Issuu

luTeranuli aRmsareblobis dogmatika redaqtori robert d. preusi, xolo asistenti jon r. stefensoni

XIII

esqatologia jon r. stefensoni

dabeWdilia saqarTveloSi

2025 1

Georgian Eschatology Translated from the Confessional Lutheran Dogmatics Series 1st edition printed September 2025 500 copies Originally published in the U.S.A. under the title: Eschatology Copyright © 1989 Luther Academy www.lutheracademyinternational.org The translation and publishing of this book has been made by the Lutheran Heritage Foundation. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Lutheran Heritage Foundation. Lutheran Heritage Foundation 51474 Romeo Plank Road Macomb, Michigan 48042 USA www.LHFmissions.org info@LHFmissions.org Funding for the publication of this volume has been provided in loving memory of Marvin, Lula, and Sylvia Stuenkel. Soli Deo Gloria! გრიგოლ ხანცთელის 24. ქუთაისი. საქართველო 4600 Grigol Khantsteli N24. Kutaisi. Georgia 4600 Not for Commercial Use.

sarCevi zogadi Sesavali

winasityvaoba

abreviaturebi

XII

nawili pirveli: Sesavali 1.

zogadi gandgomileba: Cveni drois niSani

ra aris esqatologia?

realizebuli da inaugurirebuli esqatologia wminda werilsa da Tanxmobis wignSi

nawili meore: adamiani-mikrokosmosis dasasruli 4.

droebiTi sikvdili

sulis ukvdaveba

sulTa Sualeduri mdgomareba

nawili mesame: qveynierebis aRsasruli (makrokosmiuri esqatologia) 7.

Cveni uflis mosvlis niSnebi

112

parusia da misi Tanmdevi movlenebi

172

rjulis saboloo aRsruleba mounaniebelTa mimarT: jojoxeTi da maradiuli daRupva

199

10. saxarebis saboloo aRsruleba netarTa mimarT zeciur cxovrebaSi

216 III3

zogadi Sesavali luTeranuli aRmsareblobis dogmatikis mTavari redaqtoris

robert d. preusis mier

garkveuli droidan moyolebuli, luTeranuli eklesiis im CvenTaganma, vinc davinteresdiT luTeranuli aRsarebebiT, vaswavlidiT maT safuZvelze da vawarmoebdiT kvlevas am did simbolur nawerebSi, vaRiareT dogmatikis resursis saWiroeba, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneboda luTeranuli aRsarebebis monaxazsa da azrovnebis nimuSze. aseTi resursi, romelic aqamde mxolod leonard huteris mcire Compendium Locorum Theologicorum-Si iyo xelmisawvdomi, mimarTavda Cveni drois Teologebs WeSmariti aRmsarebluri pasuxiT im Teologiur sakiTxebze, romlebsac vawydebiT qristianobaSi da Cvens `luTeranul sionSi~ dRes. Cven aranairad ar viyaviT dainteresebuli, Cagvenacvlebia luTeranuli eklesiis – misuris sinodis franc pieperis monumenturi Christian Dogmatics-s (qristianuli dogmatika) saxelmZRvanelo, romelic sami Taobis ganmavlobaSi emsaxureboda studentebs Cvens saeklesio gareTianebasa da sxva adgilebSi. aseTi mcdeloba zedmeti da araproduqtiuli iqneboda. Confessional Lutheran Dogmatics-is (konfesiuri luTeranuli dogmatika) seriis sxvadasxva monografiis avtorebi TavianT Sesabamis Temebs garkveulwilad gansxvavebuli TvalsazrisiT, warmomavlobiTa da piraduli midrekilebebiT udgebian dogmatikis praqtikaSi gatarebas. amitom, gadawyda dogmatikuri traqtatebis seriis gamocema rwV5

menis ZiriTad artikulebze, romlebic me-16 saukunidan moyolebuli Cveulebriv ganixileba tradiciul dogmatikaSi — magaliTad, augsburgis aRsareba, filip melanxtonis Loci communes da martin qemnicis Loci theologici. magram, ratom luTeranuli konfesiis midgoma? gana es Zveli, xavsmodebuli simboloebi da kredoebi ararelevanturia Cveni droisTvis da gana konfesiuri luTeranuli Teologiis TvalsazrisiT dawerili monografiebis seria Tanabrad Seusabamo ar iqneboda im Teologiuri sakiTxebisTvis, romlebic amJamad eklesiis winaSe dgas? swored imitom, rom aseT kiTxvas emfatikuri „araTi~ unda vupasuxoT, vvaraudobT gamovaqveynoT momavali tomebi. aRsarebebi, romelTa Teologiac pirdapir wminda werilidan aris aRebuli, namdvilad Seesabameba Cvens dReebs, iseve, rogorc Tavad wminda werili, romelic yovelTvis „sasargebloa saswavleblad, samxileblad, gamosasworeblad da dasarigeblad simarTleSi~ (2 tim. 3:16). arsebobda realuri mowodeba da saWiroeba swored iseTi dogmatikis seriisa, rogoric aq aris SemoTavazebuli, — es aris konfesiuri luTeranuli dogmatika. upirveles yovlisa, ukanaskneli Taobis ganmavlobaSi orTodoqsalur konfesiur luTeran Teologebs (elertis, pieperis, hoenekes da hoves msgavsad) ar gamouqveynebiaT aranairi dogmatikis wigni. amave dros, Tumca, ganaxlda interesi luTeranuli aRsarebebis mimarT, maTi funqciis mimarT Cveni luTeranuli doqtrinis warmodgenaSi da garkveulwilad am doqtrinis normirebaSic ki: yuradReba miaqcieT edmund Slinkis, holsten fagerbergis, leif granes, peter bruneris, vilhelm maureris, fridrix mildenbergeris, herman zases da sxvaTa SesaniSnav kvlevebs, aseve augsburgis aRsarebis Tanxmobis wignis da sxvaTa saiubileo TariRebTan dakavSirebiT daweril 6VI

mraval bolo wignsa da kvlevas. amrigad, rogorc Cans, Cvens droSi saWiroa ara mxolod dogmatikuri resursi, aramed iseTi, romelic mkacrad da Segnebulad iqneba konfesiuri Tavis doqtrinis warmodgenaSi da mTeli qristianuli eklesiis Tanamedrove Teologiuri tendenciebis Sefasebasa da analizSi. es seria, romlis nawilic aris winamdebare tomi, dawerilia am saWiroebis dasakmayofileblad da redaqtorebis imedi da locvaa, rom is garkveulwilad miaRwevs am mizans. `konfesiuri luTeranuli dogmatikis~ tomebi ar aris luTeranuli aRsarebebis Teologia; isini ufro dogmatikis seriaa. isini gansxvavdebian sxva dogmatikuri wignebisgan imiT, rom mkacrad arian modelirebuli Tanxmobis wignis Teologiis mixedviT, rodesac isini dRevandel sakiTxebs exebian. isini mihyvebian ara mxolod Tanxmobis wignis Teologias, rogorc es franc piperisa da adolf honekesa da sxva konfesiuri luTerani dogmatikosebis teqstebma gaakeTes, aramed, am dogmatikosebisgan gansxvavebiT, winamdebare tomebis avtorebi mihyvebian luTeranuli aRsarebebis azrovnebis faqtobriv nimuSs (forma et quasi typus, ύποτύπωσις). aseTi procedura Tavad aRsarebebis principis mixedviTaa; simboloebi da aRsarebebi marTlac nimuSi da normaa, romlis mixedviTac yvela sxva wigni da naSromi unda iqnas miRebuli da Sefasebuli. es faqti ganapirobebs Tanxmobas, rogorc doqtrinis, aseve misi formulirebis, romelsac mkiTxveli dainaxavs winamdebare mTel dogmatikur seriaSi; avtorebi Tavs avaldebuleben kavSirSi iyvnen ara mxolod zogadad Tanxmobis wignis TeologiasTan, aramed mis Sinaarssa da terminologiasTanac (rebus et phrasibus).1 1. Tanxmobis wignis Sesavali. VII7

kidev erTi mizezi arsebobs doqtrinuli Tanxmobi sTvis, romelic aSkarad ikveTeba `konfesiuri luTeranuli dogmatikis~ avtorTAa Soris. esenia: yvela avtori iziarebs doqtrinis koncefcias, doqtrinis erTianobas, doqtrinaSi konsensussa da doqtrinis siwmindis koncefcias, romelic Tanmimdevrulad aris Camoyalibebuli Cvens aRsarebebSi. luTeranuli aRsarebebi yvela doqtrinas ganixilavs rogorc erTian — organul mTlianobas. qristianuli doqtrina hgavs sxeuls (corpus doctrinae) nawilebiTa (partes) Tu saxsrebiT (articuli), iogebiTa Tu nawiburebiT (membra) SekavSirebuls. mravlobiTi forma „doqtrinebi~ iSviaTad gamoiyeneba aRsarebebSi, iseve rogorc wminda werilSi, aramed ufro mxolobiTi forma „doqtrina~ aris masSi mocemuli. eklesiaSi, Tu erTi wevri itanjeba, mTeli sxeuli itanjeba; qristianuli doqtrinis organuli, erTianobis bunebis mixedviT, Tu erTi muxli an wevri daziandeba, maSin mTeli doqtrinaluri sxeuli ganicdis zians. luTerma Tqva: „erTi artikuli yvela artikulia da yvela artikuli erTi.~2 rogorc aRmsareblobiTi luTeranuli dogmatika, winamdebare tomi Segnebulad da zedmiwevniT gamoitans Tavis doqtrinas wminda werilidan. yvela aRsareba, sarwmunoebis simboloebidan dawyebuli Tanxmobis formuliT damTavrebuli, acxadebs da aris kidec wmida werilis pirdapiri ganmarteba. amgvarad, maTi mizani arasdros yofila Cveni wmida werilidan CamoSoreba, arc wmida werilis ise Sejameba, rom misi Semdgomi Seswavla zedmeti gaxdes. isini dawerilia imisTvis, rom migviyvanon wmida werilTan. swored es iyo maTi funqcia ekle2. amis Sesaxeb is galatelTa werilis komentarebSi saubrobs.

8VIII

siis istoriis ganmavlobaSi, vifiqrebT Tu ara eklesiis mamebis mier adreul sarwmunoebis simboloebze daweril mraval komentarze, Tu reformatorebisa da maTi memkvidreebis mier Cveni aRsarebebis ganmartebebze. amitom, mkiTxveli SeamCnevs, rom winamdebare naSromi dogmatikaSi bevrad ufro pirdapir da vrcel egzegezas eweva, vidre Cveni drois dogmatikuri Teologiis sxva naSromebi, garda karl bartis uzarmazari naSromisa „eklesiis dogmatika.~ es ara mxolod marTebulia, aramed moiTxoveba kidec aRmsareblobiTi luTeranuli dogmatikis teqstSi. winamdebare naSromi warmoadgens erTgvar loci communes-s,3 wmida werilis ZiriTadi Temebis Sejamebas aRmsareblobiTi luTeranuli monaxazisa da azrovnebis nimuSis safuZvelze. Tavad luTeranuli aRsarebebi arasdros acxadeben pretenzias, rom arian wmida werilis gagebisa da egzegezis saboloo naSromi; Cven gvaxsovs luTeris gamonaTqvami oratio, meditatio, tentatio4 Tavisi SetevebiT Teologiuri yovlismcodneebis winaaRmdeg da ramdenad xSirad meordeboda luTeris es gamonaTqvami reformaciis Semdgomi periodis Teologebis mier maT dogmatikur naSromebSi. aRsarebebi yovelTvis ufro Rrmad migviZRvebian wmida werilSi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac axal kulturebsa da momdevno TaobebSi warmoiqmneba axali problematuri sakiTxebi, romelTa gadaWrac mxolod wmida werilidan momdinare da luTeranuli aRsarebebis mixedviT agebuli TeologiiT aris SesaZlebeli. am seriis tomebi eZRvneba franc piepers, Cveni eklesiis 3. laTinurad `saerTo adgilebi.~ 4. locva, gaazreba, gamocda. IX9

did aRmsareblobiT luTeran dogmatikoss, im imediTa da locviT, rom isini xels Seuwyoben imis miRwevas, risTvisac man amdeni gaakeTa Tavisi moRvaweobis periodSi — kerZod, doqtrinalur erTianobasa da saxarebis doqtrinasa da misi yvela muxlis Tanxmobaze yvela luTerans Soris da im mtkice aRmsareblobiTi luTeranuli identobisTvis, romelic ase Zalian aris saWiro Cvens droSi.

10 X

sarCevi

winasityvaoba uRrmesi madliereba Cems Zvirfas mamas qristeSi, doqtor robert preuss, am tomis esqatologiaze avtorobis Sesaxeb mowvevisTvis, Tumca guli tkiviliT mevseba imis gacnobierebiT, rom es gamoucdeli pastori da Teologiis maswavlebeli metad moklebulia im swavlasa da sibrZnes, rac saWiroa misTvis dakisrebuli amocanis Sesasruleblad. mkiTxvels vTxov, gaiTvaliswinos, rom am gverdebze arsebuli nebismieri uxeiro gamonaTqvami Cems angariSs unda miekuTvnos da ara doqtori preusis. misi qvrivis, helenis keTili nebarTviT, es wigni eZRvneba qristeSi kidev erTi Zvirfasi mamis, doqtor jorj krausis (1924–1989) xsovnas. jorjisTvis miniWebuli msaxurebis oTxi aTwleuli samarTlianad SeiZleba SevadaroT doqsologiur qariSxals, romlis centridanac warmoudgeneli sicocxliT amoifrqveoda warmoTqmuli da saidumloebiT aRsavse saxareba. Cven, vinc privilegirebuli viyaviT jorjis uangarod gacemuli pastoraluri mzrunveloba migveRo, male ar daviviwyebT mas, visSic msaxurebis wminda pozicia qristes didebul xatad iqca. udidesi madloba sixaruliT eZRvneba Cems usayvarles meuRles, bonis, romelic Tavad TeologiaSi ganswavluli, yovelTvis pirvelia, vinc kiTxulobs da afasebs yvelafers, rasac vwer. rodesac madlierebiT vaRiareb mis wvlils am literaturul mcdelobaSi, aseve msurs aRvniSno misi didsulovani moTmineba, radgan mas da Cvens sam patara qaliSvils Cemi gaziareba uwevdaT ara mxolod se11 XI

minariasa da samrevlo movaleobebTan, aramed im uamrav saaTTan, romelic am tomis mosamzadeblad sityvebis SemuSavebaSi gavatare. aseve, madloba sixaruliT eZRvneba Cems megobarsa da kolegas, profesor kurt markvarts, romelmac sasargeblo SeniSvnebis SemoTavazebiT yovelgvari RvraZli moaSora winamdebare mocemuli toms, rodesac is Tavis Tanmimdevrul Sedgenis process gadioda; pativcemul pol t. makkeinsa da qalbaton jenifer maqsfilds, romlebmac xelnaweris beWdvaSi gadatanas gauwies zedamxedveloba, ra drosac orive maTganma movaleobis farglebs gadaaWarba da mokrZalebuli SemoTavazebiT mravali saWiro koreqtireba Seitanes, rogorc stilis, ise Sinaarsis mxriv; da bolos, Cems yofil students, pativcemul riCard iuritSs, romelmac saxierad ikisra sagnobrivi saZieblis momzadeba. jon r. stivenso ni wm. katarinsi, ontario aRdgomis meoTxe kviris samSabaTi, 1993 weli

12 XII

sarCevi

abreviaturebi sqolio bibliis versiebze: LXX

septuaginta

KJV

Kmefe iakobis (avtorizebuli) versia

Sesworebuli versia

RSV Sesworebuli standartuli versia NEB axali inglisuri biblia NIV

axali saerTaSoriso versia

sqolio Tanxmobis wignze: AC

augsburgis aRmsarebloba

Ap.

augsburgis aRmsareblobis apologia

smalqaldis artikulebi

Tr.

traqtati papis Zalauflebisa da primatis Sesaxeb

mcire katexizmo

didi katexizmo

Tanxmobis formula

E p. E

Tanxmobis formulis Sinaarsi

Tanxmobis formulis myari deklaracia

wesi da norma Ep.-is anu SD

sqolio Tanxmobis wignis redaqtirebasa da Targmanebze: BKS

Die Bekenntnisschriften der evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche.

redaqtirebulia Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchenausschuss-is mier.

me-10 gamocema. Göttingen: vandenhoki da ruprexti1986 w.

13 XIII

Taperti

Tanxmobis wigni: evangeluri luTeranuli eklesiis aRsarebani. Targmna da gamoaqveyna Teodor g. tapertma. filadelfia: fortresis gamomcemloba, 1959 w. Tanxmobis wignis sqolio aRmsareblobis, artikulebis da Tavebis numeraciaze.

sqolio luTeris naSromebze: WA D.

Martin Luthers Werke. Kritische Gesamtausgabe. 58 tomi. vei-

mari: Hermann Böhlau und Nachfolger, 1883–1948. WABr

D. Martin Luthers Werke. Briefwechsel. 15 tomi. veimari: Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1930–1978.

WADB

D. Martin Luthers Werke. Die Deutsche Bibel. 12 tomi. veimari: Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1906–1961 ww.

WATr

D. Martin Luthers Werke. Tischfolden. 6 tomi. veimari: Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1912–1921 ww.

luTeris namuSevrebi: amerikuli gamocema. 55 tomi. redaqtirebulia Iaroslav Pelikan da Helmut T. Lehmann. St. Louis mier: konkordia gamomcemloba; filadelfia: fortresis gamomcemloba, 1958–1967 ww.

damatebiTi sqolio: MPG

Migne, J. P., ed. Patrologiae Cursus Completus. seriebi graeca.

MPL

Migne, J. P., ed. Patrologiae Cursus Completus. seriebi latina.

TDNT

Kittel, Gerhard, ed. axali aRTqmis sasuliero leqsi-

161 tomi. parizi: Garnier Fraher, 1844–. 221 tomi. parizi: Garnier Fraher, 1844–.

koni. Targmna da redaqtireba gaukeTa Geoffrey W. Bromiley. 10 tomi. grans rafidsi: William B. Eerdmans, 1964–1976 ww. 14 XIV

sarCevi

nawili pirveli

Sesavali

15 XV

1 zogadi gandgomileba Cveni drois niSnebi sinoptikur saxarebebSi (maT. 24, mark. 13, luk. 21) Cveni uflis mier CamoTvlilma ukanaskneli Jamis niSnebma qristianuli samyaros yovel epoqaSi garkveuli zomiT hpova asaxva, ise rom axali aRTqmis droidan moyolebuli mamebi Tavdajerebulad elodnen qristes didebiT dabrunebiT yovelives gardauval aRsrulebas. am sferos erT-erTi Tanamedrove mwerali, aRsasrulis niSnebis „zogadi~ xasiaTis xazgasmisas, aRniSnavs niSnebis SesamCnev „gaxSirebas~ Cvens droSi. es fenomeni yvelaze advilad SesamCnevia qristianul samyaroSi Tavad „erTxel wmidaTaTvis gadacemuli rwmenidan~ (iuda 3) mzardi gandgomilebiT. Cven vcxovrobT qristesgan tragikuli Sidaeklesiuri gandgomis periodSi, romelic amJamad uzarmazar safrTxes uqmnis misi eklesiis mTlianobas, ramdenadac igi mraval aRmsareblobasa da denominaciaSi arsebobs. ra Tqma unda, marTebulia vaRiaroT, rom iesosa da misi mociqulis mier nawinaswarmetyvelebi „dabrkoleba~ an „gandgoma~ (σκανδαλισθήσονται,5 maT. 24:10; ἡ ἀποστασία,6 2 Tes. 2:3) ukve axali aRTqmis periodSi daiwyo. zeTisxilis mTaze warmoTqmuli winaswarmetyvelebebis 5. cduneba. 6. gandgomileba.

Sesavali

pirveli aRsruleba moxda, rodesac petrem da (misi) Zmebis umravlesobam miatoves TavianTi ufali vnebis dros da rodesac miwisZvra (maT. 24:7; 27:51) da niSnebi zecaSi (maT. 24:29; 27:45) Tan axlda jvarcmas. epistoleebi eWvs ar gvitovebs, rom mociqulebs brZola uwevdaT ara mxolod eklesiis gare mtrebTan, aramed mis wiaRSi myof mterTanac, radgan wminda moZRvreba yvela saxis cru swavlebebiT yalbdeboda. gnosticizmis7 mier qmnilebis gamosyidvisgan gamoyofam meore saukunis eklesia safuZvlebamde Searyia. ufro metic, Cvens simboloebsa da aRsarebebSi dagmobili ZiriTadi samebiseuli da qristologiuri Secdomebi, pelagianur eresTan erTad, romlis winaaRmdegac mTelma luTeranulma reformaciam wminda avgustines kvaldakval aRimaRla xma, amtkicebs, rom Cveni ufali WeSmariti winaswarmetyveli iyo zeTisxilis mTaze. misi winaswarmetyveleba gandgomilebis Sesaxeb saSineli formiT aRsrulda cru winaswarmetyvel muhamedis8 aRzevebiT, ramac gamoiwvia islamis ZaldatanebiT gavrceleba aRmosavleT qristianuli samyaros did nawilze. igi SemdgomSi ganxorcielda totalitaruli pretenziebis warmoSobiT, ra7. religiur-filosofiuri moZRvreba. 8. muhamedma da misma mimdevarma sarkinozebma, didi SeWirveba moaxdines qristianobis samyarosi, ara mxolod moZRvrebiT, aramed maxviliTac, rac gaigivebulia meeqvse angelozTan gamocx. 9:13-Si. gogi da magogi dakavSirebulia Turqul ZalasTan. luTeris mier islamis, rogorc qristianuli samyarosTvis sasikvdilo safrTxis aRqma, rogorc warsulSi, ise awmyoSi, mkveTrad kontrastSia qristianuli samyaros ramdenime qveynis bolodroindel mzaobasTan, Seqmnan samxedro aliansi ekonomikuri miznebis misaRwevad islamur mTavrobebTan, romlebic cnobilni arian qristianuli sarwmunoebisa da eklesiis daundobeli akrZalviT.

zogadi gandgomileba: Cveni drois niSani

sac luTerma „imperiuli papoba~ uwoda, ramac gamoiwvia ganxeTqileba aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris da dasavluri qristianuli samyaros daqucmaceba sxvadasxva konfesiebad da seqtebad. ukanasknel saukuneebSi, Cveni uflis qristes mier nawinaswarmetyvelebma gandgomilebam uaRresad mzakvruli gamoxatuleba hpova evropuli ganmanaTleblobis mware nayofebSi. `azrovnebis xana~ iyo bunebiTi adamianis Tandayolili warmarTobis Tanamedrove variacia, romelic codviT dacemisas iSva. Tavis nacnob formaSi, igi momzadda gviani Sua saukuneebis renesansis warmarTuli frTis mier, ukve XVI saukuneSi, rac iseTi moazrovneebis msjelobaSi gamoCnda, rogorebic iyvnen racionalisti erazmusi da cvingli. radikali deistebi, romlebic eklesiis garedan zizRiT uyurebdnen qristianuli samyaros rwmenas, qristesa da misi xalxis aSkara mtrebi iyvnen. gacilebiT saSiSi qristianuli samyaros mTlianobisTvis iyvnen inglisis zomieri deistebi da germaniis neologebi, romlebic ganzrax rCebodnen eklesiebSi, raTa TavianTi publica doctrina9 ganmanaTleblobis azrovnebis mimarTulebiT SeecvalaT. rodesac man lesingisa da kantis SromebSi kulminacias miaRwia, ganmanaTleblobam aRmarTa „bunebrivi~ religiis droSa, romlis sami mrwamsi iyo rwmena „RmerTisadmi~ (kerZod, masonobisa da deizmis sxva formebis cru RmerTisadmi), moralisa da ukvdavebisadmi da omi gamoucxada yvela „pozitiur~ religias, romelic savaraudo zebunebriv gamocxadebaze iyo dafuZnebuli. mexuTe kolonis ganmanaTleblebma, rogorebic iyvnen i. s. zemleri, TavianT poziciaSi arsebuli winaaRmdegoba gadaWres bunebriv religias (romlisac maT realurad 9. sayovelTao moZRvreba.

