a particular type of person based on their racial identity.

B4"*&)(+-&56&15#"$%&T"33g*&*2/#7&(>/52&(&.4"2-& ./+($&.(="$%&24-&"1-(&24(2&T3()0&6-/63-&.-#-& /=-##-6#-*-$2-1&"$&24-&`TK&>7&c("$%&h24-7&(#-& >-22-#&(2&"2k&.4"3-&(#%5"$%&(%("$*2&24-&"1-(&24(2& T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&($1&*251-$2*&/,&)/3/#&"$1"="15(3*& .-#-&5$1-##-6#-*-$2-1&"$&()(1-+"(:&^$&24"*&)(*-C&

*(7"$%&24(2&T3()0&6-/63-&(#-&>-22-#&(2&>(*0-2>(33&(*& (&>3($0-2&*2(2-+-$2&"*&(&)(*-&/,&*2-#-/276"$%: Microinvalidations — A comment or action that subtly and often unconsciously or unintentionally excludes or negates the experiences, feelings, and experiential reality of a Black, Indigenous, or person of color (i.e., “You have good hair, so you are not really Black”).

B4-#-&"*&$/2&(&1"#-)2&1"*)5**"/$&/,& +")#/"$=(3"1(2"/$*&15#"$%&24-&1"*)5**"/$:&Y/.-=-#C& 24-7&+(0-&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&($1&*251-$2*&/,&)/3/#& "$1"="15(3*&,--3&3-**&.-3)/+-&"$&*6()-*&3"0-&(#2& *)4//3*&($1&"$*2"252"/$*C&245*&6-#6-25(2"$%&.4"2-& *56#-+()7:& Code Switching — When a Black, Indigenous, or person of color adjusts their mannerisms, expression, dialect, appearance, and behavior to feel more comfortable in primarily white spaces.

F/1-9*."2)4"$%&.(*&$/2&1"#-)237&1"*)5**-1&15#"$%& 24-&1"*)5**"/$:&Y/.-=-#C&/$-&/,&24-&-[-)2*&/,&(& 3()0&/,&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&($1&*251-$2*&/,&)/3/#& #-6#-*-$2(2"/$&"*&24(2&*251-$2*&+"%42&,--3&,/#)-1& 2/&)/1-9*."2)4&2/&,"2&"$&>-22-#&(2&(#2&*)4//3*&($1& "$*2"252"/$*:& Eugenics — Unscientific and racially biased policies and practices which arrange re/production of the human population to increase heritable characteristics, which are normalized as desirable– justifying the treatment of disabled and marginalized populations.

B4-#-&"*&$/2&($7&1"#-)2&1"*)5**"/$&/,&-5%-$")*& (+/$%&24-&6($-3"*2*:&Y/.-=-#C&#()"*2&6/3")"-*&3"0-& -5%-$")*&63(7-1&(&*"%$",")($2&#/3-&"$&)#-(2"$%&/5#& )5##-$2&#()"*2&*7*2-+*&6-#6-25(337&"$&(#2&*)4//3*& ($1&"$*2"252"/$*: Patriarchy — A system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it.

K324/5%4&24-#-&"*&$/2&+5)4&1"#-)2&+-$2"/$&/,& 6(2#"(#)47C&"2&)/+-*&56&.4-$&24-7&2(30&(>/52& 4/.&(#2&*251"/*&)4($%-1&.4-$&+-$&#-25#$-1& ,#/+&.(#&($1&2//0&/=-#&3-(1-#*4"6&($1&-15)(2/#& #/3-*&"$&*251"/*:&K3*/C&6(2#"(#)47&"*&(&)/#-&6(#2& /,&/5#&)"="3"8(2"/$&($1&"2*&4"*2/#7:&^2&"*&)/$*2($237& "$2-#2."$-1&."24&#()"*+&($1&.4"2-&*56#-+()7:

Glass Ceiling — An unofficially acknowledged barrier to professional advancement, especially affecting women and underinvested communities. ?"0-&6(2#"(#)47C&24-#-&(#-&$/2&$-)-**(#"37&1"#-)2& +-$2"/$*&/,&24-&%3(**&)-"3"$%C&>52&"2&"*&6(#2&/,&(& +/#-&-G2-$*"=-&*7*2-+&24(2&-G)351-*&+(#%"$(3"8-1& )/++5$"2"-*&"$&(#2&*)4//3*&($1&"$*2"252"/$*: Anti-Black Racism — Elements of racism directed toward and experienced by Black people.

