Salt scenario bio-morphogenesis lab

2

INDEX 7 SOLANA

ULCINJ

/the saline territory/ // Condition of SOLANA ULCINJ // Water Resources Distribution // wind direction //saline dune distribution 23 Natural

MateriaL

/study of table salt and subsratum/ //comparison experiments // study of Morphology of crystallization // study of substratum:branching and l-system //representation of the salinity 73 Material

Behaviour

DLA algorithm //observation of the DLA Algorithm // Agency of the Crystallization with L-system // analysis of Crystallization with L-system 115

Urban Protocol

DLA algorithm //Data Map of Wind Condition //Data Map of Salinity and Shallow Area Condition //Data Map of Sea Water and Flow DirectionCondition // Catalytic Cell for Battery Landscape // Application of Robotic Arm 147 Appendix //Flooding erosion in delta area // Birds and vegetation distribution

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Abstract Solana’s Alternative Growth

Human has become a geological force. Someone can argue that this has become recognisable fact afforded by the new geological epoch that we are living in and comes with the name of the Anthropocene after the Nobel prize winning atmospheric chemist Paul Crutzen. Anthropogenic activities driven by a hubris of human exceptionalism supported by a false Promethianism and framed by sterile geopolitics imposed metabolic rifts on the planet and left traces reminders of a necessity to address a possible future without us.

In the post- Anthropocene era, our intension is to design the strategy for dealing with these problematic remains from the period of the Anthropocene, and utilizing the alternative and speculative scenarios to metabolise the local cycle in an efficient way.

The abandoned Solana Ulcinj is one of the cases where a bankruptcy of a salt factory endangers a biodiversity due to the abandonment of a metabolic circle that was pumping energy and life to the broader area of Ulcinj. The artificial salty landscape rich in nutrition become a habitat for an immense number of species of birds during they migratory flights. The 1990’s bankruptcy has disrupted a settled metabolic circle formed by salt, migratory flight tracks, birdwatching and financial input to the Ulcinj area.

How therefore we designate the problem at the urban scale afresh? How speculative scenarios, that do not restore – impossible and futile – what was existing there suggest alternative metabolic circuits that will redefine a different urban scenario and a new form of habitation for human and non-human entities. In this sense the project suggests possible strategy for the post-Anthropocene.

In order to approach the project methods, involve methods of capturing and mapping that exceeds normal urban design methods but in spatial and temporal scales. In this sense the urban problem is opened up in spatiotemporal scales that far exceed that of human. The decision to start from salt reveals an intention to allow the site to construct its own history and its peculiar expression.

By sensing and recording through various points of view that range from microscale photography of salt crystal growths to Satellite mapping in order to identify salt concentrations on the site we aimed to set up a field through which a material system is computed and grow to occupy the planetary surface of that thick section of investigation. The resulted urban form is an alternative scenario that human and non-human entities interact in a metabolic sphere.

Firstly, based on the visited of our site and the maps from European Satellite Agency, we found that plenty of waste material of salt remained on the site. Therefore, it is significant to speculate the alternative potential for local urban sphere and biosphere. Then, we conducted systematic branching system to do the physical experiments of crystallization in order to observe and extract the morphogenesis emergence of salt material. Specifically, we focused on the morphogenesis of crystallization via observation of physical experiments so that we concluded the relationship between the essential parameters of morphogenesis and manual substratum.

Secondly, in order to have higher accuracy and comparable experiments with the manual branching system, we utilizing the algorithm of the L-system to generate the specific substratum for physical experiment. Moreover, the L-system is based on the mathematic computation so that we fully manipulated each parameter such as length, angle, scale, generation and codes to build up the material system.

Thirdly, it is significant to organise the material system by the L-system which including some prototypes, components and compositions of substratum, each scale of substratum presenting different scale of morphological behaviour of crystallization.

Fourthly, comparing with the physical crystallization, it is important to simulate it via the customized algorithm of diffusion limitation aggregation system as an agent. Reasoning that not only we could observe the dynamic morphogenesis at different stages but also could harness this system to speculate its behaviour and the distribution of salt’s crystals on the substratum.

Fifthly, our strategy is that growing substratum by the L-system according to the dynamic salinity and water flow in different seasons. On the other hand, the capacity of substratum consists of some functions such as catalytic cells, bird nesting, human activities and so on base on the dynamic cycle and redundancy of information extracted from our site. For instance, the catalytic cell which consists of saline water as a media and mental could generate electricity for activating the pumping system. Therefore, the cycle of biosphere and urban sphere can be balanced as previously.

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+ Solana Ulcinj

4

5

Site Information /Solona Ulcinj/

Material Exploration /study of table salt and subsratum/

The Trace of Anthropocene in Solana Ulcinj

Comparison Experiment Introduction

Water Resources Distribution

Crystallization Morphology

Saline dune & water Distribution

Represenation of Salinity

6

Substratum creation

by L-system

Intelligent Material System /the L-system & DLA algorithm/

Digital behavior The agent of the DLA

Substratum of Material System

Simulation of crystal growth

The measurement experiment

Territorial Protocol /Solona Ulcinj/

Physical Influences of Crystallization

Biological & Social Influences

Extension of material system

Application of Material System

output data input data 7

8

chapter 1

SOLANA ULCINJ the saline territory

// The Trace of Anthropocene in Solana

Ulcinj

// Water Resources Distribution // Saline dune & water Distribution //Represenation of Salinity

9

//Solana Ulcinj

In This chapter,a satellite remote sensing is being used to document the local information and to map the history of salt production in Ulcinj. Firstly, we do the research about the transition of the use of saline and the settlements condition near Ulcinj will be researched and that eventually will lead us to justify salt as our initial input material.

By looking into the physical conditions of Ulcinj, we collect data from satellite maps based on Level1 data from the ESA(European Space Agency). Level-1 focused data are transformed from level-1 data by the application of algorithms and calibration data to form a baseline engineering product from which higher levels are derived.

The Level-0 products consist of compressed and unfocused Synthetic Aperture Radar raw data. Level-0 products are the basis from which all other high level products are produced. It includes noise, internal calibration and echo source packets as well as orbit and attitude information.