Sesavali

swamdaT) da pozitiur religias (romlis miTologiac jer kidev unda waredginaT gauTviTcnobierebeli masebisTvis) Soris gansxvavebis dadgeniT. Tumca, saeklesio Tanamdebobis pirebis mxridan sajaro, daufaravi gandgomilebis Jami male dadga, ramac aseTi damaxinjebuli kompromisi ukve saWirod aRar miiCnia. RvTaebriv gamocxadebaze dafuZnebuli yvela garegani SezRudvisgan Tavisi amayi avtonomiis daSvebiT, ganmanaTleblobis adamiani, qristianuli samyaros SigniTac da gareTac, zizRiT uaryofda yovlisSemZle RmerTis suverenitets mis sityvaSi, riTac safuZveli moumzada qristianuli civilizaciis sastik ganadgurebas, romlis savalalo nangrevebSic dRes Cven gviwevs cxovreba. kantis erTi SexedviT Tanxmoba, mis naSromSi „religia mxolod gonebis sazRvrebSi,~ tradiciuli bunebrivi Teologiis arsTan dakavSirebiT, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda iqnas miRebuli pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. kantamdelma filosofiam RmerTis, sulisa da momavali cxovrebis arseboba bunebrivi gonebiT aRqmad WeSmaritebad miiCnia. mas Semdeg, rac igi gamofxizlda Tavisi „dogmaturi Tvlemisgan~ ingliseli uRvTo filosofosis devid hiumis SeswavliT, kanti iZulebuli gaxda bunebrivi Teologiis sami ZiriTadi debuleba, bevr sxva ramesTan erTad, ganeTavsebina arsebiTad Seucnobadi noumenon,10 anu „TavisTavad nivTis~ (Ding an sich)11 kategoriaSi. gonebis mier cnobadi obieqtis WeSmaritebisTvis damorCilebis nacvlad, wina planze wamovida adamianuri subieqtis avtonomia, romlis Semecnebis procesi filosofiuri sawarmos mTavar fokusad iqca. kantis subieqtivizmis 10. saganTa arsi. 11. nivTi TavisTavad.

zogadi gandgomileba: Cveni drois niSani

nayofi Cans mis mier RmerTis arsebobis, sulisa da misi ukvdavebis daqveiTebaSi im WeSmaritebebidan, romlebic individualuri adamianis maT aRqmaze damoukideblad arsebobs, praqtikuli gonebis ubralo postulatebis donemde. kantma daaCqara dasavlur azrovnebaSi relativizmis stabiluri triumfi, rac didwilad ganapirobebs gare qristianul samyaroSi gamefebul indiferentul da sinkretistul mentalitets da ramac warmoSva vakuumi Tanamedrove sulier cxovrebaSi, romelic advilad SeiZleba Seivsos gaafTrebuli momxmareblobiT, gavrcelebuli uzneobiT an „niu-eijis~ okultizmiT da xSirad samives nareviT.12 `ganmanaTleblobam~ SeaRwia da sabolood daimorCila 12. kanadeli religiis sociologi rejinald u. bibi miiCnevs, rom kanaduri qristianuli samyaro gadakeTda pluralisturi politikuri filosofiis msgavsad, romelic adamianis uflebebis kults WeSmaritebisadmi morCilebaze maRla ayenebs. ixileT misi naSromi „�� dafragmentebuli RmerTebi: religiis siRaribe da potenciali kanadaSi~ (toronto: Irwin Publishing, 1987): „kanadelebs ar CaunergavT ideologia, romelic afasebs „�� WeSmaritebis Ziebas,�� ~�� aramed is, romelic afasebs �� „�� mravalferovani Sexedulebebis dafasebis Ziebas.�� ~�� pluralizmis es ideali religiis sferoSic vrceldeba~ (57). bibi saubrobs „imaze, Tu ramdenad moaxerxa Cvenma kulturam, ukeTesad Tu uaresad, moraluri pluralizmis idealis danergva. araferia WeSmariti; yvelaferi Sexedulebaa. is, rac CemTvis WeSmaritia, ar SeiZleba mogaxvio Tavs~ (163). wminda werili ki Tavs ikavebs moraluri da religiuri mravalferovnebis tolerantobis saTnoebebSi CarTvisgan. ufro metic, miuxedavad imisa, rom is iribad adasturebs adamianis uflebebs, biblia maT mtkiced inarCunebs saTanado konteqstSi, arasodes aZlevs maT uflebas, ganixilebodnen misi pasuxismgeblobebisgan abstraqciaSi. kantis „koper�� nikul revolucias~ filosofiaSi, ra Tqma unda, Sorsmimavali Sedegebi hqonda.

Sesavali

dasavleTis Teologiuri fakultetebi Zveli da axali aRTqmis wmida werilebis „istoriul-kritikuli~13 midgomis formiT, ramac akademiuri pativiscema moutana maT, vinc oms gamoucxadebda Cvens ufal ieso qristes mis sakuTar sakurTxevlebTan da misive ambionebidan. mniSvnelovani samizne francis piperisa, misuris sinodis standartuli dogmatikosisa, iyo sapasuxo dartymis miyeneba `ganmanaTleblobisadmi,~ romelic bibliuri WeSmaritebis arsis gaxrwnisTvis moqmedebda. pipers srulad hqonda gacnobierebuli ukve ori Taobis win qristianul samyaroSi gavrcelebuli Rrma gandgomileba da gamomsyidveli msxverplis mZafri uaryofiT aRZruli mtkicebuleba, rom istoria 13. Cven viciT, rom „umaRlesi �� kritikuli~ an „istoriul-kritikuli�� “ meTodis �� moxseniebas avtomaturad ar erTvis mkafio ganmarteba. am tomSi, es frazebi aRniSnavs wmida werilis Seswavlas, romelic xorcieldeba Semdegi winapirobebis Sesabamisad: miwier iesos ar hqonda RvTaebrivi TviTSegneba da arc mesianur pretenziebs acxadebda sakuTar Tavze; Zvel da axal aRTqmaSi Cawerili saswaulebi, mTlianad an nawilobriv, aris komunaluri an individualuri miTebis Seqmnis an legendebis formirebis produqti; bibliuri winaswarmetyveleba mxolod SemTxveviT an saerTod ar exeba momavali movlenebis winaswarmetyvelebas. aseTi urwmuno crurwmenebis sapirispirod, Cven vaRiarebT, rom wmida werili hgavs qristes srulad RvTaebriv da srulad adamianur pirovnebas, radgan is erTdroulad aris misi adamianuri avtorebis nawarmoebi da mTlianad suliwmindis STagonebis Sedegi. Cveni uari naTlobis gareSe umaRlesi an istoriuli kritikis Ziebaze ar gulisxmobs bibliuri nawerebis istoriuli ganviTarebis ucodinarobas an wyaros nebismieri hipoTezis daufiqrebel uaryofas, aramed ubralod gamomdinareobs imis aRiarebidan, rom wmida werilis gancxadebis realuri mniSvneloba, konteqstSi da rwmenis wesis mixedviT interpretirebisas, aris suliwmindisgan boZebuli WeSmariteba, rasac verc erTi qmnileba ver SeewinaaRmdegeba RvTismosaobiT.

zogadi gandgomileba: Cveni drois niSani

faqtobrivad Sevida gamocxadebis 20:3-Si nawinaswarmetyveleb „mcire xanSi.~ maTes 24:15–28-ze qadagebisas, romelic iwyeba „gatialebis sibilwiTa…... da wmida adgilze mdgomis~ (KJV) moxseniebiT, k. f. v. valteri Tavis droindel qristianuli samyaros mdgomareobas gulmxurvaled glovobda: magram ara mxolod papobam aRavso qristianuli eklesia Tavisi sisaZagleebiT. sad mivida saqme maTi, vinc axla sakuTar Tavs protestants uwodebs? TiTqmis yvela eklesiidan da skolidan wminda saxareba gaqra. qristianuli samyaros TiTqmis yvela maswavlebeli axla RvTis sityvis winaaRmdeg protests gamoTqvams da ara adamianis sityvis winaaRmdeg. Cven vxedavT, rom an yvelaze Tavxeduri uRvToeba iswavleba, ise rom qristianebi bibliisadmi undoblobas ganicdian, qristes RvTaebrioba da gamosyidva uaryofilia da yvelaferi wmida dacinvis obieqtia, marTlac, xSirad imdenad sruli usircxviloba da mowiwebis naklebobaa, rom adamianebs ar eridebaT gamoxaton TavianTi zizRi uzenaesi RmerTis mimarT zecaSi da RvTis kanoni da sindisis xma amao moCvenebebad gamoacxadon — an, meore mxriv, sadac wmida biblia jer kidev gandidebulia, arian iseTebic, romlebic TavisTvis qmnian axal „enTuziastur~ [schwärmerisch] religias sakuTari gulis garyvnili ideebis Sesabamisad. da am sacodav, TviTnakeT qaoss �� isini qristianobas uwodeben! am saSineli bolo Jami�� s qristianoba iseve dacemulia, rogorc iudaizmi ierusalimis ganadgurebis periodSi; maSasadame, iseve, rogorc RvTis sityvaa WeSmariti, �� imave darwmunebiT dgas axla nawinaswarmetyvelebi `gatialebis sibilwe~ qristianuli eklesiis umetes ambionsa da sakurTxevelze. 23

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gandgomilebis tendenciebma, romlebic aRniSnes da gaakritikes doqtorebma valterma da piperma, momdevno TaobebSi sruli siswrafiT imata, ise rom konfesiurma nomenklaturam, romliTac am mamebma ganasxvaves qristianuli samyaros saeklesio organizaciebi, dakarga Tavisi aRweriTi Zalis arcTu mcire nawili. saRvTismetyvelo fakultetebze saRvTo werilis Seswavlis istoriulkritikuli meTodis TiTqmis sayovelTao miRebam — anu ganmanaTleblobisTvis kapitulaciam — Zveli konfesiuri iarliyebi uZluri gaxada gadmosces raime sasargeblo informacia maT Sesaxeb, vinc maT atarebs. dasavluri qristianuli samyaros romaul, luTeranul da reformatorul Stoebs Soris arsebul xangrZliv gansxvavebas unda daematos Semdgomi diferenciacia tradicionalistur da modernistul frTebs Soris, romlebic amJamad samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolaSi arian Cabmuli am konfesiebis sulebisTvis. rodesac piperi reformatorebTan debatebSi Sedi oda, mas Cveulebriv mxedvelobaSi hqonda prinstonis Carlz hojis mier warmodgenili klasikuri presviterianoba. Tumca, warsuli ori Taobis ganmavlobaSi, Zveli reformatoruli Teologiis aseTi momxreebis ricxvi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda, ise rom dResdReobiT termini „reformatoruli~ ufro maRali kritikis skeptikosebs an anabaptist enTuziastebs aRniSnavs, vidre jon kalvinis saRad moazrovne memkvidreebs. Cveni amJamindeli miznebisTvis ki SegviZlia davafiqsiroT samwuxaro faqti, rom saRvTo werilis WeSmaritebis erTguleba mkveTrad Sesustda qristianuli samyaros im segmentebSi, romlebsac Cven reformatorul protestantizms mivakuTvnebdiT. garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, 1920iani wlebidan moyolebuli, karl barTis Teologia, 24

zogadi gandgomileba: Cveni drois niSani

rogorc Cans, abrunebda liberalur protestantul mecnierebaSi nihilizmisken mimaval tendencias. Tumca, ufro axlo Semowmebisas, barTis Teologia formiT ufro Zlieri aRmoCnda, vidre SinaarsiT;14 da garda amisa, mis hegemonias maleve gamowveva gaukeTa bultmanis skolis aRzevebam, romelmac gza gauxsna zogad qaoss, rac axasiaTebs Teologiis Tanamedrove fakultetebis umetesobas.15 profesionali Teologebis damokidebuleba mowonebiT aisaxa ekumenur sferoSic. 1948 wels misi daarsebisas, eklesiaTa msoflio sabWom ver SeZlo daedasturebina TviT yovladwminda samebis saidumloc ki, ris Semdegac organizaciam zurgi aqcia eklesiis misias socialuri aqtivizmis programis sasargeblod, 14. miuxedavad imisa, rom vilhelm oeSis Sefaseba mkacria, is simarTlis marcvals mainc Seicavs: „Sveicarieli mxsneli dacemuli `luTeranuli~ eklesiisa, karl barti – miuxedavad misi guldasmiT daculi pozitiuri midgomisa – Zireulad mainc wmida wylis egzistencialisti iyo…. . .… is ar iyo mxolod reformirebuli warmoSobis Teologi! amas garda, is iyo politikosi, romelic mxars uWerda marqsistul-orientirebul ganmaTavisuflebel omebs. misi giganturi werilobiTi produqcia, romelic uTvalavi gverdisgan Sedgeboda, mTlianad imarTeboda kalvinisturi principiT finitum non est capax infiniti (sasruli ver Seicavs usasrulos), ise rom sabolood naTeli gaxda, rom RvTis Zis WeSmariti adamianoba aq konkretuli realoba ar iyo, iseve rogorc ar arsebobda madlis gagonili an xelSesaxebi saSualebebi~ (An Unexpected Plea since 1977: Addenda to the Formula of Concord, Targmnili. J. valentinus a A ndreae [Fort Wayne, IN: Concordia Theological Seminary Press, 1983]). 15. ixileT eduard farlis naSromi „�� Teologiuri ganaTlebis reforma, rogorc Teologiuri amocana,~ Theological Education 22 (1981 wlis gazafxuli): 93–117, aseve kurt markvartis komentarebi A Lively Legacy: r�� E�� obert �� P�� p�� reus�� is sapativcemulod dawerili eseebi, Kkurt Mmarquart, jon Stephensoni da Bbjarne Teigeni. (fort-ueini, IN: Concordia Theological Seminary Press, 1985).

Sesavali

romelic zedmetad saeWvod emTxveoda sabWoTa xelisuflebis miznebs. jer kidev 1527 wels luTerma igrZno, rom reformatorebis mier realuri Tandaswrebis (ziarebaSi) uaryofa yvela sxva rwmenis artikulis sruli uaryofis winapiroba iyo, ise rom dRevandeli reformatoruli protestantizmis saerTo mdgomareoba cvinglis mier dawyebuli racionalizmis gardauvali saboloo produqtia. mas Semdeg, rac yovlisSemZle RmerTis saidumlo Tandaswreba qristianuli samyaros am Stoebidan jer kidev 1520-ian wlebSi iqna gandevnili, reformatoruli eklesiebis mravali saTnoeba ver damalavs im faqts, rom isini Tavidanve masobrivi gandgomilebis niSnebiT arian daRdasmuli. reformatorul TemebSi unitarianizmis warmoSoba SemTxveviTi ar yofila, vinaidan maTi, me-16 saukunis fuZemdebeli mamebi nestorianul qristologias aniWebdnen upiratesobas. magram ra SeiZleba iTqvas qristianuli samyaros im did Stoze, romelic, luTeranebis azriT, TiTqos romis papis mier misi uzurpatoruli ZalauflebiT iqna mitacebuli? reformators arasodes dauSvia, rom mis romisadmi aRZrul daucxromel protests daebrmavebina igi am iurisdiqciaSi qristianobis mudmivi arsebobis mimarT: Cven, Tavis mxriv, vaRiarebT, rom papobis qveS bevri ram aris qristianuli da kargi; marTlac, yvelaferi qristianuli da kargi iq aris da Cvenamde am wyarodan movida. magaliTad, vaRiarebT, rom papis eklesiaSi aris WeSmariti wmida werilebi, WeSmariti naTloba, WeSmariti sakurTxevlis saidumlo, codvebis mitevebis WeSmariti gasaRebebi, WeSmariti msaxurebis 26

zogadi gandgomileba: Cveni drois niSani

wodeba, WeSmariti katexizmo uflis locvis, aTi mcnebisa da sarwmunoebis simbolos saxiT. me-20 saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi papma pius X gamosca „modernizmis~ umkacresi gmoba, romelic liberaluri protestantizmis romaul kaTolikur ekvivalents warmoadgenda. SeiZleba vinmem gaiziaros piusis mier modernizmis „yvela eresis sinTezad~ moxsenieba, radgan racionalizmis istoriul-kritikuli meTodi, Tanmimdevrulad gamoyenebuli, arc erT sarwmunoebis dogmats xeluxleblad ar tovebs. am papis disciplinuri zomebis miuxedavad, modernizmi ar aRmoifxvra romis qristianuli samyarodan, aramed miwisqveSa sivrceSi gadainacvla, raTa meore vatikanis krebis SuagulSi mogvianebiT SurisZiebiT aRorZinebuliyo. Tanamedrove romis kaTolikuri Teologiis didi nawili meTodiTa da SinaarsiT ar gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove ZiriTadi liberaluri protestantizmis SeTavazebebisgan. erTi saukunis win rusma marTlmadidebelma Teologma aleqsei s. xomiakovma saocari winaswarmetyveleba warmoTqva, rom rogorc ki vatikanis avtoriteti mis sulier qveSevrdomebze Sesustdeboda, romis kaTolikeebi sagrZnoblad gamoavlendnen „protestantul~ tendenciebs. Tu aq protestants reformatorulis sinonimad miviCnevT, xomiakovi WeSmarit winaswarmetyvelad gvevlineba, radgan gasul TaobaSi romis kaTolike Teologebi didi mondomebiT SeuerTdnen maRali kritikis talRas da Tavi mouyares reformatoruli azrovnebis yvelaze uaryofiT aspeqtebs. sicocxlis bolos herman sase Tvlida, rom realuri Tandaswrebis romaul kaTolikuri aRiareba sul ufro myife xdeboda da dabejiTebiT amtkicebda, rom samociani wlebis Sua periodis revoluciuri litur27

Sesavali

gikuli cvlilebebis Sedegi araferi iyo, Tu ara „wmida cvinglis kanonizacia.~16 arc luTeris sulier memkvidreebs, romlebic formalurad mainc aRiareben TavianT erTgulebas augsburgis aRsarebisadmi, SeuZliaT daikvexnon im rwmenisadmi didi erTgulebiT, romelic `erTxel gadaeca wmindanebs.~ luTeranuli msoflio federacia ar gaemijna eklesiaTa msoflio sabWos mier mxardaWeril ganmaTavisuflebel Teologias. msoflio luTeranizmma mTlianobaSi uxmod daTmo madlis saSualebebis zogadi da sakurTxevlis saidumlos gansakuTrebuli gageba, ramac luTeranebsa da reformatorebs Soris Tanaziareba warmoudgeneli gaxada `marburgis kolokviumidan~17 (1529) bolo wlebamde. „Serigebulma mravalferovnebam~ axla daikava adgili, romelic adre konfesiur mTlianobas ekava da amerikis axladSeqmnili evangelisturi luTeranuli eklesia mcire miniSnebas iZleva imis Sesaxeb, rom uars ityvis episkopos devid preusis „Sua kursis koreqtirebaze~ reformatorebTan sakurTxevlisa da ambionis Tanaziarebis sakiTxSi. arc is mcire darCenili konservatiuli luTeranuli iurisdiqciebi arian dazRveuli qristianuli samyaros danarCen nawilze moqmedi destruqciuli tendenciebisgan. gaimarjvebs Tu ara konfesiuri suli, romelic gamo16. „axalma ordo missae-m praqtikulad gaanadgura Zveli mesa. TviT realuri Tandaswrebac ki aRar Cans cxadi~ (Corpus Christi. Ein Beitrag zum Problem der Abendmahlskonkordie, red. fridrix vilhelm hofi [Erlangeni: Verlag der Ev.-Luth. Mission, 1979], 105, SeniSvna 16; Cemi Targmani). romis eklesiaSi meore vatikanis krebis Semdeg ganxorcielebulma radikalurma liturgikulma cvlilebebma aiZula zase „gaocebiT ecqira, Tu rogor amaRldeboda wmida cvingli sakurTxevlis pativamde.~ 17. marburgis diskusia.

zogadi gandgomileba: Cveni drois niSani

xatulia doqtrinaSi, liturgiasa da saidumlo cxovrebaSi, zogadi protestantizmis da gansakuTrebiT egreT wodebuli eklesiis zrdis moZraobis ganZarcviT moqmedebaze, jer kidev gasarkvevia. amrigad, iesosa da misi mociqulis mier nawinaswarmetyvelebi gandgomileba axla ufro win aris wasuli, vidre piperis naSromis weris dros iyo. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi morwmune Teologebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen eRiarebinaT yovlisSemZle RmerTis, rogorc transcendenturoba,18 ise imanenturoba19 (efes. 4:6), am urTierTaRmvsebi WeSmaritebebis daZabulobaSi SenarCunebiT, islamSi an panTeizmSi gadavardnis gareSe; magram bolo dros e.w. ganmaTavisuflebeli, procesualuri da feministuri Teologiebis saxiT ganviTarebuli movlenebi miuTiTebs RvTaebrivi transcendenturobis srul uaryofaze da RmerTis Sesabamis mkrexelur datyvevebaze imanentur sferoSi ise, rom es „Teologiebi~ aSkara gmobisgan ganurCeveli xdeba. vinaidan es samive siaxle, romlebic Tavs qristianul Teologiad asaReben, TiToeuli Taviseburad axerxebs rwmenis arsisa da safuZvlis damxobas, amitom mizanSewonilia ufro detalurad ganvsazRvroT maTi Sesabamisi Secdomebi. qali Teologi, romelic qalTa xeldasxmis winaaRmdeg wers, aRniSnavs: mas Semdeg, rac 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gamoqveynda misi klasikuri naSromi feminizmze, „qaluri mistika,~�� beti fridans hkiTxes, Tu ra�� miaCnda yvelaze radikalur cvlilebad, rac qalTa moZraobis 18. mdgomareoba an Tviseba, romelic scildeba Cveulebriv, aRqmad an materialur samyaros. 19. arseboba sakuTari sazRvrebis an sistemis SigniT.