B4-7&.-#-&*-6(#(2"$%&24-&K,#")($9K+-#")($& *251-$2*&,#/+&.4"2-&*251-$2*&"$&)3(**-*:&B4-& $5+>-#&/,&.4"2-&*251-$2*&.(*&,-.-#&"$&)3(**-*& )/+6(#-1&."24&PS9WS&T3()0&c251-$2*&"$&24-"#& )3(**-*:&K32-#$(2"=-37C&%"="$%&24-&/31&2-G2>//0&2/& T3()0&*251-$2*&($1&$-.&/$-*&2/&.4"2-&*251-$2*: Color Blindness — Disregarding the experiences of Black, Indigenous, and people of color by devaluing and ignoring their racial identity. ;4"2-&*56#-+()7&"*&$/2&(>/52&.4"2-&6-/63-H&"2&"*& (>/52&4/.&*/)"-27&4(*&($1&)/$2"$5-*&2/&>-&>5"32& 2/&>-$-,"2&.4"2-&6-/63-&24#/5%4&24-&/66#-**"/$&/,& +"$/#"27&%#/56*:&B4-#-&"*&(&)-$25#"-*9/31&J5-*2"/$D& "*&24-&K,#")($&6(#2&/,&24-&45+($&,(+"37\ & White Denial — The refusal to believe the reality of racism, systemic inequalities, injustices, power, and privilege exists. ;4"3-&(&*-$"/#&*251-$2&4(*&24-&>-3"-,&24(2&#()"*+&"*& "##-3-=($2&"$&K,#")($9K+-#")($&6-/63-g*&3"=-*: Imperialist Historical Revisionism — A form of Whitewashing that rewrites historical events, often extending the rule or authority of White countries over nations of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (i.e., removing the noses of statues depicting Black people).

B4"*&)/+-*&56&.4-$&24-7&1"*)5**&T3()0C& ^$1"%-$/5*C&($1&*251-$2*&/,&)/3/#&(#2"*2*&$/2&>-"$%& "$)351-1&"$&(#2&4"*2/#7&)/5#*-*:&A($7&)/5#*-*&($1& 6#/,-**/#*&(#-&6(#2")"6(2"$%&"$&"+6-#"(3"*2&4"*2/#")(3& #-="*"/$"*+&>7&-G)351"$%&(#2"*2*&.4/&63(7-1&(& *"%$",")($2&#/3-&"$&1"[-#-$2&(#2"*2")&+/=-+-$2*& >(*-1&/$&.4-#-&24/*-&(#2"*2*&(#-&,#/+:& 25

Implicit Bias — The unconscious attribution of particular qualities to a certain social or cultural group member.

B4-#-&(#-&="*5(3&)5325#-*&24(2&#-6#-*-$2&24(2& K,#")($9K+-#")($&6-/63-&*6-)",")(337&(#-&-"24-#& )#"+"$(3*C&-$2-#2("$-#*C&/#&(243-2-*: Imposter Syndrome — A psychological pattern in which a racialized individual doubts their skills, talents, or accomplishments and has a persistent internalized fear of being exposed as a “fraud” or “undeserving of their position/title.”

K*0"$%&J5-*2"/$*&*5)4&(*C&h(+&^&*+(#2&-$/5%4Ck&/#& h(+&^&2(3-$2-1&-$/5%4&2/&>-&($&-15)(2/#\k&T-)(5*-& 24-#-&.-#-&,-.&K,#")($9K+-#")($&6#/,-**/#*&/#& *251-$2*&"$&4"%4-#&-15)(2"/$: Prejudice — Perceptions and assumptions directed towards a Person of Color solely based on their racial identity. ;4"3-&(&*-$"/#&*251-$2C&24-&>-3"-,&"*&24(2&24-#-&(#-& +/#-&K,#")($9K+-#")($*&/$&24-&>(*0-2>(33&2-(+& >-)(5*-&24-7&(#-&>-22-#&(2&"2:& White Ally Fatigue — A term that expresses the tiredness of White people who feel “stretched thin” while standing in solidarity with Black, Indigenous, and People of Color who have suffered all their lives. ;4"3-&(&*-$"/#&*251-$2&4(*&24-&>-3"-,&24(2&#()"*+&"*& "##-3-=($2&"$&K,#")($9K+-#")($&6-/63-g*&3"=-*: Power — The capacity or ability to directly influence the behavior of others or the course of events.