Water, wind, and saline dune are the basic elements that we focus on. Through the scale of the view from the satellite, we analyse each of the above elements and study its affective relationship in the site.

Based on the information of that initial study, we will discuss the physical conditions of Ulcinj that might influence the urban infrastructure, and also the varying position of Solana as consequence of the transition of local salt industry to ecological tourism.

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Site Information /Solona Ulcinj/

The Trace of Anthropocene in Solana Ulcinj

Water Resources Distribution

Saline dune & water Distribution

Represenation of Salinity

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12

//Ulcinj Salt industry & settlements near the dealt beach Solana is one of the largest salines of the Mediterranean region. It is a completely man-made, artificial landscape which founded in the nineteen twenties. it is region that was selected as an industrial salt production area by former Yugoslavia because it can become hot with the constant wind at the height of 10 meters above the sea. These conditions are perfect for evaporation of water.

The salt pans and machinery were constructed from 1926 and 10 years later the first salt was harvested. Additional salt pans were added to improve the crystallization process in the 1960s to 1980s.

The falling apart of former Yugoslavia and The political and economic transformations in Montenegro afterward caused the Solana Ulcinj to go bankrupt in 2005. And the value of salt on the world market had drastically decreased during 1990’s. Therefore, the industrial salt production in the Solana was no longer profitable. After that Solana starts to cooperate with EuroNatur aiming to protect the unique ecosystem of the salina and for developing the area for touristic purposes. (“ Project Solana Ulcinj,� 2016) But still it cannot save Solana economically and ecologically.

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NDWI 2016/11/23

//Water Resources Distribution NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) map we focused on water dynamic which can clearly observe from the NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) map.

This operational field affords to engage the territory in terms of degrees of wetness and it is based on the possibility to algorithmically compute the difference in reflectivity of ground materials that possess a different water content. The equation is used to monitor changes related to the water content in water bodies, using green (i.e band3) and NIR (i.e band8) wavelengths, defined by McFeeters (1996) which is (B3-B8)/(B3+B8). An NDWI image can be generated accordingly with the resolution 10 meters per pixel.

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NDWI 2016/09/27

The wettest zones are rendered in purple while the driest zones are rendered in blue. The darkness of blue indicates the depth of water.

Based on the NDWI maps we can clearly identify the water distribution area and also the whitest area during the dry season, potentially saline dune distribution area can be allocated.

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//Water Resources Fluctuation

NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) map In order to understand the water flow direction and the fluctuation throughout the whole year, we collected nine NDWI maps which were captured in specific dates.

A closer look into the specific salina through the NDWI maps proves that the waterside is changing due to the different levels of high salinity as well as the sea water flowing in from October and flows out in April. Which is why the annual cycle of salt production started in late April. The initial seawater with a concentration of 29 grams per litre is pumped into the evaporation basins pond by pond started from an east south part of the whole area. And evaporation is processing from June onwards. Water dynamics help us to relocate the crystallization and to understand the network of canals which connect the saltpans.

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Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)

2016/03/04

2016/04/20

2016/05/27

2016/07/29

2016/08/15

2016/09/27

2016/10/25

2016/11/23

2016/12/03

2016/04/20

2016/05/27

2016/03/04

2016/08/15

2016/09/27

2016/07/29

2016/11/23

2016/12/03

2016/10/25 17

Canals under the water water flow between

//Water Resources Fluctuation Canals under the water Due to the cycle of salt production started in late April.

Saline water should be transported to adjacent evaporation basins when the evaporation goes into different stages.

From the diagram of Euronatur assessment, the transformation of saline water during the salt production has been shown when the saline water was pumped from neighbour salt pans. And compared to the ESA maps through 2016, the water surface was also changed due to the tides. Based on these two sources, we use shortest walk to simulate the water flow between basins and the canals under the levees.

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//Saline

dune & water

distribution

Based on the maps from ESA, we divide the picture in pixels as each one equal of five meters in a real site.

We divide the Saline into two-dimensional grid and then using an algorithm to map the whitening area. In the diagram, the height of each pillar is proportional to the brightness of each pixel.

Two diagrams indicate the difference of saline dune distribution in April and August, as the typical examples of wet and dry season separately.

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saline dune

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water -N

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+

0

20151209 ULCINJ 51x24pixels 510x240m

NDWI

salinity

20151209 ULCINJ 51x24pixels 510x240m

NDWI

salinity

Physical model Top view

salinity

-N

-N 24

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+N

-N

-N

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salinity

Physical model Perspective

salinity

Physical model Perspective

+N

+N

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//Representation of salinity in site After the digital reconstruction of saline dune distribution area, we 3d printed a series of models that also illustrates the data in physical medium. Based on our original maps, we use the height of pillar to represent the topography of the site, and the cross-sectional area to represent the salinity in different evaporation basins.

We assume that the different scale of pillars and the distance between them will affect the process of salt crystallization. And our documents of this physical model confirm our thoughts.

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chapter 2

Material Exploration /study of table salt and subsratum/

//Comparison Experiment Introduction // Crystallization Morphology // Substratum creation by L-system //Digital behavior The agent of the DLA

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//Phsical Experiment

Natural evaporation

crystallization of water

is

of a

salt common

through process.

Therefore, we can alter the process of the crystallization through controlling variables. Before conducting several physical experiments, we need to summarize few arguments with controlled trials, such as: humidity, density of saline water, temperature, fluctuation of the flow, which are quite common phenomenon in SOLANA ULCINJ. Before conducting the experiments, several types of equipment shall be set to simulate the natural environment, such as fans, the frothing machine and digital camera to record every step of the experiments in order to analysis the dynamic behaviours of the crystallization.

The first step of the experiments is to stir salt into boiling hot water until no more salt will dissolve (crystals start to appear at the bottom of the container). Be sure the water is as close to boiling as possible, After that, use the glass tank as the container. Set the substratum into the saline water. The fan, heater and frothing machine can be used to accelerate the process as well.