Sesavali

mier iyo gamowveuli. „axla ver getyviT,~ upasuxa man. „mainc ar daijerebT... es Teologiuria.~ fridanis es aRiareba ar aris erTaderTi miniSneba imisa, rom feminizmis omi yovlisSemZle RmerTis winaaRmdeg scildeba misi marcxena samefos sazRvrebs. feminizmis mier Sesaqmis wesrigis uaryofa, wesrigisa, romlis meSveobiTac gangebuleba sqesTa urTierTSemavseblobas saukeTesod iyenebs miwier ojaxTa dasakmayofileblad mamrobiTi TaviTa da mdedrobiTi gulis SerwmiT, mas is damTrgunvel „patriarqatad~ miiCnevs, rac mimarTulia gacilebiT metisken, vidre amqveyniuri mamobaa. feminizmis risxvis saboloo obieqti sinamdvileSi aris is, „visganac iwodeba yoveli mamoba zecaSi da miwaze~ (efes. 3:15). amrigad, rozmar redford ruteris wignis „seqsizmi da RmerTze saubari~-s Sesavlis saxelwodebaa „mamis kenozisi,~20 rac samebis pirveli pirovnebis winaswarganzraxuli gmobis formas iRebs. mama RmerTi warmodgenilia, rogorc „zecis dedoflis~21 daumorCilebeli qveSevrdomi, xolo miwieri ieso warmodgenilia, rogorc adamianuri sazogadoebis „patriarqaluri~ struqturis implicituri22 mteri, romlis zraxvebi mxolod mariam magdalinelma gaigo da ara misma mociqulebma. amasobaSi, ruteris mier aRmdgari uflis gamoCena magdalinelTan xelaxla ganimarteba, rogorc iesos gadadgoma da mariamiT misi adgilis Canacvleba: 20. ganqarveba. 21. RmerTebisa da adamianebis deda, yovelives Semqmneli. me var Seni dedac. maSinac ki, roca uarmyof me, mainc aq var. Seni codnisa da brZanebebis miRma, arsebobs sxva, romelic Senze uwinaresia, Senze didebulia da romelic gadaurCeba Seni zeciuri mefobis sikvdils~ [bostoni: Beacon Press, 1983]. 22. arapirdapiri, iribi gamoxatuleba.

zogadi gandgomileba: Cveni drois niSani

figura [Cveni uflisa!] gaqra, magram mis ukan man dainaxa ufro maRali da didebuli gamosaxuleba, samefo da amave dros raRacnairad nacnobi, qali, rogoric Tavad iyo. „Sen, mariam,~ Tqva xilvam, „axla qristes mudmivi Tandaswreba xar. nu uyureb mas ukan, aramed win. is win wavida Sens axal momavalSi. Sen unda gaagrZelo samyaros gamosyidva.~23 amrigad, „qristianuli~ feminizmis hermenevtika gulisxmobs ara erTgulebas, aramed aSkara ajanyebas wmida werilis winaaRmdeg, romlis Seqmnac ganixileba, rogorc uxeSi mcdeloba, gaamarTlos miwieri „patriarqati~ misi RvTaebaze proeqciiT. amitom feministuri Teologia agebulia gankacebisa da RvTivSTagonebis uaryofaze da Sesabamisad umkacresi formiT unda iqnas igi anaTemaze gadacemuli. es ukanaskneli Jamis gandgomilebis forma, romelic amJamad awuxebs eklesias ormagi agitaciis gziT utevs: pirveli, e. w. inkluziuri enis saRvTo werilsa da liturgiaze iZulebiTi daweseba da meore, qalebis im pastoralur msaxurebaze daSveba, romelic Tavad qristem daawesa Tormeti mociqulis mowodebiT. qalTa xeldasxmisa da inkluziuri enis kampaniebi miznad isaxavs uwmindesi da ganuyofeli samebis, romelic sakuTar Tavs mamas, Zesa da suliwmindas uwodebs, warmarTuli „RmerTis~ koncefciiT Canacvlebas. aRviraxsnili upativcemuloba, romelic advilad cvlis Tavad terminebs, romliTac RmerTi sakuTar Tavs qristesa da saRvTo werilis meSveobiT gvicxadebs, gasagebia, rom 23. feministuri Teologiis Secdomebis jansaRi qristianuli uaryofisTvis ixileT, ukve naxsenebi Women and the Priesthoodis garda, uiliam odis What Will Happen to God? Feminism and the Reconstruction of Christian Belief (londoni: Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge, 1984).

Sesavali

brmaa pastoraluri msaxurebis mniSvnelovani xarisxis mimarT, romelic qristes warmoadgens eklesiisa da samyaros winaSe. luTeranuli mitevebis formula gvaZlevs imis gagebas, rom pastori madlis saSualebebs administrirebas uwevs „Tavisi uflis ieso qristes nacvlad.~ uflis brZanebisgan gadaxvevas da samociqulo akrZalvis uaryofas (rac qalTa xeldasxmiT xdeba), aucileblad mohyveba yovlisSemZle RmerTis, rogorc mamisa, Zisa da suliwmidis gamocxadebis uaryofa. qristianuli samyaros saeklesio organizaciebSi qalTa xeldasxmis mzardi danergva da miReba mowmobs ukanaskneli Jamis `RadarinelTa kbodes~24 srul gandgomilebaze, romelic Znelad Tu CaeSveba ufro did siRrmeSi, radgan iqneb man es ukve gaakeTa. warmarTuli feminizmis sakurTxevelSi SeWraze aranakleb samarcxvinoa fenomeni, romelic `procesis Teologiad~ iwodeba. am moZraobis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi daiyvaneba RvTis suverenuli Tavisuflebisa da wminda didebulebis Tavxedur ugulebelyofamde, rac iwvevs mowiwebis damamcirebeli damokidebulebiT Canacvlebas qmnilebis mxridan Tavisi Semqmnelisadmi. `procesis Teologia~ dakavSirebulia alfred norT uaithedisa da Carlz hartSornis cxovrebiseul moRvaweobasTan. jon b. kob umcrosisa da devid rei grifinis mier dawerili maTi azrovnebis Sejameba miuTiTebs procesis Teologebis mier tradiciuli Teizmis xuTi maxasiaTeblis uaryofaze. rogorc gveubnebian, RmerTi aRar SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc (1) „kosmiuri moralisti,~ (2) „ucvleli da uvnebo absoluti,~ (3) „mmarTveli Zala,~ (4) „status kvos damcveli~ an (5) „mamrobiTi.~ 24. sadac Rorebis kolti gadaeSva.

zogadi gandgomileba: Cveni drois niSani

tradiciuli Teizmis maTi meore damamcirebeli daxasiaTebiT, `procesis Teologiis~ warmomadgenlebi mianiSneben Zveli mamebis mier berZnuli filosofiuri terminologiis (da garkveulwilad, elinisturi azrovnebis Sinaarsis) gamoyenebaze. evangelistebi, romelTa damok idebuleba klasikuri dogmatis mimarT umecrebisa da eWvis nazavia da isini, vinc karl barTis gavlenis qveS imyofebian, am sakiTxSi yvelaze metad arian midrekilni procesis Teologebis maameblobisken. miuxedavad imisa, rom RvTis ucvalebloba naTlad gacxadebuli WeSmaritebaa, SeiZleba vaRiaroT, rom misi uvnebloba pirdapir ar aris naswavli saRvTo werilSi da rom eklesiis zogierTma maswavlebelma SesaZloa uneblieT proecireba moaxdina platonuri Tvisebebisa RvTis bibliur aRweraze. amave dros, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom patristikuli Teologia xSirad avsebda elinistur terminologias saRvTo werilis SinaarsiT. stoikuri apaTiis ideali marTlac iqna miRebuli meoTxe saukunis qristianuli anTropologiis konceptualobaSi, magram sityvis ubralo sesxebaze ufro mniSvnelovani iyo misi mniSvnelobis Secvla, qveynierebidan gamoyofa codvis Zalauflebisgan Tavis daxsnaze. aqedan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba ugulebelvyoT imis albaToba, rom RvTaebrivi uvneblobis Sesaxeb patristikuli ena miznad isaxavda RvTis bunebis Sesaxeb WeSmariti bibliuri swavlebis dacvas. garda amisa, procesis Teologebis mZafri zizRi saRvTo werilis avtoritetis mimarT amarTlebs eWvs, rom am etapze maTi ierusalimis aTenze upiratesobis miniWeba pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT ar unda iqnas miRebuli. sinamdvileSi aRmoCndeba, rom is, rac kobsa da grifins yvelaze metad miuReblad miaCniaT RvTaebrivi ucvaleblobisa da uvneblobis aRiarebaSi, aris RvTis su33

Sesavali

verenuli Tavisuflebisa da samyarosgan damoukideblobis aRiareba.25 procesis Teologia eTanxmeba hegelis Tavxedur mtkicebas, rom „samyaros gareSe RmerTi ar aris RmerTi~ da agrZelebs mis mkrexelur ideas, rom RmerTis TviTSemecneba xdeba mxolod kacobriobis SezRuduli TviTSemecnebis meSveobiT. yovladwmida sameba aRar aris aRiarebuli rogorc RvTaebriv pirovnebaTa TviTkmari erToba, romelic Tavisuflad uziarebs sakuTar Tavs adamians mis qmnilebasa da gamosyidvaSi. es ukanasknelni aRar ganixilebian, rogorc RvTis madlisa da misi siyvarulis siuxvis nayofi, aramed, rogorc misi sakuTari saWiroebiT SemozRuduli qmedebebi. procesis Teologiis RvTaeba ar aris usasrulo srulyofilebis sayvareli arsi, aramed dacemuli adamianis xatad Seqmnili Tixisfexebiani kerpi, romelic ufro sibraluls iwvevs da doqsologiis umcires wveTsac ar warmoSobs. yovlisSemZle RmerTis sazizRari damcireba, romelic procesis Teologiis tradiciuli Teizmisgan gansxvavebis meore punqtSia warmodgenili, ganmsazRvreli faqto25. `idea, rom RvTaeba aris „absoluti,~ niSnavs, rom RmerTi sinamdvileSi ar aris dakavSirebuli samyarosTan. samyaro namdvilad dakavSirebulia RmerTTan, radgan RmerTTan urTierToba samyaros Semadgeneli nawilia — samyaros adekvaturi aRwera moiTxovs mis RmerTze damokidebulebaze miTiTebas — magram isic ki, rom samyaro arsebobs, ar aris RmerTis realobis Semadgeneli nawili. RmerTi mTlianad damoukidebelia samyarosgan: RmerT-samyaros urTierToba Rv�� TisTvis wmidad garegnulia. es sami termini — ucvleli, uvnebo da absoluturi — sabolood erTsa da imaves ambobs, rom samyaro arafers matebs RmerTs da rom RmerTis gavlena samyaroze araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris ganpirobebuli RvTaebrivi reagirebiT Cveni, amqveyniuri arsebebis moulodnel, TviTganmsazRvrel aqtivobebze. procesis Teologia uaryofs am RmerTis arsebobas.~

zogadi gandgomileba: Cveni drois niSani

ria kobisa da grifinis mier gansxvavebis oTx miTiTebul sxvadasxva lokusSi.26 rogorc ki RmerTs CamoerTmeva misi usasrulo siwmide, kanonis gamcemisa da aRmsruleblis bibliuri warmodgena SeiZleba mxolod, rogorc „kosmiuri moralistis~ dacinvad iqnas miCneuli. misi pirveli nawilis am uxeSi uaryofiT eklesiis mTeli katexeturi nageboba samarcxvinod ingreva saZirkvlamde, misi RvTaebrivi yovlisSemZleoba uaryofilia da „RmerTi, rogorc mmarTveli Zala~ moZvelebul mcnebad aris ganxiluli. Sesabamisad, procesis Teologma sakiTxis arsi ukeT icis, vidre gankacebulma sityvam, romelic gvaswavlis, rom arc erTi beRura ar daecema miwaze zecieri mamis nebis gareSe (maT. 10:29). procesis Teologiis msgavseba ganmaTavisuflebel TeologiasTan Cans RvTis, rogorc „status kvos damcvelis~ sarkastulad Camoyalibebul damamcirebel ideaSi, romlis konteqstSic irkveva, rom romaelTa 13:1-is movaleobiTi morCileba „samarcxvinod~ unda iqnas miCneuli. gasakviri ar aris, rom es mkrexeluri azrovneba feministur TeologiasTan erTad uaryofs „RmerTs, rogorc mamrobiTs.~ aq qriste da saRvTo werili zizRis, damaxinjebisa da uaryofis obieqtebia. fundamenturi upativcemuloba aseve aris ganmaTavisuflebeli Teologiis damaxasiaTebeli niSani, romelsac aq yuradReba eqceva, rogorc am ukanaskneli Jamis gandgomilebis „Teologiis~ Cveni mesame eqsponati. maSin, rodesac procesis Teologia Tavis arsSi gmobs RmerTs da feministuri Teologia ewinaaRmdegeba RvTaebrivi TviTgamocxadebis pirobebs, ganmaTavisuflebeli Teo logia amtkicebs, rom ukeT icis, vidre Tavad RmerTma, 26. genis adgili qromosomaSi.

Sesavali

qristeSi kacobriobis gamosyidvis misi misiis mizani. karl marqsis sociologiuri analizi da politikuri filosofia ganmaTavisuflebel TeologiaSi im rols asrulebs, rac rudolf bultmanis sistemaSi martin haidegeris azrovneba. qristes mier Tavisi msxverplSewirviT dacemuli kacobriobisTvis maradiuli sicocxlis gamosyidva an uaryofilia, an dakninebuli miwieri iesos umweo warmoCinebiT, rogorc socialuri revolucionerisa, romelsac aq da axla politikuri da ekonomikuri „samarTlianobis~ uzrunvelyofa surda. ganmaTavisuflebeli Teologiis formaluri pativiscema Cveni uflis mimarT ver damalavs im faqts, rom bibliuri religiis centralur paradigmad igi egviptidan gamosvlas miiCnevs da ara wiTeli paraskevisa da aRdgomis sapaseqo saidumlos. Cven didi dakvirveba gvmarTebs misi taqtikis mimarT, romlis mixedviTac egviptidan gamosvla, rogorc jvrisa da aRdgomis gziT miRweuli ufro didi gamosvlis winasaxe (luk. 9:31), mis konteqsts mowyda da Cveni drois problemur sazogadoebebSi marqsistuli revoluciis gegmad gardaiqmna. ditrix bonhoferis gamoTqmis gamoyenebiT, ganmaTavisuflebelma Teologiam warmatebiT daCrdila ukanaskneli sakiTxebis aRqma, winamdebare sakiTxebze yuradrebis gadataniT. maTes 6:33-Si Cveni uflis mier miTiTebuli wesi maT mTlianad Sebrunebuli aqvT. arc marqsizmis warsuli gamocdileba iZleva imeds, rom Tundac am samyaros sazRvrebSi raimes miReba SeiZleba ganmaTavisuflebeli Teologiis mier qristianuli prioritetebis SebrunebiT. arafris damateba da arc gamokleba ar aris saWiro ganmaTavisuflebeli Teologiis Semdegi kritikisTvis, romelsac, miuxedavad misi warmoSobisa, aSkarad luTeranuli elferi dahkravs: 36

zogadi gandgomileba: Cveni drois niSani

marqsistuli inspiraciis ganmaTavisuflebeli Teo logiebi iesos Zvel aRTqmaSi zRudaven, aRTqmebis mimdevrobas ureven da imis nacvlad, rom mose iesos winamorbedad iqnes ganmartebuli, igi iesos modeli xdeba, rogorc politikuri ganmaTavisuflebeli, romelic Semdeg erTgvar arasrul mosed gvevlineba. ara jvari, aramed gamosvla xdeba wmida werilis centraluri movlena, xolo aRTqma, sulieri Sinaarsisgan daclili, ubrundeba Tavis miwier, politikur mniSvnelobas. es progresizmi sinamdvileSi regresiaa, iesos Soreul warsulSi dabruneba da amrigad, amiT aseve xdeba mosesa da elias gauqmeba, romlebic momavlisken iRwvodnen — iesosken. Tanamedrove qristianuli samyaros udidesi nawilis ukanaskneli Jamis gandgomilebis morevSi CaZirvis pirquSi realoba pirdapir kavSirSia ukanaskneli Jamis TemasTan. bevri Tanamedrove Teologi sasacilod miiCnevs im azrs, rom suli sxeulebrivi sikvdilis Semdeg agrZelebs arsebobas, rac aRar ganixileba, rogorc Cveni pirveli mSoblebis codviT gamowveuli samarTliani RvTaebrivi sasjeli. ufro metic, samyaros dasasruli dRes ZiriTadad ganixileba, rogorc TermobirTvuli omis an garemos dabinZurebis SesaZlo Sedegi da uSveben, rom misi arideba adamianuri eSmakobiT SesaZlebelia. amdros, Cveni uflis mkafio winaswarmetyvelebebi misi sakuTari xiluli xelaxali gamoCenis Sesaxeb, raTa gaamarTlos Tavisi eklesia da Suri iZios Tavis mtrebze, uaryofilia da miCneulia, rogorc sevdiani metaforebi, romlebic misma Semdgomma mimdevrebma gamoTqves, an is bodvebia, rac pirveli saukunis gauwonasworebelma apokaliptikosebma SeTxzes. xolo zecis imedi demiTologizebulia, gaufasurebuli an Teologiis prioritetebis boloSi gadatanili — aq da axla „socia37

Sesavali

luri samarTlianobis~ Ziebis interesebSi. garda amisa, Teologebi, romlebmac uaryves wmida werilis savaldebulo avtoriteti, cnobilia, rom svamen kiTxvebs im RmerTis „moralurobis~ Sesaxeb, romelic Tavis zogierT qmnilebas maradiul sasjels umzadebs. sayovelTao gandgomilebis am dReebSi qristianuli samyaros dangreuli saxe did pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs zogadad konfesiur luTeranebs da gansakuTrebiT maT Teologebs. amitom, wmida werilidan ukanaskneli Jamis Sesaxeb swori swavlebis gadmocemis amocana, WeSmaritad ekumenur ganzomilebas iZens. Tumca, Cven ar SeiZleba mxolod e. w. kritikuli Teologiis praqtikosebi miviCnioT Cvens Tanamosaubreebad. bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mkveTrad gaizarda esqatologiuri spekulaciebi, romlebic C. i. skofildma gauwia popularizacia XX saukunis dasawyisSi Tavisi cnobili `skofildis ganmartebiTi bibliis~ meSveobiT. skofildis mier wamoyenebuli „dispensacionalizmi~ qristes, rogorc wmida werilis centrs anacvlebs da qristianuli imedi, romelic morCili molodinia misi didebiT dabrunebisadmi gadaaqvs seriuli avbediTi Sualeduri movlenebis gaangariSebaze, romelTa daTariReba udides spekulaciad iqceva. dispensacionalisturi naSromebi farTo speqtrs moicavs, donald grei barnhausis mecnieruli namuSevridan dawyebuli „uxilavi omi~ mraval Rirebul egzegetikur da pastoralur Sexedulebas gvTavazobs, hal lindsis bodviTi sensaciur iaffasiani romanis CaTvliT. am ukanasknelis wigni uzarmazari tiraJiT iqna gamocemuli da ara mxolod inglisur enaze, aramed mraval sxva enazec iqna Targmnili. lindsis uxeSi dispensacionalizmi israelis saxelmwifos xelaxali dafuZnebis savaraudo esqatologiur mniSvnelobas efuZneba da evropis Tanamegobrobis 38

zogadi gandgomileba: Cveni drois niSani

qveynebidan antiqristes gardauval gamoCenas elis, ra drosac moxdeba „saidumlo ataceba,~ romlis dadgomac, rogorc araerT saavtomobilo stikerzea gadmocemuli, manqanebs RvTismosavi mZRolebis gareSe datovebs. qristianebi unda Seawuxos ara mxolod lindsis egzegetikurma arakompetenturobam, aramed pastoralurma upasuxismgeblobamac, romelic momgebiani geniosuri fantaziiTa Seqmnili, romlis usafuZvlo winaswarmetyvelebebic mas Semdeg rac mcdari aRmoCndeba, SesaZloa gaanadguros milionobiT adamianis ndoba ara mxolod iaffasiani dispensacionalisturi sqemis mimarT, aramed Tavad RvTis wminda sityvis mimarTac ki. israelis saxelmwifos sasargeblod mravali dispensacionalistis lobirebis mcdelobebSi, adamianis esqatologias SeiZleba pirdapiri gavlena hqondes mis politikur CarTulobazec. es exeba ara mxolod skofildis skolis premilenialistebs, aramed garkveul postmilenialistebsac, rogoricaa qristianuli rekonstruqcionistuli banakis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic aRadgenen kalvinisturi Teokratiis dawesebis ocnebas, rogorc RvTis samefos damyarebis saSualebas. politikuri aqtivizmi aseve daniSnulia ganmaTavisuflebeli Teologebis mier, romlebic gvTavazoben bibliuri esqatologiis sekularizebul, demiTologizebul transpozicias.27 am sami saxis politikuri Teologiis ganxilva, romelTa fesvebi maT Sesabamis momxreebSi arsebul esqatologiur rwmenaSia, cxadyofs, rom rjulsa da saxarebas Soris gansxvavebas Tavisi roli aqvs ukanaskneli Jamis ganxilvaSi da rom 27. raime elementis, obieqtis an struqturis gadatana erTi adgilidan meoreze, erTi konteqstidan meoreSi, an erTi formidan meoreSi.

Sesavali

luTeranuli eTikis „ori samefos~ CarCo sulac ar aris moZvelebuli. RvTismosav da orTodoqsul qristianebSic ki imaleba bibliuri esqatologiis damaxinjebis safrTxe misi privatizebiT. eklesiis pastorebma da sxva maswavleblebma ician, Tu ra did dabneulobas iwvevs momavali sxeulebrivi mkvdreTiT aRdgomisa da axali cisa da miwis damyarebis xmamaRali qadageba. cnobilia, rom kargi luTerani mrevlis warmomadgeneli ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams mxolod „Sualeduri mdgomareobis~ xsenebaze, romelSic netarTa sulebi moelian Cveni uflis didebiT dabrunebas dedamiwaze, raTa yvelafris aRsasruli dadges, rac moicavs maT gaerTianebas srulyofil sxeulebTan momaval samyaroSi cxovrebisaTvis: „magram, pastoro, me yovelTvis megona, rom sikvdilis Semdeg maradiulebi vxdebodiT……...~ Cven safrTxis winaSe vdgavarT, ra drosac „mikro-esqatologiaze~ fokusirebiT „makro-esqatologias~ vayenebT zians. miuxedavad imisa, rom wmida werili namdvilad gvavalebs vilaparakoT ukvdavi sulebis Sualedur mdgomareobaze, Cven ar unda daviviwyoT, rom bibliis avtorebi samoTxes korporatiul (qristologiur) terminebSi ganixilaven da ara individualur WrilSi da morwmuneTa imeds mimarTaven qristes didebiT da xiluli xelaxali gamoCenisken, raTa mTeli qyveyniereba ganikoTxos da madli mianiWos. Zveli xorci, romelic mZvinvarebs da gansakuTrebiT qristianis mkerdSi, midrekilia sakuTari Tavi da Tavisi interesebi samyaros centrSi moaTavsos, risi meSveobiTac yvelaze sazizRar kerpTayvanismcemlobas sCadis, radgan cdilobs Tavad RmerTic ki dauqvemdebaros dacemuli adamianis survilebis dakmayofilebas. sinamdvileSi, yovlisSemZle RmerTi samyaros Suagul wreSi dgas, Sesabamisad Cven mxolod wertilebi varT RvTaebrivi saq40

zogadi gandgomileba: Cveni drois niSani

mianobis garSemowerilobaze. monanieba exeba ara mxolod eTikis sferos, aramed dogmatur Teologiasac, ise rom Cveni esqatologia unda avaSenoT ara egoisturi adamianis survilebisa da kiTxvebis garSemo, aramed RvTis mier mis sityvaSi mocemuli pasuxebisa da gancxadebebis garSemo. nacvlad, izolirebulad dasmuli kiTxvisa: „ra damemarTeba sikvdilis Semdeg?~ — wmida werili qristeSi mTeli samyaros beds gvixsnis da upirveles yovlisa, mis xilul dabrunebas. ukanaskneli Jami unda ganixilebodes ukanasknelis (gamocx. 1:8; 22:13) Suqze, da miuxedavad imisa, rac ar unda eTqva Slaiermaxers sawinaaRmdegod, — is mainc WeSmariti Teologiis sawyis wertilad, arsad da miznad rCeba.

sarCevi

2 ra aris esqatologia? eklesiis aRmsareblobiTi gansazRvrebis msgavsad, teqnikuri termini `esqatologia,~ rogorc farTo, ise viwro mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba. SeiZleba gasakviri iyos imis gageba, rom es sityva dasavlur Teologiur leqsikaSi SedarebiT axalia. g. b. keirdis Tanaxmad, is `me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi, uSualod germaniaSi moiWra (rogorc moneta) da Sesabamisad inglisurSic gadavida.~ Tavdapirvelad, Slaiermaxeris mier misi savaraudo bundovanebiT gamowveuli sixarulis miuxedavad, termins mkafio mniSvneloba hqonda, romelsac aq viwro gagebiT movixseniebT da romelic mokled iyo gadmocemuli oqsfordis inglisuri leqsikonis 1891 da 1933 wlebis ganmartebebSi: `Teologiuri mecnierebis dargi, romelic exeba oTx ukanasknel sakiTxs, sikvdils, samsjavros, zecasa da jojoxeTs.~1 maSasadame, esqatologia gacilebiT viwro 1. bibliis ena da saxeebi (filadelfia: Westminster Press, 1980), 243. sityva „esqatologiis~ erT-erTi uadresi gamoCena aris misi gamoyeneba f. d. e. Slaiermaxeris wignis „qristianuli rwmeni~s dasasruls, red. da Targmna h. r. makintoSi da j. s. stiuarti (edinburgi: T. & T. Clark, 1928). Slaiermaxeri upiratesobas aniWebs termins „esqatologia~-s tradiciul „ukanasknel sagnebs,~ radgan es ukanaskneli qmnis STabeWdilebas, TiTqos movlenebi morwmune subieqtis gareTac xdeba: „fraza „ukanaskneli sagnebi,~ romelic sakmaod zogadad iqna miRebuli, ucnaurad gamoiyureba, rac ufro dafarulia sityva „esqatologiiT;~ radgan termini „sagnebi~ gvemuqreba, rom sruliad gagviyvans Sinagani cxovrebis im sferodan, razec mxolod Cven varT SeSfoTebulni.~

ra aris esqatologia?

gagebaa imisa, rac mas Tavisi berZnuli fuZe sityviT έσχατονiT gaaCnia, romelic Tavisi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT exeba saboloo, droebiT, magram Seuqcevad realobebs. me-20 saukunis TeologiasTan umciresi gacnobac cxadyofs, rom Teologebi ugulebelyofdnen leqsikografebis gancxadebebs. erTi magaliTic sakmarisia. Tavis naSromSi `qriste da dro,~ oskar kulmani, arc Tu uyuradRebo mkvlevari, yveba sakuTari gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb, rom `droebiToba esqatologiis arsad mieCnia.~ albert Svaiceridan dRemde arsebuli egzegetikis garkveuli skolebis peripetiebis gavliT saWiroa imis axsna, Tu rogor daitvirTa es cneba imaze meti SinaarsiT, vidre ubralod oTxi ukanaskneli ram. g. b. keirdi mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor swrafad gafarTovda esqatologiis farglebi, raTa moecva RvTis gadamrCeneli miznebis amqveyniuri aRsruleba. am sityvis mniSvnelobis imdenad farTo adaptacia moxda, rom keirdi gvTavazobs aranakleb Svidi gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis CamonaTvals, romlebic bolo asi wlis kvleviT literaturaSi gvxvdeba. Tanamedrove axali aRTqmis kvlevebSi sityvis Sinaarsis pirveli gafarToeba moxda maSin, rodesac germanelma mkvlevarebma iohanes vaisma da albert Svaicerma aRmoaCines, rom albrext riClis dominantur Teologias saxarebiseul CanawerebSi safuZveli ar hqonda. riCli, me-19 saukunis liberalur TeologiaSi Slaiermaxeris Semdeg mniSvnelobiT meore piri, sinoptikur Temas RvTis samefos Sesaxeb eTikuri, amqveyniuri TvalsazrisiT ganixilavda da miwieri iesosgan kantis gamoCenamde kantianels qmnida. riClis Kulturprotestantismus2 2. kulturprotestantizmi germanuli terminia, romelic aRwers me-19 da me-20 saukunis dasawyisis germanuli protestantizmis garkveul mimdinareobas. is gulisxmobs protestantuli Teologiisa da kulturis sidiadis an upiratesobis rwmenas, xSirad kaTolicizmTan mimarTebaSi.