B4-#-&.(*&$/&1"#-)2&"$,35-$)-&,#/+&24-&>-4(="/#&"$& 24-&6($-3C&>52&24-"#&-G6-#"-$)-*&1"1&*(7&(&3/2&(>/52& 24-&6/.-#&17$(+")*&."24"$&()(1-+"(:&

Levels of Oppression

B4-&#-*-(#)4&2-(+&>#/0-&1/.$&24(2&#()"(3"8-1& "$*2"252"/$&/,&4"%4-#&-15)(2"/$&"$2/&24-&3-=-3*&/,& >-3"-,*C&(%-$2")&()2"/$C&"$*2"252"/$(3C&($1&)5325#-& 5*"$%&'()"*+&<$2(5%42g*&?-=-3*&/,&d66#-**"/$& +/1-3:&;-&,5#24-#&)/$2-G25(3"8-1&"$*2($)-*& /,&/66#-**"/$&"$&()(1-+"(&(2&-()4&3-=-3&($1& )/$*"1-#-1&4/.&-()4&%#/56&6-#6-25(2-*&24-& 6#/>3-+:& 26

d$-&-G(+63-&,#/+&24-&)/$)-$2#")&)"#)3-*&.(*D T-3"-,D&B4"*&*2-6&"*&.4-$&6-#*/$(3&24/5%42*&/,& >-3"-,*&3-(1&2/&6#/>3-+(2")&>-4(="/#:&@G(+63-*&/,& (&>-3"-,&24(2&)/531&3-(1&2/&24-&-G)35*"/$&/,&T3()0C& ^$1"%-$/5*&($1&6-/63-&/,&)/3/#&"$&4"%4-#&-15)(2"/$& "*&24(2&24-7&4(=-$g2&+(1-&*"%$",")($2&)/$2#">52"/$*& 2/&24-&,"-31&/,&K#2&($1&I-*"%$:&B4"*&"*&/>="/5*37& 5$2#5-&>52&"*&564-31&"$&+($7&6-/63-:&B4"*&*4/.-1& 5*&6-/63-&4(=-&6-#*/$(3&>"(*&24(2&)($&"$4">"2&24-+& ,#/+&2(0"$%&()2"/$&"$&($2"9#()"*2&-15)(2"/$&6/3")"-*:& K%-$2")&K)2"/$D&B4"*&"*&.4-$&24-&6#/>3-+(2")& >-3"-,*&25#$&"$2/&6#/>3-+(2")&>-4(="/#*:&B4-&>-3"-,& (>/=-&24(2&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*&($1&6-/63-&/,&)/3/#& 4(=-$g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d66#-**"/$&"*&*/&$/#+(3"8-1&24#/5%4&24-&*7*2-+& 24(2&.-&(33&6(#2")"6(2-&"$&24(2&.-&1/&$/2&*--&24-*-& 1"*6(#"2"-*&(*&(>$/#+(3:&;4(2&24"*&2/31&5*&"*&24(2&.-& $--1&*/+-24"$%&2/&6#/=/0-&)/$=-#*(2"/$*&(>/52& #()"*+g*&#//2*&"$&()(1-+"(&2/&)#-(2-&#-,3-)2"/$& ($1&24-#-,/#-&6#/>3-+&*/3="$%&2/&2#7&2/&/[*-2&24"*& )5325#(3&#()"*+:&

27

Research Question

Y/.&+"%42&1-*"%$&>-&5*-1&2/&1-=-3/6&4"#"$%& 6#()2")-*&2/&6/*"2"=-37&"+6()2&24-&4"#"$%&6#/)-**& ($1&*566/#2&*2#5)25#-&,/#&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&($1& _-/63-&/,&F/3/#&-15)(2/#*&."24&6-/63-&"$&6/*"2"/$*& /,&(524/#"27&"$&(#2&($1&1-*"%$&4"#"$%&)/++"22--*\