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Material Exploration /study of table salt and subsratum/

Comparison Experiment Introduction

Crystallization Morphology

Substratum creation

by L-system

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NaCl Molecular forms

Ionic crystal lattice

Heated to Saturated Solution Concentration: 0.4S: 1.0W

Cooling Crystallization Evaporative Crystallization

//Principle of crystallization The molecular formula of table salt, which is sodium chloride, is NaCl. Table salt is an ionic compound, which breaks into its component ions or dissociates in water. These ions are Na+ and Cl-. The sodium and chlorine atoms are present in equal amounts (1:1 ratio), arranged to form a cubic crystal lattice.

In the solid lattice, each ion is surrounded by six ions having opposite electrical charge. The arrangement forms a regular octahedron. The chloride ions are much larger than the sodium ions. The chloride ions are arranged in a cubic array with respect to each other, while the small sodium cations fill the gaps between the chloride anions.

Salt is very soluble in water, so the growth rate of salt crystals is diffusion controlled. Apart from the in Suence on the mean crystal size, the low driving force for crystallization also strongly reduces. agglomeration.

There are three mechanisms for the incorporation of impurities in the Real crystalline product. The Rest is the direct incorporation of the impurity in the crystal lattice, the second is the formation of inclusions and the third is the insufficient washing of the crystals.(Kostick,2010)

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Epsom Salt Molecular forms

Concentration: 1.6S: 1.0W

//Principle of crystallization Magnesium sulfate is an inorganic salt (chemical compound) containing magnesium, sulfur and oxygen, with the formula MgSO4. It is often encountered as the heptahydrate sulfate mineral epsomite (MgSO4·7H2O), commonly called Epsom salt. The monohydrate, MgSO4·H2O is found as the mineral kieserite. The overall global annual usage in the mid-1970s of the monohydrate was 2.3 million tons, of which the majority was used in agriculture. Anhydrous magnesium sulfate is used as a drying agent. The anhydrous form is hygroscopic (readily absorbs water from the air) and is therefore difficult to weigh accurately; the hydrate is often preferred when preparing solutions (for example, in medical preparations). Epsom salt has been traditionally used as a component of bath salts. Epsom salt can also be used as a beauty product. Athletes use it to soothe sore muscles, while gardeners use it to improve crops. It has a variety of other uses: for example, Epsom salt is also effective in the removal of splinters.(Karl Heinz Büchel, Hans-Heinrich Moretto and Dietmar Werner,2000)

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A1 1.Material of substratum: Cotton 2.Structure: 1 branch with seed 3.Concentration: 1.6 S: 1.9W 4.Interval Distance: 29,29,29,29,29,mm 5.Angle: 45 6.Thickness: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 mm 7.Generation: 4 8.Solution: Epsom Salt

A3 1.Material of substratum: Cotton 2.Structure: 3 branches with seed 3.Concentration: 1.6 S: 1.9W 4.Interval Distance: 29,29,29,29,29,mm 5.Angle: 45 6.Thickness: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 mm 7.Generation: 4 8.Solution: Epsom Salt

A6 1.Material of substratum: Cotton 2.Structure: 1 branch with seed 3.Concentration: 1.6 S: 1.9W 4.Interval Distance: 29,29,29,29,29,mm 5.Angle: 45 6.Thickness: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 mm 7.Generation: 4 8.Solution: Epsom Salt

B6 1.Material of substratum: Cotton 2.Structure: 3 branches with seed 3.Concentration: 1.6 S: 1.9W 4.Interval Distance: 29,29,29,29,29,mm 5.Angle: 45 6.Thickness: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 mm 7.Generation: 4 8.Solution: Epsom Salt

B6-1 1.Material of substratum: Cotton 2.Structure: 1 branch with seed 3.Concentration: 1.6 S: 1.9W 4.Interval Distance: 29,29,29,29,29,mm 5.Angle: 45 6.Thickness: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 mm 7.Generation: 4 8.Solution: Epsom Salt

3D printed 1.Material of substratum: Cotton 2.Structure: 3 branches with seed 3.Concentration: 1.6 S: 1.9W 4.Interval Distance: 29,29,29,29,29,mm 5.Angle: 45 6.Thickness: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 mm 7.Generation: 4 8.Solution: Epsom Salt

//Phsical Experiment with Epsom salt

In the first experiment, we choose Epsom salt as our agency. Epsom salt has been traditionally used as a component of bath salts.

Before conducting our experiment, we simply analyse the forms of the particles, under normal circumstances, the salt particles are mainly square and transparent.

The process of the crystallization is simple to control.

However, it requires to be painted some seeds along the substratum previously, after sinking it inside the saline water, it will take about a night to crystallize, the final formation is column crystals whose sizes are determined by the concentration and time.

Based on the digital camera’s recording, the process of the crystallization normally took place from the parts where seeds have been planted, depending on the size of the seed, the result can be quite different.

Before taking the crystallized models out of the tank, the forms of the crystals are mostly transparent and assuming the square shape.

After several weeks placing the models in the ventilated room to dry, a white layer of membrane begins to cover the transparent crystals.

Although the result of Epsom salt can be exaggerated, the course is easy to be recorded and the changes of the crystals` formation are significant.

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A1 B Num.=1 B Aug.=o L Num.=5 V Dis.=2.9*5 Thickness=bylayer

A3 B Num.=3 B Aug.=120 L Num.=5 V Dis.=2.9*5 Thickness=bylayer 38

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A3

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1.Material of substratum: Cotton thread 2.Structure: 1 branch with seed 3.Concentration: 1.6 S: 1.9W 4.Interval Distance: 29,29,29,29,29,mm 5.Angle: 45 6.Thickness: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 mm 7.Generation: 4 8.Solution: Epsom Salt

1.Material of substratum: Cotton thread 2.Structure: 3 branches with seed 3.Concentration: 1.6 S: 1.9W 4.Interval Distance: 29,29,29,29,29,mm 5.Angle: 45 6.Thickness: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 mm 7.Generation: 4 8.Solution: Epsom Salt

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A6 B Num.=6 B Aug.=60 L Num.=5 V Dis.=2.9*5 Thickness=bylayer