Sesavali

amerikuli eqvivalenti rauSenbuSis socialuri saxarebis Teologia iyo. vaismac da Svaicermac dainaxes Seusabamoba axali aRTqmis monacemebsa da riClisa da misi skolis mier maT ganmartebas Soris. vaisis damsaxureba iyo imis demonstrireba, rom miwieri ieso pirveli saukunis iudaizmis fonze unda ganvixiloT, romelic gajerebuli iyo RvTis gardauvali zebunebrivi moqmedebis apokalifturi molodiniT, raTa daesrulebina am samyaros mimdinareoba da daemyarebina Tavisi mefoba. vaisis Tanaxmad, ieso srulad iziarebda am molodins da Sesabamisad, eloda samyaros gardauval dasasruls. Svaiceris xelSi vaisis aRmoCenam Tamami gamoyeneba hpova, rogorc `istoriuli iesos~ aqamde SeuRwevadi saidumlos amoxsnis gasaRebma. saxarebebidan SerCeuli perikopebis3 Svaiceris mier warmosaxviTi analizis safuZvelze rekonstruirebuli figura sulac ar aRmoCnda amqveyniuri riClianuri protestantizmis winapari: iesos mizania gamoanTavisuflos ukanaskneli vai, dabneuloba da brZola, saidanac warmoiSoba parusia da amgvarad daiwyos esqatologiuri dramis zemiwieri faza. Svaiceris Tanaxmad, sajaro msaxurebis dros, romelic erT welze nakleb xans gagrZelda, iesom orjer amaod scada samyaros aRsasrulis moaxloeba. erT-erTi aseTi SemTxveva savaraudod sajaro msaxurebis dawyebidan ramdenime kviraSi moxda, rodesac Cvenma ufalma mociqulebi gagzavna samefos gardauvali moaxloebis saqadageblad (maT. 10). maTe 9:37-38 ganixileba, rogorc mociqulebis gagzavnis dros `bunebrivi sferoebis faq3. wmida werilis mokle monakveTi.

ra aris esqatologia?

tobrivi mdgomareobis miniSnebad,~ aseve imis mtkicebulebad, rom `ieso samefos mosvlas moeloda imave wlis mosavlis aRebis dros.~ Svaiceris rwmena imisa, rom ieso ase swrafad eloda yvelafris dasasruls, didwilad efuZneba maTe 10:23-s mis gagebas: is maT pirdapir eubneba (maT. 10:23), rom ar elis maT xilvas�� amJamindel epoqaSi. Ze kacis `�� parusia,�� ~ romelic logikurad da droebiTad identuria samefos ganTiadisa, moxdeba manam, vidre isini daasruleben israelis qalaqebis swraf Semovlas misi qadagebiT. is, rom es sityvebi amas da mxolod amas niSnavs da rom araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda moxdes maTi Serbileba, sakmarisad cxadi unda iyos.4 samefos moulodnelma Cavardnam aiZula ieso, sajaro msaxurebas xanmokle periodiT CamoSorebuliyo, ris Semdegac asuliyo ierusalimSi RvTis mefobis moaxloebis dasaCqareblad. Svaicers ar daumalavs misi uryevi rwmena imisa, rom ieso tragikulad damarcxda: icis ra, rom momavali Ze kacisaa, [ieso] eWideba �� wuTisoflis �� borbals, raTa is ukanasknel brunvaSi moiyvanos, r�� aTa samudamod daasrulos kcobriobis mimdinare istoria. is uars ambobs brunvaze da Tan gametebiT cdilobs amas. Semdeg is brunvaSi modis da amsxvrevs mas. esqatologiuri pirobebis Semotanis 4. Svaiceris rekonstruqcia aseve amtkicebda mxardaWeras Cveni uflis idumali gamonaTqvamidan, romelic maTes saxarebaSia Cawerili (maT.�� 11:12), rac man ase ganmarta: „am �� gamonaTqvams araferi aqvs saerTo individebis samefoSi SesvlasTan; is ubralod amtkicebs, rom naTlismcemlis mosvlis Semdeg, garkveuli raodenobis pirebi samefos mosvlis iZulebasa da daCqarebas cdiloben.

Sesavali

nacvlad, is maT anadgurebs. borbali win migoravs da masze kvlav damagrebulia erTi uzomod didi adamianis dalewili sxeuli, romelsac imxela gabeduleba hqonda efiqra Tavis Tavze, rom is�� kacobriobis sulieri mmarTvelia da rom istoriis mdinareba maszea damokidebuli. es aris misi gamarjveba da misi mefoba. Svaiceris kvlevebma miiyvana igi esqatologiis Semdegi saxis gavleniani ganmartebis definiciamde: `termini esqatologia mxolod maSin unda iqnas gamoyenebuli, rodesac saubaria samyaros aRsasrulze, romelic mosalodnelia uaxloes momavalSi.~ amgvarad daibada “Tanmimdevruli (anu sruli) esqatologiis~ skola, romelmac, rogorc Sveicarieli mkvlevaris martin verneris naSromebSia warmoCenili, SeinarCuna ra mosazreba, rom pirvelyofili eklesia moeloda aRsasrulis dadgomas qristes `parusiis~ gziT pirveli Taobis qristianebis sicocxleSive. verneris Tanaxmad, parusiis e.w. gadavadebam iseTi saSineli uxerxuloba warmoqmna adreul qristianebSi, gamoiwvia maTi religiis gadakeTeba Semdgomi eklesiis institutebisa da dogmebis mimarTulebiT. bultmanis skolis erT-erTi wamyvani mkvlevari Tavis wignSi `wmida lukas Teologia~ amtkicebda, rom mesame maxareblis SemoqmedebiTma geniam gadaarCina post-samociqulo eklesia `parusiis~ dagvianebiT gamowveuli Cixidan imis SeqmniT, rom iesos msaxureba warmoadgenda ara dasasruls, aramed drois `centrs,~ riTac gza gauxsna `eklesiis epoqas,~ raTa Seevso uflis pirvel da meore mosvlebs Soris mzardi droebiTi ufskruli. koncelmani ar malavs Tavis rwmenas, rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom wminda luka yvela epoqis eklesiis sando warmomadgenlad gvevlineba, man mainc uxeSad gaayalba miwieri iesos swavleba da ganzraxva. 46

ra aris esqatologia?

Tanmimdevruli esqatologiis skolas, cxadia, Tavisi mimdevrebi pirdapir Teologiuri Cixisken mihyavs, radgan igi amtkicebs gankacebuli uflisa da misi mociqulebis cdomilebas da amgvarad kargavs qristianuli ndobis mandats. Svaiceris mier miwieri iesos cxovrebis genialuri aRwera efuZneboda pirveli ori saxarebis izolirebul monakveTebs da mxolod markoziseuli wyobis hipoTeturi rekonstruqciis safuZvelze SeiZleboda misi SenarCuneba. Tu miwieri iesos azrovneba marTlac aRiniSneboda aRsasrulis iseTi gardauvali molodiniT, rogoric vaissa da Svaicers hqondaT mxedvelobaSi, maSin zeTisxilis mTaze warmoTqmuli qadageba, romelic samive sinoptikurma saxarebam aRwera (maT. 24; mark. 13; luk. 21), aseve Cveni uflis winaswarmetyveleba warmarTebisTvis samefos gadacemis Sesaxeb (maT. 21:33-41 da paralelebi), misi miTiTebebi mis sikvdilsa da parusias Soris mniSvnelovani droebiTi intervalis Sesaxeb (maT. 25:5; luk. 12:45) da misi brZaneba evqaristiis aRniSvnis gagrZelebis Sesaxeb, yvelaferi unda mieweros pirvelyofili eklesiis `miTopoetur saqmianobas~ an maxareblebis fantazias. kritikulma mecnierebam ori mcdeloba ganaxorciela vaisisa da Svaiceris Teoriebis melanqoliuri Sedegebis Sesarbileblad. pirvel rigSi, rudolf bultmanma, miuxedavad imisa, rom miiRo Tanmimdevruli esqatologia, rogorc miwieri iesos qadagebis faqtobrivi CarCo, wamoayena winadadeba misi `demiTologizaciisa~ da `egzistencialisturi esqatologiiT~ Canacvlebis Sesaxeb, romelic TiTqosda relevanturia Tanamedrove adamianisTvis. Tavis programul narkvevSi `axali aRTqma da miTologia~ (1941), bultmanma pirdapir ganacxada Tavisi urwmunoebis Sesaxeb: 47

Sesavali

miTiuri esqatologia dausabuTebelia im martivi mizezis gamo, rom parusia arasodes momxdara ise, rogorc axali aRTqma moeloda. istoria ar dasrulebula da rogorc yvela moswavlem icis, man bolomde unda gaasrulos kursi. maSinac ki, Tu gvjera, rom samyaro, rogoric Cven viciT, droTa ganmavlobaSi dasruldeba, Cven velodebiT, rom dasasruli iqneba bunebrivi katastrofis formiT da ara miTiuri movlenis saxiT, rogoric axal aRTqmis mixedviT moelis. bultmanis antidoti bibliuri mwerlebis gulubryvilobis winaaRmdeg iyo `qerigmas,~5 savaraudod maradiuli birTvis misi Tanamedrove da marburgeli kolegis, filosofos martin haidegeris egzistencialistur kategoriebSi gadatana. Tanmimdevruli esqatologiis SezRudvebisgan Tavis daRwevis meore mniSvnelovani mcdeloba ufro daxvewili iyo da meti mimdevari hpova. ingliselma mkvlevarma k. h. dodma eWvqveS daayena Svaicerisa da misi skolis fundamenturi winapirobebi. Svaicers mixedviT, miwieri ieso kataklizmur dasasruls kvirebis an Tveebis sakiTxad miiCnevda, xolo mociqulebi mas TavianTi uflis `parusiis~ saxiT, maqsimum erTi Taobis ganmavlobaSi elodnen. axali aRTqmis monacemebis Seswavlisas dodi mivida daskvnamde, rom ieso da misi mociqulebi darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom dasasruli ukve sabolood dadga. dodma sawyis wertilad aiRo advilad dokumentirebuli faqti, rom miwieri ieso RvTis samefos ukve moqmed awmyo realobad Tvlida sakuTar pirovnebasa da moRvaweobaSi. g. b. keirdi Semdegnairad ajamebs dodis pasuxs Tanmimdevruli esqatologiis mimarT: 5. RvTaebrivi gzavnilis qadageba.

ra aris esqatologia?

dodma aRniSna, rom axali aRTqmis rwmenis dominanturi nota ar aris molodini, aramed iesos sicocxlis, sikvdilisa da aRdgomis zeimi, rogorc RvTis dasrulebuli saqme (mag: ioan. 17:4; 2 kor. 6:2; ebr. 10:12–14; 1 pet. 1:3); da rom iesom Tavad Cauyara safuZveli amas imis gamocxadebiT, rom Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelebebi sruldeboda (luk. 10:23–24), rom dadga RvTis dRe (mark. 1:15), rom movida RvTis samefo (luk. 11:20) da Ria iyo is yvelasTvis, vinc mzad iyo masSi Sesasvlelad (maT. 21:31). dodis mier Ziris gamomTxreli Tanmimdevruli esqatologiis Zlieri da susti mxareebi, SeiZleba gamovlenili iqnes misi sinoptikuri formulis traqtatis mier ήγγικεν γάρ ή βασιλεία τών ούρανών6 (maT. 4:17; SeadareT - maT. 10:7; mark. 1:15; luk. 10:9, 11). dodi srulad ar dakmayofildeboda maTe 4:17-isa da markozi 1:15-is gviani, me-20 saukunis inglisuri bibliuri TargmanebiT (samefo `moaxloebulia,~ RSV; `axlosaa,~ NIV; `Tqvenzea,~ NEB) da uTuod daiwyebda imis mtkicebas, rom es muxlebi gulwrfelad mowmobs samefos `mosvlas~ da ara mis namdvil gardauvalobas. is aranaklebi ostatobiT amtkicebda, rom beZnul originalSi gamoyenebuli έγγίζειν aRsrulebis mniSvnelobiTaa da ara mxolod molodinis mniSvnelobiT, sinoptikuri muxlebis konteqstTan erTad, romlebSic es zmna samefos srulyofil droSia mocemuli da maTes 12:28-sa da lukas 11:20-Si φθάνειν-s7 aoristis8 sinonimuri gamoyeneba, erTad aZlierebs mis interpretacias. Sesabamisad, 6. `vinaidan moaxloebuli caTa sasufeveli.~ 7. Jamis dadgoma. 8. moqmedeba, romelic moxda warsulSi, rogorc dasrulebuli, sruli faqti, drois konkretul momentSi, procesis an Sedegis xazgasmis gareSe.

Sesavali

Tanmimdevruli esqatologia Canacvlebulia `realizebuli esqatologiiT:~ rac ar unda vTqvaT maTze, gamonaTqvamebi, romlebic acxadeben, rom RvTis samefo movida, mkafio da calsaxaa. ufro metic, isini am sakiTxze saxarebiseuli gamonaTqvamebis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli da gamorCeuli niSania. maT ar aqvT paraleli im periodis iudevelTa swavlebebsa da locvebSi. amitom, Tu Cven veZebT iesos swavlebis gansxvavebul niSans RvTis samefos Sesaxeb, swored aq unda moiZebnos igi.... `esqatoni~ momavlidan awmyoSi gadavida, molodinis sferodan realizebuli gamocdilebis sferoSi.... maSasadame, ai is fiqsirebuli wertili, saidanac unda daiwyos Cveni interpretacia RvTis samefos Sesaxeb swavlebisa. igi warmoadgens iesos msaxurebas, rogorc `�� realizebul esqatologias�� ,~ anu, rogorc `momavali saukunis Zalebis~ zemoqmedebas am samyaroze uprecedento da ganumeorebeli movlenebis seriaSi, romelic axla mimdinareobs. dodis mier misi fundamenturi xedvis gamoyeneba badebs kiTxvas, xom ar gamoaswora man Tanmimdevruli esqatologiis aSkara xarvezebi axali aRTqmis Tanabrad gauwonasworebeli mtkicebulebebis SeTavazebiT. gangaSis zari rekavs, rodesac vixsenebT, rom ramdenadac dodi miiCnevda, winaswarmetyveleba srulad aRsrulda da esqatologia imdenad realizda, rom eklesias aRaraferi hqonda mosalodneli. igi meoTxe maxareblis esqatologias Semdegnairad ajamebs: yvelaferi, rasac eklesia qristes meored mosvlaSi eloda, ukve mocemulia suliwmidis meSveobiT qristes awmyo gamocdilebaSi. 50

ra aris esqatologia?

dodis masiuri sibrmave miwieri iesos swavlebaSi napovni futuristuli esqatologiis mimarT, didwilad ganpirobebulia imiT, rom igi iseve Tavgamodebuli kritikosi iyo, rogorc vaisi da Svaiceri. amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi aRiarebda miwieri iesos mxridan garkveuli raodenobis winaswarmetyvelebebs, dodma uari Tqva im ganusazRvreli raodenobis qristes gamonaTqvamebTan gaigivebaze, romlebic faqtobrivad saxarebebSi aris Cawerili. man cxvrebisa da Txebis igavi pirveli maxareblis SemoqmedebiT fantazias miawera da uaryo markozis 13-sa da mis paralelebSi napovni `mcire apokalifsebi:~ markozis yvelaze mniSvnelovani winaswarmetyveluri qadageba, markozis mecamete Tavis `mcire apokalifsi,~ meoradi kompoziciis eWvqveS dgas, Tumca, udavoa, igi Seicavs iesos namdvil gamonaTqvamebs. Cven ar SegviZlia misi Tavdapirveli saxiT �� gamo�� yeneba, rogorc mis mier momavlis winaswarmetyveleba. maSinac ki, rodesac teqsturi mtkicebulebebis aSkara simZimis gamo iZulebuli gaxda eRiarebina, rom miwieri ieso namdvilad aswavlida futuristul esqatologias,9 dodi jiutad aneitralebda am mtkicebulebas Tavisi mkiTxvelebisadmi TxovniT, rom `srulad gaeTvaliswinebinaT ‘apokalifturi’ gamonaTqvamebis simboluri xasiaTi~ da absolutizacias ukeTebda Tavis mtkice Sexedulebas, 9. rogorc Cans, ieso saubrobda amJamindeli apokalifsis, „RvTaebrivi movlenis~ terminebiT, romelSic is Tavad gamoCndeboda didebiT, rogorc kacis Ze. am movlenasTan man, rogorc Cans, daukavSira ukanaskneli samsjavros idea cocxlebsa da mkvdrebze da netareba misi mimdevrebisTvis axal ierusalimSi „�� xelTuqmneli�� ~ taZriT. es aSkarad ar aris istoriuli movlena, arc erTi im gagebiT, rasac Cven am termins vukavSirebT.

Sesavali

saxarebebSi platonizmis10 garkveuli dozis ineqciis SetaniT. dodis mcdelobis sijiute, rom saxarebebidan amoekveTa yvelaferi, garda realizebuli esqatologiisa, Cans mis mier maTes 3:2-Si ioane naTlismcemlis qadagebis istoriulobis uaryofaSi. radganac gardauvali molodinis xarisxi ar SeiZleba ganSordes aq mocemul ήγγικεν-s (!), `maTes ar SeiZleba vendoT ioanes sityvebisa da iesos sityvebis garCevaSi.~11 miuxedavad garkveuli calmxrivi uxeSobisa, dodma da Svaicerma yuradReba gaamaxviles bibliuri monacemebis Sesabamis nawilebze. Cveulebriv, axali aRTqmis esqatologia farTo gagebiT moixsenieba ormagi polusis Serwymuli aqcentiT, rogorc `ukve~ da `jer ara.~ dodma pirveli amoicno, xolo Svaicerma — meore. vaisisa da Svaiceris saqebrad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maT xelaxla aRmoaCines axali aRTqmis apokalifturi foni, magram seriozuli Secdoma dauSves gankacebuli uflis gonebaSi Secdomis daSvebiT, romelmac, Tumca namdvilad aswavlida Tavis momaval didebiT mosvlas, rogorc rwmenis garkveul dogmas, Tavi Seikava misi TariRis dakonkretebisgan. dodis Secdoma iyo uceremoniod daeSva, rom `ukve~-s 10. magram es momavali droebi mxolod enis Seguebaa. kacis Zis mosvla istoriaSi misi galileasa da ierusalimSi mosvlis „�� Semdeg�� ~ ar aris, adre iqneba es Tu gvian, radgan maradiul wesrigSi ar arsebobs „manamde~ da „Semdeg.~ 11. analogiurad, Cveni uflis arasaxarbielo aRwerebi farisevlebis Sesaxeb maTes 23-e TavSi ioanes miewereba! dodis eSmakuri xriki aq gvaiZulebs, ar davkargoT mxedvelobidan kv�� leviTi Sefaseba, romelic exeba adreul qristianul gamoyenebas έγγύς da έγγίζειν sityvebisa, rom „isini gamoxataven momavali samyaros siaxlovis imeds da amitom isini wmida sityvebia, romlebic gamoiyeneba mxolod aRsasrulis didi imedis konteqstSi~ (H. Preisker, „έγγύς,~ TDNT 2:332).

ra aris esqatologia?

cnobierebas aucileblad unda moexdina `jer ara~-s aRqmis amoSanTva. amrigad, esqatologia farTo gagebiT exeba mosalodneli RvTis samefos realizacias da kerZod, mesianuri winaswarmetyvelebis aRsrulebas. germanelma mecnierma ioaxim ieremiasma SeZlo SeenarCunebina dodis marTebuli mosazrebebi da Tavidan aecilebina misi gadaWarbebuli aqcentireba `realizaciis procesSi myofi esqatologiis~ (sich realisierende Eschatologie) da ara realizebuli esqatologiis cnebaze saubriT. ieremiasis termini, romelic aRiarebs, ase vTqvaT, inaugurirebuli esqatologiis realobas da amave dros aRiarebs, rom esqatologiis meti wili jer kidev realizebas saWiroebs, SeiZleba sixaruliT iqnas miRebuli, radgan is saSualebas gvaZlevs movaxdinoT oTxi ukanaskneli ramis, qristeSi eklesiisTvis madlis saSualebebiT gaxsnili RvTis sicocxlis konteqstualizacia, Cveni awmyo gamocdilebis farglebSi. amgvarad, parusia da misi Tanmxlebi movlenebi aRiqmeba, rogorc RvTis miznebis srulyofa da ara rogorc ucxo ramis SemoWra, romelic ar aris dakavSirebuli xsnis mTel istoriasTan. axali aRTqmis saRi azriT wakiTxvam faqtobrivad ar SeiZleba dautovos vinmes eWvi imaSi, rom RvTis samefos koncefcia Sedgeba inaugurirebuli da jer kidev gansaxorciebeli esqatologiis Tanmimdevruli nazavisagan. oskar kulmani iyo kritikuli kvlevis warmomadgeneli, romelmac yvelaze naTlad da erTgulad aRiara bibliuri esqatologiis es ormagi xarisxi. Tavis naSromebSi kulmanma warmoadgina, Tu rogor aRiniSneboda `ukve~-s da `jer ara~-s Soris daZabuloba ara mxolod miwieri iesos samefos gagebaSi, aramed wminda pavlesa da ioanes azrovnebaSic. kulmanis sqemaSi, adamis codviT inaugurirebuli da sikvdiliT aRniSnuli `Zveli era~ da qristeSi RvTis 53