Literature Review

D+,'./0-1/,'23'.%*41-(5)'758'9/:';*+554-'0)<' =)-:(:1:(5)-'>?+54<'@+(:,';1?/,A0*3&6($-3&"$)351-1& 6($-3"*2*&'/>"$&q:&Y(7-*C&_4:I:&,#/+&B4-&`-.& c)4//3C&B/+(*4"&q()0*/$C&A!K&,#/+&A(**()45*-22*& F/33-%-&/,&K#2&($1&I-*"%$C&F4-#73&':&'"3-7C&`(2"/$(3& @$1/.+-$2&,/#&24-&K#2*&#-)"6"-$2C&T"33&i(*0"$*C& K**/)"(2-&_#/,-**/#&(2&F/#$-33&<$"=-#*"27C&K$(*2(*"(& ;(##-$C&c251-$2&(2&B4-&c)4//3&/,&r"*5(3&K#2*C& ($1&c4-337$-&'/1#"%5-8C&A!K:&^$&24-&="1-/C&.-& 1-2-#+"$-1&,"=-&)/#-&*5>L-)2&+(22-#*&.-&./531& 3"0-&2/&"$=-*2"%(2-&"$&/5#&#-*-(#)4:&B4-*-&2/6")*& "$)351-1&Xb&*)4/3(#37&#-6#-*-$2(2"/$*&/,&T3()0C& ^$1"%-$/5*C&($1&6-/63-&/,&)/3/#C&Nb&.4"2-&*(="/#*&"$& (#2&-15)(2"/$C&Pb&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&($1&6-/63-&/,& )/3/#&#-6#-*-$2(2"/$&"$&+5*-5+*C&Wb"$2-#*-)2"/$(3& ,-+"$"*+&"$&-15)(2"/$C&($1&Ub&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C& ($1&6-/63-&/,&)/3/#&#-6#-*-$2(2"/$&()#/**&24-&(#2*:& B4#/5%4&24-*-&2/6")*C&.-&-G63/#-1&*7*2-+(2")&($1& "$*2"252"/$(3&#()"*+&24#/5%4&*)4/3(#37&*/5#)-*C& (#2")3-*C&($1&6/653(#&+-1"(&2/&1-2("3&4/.&#()"*+& 24#/5%4&24-&-G)35*"/$&/,&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&($1& _-/63-&/,&)/3/#&(#2&*2"33&-G"*2*&"$&()(1-+"(&($1& 2/1(7g*&(#2&./#31:&B4"*&3"2-#(25#-&#-="-.&"*&($& "$2#/15)2"/$&2/&/5#&#-*-(#)4&24(2&."33&)/$2#">52-&2/& /5#&,"$(3&1-*"%$&6#/6/*(3:&

Black, Indigenous, and People of Color Scholarly Representations – Holly Strickland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

,/#&24-&$5+>-#&/,&T3()0&*)4/3(#*&)#-(2-1&($1&24-"#& #-)/%$"2"/$&"*&1-6-$1-$2&/$&6/*2%#(15(2-&-15)(2"/$& >(##"-#*& ,/#& T3()0C& ^$1"%-$/5*C& ($1& *251-$2*& /,& )/3/#C& #()"*2& 4"#"$%& 6#()2")-*& "$& 5$"=-#*"2"-*C& ($1& (1+"$"*2#(2"/$& 6#"/#"2"-*& (#/5$1& ,()"3"2(2"$%& T3()0C& ^$1"%-$/5*C&($1&*251-$2*&/,&)/3/#&*566/#2: & K$&-G(+63-&/,&4/.&#()"*+&"*&564-31&"$&()(1-+"(& "*&24-&"$*2"252"/$(3&4"#"$%&6#()2")-*&a?/6-8C&NSXRb:& K&*2517&1/$-&>7&#-*-(#)4-#*&,#/+&`/#24.-*2-#$& *4/.-1&24(2&4"#"$%&6#()2")-*&,/#&T3()0&6#/,-**/#*& 4(=-&$/2&)4($%-1&*"$)-&XOVOC&($1&.4"2-&(663")($2*& #-)-"=-&)(33>()0*&PQs&/,&24-&2"+-C&.4"3-&T3()0& (663")(2"/$*&#-)-"=-&)(33>()0*&/$37&NWs&/,&24-&2"+-& a?/6-8C&NSXRb:&B4"*&"$-J5(3"27&"$&4"#"$%&6#()2")-*& )/$)351-*&24(2&T3()0&()(1-+")*&($1&*)4/3(#*& ."33&)/$2"$5-&2/&>-&5$1-##-6#-*-$2-1&"$&4"%4-#& -15)(2"/$&($1&."24"$&24-&+(2-#"(3&5*-1&2/&-15)(2-& *251-$2*:& K$&(#2")3-&>7&q($")-&K*(#-&aNSNNb&/523"$-*&*/+-& /,&24-&6#"+(#7&#-(*/$*&.-&1/&$/2&4(=-&T3()0& #-6#-*-$2(2"/$&"$&()(1-+"(&($1&"2*&)/$$-)2"/$& 2/&(&3()0&/,&*566/#2&,/#&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&($1& *251-$2*&/,&)/3/#&()(1-+")*&,#/+&24-&"$*2"252"/$& "2*-3,:&&T3()0&./+-$&(#-&24-&+/*2&-15)(2-1&%#/56& "$&24-&<:c:C&>52&-=-$&."24&+($7&5$"=-#*"2"-*&4(="$%& 1"=-#*"27&*2($1(#1*C&24"*&*2(2"*2")&"*&$/2&#-6#-*-$2-1& "$&()(1-+"(&aK*(#-C&NSNNb:&d,2-$C&24-*-&1"=-#*"27& *2($1(#1*&(#-&(&2-+6/#(#7&,"GC&.4"3-&24-&#//2& /,&24-&"**5-&)/+-*&1/.$&2/&(&3()0&/,&*566/#2& ($1&(1=($)-+-$2&,/#&T3()0&,()5327&+-+>-#*& aK*(#-C&NSNNb:&c5#,()-93-=-3&*566/#2&/,&1"=-#*"27& "*&6-#,/#+(2"=-&($1&."33&$/2&,5#24-#&24-&*5))-**&/,& T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&($1&*251-$2*&/,&)/3/#&*)4/3(#*&