B6 B Num.=6 B Aug.=60 L Num.=5 V Dis.=2*2.45 2.9,3.35,3.8 Thickness=bylayer

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B6

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1.Material of substratum: Cotton thread 2.Structure: 6 branches with seed 3.Concentration: 1.6 S: 1.0W 4.Interval Distance: 29,29,29,29,29,mm 5.Angle: 45 6.Thickness: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 mm 7.Generation: 4 8.Solution: Epsom Salt

1.Material of substratum: Cotton thread 2.Structure: 6 branches with seed 3.Concentration: 1.6 S: 1.0W 4.Interval Distance: 38,33.5,29,24.5,20mm 5.Angle: 45 6.Thickness: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 mm 7.Generation: 4 8.Solution: Epsom Salt

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A6

B6

1.Material of substratum: Cotton thread 2.Structure: 1 branch with seed 3.Concentration: 1.6 S: 1.9W 4.Interval Distance: 29,29,29,29,29,mm 5.Angle: 45 6.Thickness: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 mm 7.Generation: 4 8.Solution: Epsom Salt

1.Material of substratum: Cotton thread 2.Structure: 6 branches with seed 3.Concentration: 1.6 S: 1.0W 4.Interval Distance: 38,33.5,29,24.5,20mm 5.Angle: 45 6.Thickness: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 mm 7.Generation: 4 8.Solution: Epsom Salt

WITHOUT SEED

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(CONTROL GROUP)

SEED

(EXPERIMENTAL GROUP)

A1

A6

1.Material of substratum: Cotton thread 2.Structure: 1 branch with seed 3.Concentration: 1.6 S: 1.9W 4.Interval Distance: 29,29,29,29,29,mm 5.Angle: 45 6.Thickness: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 mm 7.Generation: 4 8.Solution: Epsom Salt

1.Material of substratum: Cotton thread 2.Structure: 1 branch with seed 3.Concentration: 1.6 S: 1.9W 4.Interval Distance: 29,29,29,29,29,mm 5.Angle: 45 6.Thickness: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 mm 7.Generation: 4 8.Solution: Epsom Salt

A3

B6

1.Material of substratum: Cotton thread 2.Structure: 3 branches with seed 3.Concentration: 1.6 S: 1.9W 4.Interval Distance: 29,29,29,29,29,mm 5.Angle: 45 6.Thickness: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 mm 7.Generation: 4 8.Solution: Epsom Salt

1.Material of substratum: Cotton thread 2.Structure: 6 branches with seed 3.Concentration: 1.6 S: 1.0W 4.Interval Distance: 38,33.5,29,24.5,20mm 5.Angle: 45 6.Thickness: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 mm 7.Generation: 4 8.Solution: Epsom Salt

D

(Control group)

In order to compare different results of the crystallization, we utilised another regular table SEED （Experimental group） salt, to conduct the comparative experiment, so as to understand the various formation of different agency。

A6 1.Material of substratum: Cotton thread 2.Structure: 1 branch with seed 3.Concentration: 1.6 S: 1.9W 4.Interval Distance: 29,29,29,29,29,mm 5.Angle: 45 6.Thickness: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 mm 7.Generation: 4 8.Solution: Epsom Salt

B6 1.Material of substratum: Cotton thread 2.Structure: 6 brancheswith seed 3.Concentration: 1.6 S: 1.0W 4.Interval Distance: 38,33.5,29,24.5,20mm 5.Angle: 45 6.Thickness: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 mm 7.Generation: 4 8.Solution: Epsom Salt

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B6 B Num.=6 B Aug.=60 L Num.=5 V Dis.=2*2.45 2.9,3.35,3.8 Thickness=bylayer

B6-1 1.Material of substratum: Cotton thread 2.Structure: 6 branches with seed 3.Concentration: 0.4 S: 1.0W 4.Interval Distance: 20,24.5,29,33.5,38mm 5.Angle: 45 ,last branch 90 6.Thickness: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 mm 7.Generation: 4 8.Solution: Table Salt 54

Table salt is another agency that requires less saline solution than the Epsom salt. In addition, there is no need to sink the whole structure inside the saline water.

Due to the special siphoning effect, the phenomenon of the table salt crystallization is interesting. Firstly, despite the crystallization on the process begins near the water surface, gradually the siphoning affect happens on the surface of the container, mostly the pattern fans out along the surface due to the evaporation. The siphoning effect will demonstrate different pattern due to the different material of the surfaces well.

In terms of the crystallization formation, the differences are appearing between the water surface and the substratum: the forms of the crystallization which are under the water are normally smaller and emerging in a square shape, however, as for the assembly morphologies which are above the water surface, the crystals are predominant spheroidal particles, the closer to the surface, the bigger the crystals are.

In conclusion, based on the facade structure of the model, each layer will show the different result of crystallization, not only the formation, but also the density and size of the crystals.

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SIngle crystals on branches

Crystal druse on branches

Crystal druse on nodes

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1.Material of substratum: Cotton thread 2.Structure: 6 branches with seed 3.Concentration: 0.4 S: 1.0W 4.Interval Distance: 20,24.5,29,33.5,38mm

5.Angle: 45 ,last branch 90 6.Thickness: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 mm 7.Generation: 4 8.Solution: Table Salt 59

60 Siphoning effect on the glass material

Siphoning effect and crystallization on the acrylic board

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//Substratum creation by L-system

a. Morphology of L-system algorithm b. Subsratum creation c. C1 Model experiment

The emergent branching morphology from the previous experiments will be further studied and evaluated using an L-system algorithm as its digital simulation.

Secondly, identifying and manipulating the key parameters of the system we explore its inherent capacity to generate unlimited variations. A series of products previously unprecedented in the human mind.

Thirdly, conducting the physical experiment with L-system (see C1 model) that it’s been made through digital fabrication methods. The advantage of the C1 experiment is the geometry of the model which could shape the various accurate angles within one model which could not be possibly made by a human.

Fourthly, observing and analysing the C1 model, we identify and manipulate those specific parameters responsible for the growth and influence of the crystallization process.