Sesavali

samefos `axali era~ qronologiurad ar aris erTmaneTis gverdiT ganlagebuli, aramed droebiT da sivrcul kavSirSia erTmaneTTan, radgan axali era kveTs Zvel eras qristes gankacebaSi, sikvdilsa da aRdgomaSi da eklesiis cxovrebaSi. dodis msgavsad, kulmansac miaCnda, rom RvTis gadamwyveti moqmedeba Tavisi samefos damyarebaSi ukve moxda, magram, dodze gacilebiT mkafiod, man dainaxa, rom RvTis es gadamwyveti moqmedeba miuTiTebda `parusiiT~ mis srulyofaze. kulmanis interpretaciuli CarCo ar Zaladobs bibliur monacemebze da SeiZleba miRebul iqnas, rogorc esqatologiis farTo gagebis matrica,12 romlis farglebSic SegviZlia viwro gagebiT gavSaloT esqatologiis Cveni Tema. miuxedavad amisa, `ukve~-s da `jer ara~-s Soris bibliuri daZabulobis aRmoCena ar saWiroebda istoriul-kritikuli meTodis gamoCenas, radgan reformatorma didi xnis win, `mamao Cvenos~ meore vedrebis ganmartebisas, miagno ZiriTad WeSmaritebas: RvTis samefo CvenTan ori gziT modis: pirveli, is modis aq, droSi, sityvisa da rwmenis meSveobiT da meore, maradisobaSi, is modis saboloo gamocxadebiT [anu, parusiiT]. esqatologiis viwro gagebiT esqatologiis farTo gagebiT fonze warmoCenis mizanSewoniloba ilustrirebulia imiT, rom Tavad wmida werili xedavs Rrma erTianobas beTlemSi warsulSi da Rrublebze momavalSi mis mosvlas Soris. suliwmida mizanmimarTulad miuTiTebda sakralur mwerlebs, gamoeyenebinaT Cveni uflis, rogorc warsuli, ise momavali mosvlis erTi da igive gamoTqmebi. rogorc cnobilia, axali aRTqma samsjavros dReze qris12. garkveuli saxis ganzomileba.

ra aris esqatologia?

tes mosvlas warmoadgens sami rubrikiT: παρουσία, έπιφάνεια da άποκάλυψις. άποκάλυψις Cveulebriv gamoiyeneba am mniSvnelobiT (1 pet. 1:7, 13; 1 kor. 1:7), magram aseve gamoiyeneba gankacebaSi misi pirveli mosvlis miniSnebiT (rom. 16:25). έπιφάνεια regularulad miuTiTebs qristes didebiT dabrunebaze (1 tim. 6:14; 2 tim. 4:1, 8; 2 Tes. 2:8), magram erT SemTxvevaSi mis pirvel mosvlasac axsenebs (2 tim. 1:10). sami muxlis farglebSi pavle mociquli arsebiT saxels έπιφάνεια-s iyenebs ufali iesos momavali gamoCenis gamosaxatavad (tit. 2:13) da mis monaTesave zmnas έπεφάνη-s misi warsuli gamoCenis gamosaxatavad mis miwier cxovrebaSi (tit. 2:11). TviT termini παρουσία-c ki, romelic axal aRTqmaSi imdenad xSirad gamoiyeneba Cveni uflis didebuli xelaxali gamoCenis aRsawerad, rom meored mosvlis sinonimad iqca, Tumca 2 pet. 1:16-Si misi pirveli mosvlis aRwerisas gvxvdeba. gankacebuli uflis warsuli da momavali gamovlinebebis fundamenturi erTianoba SeiZleba gamovlindes mociqulTa mier gamoyenebuli zmnis φανερόω-s (gamoCena) meSveobiT. is, vinc xorcielad gamoCnda (1 tim. 3:16), amieridan didebiT gamoCndeba (kol. 3:4; 1 pet. 5:4; 1 ioan. 2:28; 3:2). maSin, roca viwro gagebiT esqatologia dogmatikis sagnis dasasruls warmoadgens, igi imavdros mniSvnelovnad win uswrebs mis mTel Sinaarss.

sarCevi

3 realizebuli da inaugurirebuli esqatologia wminda werilsa da Tanxmobis wignSi amrigad, naTlobaSi, yovel qristians sakmarisi aqvs mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze saswavlad da praqtikaSi gamosayeneblad. mas yovelTvis sakmarisi aqvs gasakeTeblad, raTa mtkiced irwmunos is, rasac naTloba hpirdeba da moaqvs — sikvdilsa da eSmakze gamarjveba, codvebis miteveba, RvTis madli, mTeli qriste da suliwminda Tavisi niWebiT. mokled, naTlobis kurTxevebi imdenad usazRvroa, rom Tu morcxvi buneba maT ganixilavs, SeiZleba savsebiT daeWvdes, ramdenad SeiZleba es yvelaferi simarTle iyos.

— didi katexizmo

(sityvasityviT, dReTa Semdgom) Zvel aRTqmaSi xSirad gvxvdeba da inglisurad xSirad iTargmneba, rogorc `ukanasknel dReebSi~ anu `bolo dReebSi.~ momakvdavi iakobis bagiT gamoTqmuli es sityvebi RSV-sa da NIV-Si iTargmneba, rogorc `momaval dReebSi~ (dab. 49:1). es fraza aseve gamoiyeneba Zvel aRTqmaSi momavali movlenebisTvis, romlebic Cveulebriv miwier droSi xdeba (ix. rju. 31:29; ier. 23:20; 30:24). orive Tanamedrove versia am ebraul frazaSi martiv droebiT momavalze mets xedavs, gansakuTrebiT iseT adgilebSi, rogoricaa es. 2:2, miq. 4:1 da os. 3:5. 56

realizebuli da inaugurirebuli esqatologia RSV-is `ukanasknel dReebi~ da NIV-is `bolo dReebi~ uda-

vod miuTiTebs mosalodnel mesiis epoqaze. aseve gamoiyeneba teqnikuri esqatologiuri mniSvnelobiT iseT adgilebSi, rogoricaa ricx. 24:14, ier. 48:47 da 49:39, ezek. 38:16 da dan. 10:14. am monakveTebTan mWidrod dakavSirebulia iovelis winaswarmetyveleba iahves sulis gadmo; iosvlis Sesaxeb, romelic unda moxdes `Semdgom~ ( vel. 3:1 ebraul teqstSi). eWvi ar SeiZleba SevitanoT imaSi, rom movlena, romelsac ioveli eloda, didi xania moxda, radgan wminda petrem misi ganxorcieleba ormocaaTobis dResaswaulze qristianobis pirvel dRes gamoacxada (saq. 2:16). ufro metic, wminda luka ZalauflebiT ganmartavs `Semdgomis~ mniSvnelobas, LXX-Si mocemul `amis Semdeg~-s (μέτα ταύτα) amZafrebs gamoTqmiT `ukanasknel dReebSi~ (έν ταίς έσχάταις ήμέραις; saq. 2:17). maSasadame, petres ormocdameaTe dRis qadagebis Tanaxmad, ukanaskneli dReebi ukve pirveli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi daiwyo. dispensacionalisturi cdomilebis sapasuxod Cveni sawyisi wertili martivi dakvirvebaa: mas Semdeg, rac mesia movida xorcielad da daamyara (moaxdina inaugureba) didi xnis nanatri RvTis sasufeveli, qristianebs aRar SeuZliaT ukanaskneli anu Semdgomi dReebis gadadeba raRac Soreul momentze, romelic axali aRTqmis droidan asobiT an aTasobiT wliT aris daSorebuli. piriqiT, fxizeli egzegeza gvavaldebulebs ebraelTa mimarT werilidan viswavloT, rom „am dReebis Semdeg~ periodi gankacebis meSveobiT sabolood dadga (ἐπ’ ἐσχάτου τῶν ἡμερῶν τούτων; Heb. 1:2). imave avtors surs Tavis msmenelebs acnobos, rom istoriam ukve miaRwia „saukuneTa aRsasruls~ (ἐπὶ συντελείᾳ τῶν αἰώνων; Heb. 9:26). korinTelTa pirveli werilis adresatebic maT Soris arian, „vinc saukuneTa aRsasruls miaRwia~ (εἰς οὓς τὰ τέλη τῶν αἰώνων κατήντηκεν; 1 kor. 10:11). wm. petre Tavis 57

Sesavali

pirvel werilSi gvaswavlis, rom qriste, romelic am samyaros Seqmnamde iyo ganzraxuli, axla gamocxadda „JamTa aRsasruls~ (ἐπ’ ἐσχάτου τῶν χρόνων; 1pet. 1:20). amrigad, wm. ioanes sityvebi, rom „ukanaskneli Jamia~ (ἐσχάτη ὥρα ἐστίν; 1 ioan. 2:18), erTxmovani samociqulo mowmobis farglebSi Tavsdeba. is faqti, rom mociqulTa aRdgomis Semdgomi swavleba erTgulad imeorebs miwieri iesos aRdgomamdel qadagebas, dasturdeba Cveni uflis calsaxa gancxadebiT RvTis sasufevlis damyarebis Sesaxeb `meeWve~ ioane naTlismcemlis mociqulTaTvis, romelTac miuTiTeben mesianuri winaswarmetyvelebis aRsrulebaze misi sityviT Tu saqmiT (maT. 11:2–6; luk. 7:18–23; SeadareT. es. 35:5). igive gzavnilia gadmocemuli Cveni uflis mkacr sayvedurSi mkrexeli mwignobrebis mimarT (maT. 12:28; luk. 11:20). arsebobs safuZvliani mizezebi imisa, rom luTeranulma dogmatikam uari Tqvas k.h. dodis miyolaze, rac RvTis piligrimi eris misi samefos awmyo gamocdilebis „realizebuli esqatologiis~ rubrikaSi moqcevaa. saRvTo werili pirdapir miuTiTebs, rom RvTiuri mefoba mxolod arasrulyofilad aris realizebuli aq, qristes mistikuri sxeulis wevrebSi. rom. 5:12–21, monakveTi, romelsac luTeri „mxiarul garTobad da gaseirnebad~ miiCnevda, xolo anders nigreni „epistoles umaRles wertilad,~ kosmiur masStabSi warmoaCens wm. pavles anaTemas im mosazrebis mimarT, rom qristianTa aRdgoma ukve warsuli movlenaa (2 tim. 2:18), xolo gandidebuli uflis Sexseneba laodikeis eklesiisadmi, rom mis SemTxvevaSi farTo gagebiT esqatologia mxolod mokrZalebulad iyo inaugurirebuli da jer kidev Sors iyo sruli realizaciisgan (gamocx. 3:17)! mociquli aq agrZelebs da aviTarebs nacnob apokaliftur Temas ori kontrastuli `eonis~ (epoqis), anu saukunis Sesaxeb, rodesac is cxadyofs gansxvavebas 58

realizebuli da inaugurirebuli esqatologia

adamis mier dawyebul msjavrisa da sikvdilis saukunesa da iesos mier damyarebul gamarTlebisa da sicocxlis saukunes Soris. warmaval Zvel `eonSi~ SemoiWra usazRvro RvTiuri sicocxliT gaJRenTili eoni, romelic doqsologiis Tanaxmad, „ukuniTi ukunisamde~ darCeba (εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων, in saecula saeculorum — es is frazebia, romlebic miaxloebiT gadmocems CvenTvis nacnob azrs — „usasrulo samyaro~ da ufro axali „aw da maradis~). ori eoni aRar aris erTmaneTisgan mkafio qronologiuri wyvetiT gamoyofili; momavalma proleptikuri1 gamoCena hpova awmyoSi, ise rom orive eoni erTdroulad ikavebs erTsa da imave drosa da sivrces. momavali eoni, romelic qristem ukve Semoitana istoriaSi, SeiZleba mxolod RvTis xalxis Zveli, msjavrisa da sikvdilis eonis gamocdilebaSi iqnas Tanaziarebuli. mistikuri sxeulis calkeuli wevris doneze dayvanili, ori antiTezuri eonis brZola SeiZleba gamoixatos cnobili formuliT simul justus et peccator.2

Tanamedrove germanelma mecnierma volfhart panenbergma mTeli Teologia aago miwieri iesos mier RvTis sasufevlis gamocxadebis genialur da didwilad zust interpretaciaze dayrdnobiT. panenbergi aRniSnavs, rom pirveli saukunis iudaizmi RvTis sasufevels moeloda, rogorc RvTaebrivad aRsrulebul momaval movlenas, romlis dadgoma udavod dadasturdeboda sayovelTao mkvdreTiT aRdgomiT. raki aRdgoma aRniSnavs dasasruls, panenbergi — romelic miesalmeba carieli 1. termini, romelic aRniSnavs momavali movlenis, mdgomareobis an realobis winaswar, nawilobriv an simbolurad gancdas, gamovlinebas an ganxorcielebas awmyoSi. 2. erTdroulad marTalic da codvilic.

Sesavali

samarxisa da aRmdgari uflis gamocxadebebis istoriulobis dacvas — midrekilia iesos aRdgoma ganmartos, rogorc dasasrulis proleptikuri gamoCena, anu, ase vTqvaT, RvTis momavlis SemoWra qmnilebis awmyoSi.3 principSi, aranairi winaaRmdegoba ar iqneboda eklesiis awmyos qristesTan kavSiris ganmartebiTi gadmocema, rogorc „momavali saukunis cxovrebis~ prolefsisi, romlis sruli dideba realizdeba da gamovlindeba mxolod parusiiT. amavdroulad, panenbergis azrovnebis WeSmariti bibliuri elementebi SeiZleba gamoixatos filosofiuri gatacebis naklebi safrTxis qveS imis xazgasmiT, rom gankacebam da gankacebulis mudmivma sicocxlem eklesiaSi daamyara samefo, romelic jer kidev elodeba Tavis netar aRsrulebas. realizebul da inaugurirebul esqatologias Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba Seesabameba kontrasts RvTis mefobis xarisxs Soris erTis mxriv qristes wminda kacobriv bunebaSi da meores mxriv dedamiwaze arsebul misi mistikuri sxeulis wevrebSi. RvTis mefoba srulyofilad iyo realizebuli qristes wminda kacobriv bunebaSi misi 3. ixileT misi „Teologia da RvTis samefo,~ red. riCard jon noihausi (filadelfia: Westminster Press, 1969); da „ieso — RmerTi da adamiani,�� ~�� Targmna luis l. uilkinsma da duein a. pribma (londoni: SCM Press, 1968), 69: „mxolod yovelgvari movlenis dasasruls SeiZleba gamovlindes RmerTi Tavis RvTaebriobaSi, anu rogorc is, vinc yovelives akeTebs da visac aqvs Zalaufleba yvelaferze. mxolod imitom, rom iesos aRdgomaSi yovelives dasasruli, rac CvenTvis jer ar momxdara, ukve dadga, SeiZleba iTqvas iesoze, rom saboloo ukve masSia warmodgenili da aseve isic, rom Tavad RmerTma, misma didebam, iesoSi gamoavlina Tavisi Tavi ise, rom misi gadaWarbeba SeuZlebelia. mxolod imitom, rom samyaros dasasruli ukve warmodgenilia iesos aRdgomaSi, RmerTi Tavad vlindeba masSi.

realizebuli da inaugurirebuli esqatologia

Casaxvis pirvelive wuTidan. RvTaebrivi adamianobis ucodveloba aRZravs eklesias, aqebdes Tavis ufals, rogorc realizebuli esqatologiis mudmiv adgils. arc erTi wamiT ar iyo `mamao Cvenos~ pirveli sami vedreba ararealizebuli RvTis Zis mier miRebul adamianur samSvinvelSi. ufro metic, qristes wminda adamianurma arsma mis RvTaebriv pirovnebaSi gamoiwvia is, rom RvTis mefoba kac iesoSi Tavidanve aRiniSneboda qmnilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel srulyofilebaze metiT. esqatologia imdenad aris realizebuli qristes saqmeSi, rom gankiTxvis dRe ukve Sedga jvarze (ioan. 12:31). miuxedavad imisa, rom iesos mier miRebuli adamianuroba unda SevaqoT, rogorc realizebuli esqatologiis pativdebuli Rirsi paradigma, qristianebi, rogorc gamarTlebisa da ganwmendis subieqtebi, marTebulad unda CaiTvalon inaugurirebuli esqatologiis samuSao adgilad. Tu aqcenti gakeTdeba srulyofil RvTaebriv saqmeze, romelic qristianebs qristianebad aqcevs, maSin mistikur sxeulSi gawevrianeba SeiZleba realizebuli esqatologiis saTauris qveS moeqces. Cveni ufali Tavad ganmartavs, Tu rogor „aqvT~ morwmuneebs saukuno sicocxle (ioan. 5:24; 6:47). am gamoTqmis obieqti, romelic aris TviT RvTis sicocxleSi monawileobis Seuqmneli niWi, sxvagvarad ver gaigeba, Tu ara rogorc realizebuli esqatologia. miuxedavad amisa, am winadadebis morwmune subieqti arasrulyofilad flobs saukuno sicocxlis Seuqmnel RvTaebriv niWs, radgan masze Zalauflebis mosaxveWad xorci da suli erTmaneTTan brZolaSi arian Cambulni. saukuno sicocxle jer kidev srulad ar aris realizebuli dedamiwaze piligrimobaSi myof qristianSi. pavleseuli saxeebi „qristeSi yofnisa~ da suliwmidis 61

Sesavali

niWisa, rogorc garantia an sawindari (ἀρραβών;4 2 kor. 1:22; efes. 1:14), imavegvarad unda ganimartos, rogorc ioaneseuli gancxadeba morwmunis mier saukuno sicocxlis flobis Sesaxeb. qriste da suliwmida usazRvro srulyofilebis Seudarebeli RvTaebrivi pirovnebebi arian, magram qristianis qristeze mijaWvuloba xSirad myifea, xolo misi ziareba suliwmidasTan xanmokle da arasrulyofili. RvTis mefoba mis xalxSi dedamiwaze, romelic didebulad aris inaugurirebuli naTlobis meSveobiT, mudmivad dgas tragikuli Sewyvetis safrTxis winaSe gamosyiduli qmnilebis madlidan gandgomis gamo (1 kor. 10:12). mociqulis mware sarkazmia saWiro qristianebis im kadnieri iluziisgan Tavis dasaRwevad, rom maT TiTqosda ukve miaRwies qristeSi srul mowifulobas (1 kor. 4:8–13). Tanxmobis wigni samarTlianad epyroba, rogorc inaugurirebuli, ise realizebuli esqatologiis Temebs. ara is, rom aRmsareblebi raime iluzias ganicdian adamis dacemiT gamowveuli codvis, msjavrisa da sikvdilis epoqis pirquSobis mimarT. magram isini netarebad Tvlian, rom aqvT saxareba, romelic unda auwyon maT, vinc sibnelisa da sikvdilis CrdilSi sxedan, — saxareba, romelic mtkiced aris dafuZnebuli qalis Teslis istoriul mosvlasa da gamarjvebaze. Cveni uflis RvTaebriv-adamianuri pirovnebis saidumlo, romelSic qmnileba aRwevs Tavis aRsrulebas, aris esqatologiis qvakuTxedi rogorc farTo, ise viwro gagebiT, — ontologiuri safuZveli yvelafrisa, dacemuli adamianuri bunebis RvTaebrivi qmedebebiT aRdgenis, gamarTlebis, ganwmendisa da gandidebis Sesaxeb, rac aRiarebulia Tanxmobis wignSi. AC III (augsburgis aRsareba 4. girao, igive windi.

realizebuli da inaugurirebuli esqatologia

III) adgens am safuZvels, xolo FC SD VIII (formula konkordiis myari deklaracia VIII) rCeba saukeTeso gancxadebad hipostatur kavSirSi adamianuri bunebis srulyofilebis Sesaxeb. iesos kacobrivis zebunebrivi gamdidreba misi bunebebis ziarebiT da gansakuTrebiT RvTaebrivi didebulebis mis qmnil adamianobaze gadmocemiT, saubrobs mis qmnilebaSi RvTis nebisa da mefobis Seudarebel realizaciaze. da ra SeiZleba iyos qristes macxovnebeli saqmis usazRvro Zalisa da sruli sisrulis ufro didebuli aRiareba, vidre reformatoris moxseneba „pirveli da mTavari artikulis~ Sesaxeb SA II.i-SOi? RmerTkaci da misi saqme TavisTavad aris wminda realizebuli esqatologia. is, rac uxvad aris warmodgenili Cveni uflis pirovnebasa da saqmeSi, suliwmidis mier madlis saSualebebiT gamoiyeneba da eziareba `sabralo codvilebs.~ qristianul samyaros iSviaTad, an SeiZleba arasodes uxilavs iseTi sagalobeli naTlobiT miRebuli siuxvis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa mocemuli LC IV-Si. naTloba morwmuneebs aniWebs „gamarjvebas sikvdilsa da eSmakze, codvebis mitevebas, RvTis madls, mTel qristes da suliwmidas Tavisi niWebiT.~ amitom monaTluli morwmunisTvis gamarTleba awmyo realobaa, RvTaebrivi niWi, romelic xelaxla gadaecema codvebis mitevebis gziT. naTloba TavisTavad aris wminda realizebuli esqatologia, xolo misi gamoyeneba morwmunis mier dedamiwaze inaugurirebul esqatologias ganekuTvneba. kvlav, realuri Tandaswrebis aRiareba, romelic kulminacias aRwevs FC SD VII-s nawilSi, avlens SeuzRudav realizebul esqatologias Tavad iesoSi da inaugurirebul esqatologias mis mier nasazrdoeb ziarebulebSi: qristes sxeuli da sisxli, romelic imyofeba mis samsxverplo-taxtze da miecema mis erTguls codvebis mitevebis, sicocxlisa da xsnis gadasacemad. 63

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aRmsarebluri swavleba qristianTa cxovrebaSi ganwmendis realobis Sesaxeb, inaugurirebuli esqatologiis rubrikas ganekuTvneba. ganmeorebiTi swavleba imis Sesaxeb, rom gamamarTlebeli rwmena da momakvdinebeli codva erTsa da imave gulSi ver Tanaarsebobs, im faqtis meore mxarea, rom qriste amJamad mefobs Tavisi xalxis ganaxlebuli cxovrebiT. konkordiis (Tanxmobis) formula gulmodgined usvams xazs „Semdgom ganaxlebas, romelsac suliwmida axdens maTSi, vinc rwmeniT aris gamarTlebuli.~ gamarTlebulebs ki „micemuli aqvs suliwmida, romelic ganaaxlebs da wmends maT da maTSi qmnis siyvaruls RvTisa da moyvasis mimarT.~ amrigad, Tanxmobis wigni mihyveba saRvTo werils da mogviTxrobs realizebuli/inaugurirebuli esqatologiis STambeWdav moculobaze, romelic ukve imyofeba Cvens ufalSi da mis saqmeSi, da misi mistikuri sxeulis wevrebis rwmenasa da cxovrebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, „am cxovrebaSi rudimentaruli5 ganaxleba arasrulyofili rCeba da... TviT aRorZinebulTa SemTxvevaSic ki codva jer kidev binadrobs xorcSi.~ Tu pirdapir vityviT, eklesia qristes sasufevelia, Tumca es ukanaskneli cruce tectum6 rCeba. qveynierebis, xorcisa da eSmakis mudmivi Tavdasxmis qveS myofi qristianebi naTlobis aRsrulebas sikvdilsa da aRdgomaSi moelian. aRmsareblebs kargad esmiT mociqulis azri romaelTa me-7 TavSi, sadac xorcis winaaRmdegoba „ukve~-s mimarT aRZravs axal adamians, moiTxovos „jer ara~-s aRsruleba. es daZabuloba „ukve~-sa da „jer ara~-s Soris aRniSnavs miwieri iesos mier RvTis sasufevlis gamocxadebas. `moaxloebulia~ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ7 (maT. 4:17; mark. 5. sawyis, sabaziso stadiaze myofi. 6. jvris qveS dafaruli. 7. RvTis sasufeveli.