NSNNb:&B4"*&"*&(&*2#"1-&"$&24-&#"%42&1"#-)2"/$C&>52& "2&1/-*&$/2&+-($&24-#-&(#-&$/&1"=-#*"27&"**5-*& ."24"$&24-&K#2&($1&I-*"%$&*)4//3&(2&<^<F:&B4"*& *4/.&)/531&+-($&+/#-&./#0&,/#&T3()0&6#/,-**/#*C& +-($"$%&24-#-&)/531&>-&(&1"=-#*"27&"**5-&"$&4"#"$%&

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29

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;4"3-&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&($1&*251-$2*&/,&)/3/#& #-6#-*-$2(2"/$&(+/$%&+5*")"($*&($1&+5*")(3& (#2"*2*&(#-&#-3(2"=-37&4"%4C&#-6#-*-$2(2"/$&>-4"$1& 24-&*)-$-*&/,&24-&+5*")&"$15*2#7&"*&*2"33&3()0"$%:& K))/#1"$%&2/&c"*(#"/&aNSNXbC&/$37&XO:Vs&/,&+5*")& -G-)52"=-*&.-#-&,#/+&5$1-##-6#-*-$2-1&#()"(3&($1& -24$")&%#/56*C&($1&R:Us&.-#-&>3()0:&c4(1"L($/=(& aNSXOb&>#"$%*&56&($/24-#&*"%$",")($2&"**5-&."24"$& 24-&+5*")&"$15*2#7&#-3(2"$%&2/&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C& ($1&*251-$2*&/,&)/3/#&#-6#-*-$2(2"/$&"*&.4"2-&(#2"*2*& 3"0-&K#"($(&i#($1-&(32-#"$%&24-"#&(66-(#($)-*&/#& +($$-#"*+*&2/&>-$-,"2&,#/+&>-"$%&6-#)-"=-1&(*& T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&($1&*251-$2*&/,&)/3/#&.4"3-&$/2& 4(="$%&2/&1-(3&."24&24-&*2#5%%3-*&24(2&"$1"="15(3*&/,& 24-&%#/56&*4-&"*&)5325#(337&(66#/6#"(2"$%:&

Conclusion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

39

Research Proposal Research Team q/*45(&_#"1-+/#-C&Y/337&c2#")03($1C&'5"G"$&Y($C& l"($(&!(24"$-84(1C&I($"-3&F5#2"*

Research Goals E& E& E&

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<$1-#*2($1&24-&<^<F&(#2&($1&1-*"%$& 1-6(#2+-$2&4"#"$%&6#/)-**: ^$=-*2"%(2-&24-&4"*2/#7&/,&24-&4"#"$%&6#/)-**: <$1-#*2($1&24-&1-+/%#(64")&/,&24-&6(*2&($1& )5##-$2&,()5327&"$&24-&(#2&($1&1-*"%$&1-6(#2+-$2& (2&<^<F: ^$)#-(*-&*566/#2&,/#&*251-$2*&($1&,()5327&.4/& "1-$2",7&(*&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&/#&6-/63-&/,&)/3/#:

Research Methods E& E& E& E& E&

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45

Ideate Brainstorming B4-&+(0"$%&/,&24-&6#/>3-+&*2(2-+-$2&($1& )/$=-#*(2"/$&)(#1*&*2(#2-1&"$&24-&"1-(2"/$&*-)2"/$& /,&/5#&1-*"%$&#-*-(#)4&6#/)-**:&^$&24"*&*-)2"/$C&.-& >#("$*2/#+-1&-G6-#"-$)-*C&*7*2-+*C&($1&(#2",()2*& 24(2&)/531&>-&5*-1&2/&*/3=-&/#&(11#-**&/5#&1-*"%$& )4(33-$%-:&;-&)4/*-&24-*-&(#2",()2*&>(*-1&/$&24-& 1-*"%$&+-24/1*&5*-1&"$&24-&6#"/#&*2-6*:&;-&24-$& 3//0-1&(2&24-*-&(#2",()2*&"$&2-#+*&/,&",&24-7&(#-& /66#-**"=-&/#&($2"9/66#-**"=-&(3/$%&."24&24-"#& "$2-$2&($1&"+6()2:&