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Substratum Exploration /L-system/

Substratum Creation through L-system

Identifing the Rules

Controlling variable

Creating Substratum

Physical Experimentm with L-system

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IDENTIFYING THE RULES

CONTRLLING ANGLE OF THE BRANCHES

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INCREASING GENERATION

CONTRLLING CTHICKNESS OF THE BRANCHES

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l-system crystallization simulation

Hierarchy 1 G=[H] H=”!F[+G-G] Generation 7 Angle 90 Length 70 Thickness 25

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Hierarchy 2 G=[H] H=”!F[+G-G] Generation 12 Angle 90 Length 50 Thickness 10

Hierarchy 3 G=[H] H=”!F[+G-G] Generation 7 Angle 45 Length 20 Thickness 5

l-system crystallization simulation

Hierarchy 1 G=[H] H=”!F[+G-G] Generation 7 Angle 90 Length 70 Thickness 25

Hierarchy 2 G=[H] H=”!F[+G-G] Generation 12 Angle 90 Length 50 Thickness 10

Hierarchy 3 G=[H] H=”!F[+G-G] Generation 7 Angle 90 Length 20 Thickness 5

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B. C1 model experiment Solution: Epsom salt Concentration: 1.18 S: 1.0W Common parameters Basic rules: A A=”[FBJ]^[FBJ]^[FBJ] B=+”!A Generation 6 L1-step length 7 Step Length Scale 1.0 Thickness of Tube 0.67 Thickness scale of Tube 0.5 End of thickness scale 0.621

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c. C1 model experiment Solution: Epsom salt Concentration: 1.18 S: 1.0W Common parameters Basic rules: A A=”[FBJ]^[FBJ]^[FBJ] B=+”!A Generation 6 L1-step length 7 Step Length Scale 1.0 Thickness of Tube 0.67 Thickness scale of Tube 0.5 End of thickness scale 0.621

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chapter 3

Intelligent Material System

// Agent of salt crystallization with the DLA // Substratum system with the L-system // Comparison of the salt crystallization // Agent of sensing agency with the customized algorithm

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//Agent fo salt crystallization Diffusion limited aggregation algorithm Salt crystallization is the main point that our project focused on. Therefore, the agent of salt crystallisation is part of our intelligent material system. In order to simulate the crystallization, the DLA algorithm is one methodology which could achieve the goals. In the first step, identifying the key parameters which could influence the behaviour of crystallization in the DLA. In addition, there are many physical influences factors could affect the crystallization, it is significant to add specific parameters such as the direction of growth, the speed of growth and constraint of the growth.

By observing the growth of the crystals with the DLA, we could analyze the morphology of it and compare the growing pattern with the crystallization of physical experiments.

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Agent of salt crystallization /The DLA algorithm/

Observation of the morphological behaviour

Key parameters and property

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The other key factor could influence the morphogenesis of crystallization is the substratum which could generate by the algorithm of L-system and so on.

In addition, we Identified the subsidiary factors such as the strength of field and intensity of trace which could affect the behaviour of salt growth and the geometry of results.

Therefore, the evidence shows that the verification of the morphology with “digital crystallization� is comparable and 81 analogous to our observation of physical experiment.

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DLA

(Diffusion

Limited

Aggregation)

According to the physical experiment, we realized that the growth of crystals not only at the beginning but also growing larger continuously. For instance, in the diagram below demonstrates that the red particles are in the new growing stage and the white ones are the former growing particles. The red particles will transform the size from small to large and from red to white as time goes on.

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According to the physical experiment, we realized that the growth of crystals not only at the beginning but also growing larger continuously. For instance, in the diagram below demonstrates that the red particles are in the new growing stage and the white ones are the former growing particles. The red particles will transform the size from small to large and from red to white as time goes on.

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//Substratum Statement

In the intelligent material system, the agent of the generating substratum is part of the holistic system. In order to build up a systematic material system, we created several prototypes based on the property of physical experiments that we observed. Then, the composition of the substratum is organised by the different prototypes.

Therefore, we understood that the correlation within the property of crystallization, different scale of substratum and the specific spatial pattern of the substratum.

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Substratum Statement /L-system/

Prototypes of substratum

Property of crystallization

Comparison of digital and physical crystallization

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Gradient effects on the pyramid model Temperature 40 Water 1.0 Salt 0.4

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crystallization

crystallization

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crystallization

crystallization

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crystallization

crystallization

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crystallization

crystallization

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crystallization

crystallization

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.Model 2 Maintaining the same length of branches .Rules A A=[B] B=�!/F[+FA--FA]

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Generation: 4 L1 Step length: 1 Step length scale:1.0 Angle scale: 90 Thickness of tube: 4mm Thichness scale of tube:0.5

.Model B2 Maintaining the same length of branches and changing differentangles

Angle:90° Generation:3 Length=1

.Rules G G=[H] H=�!/[+FH]-/[FH]

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.Model 5 Changing different length of the branches .Rules A A=�!/F[+FA--A][+BA] B=B

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Generation: 7 L1 Step length: 0.13 Step length scale:0.8 Angle scale: 90 Thickness of tube: 3mm Thichness scale of tube:1

.Model A3 Maintaining the same length of branches and changing different angles

Angle:120° Generation:9 Length=1

.Rules G G=[H]|[H] H=�!|F[+|/FH]

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.Model A2 Maintaining the same length of branches and changing differentangles .Rules G G=[H]|[H] H=�!|F[+|/FH]

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Angle:90° Generation:9 Length=1

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.Model A1 Maintaining the same length of branches and changing differentangles .Rules G G=[H]|[H] H=�!/[+FH]/[+FH]

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Angle:90° Generation:3 Length=1

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One of the major agents in the material system is the agent of sensing data. There are two functions that sensing algorithm can do. Firstly, this agent could identify the distribution of salt crystals on the site and on the terrain, and then transform the data into the 3D model.

Secondly, the data of distribution of could also send the feedback to the agent of generating substratum in order to selforganise the further substratum for the crystallization.

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Agent of sensing data

Measurement Experiment

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The measurement experiment

According to the measurement experiment, it demonstrates that the substratum can affect the growth pattern. Moreover, we can see the growth of gradient pattern on the substratum and the main growth area is around the water surface.