realizebuli da inaugurirebuli esqatologia

1:15) im gagebiT, rom is realurad movida iesos mesianuri saqmeebiT (maT. 12:28; luk. 11:20), romlebic jer kidev molodinSi myofi sasufevlis sisrulis prolefsisia. sasufeveli ukve aqvT suliT Raribebs (maT. 5:3; luk. 6:20) da morwmune bavSvebs (maT. 19:14; mark. 10:14; luk. 18:16). pirveli saukunis iudevelTa Soris fizikurad myofi sasufeveli (luk. 17:21) Cveni uflis mier aRwerilia mis igavebSi, rogorc awmyo realoba sasufevlis Sesaxeb (maT. 13:24, 31, 33, 44, 45, 47; mark. 4:26, 30). amavdroulad, is asaxavs sasufevels, rogorc momaval realobas (maT. 8:11; luk. 13:28; 14:15; mark. 9:1). sasufevlis bolo igavebi (maTes 25-e Tavi) xazs usvams kavSirs sasufevlis srul realizaciasa da im dRes Soris, „rodesac Ze kacisa Tavisi didebiT mova~ (maT. 25:31), anu misi parusiis dRes. amrigad, eklesia, romelmac icis Tavisi uflis Tandaswreba, kvlav loculobs `mamao Cvenos~ meore vedrebiT da RaRadebs: „modi, ufalo ieso!~ (gamocx. 22:20; 1 kor. 16:22). ukve ueWvelad inaugurirebuli esqatologia, mistikuri sxeulis wevrebSi elodeba Tavis srul realizacias.

sarCevi

nawili meore

adamianis dasasruli mikrokosmosi

4 droebiTi sikvdili kacobriobis mier xrwna Cumad Semoparula, da maT Zrwolvis marwuxebSi amyofebs; danaSaulis grZnobiT Cvilobidanve sunTqaven, imkian ra mis nayofs — tkivilsa da sikvdils. — lazarus spengleri, „mTeli kacobrioba adamis codviT aris dacemuli.~ luTeri aswavlis, rom doqtrina hgavs beWeds an zars, romelic, Tu erT adgilze dazianda, is srulad nadgurdeba. orTodoqsoba rwmenis erT artikulSi winaswar moiazrebs da moiTxovs orTodoqsobas yvela danarCenSi. Sesabamisad, pirovnebis aRmsareblobis mTlianoba ukanasknel JamTan dakavSirebiT dgas an ecema, upirveles sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT misi aRmsareblobis siwrfelesTan erTad. Tanamedrove Teologia mowme gaxda masobrivi gandgomisa bibliuri ambebis Sesaqmisa da dacemis avTenturobis aRiarebidan, ris Sedegadac SedarebiT konservatiuli da orTodoqsuli mkvlevarebic ki midrekilni arian dabadebis pirvelidan meTerTmete Tavebis CaTvliT moaqcion miTiuri „pirvelyofili istoriis~ saTauris qveS. amrigad, regin prenteri dabadebis mesame 69

droebiTi sikvdili

Tavs ganixilavs, rogorc yoveli adamianis istoriis miTologiuri gadmocemas.1 istoriul-kritikuli meTodis ufro radikalurma da Tanmimdevrulma mimdevrebma swrafad gamoitanes daskvnebi, romlebic uciloblad igulisxmeboda maTi Suamavali an „pozitiuri~ Zmebis daTmobebSi. maT, vinc pirdapir uaryofs istoriul qristianobas, sixaruliT aRniSnaven, rom pavles argumenti romaelTa 5:12-21-dan mxolod istoriuli adamisa da istoriuli dacemis daSvebis SemTxvevaSia marTebuli. faqtobrivi dacemis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, ra saWiroa faqtobrivi gamomsyidveli?2 pirveli da meore adamebis paraleli pirdapir kavSirSia sxeulebrivi sikvdilis bunebasTan. wmida werilis Tanaxmad, sxeulebrivi 1. eklesiis rwmena: qristianuli mrwamsis Sesavali, Targmna Teodor i. iensenma (filadelfia: Fortress Press, 1968), 50–53. pol althausi msgavs azrze iyo: „paleontologebma aCvenes, rom sikvdili dedamiwaze adamianze adre arsebobda, Sesabamisad, is sicocxlis nawili iyo ukve codvaSi dacemamde da misgan damoukideblad. . . . codvaSi dacemis warsuloba ar aris istoriuli warsuloba; piriqiT, es niSnavs, rom yoveli adamiani da mTeli istoriuli kacobrioba agrZelebs Tavis saTaves dacemidan~ (Die Letzten Dinge, 85; Cemi Targmani). 2. ixileT, magaliTad, moris f. uailsi, The Remaking of Christian Doctrine (filadelfia: Westminster Press, 1978), 68: „Tu adamis codvis erTaderT istoriul SemTxvevas SeeZlo sayovelTao adamianuri codva da danaSauli mohyoloda, maSin mizanSewonili iyo, rom qristes sikvdilis erTaderT istoriul movlenas msgavsi sayovelTao gamomsyidvelobiTi mniSvneloba hqonoda. magram es paraleli mxolod maSin SeZlebs gamosyidvis, rogorc erTi istoriuli movlenis sayovelTao efeqtiT gagebis mxardaWeras, Tu dacemac gagebulia, rogorc erTi istoriuli movlena sayovelTao SedegebiT. axla swored es istoriulobis elementia, romlis miRebac CvenTvis dRes SeuZlebelia adamis istoriasTan mimarTebaSi, ra Rirebulebac ar unda mivaniWoT mas, rogorc miTs.~

adamianis mikrokosmosis dasasruli

sikvdili aris sasjeli, romelic RvTaebrivma samarTlianobam daakisra pirvel adamsa da mis STamomavlobas. erTi sityviT, „codvis sazRauri sikvdilia~ (rom. 6:23). raki meore adamis zebunebrivad Casaxuli adamianuri buneba ucodveli iyo, amitom RvTis Zis sikvdili misi adamianuri bunebiT iyo nebayoflobiTi msxverpli, misi damcirebis gvirgvini da im siyvarulis gamouTqmeli mtkicebuleba, rac mis adamianad da TviT codvilad gaxdomaSi gamovlinda (ioan. 10:18; 2 kor. 5:21). mTavari xazis Teologiam Tavmdablad daTmo mrwamsis pirveli muxli darvinis evoluciis sasargeblod, Teoriisa, romlis momxreebic uryevad ufro ideologiuri, vidre samecniero mosazrebebiT iyvnen motivirebulni. procesis Teologiis garkveuli forma, rogorc Cans, Teizmis erTaderTi saxeobaa, romelic SeiZleba Tanmimdevrulad aRdges istoriuli qristianobis darvinistuli nangrevebidan: arasrulyofili RmerTi, Seqmnili dacemuli adamianis xatad da msgavsad, romelic zedamxedvelobs arasrulyofili qmnilebis, kerZod, adamianis evolucias, romlis sxeulebrivi sikvdili yovelTvis wminda bunebrivi movlena iyo, romlis braleulobac unda mieweros RvTaebas, romelmac Seqmna arasrulyofilad da ara adamians, romelic RvTaebrivi uunarobis msxverpli gaxda. rogorc ki gansakuTrebuli qmnileba uaryofilia da istoriuli dacema maradiul miTad iqceva, Teodicea Teologiuri refleqsiis centrSi gadadis, sadac braldebulis skamze RmerTia da ara adamiani. axla ukve arasaWiro gamosyidva ubralo metaforad iqceva, ise rom qristes sikvdili carieli ritorikis sagani xdeba. Tanamedrove Teologia mxolod ori alternativis winaSe dgas, romlebic Seesabameba inspiracias an arainspiracias. morwmune Teologi, Tavis mxriv, Tavmdablad iRebs 71

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imas, rasac yovlisSemZle RmerTi ambobs Tavisi srulyofili samyaros arafrisgan Seqmnis Sesaxeb da am samyaros dacemis Sesaxeb, Cveni pirveli mSoblebis nebayoflobiTi amboxis Sedegad rom moxda. uRvTo „mecnierebis~ galereidan momdinare damcinavi SeZaxilebi ver Seaferxebs im WeSmaritebis aRiarebas, rom am cxovrebis sxeulebriv da sulier sneulebebs adamisa da misi STamomavlobis codvisTvis sasjelis xasiaTi aqvs. jer kidev sanam Zveli aRmosavluri religiis cdomilebebi qristianobaSi darvinis evoluciis safarqveS xelaxla gamoCndeboda, eklesias pelagiusis eresTan mouwia dapirispireba, romelmac, Tumca adamis SemTxvevaSi sxeulebrivi sikvdili sasjelad aRiara, uari Tqva raime msgavsi kavSiris damyarebaze zogadad kacobriobis sxeulebriv sikvdilTan mimarTebaSi. luTeranuli qristianoba Segnebulad mihyveba avgustines saRvTo werilis swavlebas da uyoymanod amtkicebs, rom „es Tandayolili sneuleba da memkvidreobiTi codva WeSmaritad codvaa da maradiuli risxviT msjavrs debs yvelas, vinc xelaxla ar iSoba naTlobiTa da suliwmidiT.~ dacemulma adamianma RvTis xateba da msgavseba macduris, anu satanis xatebasa da msgavsebaSi gacvala, romelic Tavidanve cru da mkvleli iyo. memkvidreobiT miRebuli Cveni amayi urwmunoeba sulieri sibinZuris wyaroa, romelic xorcis yvela saqmes da gansakuTrebiT sulierad miCneuls, RvTaebrivi sasjelis Rirsad aqcevs. Sesabamisad, sxeulebriv sikvdils pirvelqmnili da faqtobrivi codvis mimarT sasjelis xarisxi aqvs. wm. pavles mkacri gancxadeba, rom „sikvdilis nestari codvaa, xolo codvis Zala — rjuli~ (1 kor. 15:56), eqosaviT ismis SeSinebuli sindisis aRmsareblur mowmobaSi, rasac codvaSi mxilebuli sulebi ganicdian. dogmatikaa is, rasac urCeven, ganagrZos sulieri, 72

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droebiTi da maradiuli sikvdilis garCeva, radgan sikvdilze saubrisas wmida werili, ra Tqma unda, yovelTvis da mxolod ar gulisxmobs adamianis arsebobis dasasruls amqveyniur sivrcesa da droSi. sikvdili, romliTac adami iyo damuqrebuli jer kidev udanaSaulobis mdgomareobaSi (dab. 2:17), aRmoCnda sasjeli, romelmac sami Tanmimdevruli da urTierTdakavSirebuli forma miiRo. pirvel rigSi, RvTaebrivad muqaris Semcveli sasjeli ukve Cveni pirveli mSoblebis amboxisTanave ganxorcielda maTi codvaSi arsebobis saxiT, anu maTi sulieri sikvdilis mdgomareobaSi gadayvaniT. miuxedavad mravalmxrivi aqtivobis siWarbisa, romelic codvis wesrigSi arsebobas axasiaTebs, es aris RmerTisgan gaucxoebaSi gatarebuli sicocxle, —sulieri sikvdilis mdgomareoba (efes. 2:1). pirvelqmnili codviT mZimed daWrili adamianuri buneba warmoSobs saqmeebs, romlebic RvTis siwmides risxviT reagirebisken ubiZgebs (efes. 5:6; kol. 3:6) sikvdilis meore da mesame formebis saxiT, esenia: sxeulebrivi, droebiTi sikvdili (dab. 3:19) da „meore sikvdili~ (gamocx. 20:14), romelic maradiuli warwymedis identuria (2 Tes. 1:9). zogadad sikvdilTan da konkretulad droebiT sikvdilTan dakavSirebiT, Cven ar vapirebT frensis piperis gancxadebidan gadaxvevas, rom „wmida werilma ar icis sxva sikvdili, garda imisa, romelic codvisTvis RvTaebrivi ganaCenia.~ arc raime damajerebeli mizezi arsebobs piperis droe biTi sikvdilis arsis gansazRvrebasTan SeuTanxmeb lobisTvis, romelsac igi iziarebs mTel orTodoqsul luTeranul tradiciasTan da faqtobrivad, yvela droisa da adgilis morwmune qristianul samyarosTan: „wmida werili gvaswavlis, rom fizikuri sikvdili ar aris ganadgureba, aramed sulis sxeulisgan gancalkeveba.~ raki 73

droebiTi sikvdili

es gamocxadebuli WeSmariteba dResdReobiT ase mxurvaled uaryofilia Teologebis mier, romlebic dascinian sulis ukvdavebis koncefcias, rogorc qristianul sarwmunoebaSi elinistur SeWras da romlebic bedaven SeewinaaRmdegon bibliur mowmobas droebiT sikvdilsa da saerTo aRdgomas Soris sulebis Semdgomi arsebobis sakiTxs, momdevno Tavi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas dauTmobs am Temas. Tanamedrove dakrZalvis saxlebis kosmetikuri miRwevebi uZluria sikvdilis nestris moSorebaSi, romelic aris codva, romelic moqmedebs da amxels rjulis meSveobiT. verc pop-fsiqologiis veranairi raodenoba ver damalavs sikvdilis sasjelis xasiaTs. miuxedavad imisa, rom e. w. `pirveli samyaros~ mdidari sazogadoebebis mmarTveli elitebi mowadinebulni iyvnen moralur qmedebasa da mis Sedegebs Soris kavSiri gaewyvitaT, umZimesi danaSaulebisTvisac ki sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebiT, sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba kvlav cnobs lex talionis3 (gam. 21:23). amrigad, sikvdilze RvTismosavi fiqri iwyeba rjulis ganzomilebaSi, momavali samsjavros gardauvalobis aRiarebiT (2 kor. 5:10) da is yvavilobas sinanulSi axdens. is faqti, rom sikvdilze unda vifiqroT da vilaparakoT saxarebis ganzomilebaSi, gamomdinareobs mxolod im kurTxeuli faqtidan, rom RvTis maradiulma Zem miiRo Cveni xorci da sisxli, raTa yvelasTvis egema sikvdili, gaenadgurebina eSmaki, romelsac sikvdilis Zala aqvs da gaeTavisuflebina Tavisianebi sikvdilis SiSisgan (ebr. 2:9, 14-15). saxarebis ganzomilebaSi ioanes 11:35 nugeSad iRvreba da sikvdili personificirebulia ara, rogorc RvTis risxvis gamoxa3. Surisgebis kanoni, `Tvali Tvalis wil da kbili kbilis wil.~

adamianis mikrokosmosis dasasruli

tuleba, aramed, rogorc misi mteri (1 kor. 15:26). xorcSesxma, romelic madlis saSualebebiT suliT Sobil rwmenamde midis, SesaZlebels xdis francisk asizelis „mzis sagaloblis~ meeqvse strofs. saxarebis perspeqtividan sxeulebrivi sikvdili SeiZleba imediT iqnas miRebuli, rogorc Zveli adamianis ganadgureba, naTlobis aRsruleba da samoTxeSi Sesvla. rjulis msjavris Tavidan acilebis mcdelobaSi, xorci sikvdilze Savi iumoriT saubrobs gamoTqmebiT: „skamis waqceva~ (saxrCobelas skami), „kibis Catexva,~ „tuzis mosvla,~ „fexebis gaWimva~ da a.S. sapirispirod, saxarebidan dabadebuli ndobisa, sadac wmida werili saubrobs Zilze an CaZinebaze (rju. 31:16; 2 mef. 7:12; 3 mef. 2:10; es. 26:19; dan. 12:2; maT. 9:24 da paralelebi; ioan. 11:11; saq. 13:36; 1 kor. 11:30; 15:20; 1 Tes. 4:13), Tavis xalxTan SeerTebaze (dab. 25:8, 17; 35:29; 49:29, 33; rju. 32:50), Tavisi Sromisgan mosvenebaze (gamocx. 14:13), abraamis wiaRSi yofnaze (luk. 16:22), ufalTan saxlSi yofnaze (2 kor. 5:8) da wasvlaze qristesTan yofnis mizniT (fil. 1:23). magram Tu droebiTi sikvdili mTeli adamianis ganadgurebas gulisxmobs da ara sulis sxeulisgan gancalkevebas, maSin wmida werili braldebuli xdeba arafrismTqmeli da cdomilebaSi Semyvani evfemizmebSi.4 wm. franciskes saubari „yvelaze keTil da naz sikvdilze, [romelsac] RvTis Svili zecaSi mihyavs~ da luTeris „mamao Cvenos~ meSvide vedrebis interpretacia, rogorc Txovna, rom zecierma mamam, rodesac Cveni ukanaskneli Jami mova, „mogvaniWos kurTxeuli dasasruli da madliT migviRos am mwuxarebis samyarodan TavisTan — zecaSi,~ winaswar moiazrebs sulis ukvdavebis WeSmaritebas da netarTa Sualeduri mdgomareobis realobas. 4.

Selamazebuli sityvebi.

sarCevi

5 sulis ukvdaveba adolf fon harnakis mosazreba, rom palestineli iesos saxareba adridanve „elenizirebuli~ da amgvarad TiTqmis amoucnobad damaxinjda, agrZelebs gavlenis moxdenas im mkvlevarebzec ki, romlebic ar iziareben mis aSkara reduqcionizms.1 harnakis Tezisis Sedegebi aisaxeba farTod gavrcelebul mosazrebaSi, rom elinisturi terminologia sruliad Seuferebelia bibliuri religiis Sinaarsis gamosaxatavad. amgvarad, didi eWviT uyureben, rogorc nikeis όμοούσιον-s2, ise qalkedonis formulas qristes or bunebaze. luTeranul dogmatikas ori faqtori ubiZgebs sifrTxiliT moekidos harnakis hipoTezas, romelic SesaZloa gulubryviloebs ierusalimis aTenze RvTismosaur gamarjvebad moeCvenoT. pirvel rigSi, RvTaebrivma gangebam ineba, rom saxareba elinisturi azrovnebis saSualebiT gamoTqmuliyo: saberZneTSi misioneruli mogzauroba, saboloo jamSi, mociqul pavlesTvis zebunebrivad gadmocemuli miTiTebidan momdinareobda (saq. 16:9). procesi, romelmac winaswar gamoiRo nayofi nikeasa da qalkedonSi, saTaves marsis borcvze wm. 1. filosofiuri da samecniero midgoma, romelic amtkicebs, rom rTuli sistemebi, fenomenebi an cnebebi SeiZleba srulad aixsnas da gagebul iqnas maTi Semadgeneli, ufro martivi nawilebis an fundamenturi principebis meSveobiT. 2. Tana-arsi.

adamianis mikrokosmosis dasasruli

pavles misioneruli qadagebidan iRebs. meorec, rjulsa da saxarebas Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis Sesabamisad, Cven unda veridoT karl barTis mibaZvas imis uaryofaSi, rom ar arsebobs raime `kavSiri~ RvTis gamocxadebasa da bunebriv adamians Soris. maSin, rodesac qristeSi kacobriobis mimarT RvTis keTilganwyobis saxareba dacemuli adamianis gonebiT Sewevnis gareSe gaugebaria, RmerTis arseboba da misi rjulis Sinaarsi CvenTvis, codvili arsebebisTvis, Tumca arasrulyofilad, magram mainc cnobadia. Cven ar unda davuSvaT, rom barTis Tavbrudamxvevma ritorikam dagvabrmavos luTeranuli orTodoqsiis sibrZnis mimarT, romelic erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs articuli puri-s3 da articuli mixti-s.4 am ukanasknel kategorias miekuTvneba RmerTis arseboba, misi rjulis Sinaarsi da miniSneba imisa, rom droebiTi sikvdili ar aris adamianis arsebobis dasasruli (anu sulis ukvdaveba). imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom articuli mixti adamianuri kvlevisTvis xelmisawvdomia, mxolod suleli isurvebda gamoericxa SesaZlebloba imisa, rom platons sulis ukvdavebis Sesaxeb Tavis mosazrebaSi WeSmaritebis gageba hqonda miniWebuli. modurad iqca imis varaudi, rom aRiarebiTad elinisturi sulis ukvdavebis cneba sruliad moklebulia wmida werilis mxardaWeras da ufro Zveli berZnebis anTropologiuri cdomilebaa, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis ebraul koncefcias. mzardi samecniero konsensusis Tanaxmad, sulis ukvdavebis rwmena Seufereblad iqna CarTuli uZvelesi qristianuli rwmenis simboloebSi, raTa eklesiis rwmenis wesSi ucxo sxeuli warmoqmniliyo. tradiciuli poziciis egzegetikur dacvas win uZRvis 3. mxolod gamocxadebiT gasagebi. 4. gamocxadebiTa da gonebiT cnobadi.

sulis ukvdaveba

modernistuli gansxvavebuli azris aRwera da winaswari ganxilva. imisaTvis, rom gamovavlinoT da gavigoT azrovnebis samyaro, romliTac RvTis mTeli neba unda iqnas naqadagebi, aseve mizanSewonilia mokled SevavloT Tvali sulis ukvdavebis cnebis eqstravagantur5 gamoyenebas e.w. „axali eris~ moZraobaSi. g. b. keirdi warmoadgens Tanamedrove kritikuli kvlevis farTo konsensuss Tavisi mtkicebiT, rom „Zveli aRTqmiT moculi xangrZlivi periodis umetes nawilSi ebrael xalxs ar swamda Semdgomi cxovrebis.~ umaRlesi kritika efuZneboda varaudebs, rom ebraul gonebas SeeZlo Semdgomi cxovrebis warmodgena mxolod mkvdreTiT aRdgomis (anu mTeli pirovnebis rekonstruqciis) TvalsazrisiT da rom es koncefcia faqtobrivad iudaizmSi kanonikuri periodis bolos, ZiriTadad, `intertestamentur~6 xanaSi Sevida. danielis wignis daTariReba antioqe IV epifanes devnis dros da esaias 24–27-e Tavebis klasifikacia, rogorc „esaias apokalifsi,~ romelic ierusalimeli esaias droidan ramdenime saukunis Semdeg Seiqmna, SesaZlebels xdis danielis 12:2 da esaias 26:19 gadatanili iqnas Zveli aRTqmis religiis ukidures periferiaze. amdros, saflavis miRma sicocxlis gagrZelebis rwmenis gamoxatulebebi, romlebic formulirebulia aRdgomis xatis aSkara gamoyenebis gareSe (mag. fsalmunebi: 49:15; 73:24–26), warmoadgens idumal nakads, romelic advilad ar integrirdeba Zveli aRTqmis religiis danarCen nawilTan. Tavidanve unda vaRiaroT, rom Zveli aRTqmis arc erT wignSi (arc apokriful solomonis sibrZneSi) ar aris odnavi miniSneba winasokratul Sexedulebaze, rom sxeuli 5. sazRvrebs gareT gasuli. 6. aRTqmaTa Sua periodi.