Quadrant Map

;-&24-$&3//0-1&(2&24-*-&(#2",()2*&"$&2-#+*&/,&",& 24-7&(#-&/66#-**"=-&/#&($2"9/66#-**"=-&(3/$%&."24& 24-"#&"$2-$2&($1&"+6()2:&!#/+&24-#-C&.-&1"*)/=-#-1& 24-&(51"-$)-&.-&.($2-1&2/&./#0&."24&.(*&4"#"$%& )/++"22--*:&K&3(#%-&6(#2&/,&24-&"**5-&(2&4($1&"*& )#-(2-1&."24"$&24-&L/>&6/*2"$%*C&"$2-#="-.*C&($1& 4"#"$%&6#/)-**:&

Final Idea

B/&(11#-**&24"*C&.-&"1-(2-1&($&()2"="27&"$*6"#-1&>7& 24-&'()"*+&<$2(5%42&>/(#1&24(2&)/531&>-&5*-1&>7& 4"#"$%&)/++"22--*:&B4"*&()2"="27&./531&)/$*"*2&/,& )(#1*&24(2&(*0&J5-*2"/$*&2/&"%$"2-&)/$=-#*(2"/$*& ($1&*5>*-J5-$2&)4($%-&."24"$&24-&4"#"$%&6#/)-**:& F4($%-&"*&$--1-1&"$&24-&4"#"$%&6#/)-**&2/&-$*5#-& *)4//3*&6#"/#"2"8-&)($1"1(2-*&.4/&./#0&."24& 1"=-#*"27&($1Z/#&(#-&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&/#&6-/63-&/,& )/3/#: 46

Prototyping Low Fidelity d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

Mid-Fidelity d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d$)-&/5#& ."#-,#(+-&.(*&)#-(2-1&"$&A5#(3C&.-&(663"-1&24-& >#($1&"1-$2"27&.-&)#-(2-1&>(*-1&/$&/5#&+//1& >/(#1: ;"24"$&24"*&*2-6&.-&(3*/&#-)-"=-1&!--1>()0&,#/+& _#/,-**/#&B-##-*(&A/*-*C&(&F#-(2"=-&I"#-)2/#&(2& T3()0>"#1&'-=/32&($1&($&K**"*2($2&_#/,-**/#&/,& i#(64")&I-*"%$C&($1&24-&"$(5%5#(3&I"#-)2/#&/,&

I-*"%$&q5*2")-&(2&24-&<$"=-#*"27&/,&A"$$-*/2(:& B-##-*(&2(30-1&5*&24#/5%4&*-=-#(3&"+6#/=-+-$2*& .-&)/531&-G-)52-C&/$-&>-"$%&24-&5*-&/,&+/#-&1"#-)2& ./#1"$%:&I"#-)2&./#1"$%&+-($"$%&2/&2(0-&/52& 5*-*&/,&%-$-#")&0-7./#1*&*5)4&(*&h1"=-#*"27k&/#& h+"$/#"27k:&^$*2-(1&/,&5*"$%&24-*-&%-$-#(3&./#1*&*4-& (1="*-1&.-&5*-&24-&+/#-&())5#(2-&./#1*&*5)4&(*& h.4"2-&*56#-+()7k&($1&h#()"*+k&2/&$/2&3"%42-$&24-& *-=-#"27&/,&24-&6#/>3-+&(2&4($1:&

High Fidelity B4-&4"%4&,"1-3"27&6#/2/276-&.-&-G6($1-1&/$&/5#& ."#-,#(+-&2/&(11&(33&>#($1&-3-+-$2*&($1&2-G2*:& ;-&-G6($1-1&/5#&)/3/#&*)4-+-&2/&*-=-$&)/3/#*& 2/&+(2)4&24-&*-=-$&*2-6*:&;-&24-$&5*-1&/52*"1-& "+(%-#7&($1&24-&)/3/#&4(3,2/$-&-[-)2&2/&-3-=(2-& 24-&*273"8(2"/$&/,&24-&()2"="27:&K3/$%&."24&(&647*")(3& =-#*"/$&24(2&)/531&>-&5*-1&"$&($7&+--2"$%C&.-&(3*/& )#-(2-1&(&1"%"2(3&=-#*"/$&"$&A5#(3&24(2&."33&>-&+/#-& ())-**">3-&2/&/24-#&*)4//3*&($1&,()5327&+-+>-#*& /52*"1-&/,&24-&4"#"$%&)/++"22--:

47

48

Impact

B4-&"+6()2&/,&/5#&()2"="27&."33&>-&1-2-#+"$-1& >7&24-&5*-(>"3"27&/,&24-&)(#1*&"$&(&%#/56&*-22"$%:& B4-&.(7*&.-&)($&2-*2&24"*&"+6()2&24#/5%4& *-=-#(3&/#%($"8(2"/$(3&2-*2"$%&+-24/1*:&c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d5#&="*"/$& *2(2-+-$2&."33&/523"$-&4/.&.-&*--&24-&)(#1*&5*-1C& .4/&."33&5*-&24-+C&($1&24-&6/2-$2"(3&)4($%-&24-7& )($&4-36&"+63-+-$2&."24"$&24-&4"#"$%&6#/)-**:& d=-#(33&/5#&="*"/$&*2(2-+-$2&."33&%5"1-&24-&5*-#*& 2/&,/)5*&/$&24-&"$)35*"/$&/,&T3()0C&^$1"%-$/5*C&($1& _-/63-&/,&F/3/#&."24"$&24-&*)4//3g*&,()5327&($1& *)4/3(#*4"6:&

49

References K$1-#*/$C&q:&a$:1:b:&Y//0-1&/$&F3(**")*:&Y(#=(#1&i#(15(2-&c)4//3&/,&@15)(2"/$:&'-2#"-=-1&c-62-+>-#& XUC&NSNN:&4226*DZZ...:%*-:4(#=(#1:-15Z$-.*Z-1ZXOZSVZ4//0-19)3(**")*:& I-$(&c"++/$*&|yI-$(c"++/$*}:&aNSNNC&q5$-&PSb:&K&*2517&/$&^+6/*2-#&c7$1#/+-&L5*2&&65>3"*4-1&(2& +7&,/#+-#&L/>:&B."22-#:&4226*DZZ2."22-#:)/+ZI-$(c"++/$*Z*2(25*ZXUWNUSQSQSRVQVSQRVU B4-&T3()0&A-$()-*&|yT3()0A-$()-*}:&aNSNNC&A(#)4&XSb:&;47&1/&24-&+(L/#"27&/,&6-/63-&$/2& 4(=-&($7&>3()0&,#"-$1*&(2&>75\&|r"1-/}:&B"0B/0:&4226*DZZ...:2"02/0:)/+Zy>3()0+-$()-*Z ="1-/ZRSRPQSOXVONWNRPUOXU\"*,#/+.->(66]=Xv"2-+1]RSRPQSOXVONWNRPUOXUv3($%]-$ l#($$-#2&K#2&A5*-5+&aNSNNb:&T3()0&/$&T3()0&/$&T3()0:&4226*DZZ0(+:"33"$/"*:-15Z-G4">"2"/$Z>3()09 >3()09>3()09>3()0:& K*(#-C&q($")-&i:&aNSNNC&!->#5(#7&XXb:&I/-*&K)(1-+"(&K)25(337&;($2&T3()0&_#/,-**/#*\&!/#>-*:& 4226*DZZ...:,/#>-*:)/+Z*"2-*ZL($")-%(**(+ZNSNNZSNZXXZ1/-*9()(1-+"(9()25(3379.($29>3()09 6#/,-**/#*Z\*4]WONQPRWQX,W) c-223-*C&^:&Y:C&q/$-*C&A:&l:C&T5)4($($C&`:&B:C&v&I/2*/$C&l:&aNSNXb:&@6"*2-+")&-G)35*"/$D&c)4/3(#a37b& 1-=(35(2"/$&24(2&+(#%"$(3"8-*&,()5327&/,&)/3/#:&q/5#$(3&/,&I"=-#*"27&"$&Y"%4-#&@15)(2"/$C&66:&XWC& WOPtUSR:&4226*DZZ1/":/#%ZXS:XSPRZ14-SSSSXRW ?/6-8C&i-#+($&aNSXRC&c-62-+>-#&XVb:&c2517D&K$2"99&>3()0&4"#"$%&1"*)#"+"$(2"/$&"*&(*&6#-=(3-$2&2/1(7&(*& "2&.(*&"$&XOVO:&r/G:&4226*DZZ...:=/G:)/+Z"1-$2"2"-*ZNSXRZOZXVZXQPSRRVNZ*25179#()"*+9L/>* ?