Experiment L-system

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Time: 0 hour

Time: 8 hours

Time: 16 hours

Time: 24 hours

Time: 32 hours

Time: 40 hours

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Application of Robot Points attribution of crystals

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attribution of crystalline density We utilizing the algorithm of digital analysis to identify the attribution and the volume of crystals.

Therefore, we indicate that the crystallization pattern is along the substratum of the L-system. Moreover, we could analyse the volume of crystals and shows the correlation between the volume of saline solution and the speed of the crystallization.

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chapter 4

Urban Protocol

//Wind condition Analysis // Salinity and Shallow Aarea Condition // Sea water and Rainwater flow condition //Catalytic Cell //Robotic Arms

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//Urban Protocol of Solona Ulcinj

Our intention is to rework with the human force such as designated material system, then turn the trace of Anthropocene into a new urban scenario which can afford to re-metabolise the local biosphere and social sphere for the post-Anthropocene.

Referring to the redundancy and complex theory, the more physical influences of crystallisation that we involved in, the higher accurated anticipation of crystallization we can achieve.

Regarding the physical influences of the current environment in Ulcinj, there are several key factors can affect the salt crystallization such as the wind direction, rainwater flow, different salinity and sea water flow in dry and wet seasons .

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Territorial Protocol /Solona Ulcinj/

Physical Influences of Crystallization

Biological & Social Influences

Extension of material system

Application of Material System

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Interaction of Material system on the site of Ulcinj Referring to the redundancy and complex theory Relative factors as following: 1.Dynamic salinity 2. Fluctuation area 3.Saline water flow 4.Rain water flow.

Intelligent Self-organizing components Step 01.

Collecting the data form the ESA map and sensing algorithm

Agent of Sensing Technology

Step 02.

Transforming map by sensing agent

Step 07..

Site plan of Ulcinj

Step 03.

Marking fluctuation area of saline water.

Step 03-1.

Analysis of rainwater flow (After dry seasons)

Identifying distribution and higher possibility places of crystallization

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Step 04.

Higher possibility of location apply higher generation of substratum

Step 04.

Lower possibility of location apply lower generation of substratum

Step 05.

Apply correspondingly the larger generation of substratum based on the physical influences, biosphere and social sphere

Step 05.

Apply correspondingly the lower generation of substratum based on the physical influences, biosphere and social sphere

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The factors of fluctuation area According to the table salt experiment that we have done, most of the crystallization takes place on the fluctuation area of salt water. Therefore, it is significant to identify the attribution of fluctuation area of the Ulcinj. We have proceeded by diagramming these processes and that resulted diagram shows that the position of the red colour which is associated with higher possibility of crystallization, marks the higher possibility of growth of crystals.

The factors of wind direction On the basis of our physical experiments, the side from which the wind enters in the crystallization process can generate more volume of crystals and can, also, affect the morphology of crystallization. In terms of wind direction, we collected the seasonal wind direction of Ulcinj from local bureau of meteorology. Then, showing the specific wind direction on which part of Ulcinj based on this kind of data to merge with the ESA map.

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Step 02-1.

Transforming map by the ESA map and sensing data form the site. Identifying possibility of crystallization around the fluctuation area in different seasons.

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The factors of water flow

July Dry season

October When we re-metabolise the cycle of Ulcinj, the pumping system could bring the sea water back into the saline ponds. The blue trace in the diagram above shows that different seasons have different strength of water flow.

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August

December Wet season

In addition, the diagram illustrates that because of different strength of sea water flow, it would result in a different kind of crystallization pattern.

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Simulation of Rain water flow in global Ulcinj.

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Simulation of Rain water flow in local Ulcinj Regarding to the different height of terrain, it would affect the rain water flow and affect the distribution of salinity indirectly.

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DLA simulation in saltpan of Ulcinj In the reality of Ulcinj, there are many factors that could lead to altering the morphogenesis of crystallization. In this simlation, we selected four key factors such as sea water flow,rain water flow, wind direction and the fluctuational area. For instance, firstly, the wind direction consists of two ways which are the land wind and sea wind. Secondly, the data of waving salt water area was analysed and mapped from the ESA map of NDWI version and the agent of sensing algorithm, which means it does not include the dry area and the area with saline water consistently. Thirdly, when the local metabolism is reactived, the sea water could flow backward into part of Ulcinj, this flow direction, also, could affect the amount of crystallization.

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CRYSTALS 0 WIND DIRECTION NORTH-EAST AND SOUTH-WEST MONTH JULY

CRYSTALS 1000 WIND DIRECTION NORTH-EAST AND SOUTH-WEST MONTH AUGUST

CRYSTALS 12000 WIND DIRECTION NORTH-EAST AND SOUTH-WEST MONTH JULY

CRYSTALS 23000 WIND DIRECTION NORTH-EAST AND SOUTH-WEST MONTH AUGUST

CRYSTALS 2500 WIND DIRECTION NORTH-EAST AND SOUTH-WEST MONTH SEPTEMBER

CRYSTALS 6000 WIND DIRECTION NORTH-EAST AND SOUTH-WEST MONTH OCTOBER

CRYSTALS 36000 WIND DIRECTION NORTH-EAST AND SOUTH-WEST MONTH SEPTEMBER

CRYSTALS 41000 WIND DIRECTION NORTH-EAST AND SOUTH-WEST MONTH OCTOBER

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AMOUNT OF SALT WATER INITIAL CRYSTALLIZATION FORMER CRYSTALLIZATION 144

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Digital growth

simulation influenced

of global pattern by water flow

of crystal direction.

We mapped water directions in saltpans from series of satellite maps focused on our site in Ulcinj, this mapped in conjunction with the DLA internal behavior define the morphological growth and enabled us to study the global behavior of salt crystallization structures on the site.

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In our intelligent material system, the substratum is not only could generate the substratum for the experiment but also could create the spatial organisation. In addition, the organisation is generated base on the local biosphere and social sphere.

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Biological & Social Influences

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In Ulcinj, there are a number of types of migrating birds habitat in a specific season so that the multi-functional substratum could afford different types of bird nests frames for the birds according to their habits and features.

As for the social sphere, it is significant that turn the plenty of wasted salt material into the useful material in the local cycle.