adamianis mikrokosmosis dasasruli

sulis samarxia. dabadebis 2:7-Si moxseniebuli aRwers adamians misi arsebis mTlianobaSi, romelic moicavs mis sxeulebriobas, rogorc aucilebel elements da amitom ufro Sesaferisad aris gadmocemuli RSV-isa da NIVis mier, rogorc „cocxali arseba~ da NEB-is mier rogorc „cocxali qmnileba,~ vidre KJV-isa da RV-is mier, rogorc „cocxali suli.~ Zveli aRTqmis inglisur TargmanebSi miTiTebebi „sulze~ (anu ), rogorc wesi, mTlian adamians gulisxmobs da ara mxolod mis erT-erT nawils. ar arsebobs safuZveli ar daveTanxmoT eduard Svaiceris daskvnas, romelic miRebulia -isa da masTan dakavSirebuli terminebis gamoyenebis analizis safuZvelze, rom Zvel aRTqmaSi: adamianuri bunebis erTianoba gamoxatulia ara sxeulisa da sulis antiTezuri cnebebiT, aramed sxeulisa da sicocxlis komplementaruli7 da ganuyofeli koncefciebiT. miuxedavad amisa, wminda teqstSi mocemuli miniSneba imis Sesaxeb, rom aris RvTaebrivi sunTqvis Sedegi, rac adamians Tvisobrivad ganasxvavebs mcenareuli da cxoveluri sicocxlisgan (dab. 2:7), Svaiceris SexsenebasTan erTad -sa da „RvTis xatebas~ Soris mWidro kavSiris Sesaxeb (orive kavSirSia RmerTTan da RvTaebriv davalebasTan) — kiTxvis niSans ayenebs im varaudis ukan, rom Zveli aRTqma -s ubralod sxeulebrivi sicocxlis dasrulebasTan erTad gadaSenebulad miiCnevs. maSin, rodesac Semoqmedis Tavdapirveli ganzraxvaa, rom oris cocxal erTobaSi mkvidrobdes sxeulSi da mas energias aZlevdes, sulac ar aris aucilebeli vivaraudod, rom sx7. urTierTSemavsebeli.

sulis ukvdaveba

eulis sikvdili iwvevs -is gaqrobas. amrigad, carfaTis qvrivis vaJis elias mier gacocxlebis ambavi gamonakliss warmoadgens zogadi wesidan, rom Zveli aRTqmis -is gamoyeneba mTlian adamians aRniSnavs. aq aSkarad gansxvavdeba qvrivis vaJis mkvdari sxeulisgan, romlis winaswarmetyvelis SuamdgomlobiT ubrundeba mis neSts gasacocxleblad (3 mef. 17:21-22). miuxedavad imisa, rom es teqsti sulac ar unda gavigoT, rogorc tradiciuli qristianuli anTropologiis dadastureba, vinaidan is SeiZleba interpretirebuli iyos gadaSenebuli -is xelaxali Seqmnis WrilSi, is mainc ufro Tavsebadia sulis ukvdavebis koncefciasTan.8 igive SeiZleba iTqvas elises mier Sunameli qalis vaJis gacocxlebis msgavs ambavze, Tumca aq teqnikuri termini ar gamoiyeneba iseTive sizustiT, rogorc wina istoriaSi (4 mef. 4:18–37). Semdegi Tavi warmoadgens mtkicebulebebs imis Sesaxeb, rom sulis ukvdaveba Zveli aRTqmis sxva nawilebSic aris damowmebuli da Seecdeba warmoadginos wmida werilis darCenili mtkicebulebebi droebiT sikvdilsa da sxeulis aRdgomas Soris arsebuli Sualeduri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. amdros, axali aRTqmis ψυχή-is gamoyeneba mocemul konteqstSi iqneba ganxiluli. am kvlevebis msvlelobisas Segrovebuli mtkicebulebebis kumulaciuri9 wona 8. or muxlSi arsebuli frazis „bavSvis suli~-s ganmeoreba ufro Seesabameba erTxel Seqmnili da droebiT usxeulo -is dabrunebis cnebas, vidre gadaSenebuli -is xelaxla Seqmnis ideas. am narativis mniSvneloba paiperis mier sxeulebrivi sikvdilis arsis gansazRvrisTvis myari wminda werilobiTi mxardaWeris miwodebaSi ar unda Semcirdes. 9. procesi an efeqti, romelic TandaTanobiT grovdeba droTa ganmavlobaSi.

adamianis mikrokosmosis dasasruli

gadamwyvetad metyvelebs im Tezisis sasargeblod, rom sulis ukvdavebis aRiareba WeSmaritad Seesabameba bibliur monacemebs. miuxedavad imisa, wmida werilis mweralTa mier is iSviaTad aris naTlad naxsenebi, sulis ukvdavebis WeSmariteba mTeli bibliiT aris nagulisxmevi. volfhart panenbergi SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnas, rogorc gavrcelebuli mosazrebis warmomadgeneli, romlis Tanaxmadac wmida werili gvavaldebulebs, Semdgomi cxovreba warmovidginoT eqskluziurad mTeli pirovnebis aRdgomis TvalsazrisiT da sulac ara sxeulebrivi sikvdilis Semdeg sulis gadarCenis gagebiT. panenbergi ajamebs platonis mier „fedonSi~ wamoyenebul sulis ukvdavebis argumentebs: codna, aristotelesa da Toma aqvinelis msgavsad, ar momdinareobs mxolod grZnobadi aRqmidan, aramed warmoiSoba sulis dabadebamdeli monawileobidan maradiuli arqetipebis an ideebis samyaroSi. winamyof suls amJamad sxeulis meSveobiT aqvs borkili dadebuli grZnobad samyaroze da sxeulis daSlis Semdeg is gaagrZelebs ideebis samyaros naTel aRqmas. amrigad, platonis sulis ukvdavebis cneba ganixileba, rogorc adamianis Tandayolili RvTaebriobis rwmenidan gamomdinare. panenbergi darwmunebulia, rom adamianis diqotomiuri koncefcia, rogorc mokvdavi sxeulisa da ukvdavi sulisgan Semdgari, Tanamedrove anTropologiis aRmoCenebma namsxvrevebad aqcia. Tavis mTavar naSromSi qristologiis Sesaxeb is amtkicebs: sulis ukvdavi gagrZelebis es koncefcia, maSin�� , rodesac sxeuli iRupeba, dRes ukve miuRebeli gaxda. sxeulsa da suls Soris gamijvna, romelic am koncefciis safuZvels warmoadgens, Tanamedrove anTropologiuri Sexedulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aRar aris safuZvliani, yovel SemTxvevaSi, am formiT. is, 81

sulis ukvdaveba

rac odesRac sxeulad da sulad gamoiyofoda, dRes adamianis qcevis erTianobad ganixileba. panenbergis damokidebuleba Tanamedrove „anTropologiur Sexedulebebze~ im rolis saocar ugulebelyofas avlens, romelic ebraelTa 11:1-s ukavia rwmenis simboloebis qristianul gagebaSi. misi uxeSi racionalizmi hgavs modernisti anglikani episkopos barnsis gamouTqmel mkrexelobas, romelmac naxevari saukunis win wamoayena winadadeba, laboratoriuli analizis CatarebiT uareyo qristes sxeulis realuri arseboba ziarebaSi! panenbergis skeptikuri racionalizmi sxeulebrivi sikvdilis Semdeg sulis gadarCenis sakiTxSi mkveTrad ewinaaRmdegeba mravali bolodroindeli avtoris aRmoCenebs „Tanatologiis~10 sferoSi. Semdgomi cxovrebis xsenebisas, rogorc samrevlo bibliis klasSi, ise kolejis auditoriaSi xSirad aRiniSneba, rom is, rac odesRac ubralod sjerodaT, axla empiriuladaa dadasturebuli sikvdiliswina da sikvdilisSemdgom gamocdilebebze Catarebuli klinikuri kvlevebiT. am sferoSi pioneri iyo eqim reimond a. mudis mier 1975 wels gamocemuli wigni „sicocxle sicocxlis Semdeg.~ mudis daskvna, rom sikvdilis Semdeg sicocxle empiriuli albaTobaa, SesaZloa qristianebisTvis sasixarulo cvlilebad Candes im pirquSi materializmis fonze, romelic aqamde Cveulebriv asocirdeboda samecniero sazogadoebasTan. mudis da misi kolegebis kvlevebis Sefasebisas sifrTxilis gamoCenis sibrZne imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Tavis TavSi aerTianebs iseT „avtoritetebs,~ rogoricaa platoni, `tibeturi mkvdar10. medicinis dargi, romelic swavlobs organizmSi mimdinare sikvdiliswina da sikvdilisSemdgom procesebs, agreTve sikvdilis niSnebs.

adamianis mikrokosmosis dasasruli

Ta wigni~ da emanuel svedenborgi bibliis im TavTan erTad, sadac igi Tavisi aRmoCenebis „paralelebs~ warmoadgens. SesaZloa platoni legitimuri gziT daeWvda articulus mixtus-is11 WeSmaritebaSi, magram, igive ar SeiZleba iTqvas mudis sxva avtoritetebze, romlebmac TavianT rwmenamde ukanono okulturi praqtikiT mividnen. sikvdilis Semdeg sicocxlis bolodroindel „klinikur~ mtkicebulebebSi arawminda Zalebis moqmedebis eWvi Zlierdeba am literaturis ufro axlodan Seswavlisas, rac cxadyofs mis mtkice kavSirs „axali era~-s moZraobasTan. amrigad, Cven vxedavT Tanatologiis aRmavlobis skolis fuZemdebels, elizabet kiubler-ross, romelic aqebs wigns, romlis avtoria — rbilad rom vTqvaT — eqscentriuli reformatori sasuliero piri, romelic Rrmad iyo CarTuli spiritizmSi da romelic 1975 wels, swored maSin, rodesac „axali era~-s moZraobam Tavis gamoCena daiwyo, amtkicebda, rom „Cven istoriis axal eraSi SevdivarT.~12 kiubler-rosi Tavad, wignis winasityvaobaSi, romelic savaraudo sikvdiliswina da sikvdilisSemdgom gamocdilebebis Tavisebur interpretacias gvTavazobs, naTlad miuTiTebs mis sa11. RvTaebrivi da adamianuri aspeqtebis gaerTianeba. 12. arCi matsoni, „sicocxle sikvdilis Semdeg: cnobebi sikvdilis zRurblidan~ (niu-iorki: Harper & Row, 1975), 61. kubler-rosis CarTuloba niu-eras okultizmSi, gasaocari detalebiTaa aRwerili aRmosavleT marTlmadidebeli mwerlis serafime rouzis wignSi „suli sikvdilis Semdeg~ (platina, CA: Saint Herman of Alaska Monastery Press, 1980), 164–166. rouzi aRwers, rogor daiwyo kubler-rosis okulturi gamocdileba 1967 wels, CikagoSi gardacvlili pacientis vizitiT („moCveneba~ aSkarad werda gardacvlilis xelweriT; 164) da gagrZelda saswavlo sesiebiT „�� mfarvel angelozTan,�� ~�� romelmac is misi erT-erTi warsuli inkarnaciis movlenebSi aziara, romelic, rogorc ambobd-

sulis ukvdaveba

kuTar kuTvnilebaze „axali era~-sadmi. aRniSnuli wigni sulis sxeulebrivi sikvdilis Semdeg gadarCenas qristianuli tradiciuli terminebiT ki ara, aramed teiar de Sardenis mier, adamianis savaraudo „omega wertilisken~ evoluciuri ganviTarebis koncefciis WrilSi ganixilavs. avtori kiTxvas svams: SeiZleba Tu ara, rom sikvdiliswina mdgomareobaSi myofni [e.i. isini, vinc savaraudod sikvdilTan axloyofnis gamocdileba miiRes�� ]... koleqtiurad warmoadgendnen evoluciur swrafvas kacobriobis farTo masebisTvis ufro maRali cnobierebisken? miuxedavad imisa, rom sikvdiliswina da sikvdilisSemdgom gamocdilebebze mkvlevarTa mier warmodgenili mtkinen, qristes miwier cxovrebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli (165). 1976 wels, Bay Area-Si gamosvlisas, kubler-rosma ganacxada: „guSin RamiT, me mominaxula salemma, Cemma sulis megzurma da misma orma Tanamgzavrma, ankam da uilim. isini CvenTan iyvnen dilis sam saaTamde. Cven vsaubrobdiT, vicinodiT da vmRerodiT erTad. isini iseTi warmoudgeneli siyvaruliTa da sinaziT melaparakebodnen da mexebodnen. es iyo Cemi cxovrebis yvelaze gamorCeuli momenti~ (166). rouzis komentari dasafiqrebelia: „okultur wreebSi kargadaa cnobili, rom „sulis megzurebi~ (romlebic, ra Tqma unda, haer�� Si arsebuli dacemuli sulebi arian) ase advilad ar vlindebian, Tu pirovneba sakmaod ar aris win wasuli mediumistur mimReblobaSi. magram SesaZloa, doqtor kublerrosis CarTuloba „�� ojaxis sulebTan�� ~�� ufro gamaognebelia, vidre mis am gamocdilebaTa aRwerebis enTuziazmi, romelsac is iwvevs auditoriaSi, romelic Sedgeba ara okultistebisa da mediumebisgan, aramed Cveulebrivi saSualo klasis da profesionali adamianebisgan. es udavod erT-erTi religiuri „�� drois niSania:�� ~ adamianebi mimReblebi gaxdnen „sulier samyarosTan~ kontaqtebis mimarT da mzad arian miiRon am kontaqtebis okulturi axsna, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba qristianul WeSmaritebas~ (166).

adamianis mikrokosmosis dasasruli

cebulebebi sxvadasxvagvar axsnas13 eqvemdebareba, kargad moviqceviT, Tu yurad viRebT wm. pavles gafrTxilebas, rom `TviT satana naTlis angelozis saxes Rebulobs~ (2 kor. 11:14). esqatologiis Sesaxeb ioseb ratcingeris wignis yvelaze mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgens sulis ukvdavebis dasacavad dawerili gverdebi.14 miuxedavad imisa, rom ratcingeris egzegetikuri argumentebi yuradRebis Rirsia, mkiTxvelis TvalTaxedva gansakuTrebiT unda iyos mimarTu13. magaliTad, hans kiungi, „maradiuli sicocxle?~ (Targmna edvard quinma [londoni: Collins Fount Paperbacks, 1985]), 20–35, gansakuTrebiT 33. „ras gulisxmobs sikvdilis es gamocdilebebi sikvdilis Semdgomi sicocxlisTvis? mokled rom vTqvaT, arafers! radgan me mimaCnia, rom Teologiuri simarTlis movaleobaa, naTlad vupasuxo, rom aseTi saxis gamocdilebebi arafers amtkicebs sikvdilis Semdgomi SesaZlo sicocxlis Sesaxeb: aq saubaria sikvdilamde bolo xuT wuTze da ara maradiul sicocxleze sikvdilis Semdeg. es warmavali wuTebi ar wyvets sakiTxs, Tu sad midis momakvdavi adamiani: araraobaSi Tu axal yofierebaSi... mudis da mraval msgavs moazrovnes pativiscema ekuTvnis, rodesac, rogorc qristianebi, isini maradiuli sicocxlis rwmenas qadageben. magram, ufro axlos Tu ganvixilavT, maTi argumentebi ar aris saqmeze mimarTuli, isini araadekvaturia da mxolod awmyo dros exeba da ara maradisobas. isini varaudoben imas, ris imedic aqvT, Tuki mkacrad ar amtkiceben, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mainc mianiSneben.~ 14. ixileT „esqatologia: sikvdili da maradiuli sicocxle,~ Targmna maikl valdStainma (vaSingtoni, D.C. Catholic University of America Press, 1988), 104–161. ratcingersa da mis modernist oponentebs Soris romis eklesiaSi arsebuli debatebi, asaxavs msgavs ganxeTqilebas luTeranul qristianobaSi da sxva qristianul konfesiebSi. ratcingeris winaaRmdeg romis banakSi Tavdasxmas xelmZRvanelobs hans kiungi, romelic, miuxedavad imisa, rom moklebulia Tavis missio canonica-s, rogorc romis kaTolikuri eklesiis maswavlebel Teologi�� , rCeba am iurisdiqciis mRvd-

sulis ukvdaveba

li bevrjer ciliswamebuli platonis dramatul reabilitaciaze, romelic am kvlevaSia miRweuli. Tu ratcingeri marTalia platonis azrovnebis Sesaxeb mis mier mocemul angariSSi, maSin iseTi Teologebi, rogoricaa panenbergi da misnairad moazrovneebi, damnaSaveni arian ara mxolod wmida werilis pirdapiri mniSvnelobis ugulebelyofaSi, aramed im warmarTi filosofosis mavne karikaturis SeqmnaSic, romlis Sexedulebac aseTi orazrovani resursi iyo eklesiis TeologebisTvis. sistematikam unda gaiTvaliswinos ebraul da elinistur azrovnebaTa nimuSebs Soris kontrastze arsebuli zedapiruli xazi, ris demontaJsac ratcingeri ostaturad axdens da arc platonis sulis ukvdavebis argumentis popularuli gagebis mimarT mis mier dasmul seriozul kiTxvebze unda darCes yru. is irwmuneba: raoden usafuZvloa platonizmis is karikatura, romelzec mravali Tanamedrove Teologiuri stereotipia damokidebuli. platonis filosofiis namdvili mizani sruliad arasworad aris gagebuli, rodesac is warmodgenilia, rogorc individualisturi, dualisturi moazrovne, romelic uaryofs miwiers da emxroba misgan gaqcevas. misi azrovnebis WeSmariti sayrdeni `polisisTvis~ aris SesaZleblobis axali lad. Tavis wignSi „maradiuli sicocxle?~ kiungi Teologias aSenebs ara wmida werilis an gardmocemebis safuZvelze, aramed mxolod sakuTari „kritikuli~ gonebis perspeqtividan. am tomSi sikvdilis Semdgomi sicocxle ganixileba, rogorc savaraudo hipoTeza, miuxedavad imisa, rom rogorc sulis ukvdaveba, ise sxeulis aRdgoma sarkazmiTaa uaryofili. kiungis Teologias, amgvarad, aqvs CeSiris katis gauCinarebuli Rimilis simyare, xolo misi Tavdasxma ratcingerze (171) gaafTrebuli Cixuaxuas Rirsebaa, romelic wminda bernaris quslebze yefs.

adamianis mikrokosmosis dasasruli

safuZveli, anu politikis uaxlesi safuZveli. misi filosofia centrs samarTlianobis ideaSi poulobs. misi ganviTareba politikuri krizisis dros moxda da gamomdinareobs rwmenidan, rom `polisi~ ver iarsebebs iq, sadac samarTlianoba realobisa da WeSmaritebisgan gansxvavebulia. WeSmaritebis cocxali Zalis aRiareba, romelic ukvdavebis azrsac moicavs, ar aris samyarodan gaqcevis filosofiis nawili, aramed upirveles yovlisa politikuri filosofiaa... Tu vecdebiT platonis aRmoCenis mTavari birTvi gadmovceT, SegviZlia is Semdegnairad CamovayaliboT: biologiuri�� gadarCenisTvis,�� adamiani ufro meti unda iyos, vidre ubralod βίος (bio masa)�� . mas unda SeeZlos ufro avTentur cxovrebaSi mokvdes, vidre es aris (bio). darwmunebuloba, rom WeSmaritebisTvis Tavganwirva realobisTvis Tavganwirvaa da araviTar SemTxvevaSi burusiT mocul sicarieleSi nabijis gadadgma, rac�� samarTlianobis aucilebel pirobad miiCneva. efeqturad rom gaaqarwyla gavrcelebuli idea imis Sesaxeb, rom sulis ukvdavebis erTiani da universaluri elinisturi koncefcia mzad iyo uZvelesi qristianobis15 mier misaTviseblad, ratcingeri mtkiced amtkicebs 15. es mcire miniSnebebi [anu, elinisturi azrovnebis mimoxilva piTagoradan da empedokledan platonis, aristotelesa da plotinusis CaTvliT] sakmarisi unda iyos imis saCveneblad, rom sulisa da sxeulis xSirad Semxvedri elinur-platonuri dualizmis cneba, sulis ukvdavebis ideasTan erTad, ufro Teologis fantaziaa~ (146). racionaluri azrovneba farTod citirebs origenes komentars qebaTa qebaze, raTa aCvenos sulis bunebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Sexedulebebis kaleidoskopi antikur xanaSi.

sulis ukvdaveba

Teziss, rom axal aRTqmaSi da Zvel mamebSi aRmoCenili koncefcia sulis samoTxis Sualedur mdgomareobaSi sikvdilis Semdgomi arsebobis Sesaxeb mtkiced dgas intertestamenturi iudaizmis tradiciaSi. amrigad, platonuri wyaroebidan qristianobis mier pirdapiri sesxebis nebismieri hipoTeza gadaWarbebulia.16 mcire safuZveli arsebobs imisaTvis ar daveTanxmoT, rom gamoTqma „sulis ukvdaveba~ SeiZleba arasworad iqnas gagebuli, rogorc adamianis raime Tandayolili RvTaebriobis maniSnebeli, radgan qristianul tradicias arasodes uvaraudia, rom sulis qmnili ukvdaveba sxva ramea, garda RvTaebrivi niWisa. Tu Semoqmedsa da qmnilebas Soris gansxvaveba moiTxovs SiSiT zardacemulni viyoT sulis ukvdavebis wmida werilis miniSnebebis aRiarebiT, maSin Cven kidev ufro vivaldebulebT, rom gavaqarwyloT bibliuri mowmoba angelozebis, rogorc ukvdavi sulebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. sinamdvileSi, RmerTis mier adamianuri sulebisTvis ukvdavad darCenis Tvisebis miniWeba iseve mcired emuqreba mis RvTaebriobas, rogorc mis mier wmida angelozebis ukvdav sulebad Seqmna. sulis ukvdavebis aRiarebas mcire saerTo aqvs klasikur platonizmTan, vinaidan is mTlianad momdinareobs wmida werilis erTguli mowmobidan adamianis RvTis xatad SeqmniT da israelisadmi, rogorc RvTis mier Tavis xalxTan Riad damyarebuli 16. „axal aRTqmaSi da eklesiis mamaTa naSromebSi kvlav meordeba iudaizmis mier Seqmnili yvela saxe Sualeduri mdgomareobisTvis: abraamis wiaRi, samoTxe, samsxverplo, sicocxlis xe, wyali, naTeli. Cven male davinaxavT, Tu ramdenad konservatiuli iyo adreuli eklesia esqatologiuri warmodgenebis am sferoSi. „semitizmidan~ „elinizmSi~ zRvis cvlilebis nacvlad, eklesia srulad darCa semituri saxeebis kanonSi, rasac erToblivad aCvenebs katakombebis xelovneba, liturgia da Teologia.~

adamianis mikrokosmosis dasasruli

aRTqmis urTierTobidan. adamiani Seiqmna RmerTTan maradiuli ziarebisTvis, romlis madliani saxarebiseuli urTierTobebi Tavis xalxTan dabadebis 3:15-dan moyolebuli miznad isaxavs codviT darRveuli urTierTobis aRdgenasa da srulyofas. sulis ukvdaveba fesvgadgmulia adamianur qmnilebaSi, raTa Tavis SemoqmedTan hqondes ziareba. eduard Svaiceri aRniSnavs, rom -is Cveulebrivi ψυχή-iT gadmocemiT LXX ufro naTlad gamoxata sxeulebrivi sikvdilis Semdeg sulis gadarCenis idea, vidre ebraulma teqstma.17 paraleluri ganviTareba SeiniSneba axal aRTqmaSic, Tumca aqac ψυχή-is gamoyenebis umetesoba „mTliani adamianis~ mniSvnelobas gadmoscems. amrigad, ψυχή-is mravlobiTi formebi cudad iqneboda gagebuli iseT muxlebSi, rogoricaa 1 petres 1:9 da 22, Tu isini mxolod adamianis nawils miuTiTebdnen; piriqiT, qristianebi moelian TavianTi „mTliani arsebis~ xsnas, rogorc maTi rwmenis Sedegs (1 pet. 1:9) da maT ganiwmindes TavianTi es „mTliani arseba~ WeSmaritebisadmi morCilebiT (1 pet. 1:22). Cveni uflis winaswarmetyveleba misi ψυχή-is mravalTa gamosasyidad micemis Sesaxeb (mark. 10:45) mTlian da ara nawilobriv Tavganwirvaze miuTiTebs; da gancxadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom misi ψυχή sasikvdilodaa damwuxrebuli (mark. 14:34), aseve mowmobs mis yovlismomcvel wuxils umaduri kacobriobisTvis gadasatani tanjvebis winaSe. maTes 11:29Si mocemuli madliT aRsavse mowveva ar aris gankuTvnili 17. mocemuli magaliTia fsal. 16:10 (LXX15): „�� ebraulad ubralod naTqvamia, rom RmerTi daicavs fsalmunis avtoris sicocxles da ar gadascems mas mkvdrebis samefos. berZnulad ki ψυχή ar darCeba hadesSi. amgvarad, varaudoben, rom ψυχή gancalkevdeba sxeulisgan da garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi qvesknelSi gaatarebs~ („ ψυχή,~ TDNT 9:632).