("#1C&Y:&aNSNNC&c-62-+>-#&XPb&Ac<&(+/$%&*-3-)2&)/33-%-*C&5$"=-#*"2"-*&."$$"$%&$(2"/$(3&1"=-#*"27& (.(#1:&A"**"**"66"&c2(2-&<$"=-#*"27:&4226*DZZ...:+**2(2-:-15Z$-.*#//+Z(#2")3-ZNSNNZSOZ+*59 (+/$%9*-3-)29)/33-%-*95$"=-#*"2"-*9."$$"$%9$(2"/$(391"=-#*"279(.(#1 T#5$*+(C&I:&?:C&@+>#")0C&I:&i:C&v&c4"$C&q:&Y:&aNSXRb:&i#(15(2-&c251-$2*&/,&F/3/#D&'()-C&'()"*+C&($1& A-$2/#"$%&"$&24-&;4"2-&;(2-#*&/,&K)(1-+"(:&c/)"/3/%7&/,&'()-&($1&@24$")"27C&PaXbC&XtXP:&4226*DZZ 1/":/#%ZXS:XXRRZNPPNQWONXQQVXUQU c+"24C&A:C&a&NSXOC&q5$-&NRb:&ze/5&c2(#2&24-&i(+-&B"#-1gD&;4(2&^2g*&?"0-&2/&T-&d$-&/,&24-&!-.&&T3()0& c251-$2*&(2&($&&@3"2-&K#2&c)4//3C&K#2$-2&4226*DZZ$-.*:(#2$-2:)/+Z(#29./#31Z>3()09*251-$2*9(#29 *)4//39XUVUOSQ: _/+(C&c:C&a&NSNXC&K6#"3&NNb:&_/+(D&;4"2-&c(="/#"*+&"$&@15)(2"/$&Y"1-*&"$&_3("$&c"%42:& I("37<2(4F4#/$")3-&4226*DZZ1("3752(4)4#/$")3-:)/+ZNSNXZSWZNNZ6/+(9.4"2-9*(="/#"*+9"$9 -15)(2"/$94"1-*9"$963("$9*"%42Z l#(-4-C&K:&A:C&i(82(+>"1-9!-#$u$1-8C&':C&v&F(#6-$2-#&^^C&T:&c:&a@1*:b:&aNSXVb:&B4-&_(3%#(=-&Y($1>//0& /,&'()-&($1&24-&K#2*&"$&@15)(2"/$:&c6#"$%-#&^$2-#$(2"/$(3&_5>3"*4"$%:&4226*DZZ1/":/#%ZXS:XSSRZORV9 P9PXO9QUNUQ9Q l4($1.(3(C&K:&aNSXOC&q5$-&Ub:&;4(2&I/-*&"2&A-($&2/&I-)/3/$"8-&I-*"%$\&@7-/$I-*"%$:&4226*DZZ -7-/$1-*"%$:("%(:/#%Z.4(291/-*9"29+-($92/91-)/3/$"8-91-*"%$Z& _/3($*07C&':C&aNSNNC&K6#"3&XVb:&i(:&)/33-%-&())5*-1&/,&1"*)#"+"$(2"$%&(%("$*2&T3()0&-+63/7--*:& )>*WQ:&4226*DZZ...:)>*WQ:)/+ZNSNNZSWZXVZ%(9)/33-%-9())5*-191"*)#"+"$(2"$%9(%("$*29>3()09 -+63/7--*Z\,>)3"1]^.K'PK0A9Y>GX~lRK#T%(~13e7*S?3PWLBl){Y2J`5')d_$<A_~3OB~WV-W0& ;4--3-#C&K:C&aNSXVC&A(7&NWb:&B4"*&"*&.4(2&"2g*&3"0-&2/&%-2&(&e(3-&A!K&1-%#--:&^91:&r")-:&4226*DZZ"91:=")-: )/+Z-$Z(#2")3-Z>LPL=8Z24"*9"*9.4(29"2*93"0-92/9%-29(97(3-9*)4//39/,9(#29+,(91-%#--& B#(="*C&c:&aNSNXb:&hK#2"*2*C&;-&`--1&e/5kD&K#2"*2&^1-$2"27C&F#-(2"=-&K%-$)7C&($1&24-&<#%-$)7&/,&K)2"/$:& c251"-*&"$&K#2&@15)(2"/$C&QNaNbC&XWNtXQX:&4226*DZZ1/":/#%ZXS:XSVSZSSPOPUWX:NSNX:XVOQNUS 50

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