The agent of generating substratum could also create the substratum for the catalytic cells which can produce the electricity for the pumping system, local people and so on.

Regarding to the multi-functional substratum, the activity of bird watching is one of the elements in the urban scenario.

The agent could create some space for the human with an unimaginable organisation.

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The exploded drawing of actual dimensional substratum.

The agent of generating substratum is one of the agents in intelligent material system. The system could generate substratum with the specific code of the L-system. In addition, it includes morphological growing sequences which could produce substratum step by step while the system is computing. Therefore, there are six types of components generated by the agent could create the substratum similar with the logic pattern of composition that according to the urban scenario such as biosphere and social sphere in Ulcinj.

For example, the substratum of bird nests was produced base on the propagating habits of local migrating birds so that the dimension of the structure is suitable for the species. Moreover, regarding the social sphere, there are two indispensable activities such as catalytic cells and bird watching in Ulcinj. The catalytic cells occupied at the lower part of substratum which more easily to grow the salt crystals from the saline water whereas the substratum for the bird nests occupied higher space which has more safety.

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Physical experiment of Catalytic cell

Copper Cathode

+

Aluminum anode

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

Salt water

VOLTAGE READER: N VOLT

Code input LCD VOLTAGEMTER

variable resistor

Voltagemeter code input int sensePin = 0; int timer; LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2); void setup() { // set up the LCD’s number of columns and rows: lcd.begin(20, 4); timer=0; } void loop() { // set the cursor to (0,0): lcd.setCursor(0, 0); lcd.print(“ “); lcd.setCursor(0, 0); lcd.print(“Voltage Reading:

“);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1); lcd.print(“ “); lcd.setCursor(0, 1); lcd.print((analogRead(sensePin))/204.8); lcd.print(“V”); delay(1000); }

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The Catalytic cell experimental apparatus

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In terms of physical fabrication, there are 5 sections composited of material system such as bird watching substratum, two types of bird nesting substratum and catalytic cells. In this chapter, it shows that correlation between each material of elements and the components.

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Extension of material system

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3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY FOR BIRD NESTS

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8

3

1

6

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5

4

Material Elements

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STEP 1: Assemble Column MATERIAL: Wood Stick TECHNOLOGY : Manually

STEP 2: Assemble Column MATERIAL: Wood Stick TECHNOLOGY : Manually

STEP 3: Assemble Column MATERIAL: Wood Stick TECHNOLOGY : Manually

STEP 4: Assemble Column MATERIAL: Wood Stick TECHNOLOGY : Manually

STEP 5: Assemble Column MATERIAL: Wood Stick TECHNOLOGY : Manually

STEP 6: Assemble Column MATERIAL: Wood Stick TECHNOLOGY : Manually

STEP 7: Assemble Column MATERIAL: Wood Stick TECHNOLOGY : Manually

STEP 8: Assemble Column MATERIAL: Wood Stick TECHNOLOGY : Manually

STEP 9: Assemble Column MATERIAL: Wood Stick TECHNOLOGY : Manually

STEP 10: Paint color MATERIAL: Wood Stick TECHNOLOGY : Manually

STEP 11: Paint color MATERIAL: Wood Stick TECHNOLOGY : Manually

STEP 1: Paint color MATERIAL: Wood Stick TECHNOLOGY : Manually

2

6

7

1

4

3

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9

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ASSEMBLE CATALYTIC CELL FRAME

Material Elements

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STEP 1: Assembling big frame MATERIAL: Acrylic board TECHNOLOGY : Laser cutting

STEP 2: Assembling big frame MATERIAL: Acrylic board TECHNOLOGY : Laser cutting

STEP 3: Assembling big frame MATERIAL: Acrylic board TECHNOLOGY : Laser cutting

STEP 4: Assembling big frame MATERIAL: Acrylic board TECHNOLOGY : Laser cutting

STEP 5: Assembling big frame MATERIAL: Acrylic board TECHNOLOGY : Laser cutting

STEP 6: Assembling big frame MATERIAL: Acrylic board TECHNOLOGY : Laser cutting

STEP 7: Assemble medium frame MATERIAL: Acrylic board TECHNOLOGY : Laser cutting

STEP 8: Assemble medium frame MATERIAL: Acrylic board TECHNOLOGY : Laser cutting

STEP 9: Assemble medium frame MATERIAL: Acrylic board TECHNOLOGY : Laser cutting

STEP 10: Assemble one group MATERIAL: Acrylic board TECHNOLOGY : Laser cutting

STEP 10: Assemble one group MATERIAL: Acrylic board TECHNOLOGY : Laser cutting

STEP 10: Assemble one group MATERIAL: Acrylic board TECHNOLOGY : Laser cutting

VACUUM FORMER TECHNOLOGY FOR CATALYTIC CELL

Material Elements

STEP 1: Printing the mould MATERIAL: PLA TIME LENGTH : 21 hrs TECHNOLOGY : 3D PRINTING

STEP 2: Placing the mould 01 MATERIAL: PLA TIME LENGTH : -TECHNOLOGY : VACUUM FORMER

STEP 3: Activate the machine MATERIAL: PLA TIME LENGTH : 0 second TECHNOLOGY : VACUUM FORMER

STEP 4: Adjust the position MATERIAL: PLA TIME LENGTH : 20 seconds TECHNOLOGY : VACUUM FORMER

STEP 5: Forming the shape MATERIAL: 0.5mm sheet TIME LENGTH : 30 seconds TECHNOLOGY : VACUUM FORMER

STEP 6: Adjust the shape MATERIAL: 0.5mm sheet TIME LENGTH : 38 seconds TECHNOLOGY : VACUUM FORMER

STEP 7: Set the temperature MATERIAL: 0.5mm sheet TIME LENGTH : 0 second TECHNOLOGY : VACUUM FORMER

STEP 8: Set the temperature MATERIAL: 0.5mm sheet TIME LENGTH : 20 seconds TECHNOLOGY : VACUUM FORMER

STEP 9: Test the temperature MATERIAL: 0.5mm sheet TIME LENGTH : 25 seconds TECHNOLOGY : VACUUM FORMER

STEP 10: Forming the shape MATERIAL: 0.5mm sheet TIME LENGTH : 30 seconds TECHNOLOGY : VACUUM FORMER

STEP 11: Forming the shape MATERIAL: 0.5mm sheet TIME LENGTH : 33 seconds TECHNOLOGY : VACUUM FORMER

STEP 12: Adjust the shape MATERIAL: 0.5mm sheet TIME LENGTH : 38 seconds TECHNOLOGY : VACUUM FORMER

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ASSEMBLE CATALYTIC CELL SALINE WATER BATTERY

Material Elements

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STEP 1: Assemble medium frame MATERIAL: Acrylic board TECHNOLOGY : Laser cutting

STEP 2: Assemble medium frame MATERIAL: Acrylic board TECHNOLOGY : Laser cutting

STEP 3: Assemble small frame MATERIAL: Acrylic board TECHNOLOGY : Laser cutting

STEP 4: Assembling frame with the container MATERIAL: Acrylic & Plastic TECHNOLOGY : Manually

STEP 5: Assembling frame with the container MATERIAL: Acrylic & Plastic TECHNOLOGY : Manually

STEP 6: Assembling the cell with aire MATERIAL: Acrylic & Plastic TECHNOLOGY : Manually

STEP 7: Assembling samll frame MATERIAL: Acrylic & Plastic TECHNOLOGY : Laser cutting

STEP 8: Assembling samll frame MATERIAL: Acrylic & Plastic TECHNOLOGY : Laser cutting

STEP 9: Assembling samll frame MATERIAL: Acrylic & Plastic TECHNOLOGY : Laser cutting

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3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY FOR BIRD NESTS

Material Elements

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Bird nest 01 MATERIAL: PLA TIME LENGTH : 21 hrs TECHNOLOGY : 3D PRINTING

Bird nest 01 MATERIAL: PLA TIME LENGTH : 21 hrs TECHNOLOGY : 3D PRINTING

Bird nest 01 MATERIAL: PLA TIME LENGTH : 21 hrs TECHNOLOGY : 3D PRINTING

Bird nest 02 MATERIAL: PLA TIME LENGTH : 21 hrs TECHNOLOGY : 3D PRINTING

Bird nest 02 MATERIAL: PLA TIME LENGTH : 21 hrs TECHNOLOGY : 3D PRINTING

Bird nest 02 MATERIAL: PLA TIME LENGTH : 21 hrs TECHNOLOGY : 3D PRINTING

Bird nest 02 MATERIAL: PLA TIME LENGTH : 21 hrs TECHNOLOGY : 3D PRINTING

Bird nest 02 MATERIAL: PLA TIME LENGTH : 21 hrs TECHNOLOGY : 3D PRINTING

Bird nest 02 MATERIAL: PLA TIME LENGTH : 21 hrs TECHNOLOGY : 3D PRINTING

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According to the evidence of the digital crystallization by the DLA system, it is clear to see some different pattern within the different scale of substratum.

In comparison, the micro pattern of digital crystallization is driven by the DLA algorithm whereas the global pattern of crystallization is driven by the geometry of substratum.

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Frabrication process

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In brief, it is clear to see the result of the process is well cooperation and interaction between each agent in the material system. Base on different condition of environment, the intelligent material system will produce different interaction and actions on the terrain. This approach could re-metabolise the local cycle in Ulcinj but also could interact with the specific condition of terrain worldwide.

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Appendix

Vegetation growing around & inside Salina on July,29

Vegetation growing around & inside Salina in 2016

Vegetation Salt Salina water Residential area

Vegetation Salt Salina water

Dune with pioneer vegetation inside Salina in 2016

Flooding erosion in delta area

Mammals distribution along the edge of Salina in 2004

Birds and vegetation distribution

Pioneer vegetation Salt Salina water

Grassland Cattles and sheep Otters Salt Salina water

Mammals distribution along the edge of Salina in 2016

Birds distribution inside Salina in 2016

Grassland Cattles and sheep Otters Salt Salina water

Water birds Salina water Salt

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Halophilic Bacteria Halophiles are one of the ancient bacteria can survive in the saline environment such as sea water, salt lake and the solid product of salt.

Also, there are many benefits that human has utilized it nowadays. For instance, halophiles could reduce the salinity of water, filter the polluted material, decomposite of plastic, use for the solar battery and so on.

Human might produce the polluted water then emitting into the sea, the river or the saline pound. Therefore, the halophiles could deal with some of issues of urban problems and afford some benefits for the mankind.

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Amount of saline water Amount of population Path of water flow

Area of saline water

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Flooded area in Bojana-Buna delta in 2004,Rainfall

//Flooding erosion in delta area

From the eyes of satellite, and the research from the EuroNatur, we analysis the rainfall area in 2004 and compare it with the different depth of the Ulcinj salt pans.

The potentially flooding erosion area can be found.

Salina depth distribution area in 2004,Rainfall

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Flooded area in Bojana-Buna delta in 2004,Rainfall

Vegetation growing around & Salina inside Salina on July,29 Vegetation growing around & inside on July,29

Vegetation growing around inside Salina in 2016 Vegetation growing around & inside&Salina in 2016

Vegetation Vegetation Salt Salt Salina water Salina water Residential Residential area area

Vegetation Vegetation Salt Salt Salina water

Dune with pioneer vegetation inside Salina in 2016

Mammals distribution along the edge of Salina in 2004

Pioneer vegetation Pioneer vegetation Salt Salt Salina water

Cattles and sheep Grassland Otters Cattles and sheep Salt Otters Salina water Salt Salina water

Mammals the edge inof Salina in 2016 Mammalsdistribution distribution alongalong the edge of Salina 2016

Birds distribution inside Salina in 2016 Birds distribution inside Salina in 2016

Grassland Grassland and sheep Cattles Cattles and sheep Otters Otters Salt Salt Salina water

Water birds Water birds Salina water Salina water Salt Salt

Dune with pioneer vegetation inside Salina in 2016

Salina water

Mammals distribution along the edge of Salina in 2004

Grassland

Salina water

Salina water

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Swampy and dune pioneer vegetation inside Salina in 2016

Swampy pioneer vegetation Salt Salina water

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