sulis ukvdaveba

adamianis sxeulisgan gansxvavebuli romelime nawilisTvis, aramed iesos msmenelTa „mTliani arsebisTvis.~ garda amisa, ψυχή xSirad ubralod „sicocxles~ niSnavs, rogorc herodes mier moZiebuli Cvili qristes sicocxlis SemTxvevaSi (maT. 2:20), sicocxlisa, romlis gadarCenac kacis Zes SabaTsac ki surs (mark. 3:4) da sicocxlisa, romelic namdvilad ar daiRupeba maltis maxloblad momxdari gemis CaZirvisas (saq. 27:22). SesaZloa, „ukvdavi sulis~ mniSvnelobiT ψυχή-is yvelaze naTeli gamoyeneba axal aRTqmaSi gvxvdeba gamocxadebis 6:9-Si, sadac mexuTe beWdis gaxsnisas winaswarmetyveli xedavs mowameebis ψυχάς-s zeciuri samsxverplos qveS. „aq ψυχή aris adamiani, romelic sikvdils mis aRdgomamde gadaurCa.~ eduard Svaiceri midrekilia ipovos Cveni uflis sityvebSi Semdegi mniSvneloba, romlis mixedviTac vinc hkargavs Tavis ψυχή-s, is poulobs mas (mark. 8:35; ixileT aseve maT. 10:39; luk. 17:33; ioan. 12:25): ψυχή aris garantia imisa, rom adamianis sicocxle

mxolod janmrTeloba an simdidre ar aris, aramed is sicocxlea, romelsac mudmivad RmerTi gvaZlevs da romelsac sikvdili ver SezRudavs, vinaidan aseTia is sicocxle, rogoric RmerTma ganizraxa. oTxive maxareblis mier gadmocemuli am sityvidan gamotanili daskvna kidev ufro gaugebars xdis Svaiceris Sefasebas maTes 10:28-sTan dakavSirebiT — romlis Sesaxebac is acxadebs, rom „Znelad Tu vinme gaaprotestebs, rom berZnulma ideebma gavlena moaxdina mis formulirebaze~ — „RmerTis Zalaze miTiTeba, gaanadguros ψυχή da σώμα (sxeuli) hadesSi (jojoxeTSi), ewinaaRmdegeba sulis ukvdavebis ideas.~ sulis ukvdavebis erTaderTi saxeoba, romelic am teqstma SeiZleba gaaqarwylos, aris is, 90

adamianis mikrokosmosis dasasruli

romelSic suli TavisTavad ontologiurad RvTaebrivia, ara qmnili wesrigis nawili da amitom RvTis gankiTxvisgan imunuri. Cveni uflis gancxadeba, rom ψυχή σώμα-sgan gansxvavebiT, qmnilebaTa ZaladobiT ver mokvdeba, faqtobrivad, Zalzed Seesabameba im azrs, rom ψυχή, radgan droebiTi sikvdiliT ar nadgurdeba, Tavisi Semoqmedis mier momadlebuli aqvs warmoebuli ukvdavebis Tviseba. oskar kulmanis ususuri winaaRmdegoba maTes 10:28-is sulis ukvdavebis dasadastureblad gamoyenebaze, gamomdinareobs misive uunarobidan, dainaxos gansxvaveba droebiT da maradiul sikvdils Soris da is bavSvuri biblicizmidan ampartavnulad krZalavs filosofiuri warmoSobis sityvebis eklesiis mier bibliuri SinaarsiT datvirTvas.18 Tu qristianul Teologias ar SeuZlia isaubros sulis ukvdavebaze, radgan es koncefcia platonis azrovnebaSic gvxvdeba, maSin Cven aseve Tavi unda SevikavoT adiaforaze19 saubrisgan, radgan es cneba dasavlur azrovnebaSi aristoteles memkvidreobidan Semovida. maSasadame, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Semoqmedis /ψυχή gankuTvnilia iyos adamianis Tavdapirveli nebiT sruli sicocxle, romelic moicavs mis sxeuls, rogorc 18. „sulis ukvdaveba Tu mkvdreTiT aRdgoma? axali aRTqmis damowmeba~ (londoni: Epworth Press, 1958), 36. kalmanis naxevrad gamomcxvari eses Sedegad miyenebuli gamouTqm�� eli ziani Tanamedrove Teologiasa da eklesiis cxovrebaSi miT ufro samwuxaroa im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom misi meoTxe Tavi („miZinebulni,~ 48–60) gvTavazobs axali aRTqmis sasargeblo Sejamebas Sualeduri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. kalmani amgvarad dgas bibliuri kvlevebis istoriuli Teologiisgan gancalkevebis safrTxis magaliTad. Sola scriptura ar unda gaxdes lozungi egzegezis vakuumSi praqtikisTvis. 19. indiferentuli nivTebi Tu sagnebi, romlebic arc sworia da arc araswori, — sulierad netraluri sagnebi.

sulis ukvdaveba

ganuyofel komponents da imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sxeulebrivi sikvdili aris katastrofa, romelsac adamiani mTlianobaSi ganicdis, miuxedavad amisa, wmida werilis mowmobis Sesabamisad rCeba imis aRiareba, rom adamianis sicocxle grZeldeba maSinac ki, rodesac is sikvdilSi Tavisi yofili `me~-Ti fragmentamdea dayvanili. Sesabamisad, es bibliuri swavleba saxeldebulia sulis ukvdavebad. imis miuxedavad, rom droebiTi sikvdilis krizisi qristes mistikuri sxeulis wevrebs TavisTavad paTetikurad arasrulyofils xdis, maT SeuZliaT moelodnen sicocxlis sisavses sxeulebriv sikvdilsa da aRdgomas Soris arsebul periodSi, im sasicocxlo SeuzRudavi ZaliT, romelic qristes RvTaebriv adamianobaSia. TavisTavad, RvTis xalxis fizikurad mkvdari wevri tragikulad arasrulyofilia, magram „sixarulis sisavsea Seni saxis winaSe~ (fsal. 15:11). luTeranma mamebma kargad icodnen, rom ukvdaveba erTnairad ar miewereba RmerTsa da adamians. amrigad, maT mimarTes 1 timoTes 6:16-s, sadac vkiTxulobT, rom is aris „erTaderTi visac ukvdaveba aqvs;~ sulis ukvdaveba, kontrastis saxiT aris niWi, romelic micemulia RvTis xatad Seqmnili qmnilebebisTvis.

sarCevi

6 sulTa Sualeduri mdgomareba mas Semdeg, rac Sen sZlie sikvdilis simZafre, zecis samefo yvela morwmunisTvis gaxseni. —„Te Ddeum laudamus~ termins „progresuli gamocxadeba~ SesaZloa garkveuli usiamovno grZnoba axldes Tan, radgan, magaliTad, velhauzenis mimdevari Zveli aRTqmis mkvlevarTa mier gamoyenebuli es fraza miuTiTebda savaraudo dinamiur winsvlaze, rasac adgili hqonda patriarqaluri barbarosobidan im eTikuri simaRleebis mimarT, rac klasikuri winaswarmetyvelebisa da sibrZnis literaturis meSveobiT iqna miRweuli. Tumca, arsebiTad araferia araorTodoqsaluri imaSi, rom wminda saxarebis simaRleebis, siRrmeebisa da misi saocari mniSvnelobebis progresul ganviTarebas mivyveT dabadebis 3:15-is1 protoevangeliumidan gankacebamde da mis ganmartebamde samociqulo 1. pavle althausi sarkazmiT uaryofs tradiciul gagebas, rom Zveli aRTqma savsea pirdapiri mesianuri winaswarmetyvelebebiT dabadebidan 3:15-dan moyolebuli. misi azriT, aseTi egzegeza aris „BB B iblicism~-is savalalo nayofi, romelic srulyofili STagonebis Teoriidan momdinareobs da romelic istoriul-kritikuli meTodis gamoCeniT erTxel da samudamod moZvelda (Die Letzten Dinge, 260.). aRsaniSnavia althausis gulwrfeli aRiareba, rom maRali kritika anadgurebs bibliis erTianobas.

sulTa Sualeduri mdgomareoba

werilebSi. amrigad, Cven winaSe dgas saidumlo, rom Zvel aRTqmaSi sikvdili arasodes aris miCneuli, rogorc sruli anihilacia,2 magram suliwmidam arCia didi TavSekaveba gamoeCina micvalebulTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb saubrisas, iSviaTad, magram darwmunebiT axada farda iseT adgilebSi, rogoricaa fsalmunebi 49 da 73. RmerTis mier gardacvlilTa mdgomareobisadmi cnobismoyvareobis akrZalva dasturdeba micvalebulebTan dakavSirebuli kultisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli komerciis3 mkacr akrZalvaSi (lev. 19:31; 20:6, 27; rju.18:11). SesaZloa, am momentSi RvTis gamocxadebis yvelaze Rrma gageba miiRweva imis gaazrebiT, rom RvTis (madlis) siuxvis sisrule misi gardacvlili wmindanebis mimarT ver gamocxaddeboda, vidre saxarebis sisrule Tavisi SeuzRudavi brwyinvalebiT ar gamoCndeboda. mas Semdeg, rac Cvenma ufalma yvelasTvis igema sikvdili, aRdga da amaRlda, raTa adgili moemzadebina CvenTvis, SesaZlebeli gaxda is, rac warmatebiT aRiwereba rogorc `Seolis~ rwmenis qristologiuri transformacia, romlis sibnelec samudamod gaifanta, rodesac TviT gandidebulma iesom aRadgina netarTa samoTxe. Zveli aRTqmis mowmobis ganxilvisas, aRvniSnavT, rom uZvelesi droidan sikvdili arasodes aris naxsenebi anihilaciis TvalsazrisiT, aramed is iseTi eniTaa gadmocemuli, romelic miuTiTebs erTi arsebobis sibrtyidan meoreze gadasvlas (ixileT me-4 Tavis bolo paragrafi). amrigad, patriarqebis, aaronisa da moses sikvdili aRwerilia, rogorc „Tavis xalxTan SeerTeba~ (dab. 15:15; 25:8, 17; 35:29; 49:29, 33; rju. 32:50). iosebis savaraudo gardacvalebiT damwuxrebuli da sicocxliT gadaRlili iakobi, 2. ganadgureba, gaqroba. 3. Tanxis aReb-micema.

adamianis mikrokosmosis dasasruli

sakuTar moaxloebul sikvdils SeolSi Casvlad acxadebs (dab. 37:35). Zveli aRTqma Seols xSirad warmoadgens yvela micvalebulis, rogorc RvTismosavis, ise uRvTos saerTo daniSnulebis adgils (1 sam. 2:6; 1 mef. 2:6; iob. 7:9). Seoli ucvlelad aris warmodgenili rjulis perspeqtividan, ise rom morwmune xizkiasTvisac ki SeolSi gamgzavreba pirquSi perspeqtivaa (es. 38:10). Seoli, romelic berZnulad adreve iTargmna, rogorc ᾅδης, zogjer jojoxeTisgan ganurCevelia (ricx. 16:30–33; es. 14:9, 11, 15; ezek. 31:15– 17). miuxedavad amisa, iobs SeuZlia, Tundac hipoTeturad, ifiqros Seolidan xsnis SesaZleblobaze (iob. 14:13), rac fsalmunis 49:15-is avtorisTvis rwmenis gardauvali WeSmaritebaa.4 Seolidan xsna, faqtobrivad, ukve nagulisxmevia dabadebis 3:15-is protoevangeliumSi, romelic am Sinaarsis gareSe didad saxarebas aRar moicavda. miuxedavad imisa, rom Zveli aRTqma udavod Seolidan xsnas sxeulebriv mkvdreTiT aRdgomis WrilSi warmoaCens (es. 26:19; dan. 12:2; ixileT aseve ezek. 37:1–14, sadac aRdgomis 4. adolf heneke, viskonsinis sinodis upirvelesi dogmatikosi, Seolis ZvelaRTqmiseuli koncefciis Sesaxeb Semdeg saintereso dakvirvebebs gvTavazobs: „imis miuxedavad, rom sityvis [Seolis] Zireuli idea da swori mniSvneloba jojoxeTia, xSirad gvxvdeba, rom Zveli aRTqma Seolze saubrobs, rogorc yvela adamianis aRsasrulze, morwmuneebis CaTvliTac ki (rogorc iob. 10:21; 14:20,21; fsal. 6:5; SeadareT zir. 17:25, 26). Tumca, Cven vaRiarebT, rom morwmuneebi, rogoricaa iobi, sikvdils amgvarad ganixilaven, rogorc SeolSi Sesvlas, zustad gansacdelebis dros, iseve, rogorc dResac morwmuneebi gansacdelebisas sikvdils da wyevlas erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulad miiCneven. iobi sruliad gansxvavebulad gamoxatavs sakuTar Tavs cocxali rwmenis dros (iobi 19:25–27; SeadareT fsalmuni 16:9–11; 17:15)“ (EEvangelisch-Lutherische Dogmatik, 4 tomi [miluoki: Northwestern Publishing House, 1909], 4:233; Cemi Targmani).

sulTa Sualeduri mdgomareoba

saxe upirvelesad istoriuli israelis xalxis aRdgenas exeba), Cven ar unda gamogvrCes is faqti, rom fsalmuni 73:24–26 calsaxad warmoadgens kurTxeul imeds, romelic sxeulebrivi sikvdilis Semdeg da sayovelTao aRdgomamde arsebobs, ra gzavnilic met-naklebad pirdapir aris gadmocemuli fsalmunebSi 11:7; 16:11; 17:15; da 49:14–15. Sualeduri mdgomareobis realobis Sesaxeb axali aRTqmis mowmoba imdenad Zlieria, rom mxolod usityvo gaoceba SeiZleba gamoiwvios verner elertis, metad gonieri mkvlevaris gadawyvetilebam, rom status medius5 daiyvanos mxolod micvalebulTa „RvTis maradiul mexsierebaSi Senaxvis~ donemde.6 RvTaebrivi gamocxadebis Sinaarsis aseTi gaufasureba warmoadgens pastorul upasuxismge5. Sualeduri mdgomareoba. 6. `ukanaskneli movlenebi,~ Targmna martin bertramma (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1974), 41f. Sualeduri mdgomareobisa da sulis ukvdavebis uaryofa iseTi mecnierebis mier, rogorebic arian elerti da panenbergi, savaraudod, naklebad aris dakavSirebuli wmida werilis teqstisadmi erTgulebasTan da yvelaferi – winaswarSeqmnili ideebis RvTis sityvaze dadebadaproeqtebasTan. elertisa da panenbergis poziciebi aq ar warmoadgens maT mxriv siaxles, aramed warmoadgens „kverTxis~ aRebas pol althausisgan, romelmac adre gaasajarova aseTi Sexedulebebi. Tavad althausi aRiarebs, rom sulis ukvdaveba sayovelTaod iyo aRiarebuli aRmsareblobiTi sazRvrebs miRma me-20 saukunis dasawyisamde, rodesac adolf Slaterma da karl Stangem, savaraudod, gamoavlines misi namdvili identoba, rogorc elinisturi ucxo sxeuli, romelic Seyvanili iqna adreuli qristianobis ebraul sisxlZarRvSi (Die Letzten Dinge, 92f.). Tumca, kargad aris aRniSnuli althausis aRiareba, rom tradiciuli pozicia kargad aris dadasturebuli wmida werilSi. is damcinavad amtkicebs, rom mxolod „legalistur biblicizms~ SeuZlia wmida werilis teqstis pirdapiri gageba, radgan sulis ukvdavebis rwmena, romelsac biblia sxva religiebTan iziarebs,

adamianis mikrokosmosis dasasruli

blobis yvelaze sastik formas, radgan igi morwmune sulebisTvis, romlebic sikvdiliT yovelgvari miwieri kavSiris gawyvetis winaSe dganan, uaryofs im nugeSs, romelsac suliwmida sixaruliT mianiWebda sul mcire ori mkafio teqstis meSveobiT. elertma ugulebelyo jvridan warmoTqmuli meore sityva, romelic Cawerilia lukas 23:43Si, sadac Cveni ufali axorcielebs uRvTos gamarTlebas momnanie avazakisTvis dapirebis micemiT: „dRes CemTan erTad iqnebi samoTxeSi.~ erlangenis mkvlevarma aseve ugulebelyo filipelTa 1:21, sadac wm. pavle ewinaaRmdegeba xorciel gonebas da sikvdils „mogebad~ miiCnevs, mdgomareobad, rodesac is iqneba „qristesTan~ da romelic „bevrad ukeTesia,~ vidre ubralo miwieri arseboba (fil. 1:23). apokrifuli sibrZne solomonisa srulad eTanxmeba am da axali aRTqmis sxva monakveTebs, rodesac aswavlis, rom „marTalTa sulebi RvTis xelSia~ (sibrZ. sol. 3:1), rac gulisxmobs yovlisSemZle RmerTTan aqtiur urTierTobaze gacilebiT mets, vidre ubralod mis mexsierebaSi Senaxvas. qristes ufloba morwmune mkvdrebze warmoudgeneli iqneboda maTTan misi mudmivi Tanaarsebobis gareSe (rom. 14:8–9). sikvdili gulisxmobs „sxeulidan gasvlas da ufalTan damkvidrebas~ (2 kor. 5:8). garda imisa, rom ioane Tavis gamocxadebaSi „xedavs~ mowameTa sulebs zecaSi „�� mkveTrad ewinaaRmdegeba�� ~�� axali aRTqmis centralur koncefcias – �� sxeulebriv aRdgomas – da imas, rasac is miiCnevs sikvdilis, rogorc gankiTxvis, bibliuri gagebis Sedegad. amrigad, problemis saTave aRmoCndeba althausis „kata-Tagvobana~ – misi damokidebuleba wmida werilis avtoritetis mimarT meryeobs „diaxsa~ da „aras~ Soris. mokled, wmida werili savaldebulod avtoritetulia, rodesac teqsti althausis kritikul inteleqts gadis, magram ara maSin, rodesac is ewinaaRmdegeba mis warmodgenas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris WeSmaritad bibliuri (94).

sulTa Sualeduri mdgomareoba

(gamocx. 20:4), igi iZleva uZvirfases kadrs gardacvlil wmidanTa cxovrebaze, romelic sikvdilsa da sayovelTao aRdgomas Soris aqvT. isini dakavebulni arian yovlisSemZle RmerTis TayvaniscemiT (gamocx. 7:9–10, 14–15). ufro metic, sxeulebrivi sikvdili ar gulisxmobs micvalebulTa gadasrolas droidan wmida RvTaebriv maradisobaSi. samoTxe qmnilebis srulyofisken miiswrafvis da ara misi gauqmebisaken. amrigad, mowameTa sulebma ician drois msvleloba; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, maTi RaRadi „rodemde?~ (gamocx. 6:10) uazro iqneboda. netari mkvdrebi „elodebian~ (gamocx. 6:11) mTeli eklesiis Sekrebas, parusias da RvTis aRTqmebis aRsrulebas axal casa da axal miwaze. aqamde Cven warmovaCineT axali aRTqmis mowmoba netarTa Sualeduri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. codvilTa Sualedur mdgomareobaze misi mwiri miniSnebebi asaxavs gankacebuli RmerTis mierve warmoTqmul pirquS WeSmaritebas, rom RvTis risxva urwmunoebze rCeba (ioan. 3:36). verner elertis Tanaxmad, lukas 16:19–31-is interpretacia amoiwureba debulebiT, rom sikvdilis Semdeg monaniebisTvis meore Sansi ar arsebobs. Tumca, iseve rogorc lazares mdgomareoba abraamis wiaRSi Seesabameba axali aRTqmis sxva gancxadebebs netarTa Sualeduri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, aseve mdidari kacis tanjvis atana Seesabameba wm. petres mier warRvnamdeli uRvToebis aRweras, rogorc „sapyrobileSi~ myofTa (1 pet. 3:19). ise, rogorc aRdgomamde morwmune sulebi arian „qristesTan~ da tkbebian RvTis siyvaruliT, aseve urwmunoebi ganicdian mis risxvas, romelic srulad ar aRsruldeba meore sikvdilamde (gamocx. 20:14–15). maSin, rodesac netarTa gansasvenebel adgils Tavad qristes bage uwodebs „samoTxes,~ codvilTa sulebis adgils wmida werili „hadesad~ moixseniebs (luk. 16:23; gamocx. 20:13–14), termins, romelic Tavis ebraul 98

adamianis mikrokosmosis dasasruli

Sesabamis SeolTan erTad, aseve SeiZleba neitralurad iqnas gamoyenebuli yvela micvalebulis saerTo samyofelis aRsaniSnavad (saq. 2:27, 31). netarTa Sualeduri mdgomareobis realobis Sesaxeb wmida werilis mowmoba morCil gamoZaxils povebs luTeranuli eklesiis liturgiasa da aRsarebebSi. rodesac `Cveni zecis~ miwaze miRebisTvis vemzadebiT, Cveni uflis sxeulisa da sisxlis wmida ziarebaSi, gana ar vuerTdebiT Cvens doqsologias „angelozebTan da mTavarangelozebTan da mTel zeciur dasTan erTad?~ is faqti, rom luTeranuli eklesiis mamebs SezRudulad arasodes miuCneviaT „mTeli zeciuri dasi~ mxolod angelozebiTa da mTavarangelozebiT, naTeli xdeba apologiaSi mocemuli gancxadebiT: Cven aseve vaRiarebT, rom wmindanebi zecaSi loculoben mTeli eklesiisTvis, iseve, rogorc isini dedamiwaze yofnisas loculobdnen universaluri (sayovelTao) eklesiisTvis. miuxedavad amisa, ar SeiZleba pirovneba ar gaocdes im TavSekavebiTa da ekonomiurobiT, romelsac rogorc wmida werili, ise luTeranuli aRsarebebi avlenen Suale duri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb TavianT mowmobaSi. am wmida mwerlebis TavSekaveba mkveTr kontrastSia Semdgomi cxovrebis im vrcel koncefciebTan, romlebic gamoCnda eklesiis gardmocemaTa sxvadasxva mzard ganStoebebSi da mogvianebiT, `axali eras~ warmoqmnil naSromebSi. am ukanasknel banaks mivakuTvnebdiT ingliseli filosofos-Teologis jon hikis eqstravagantur spekulaciebs, romlis naSromi „sikvdili da maradiuli sicocxle~ warmoadgens qristianobisa da aRmosavluri religiis nazavs, sadac esqatologiuri mtkicebulebebi uaryofilia savaraudo „paresqatologiuri~ hipoTezebis sasarge99

sulTa Sualeduri mdgomareoba

blod. presviterianeli sasuliero piri, romelic aRiarebs sulis arsebobis gagrZelebas sxeulebrivi sikvdilis Semdeg da iseT saboloo mdgomareobas warmoidgens, sadac srulyofili suli scildeba ego-arsebobas da am saxiT hiki sikvdilsa da saboloo srulyofilebas Soris sulis mdgomareobis Tavis koncefcias afuZnebs iseT avtoritetebze, rogoricaa gardacvlilTa savaraudo post-mortem komunikaciebi da „tibeturi mkvdrebis wigni.~ igi uaryofs im azrs, rom sulis saboloo mdgomareoba sikvdilis momentSi ganisazRvreba da amis nacvlad amtkicebs, rom „Cveni amJamindeli cxovreba aris arsebobis SezRuduli fazebis seriaTa pirveli nawili, romelSic TiToeuli SemozRudulia sakuTari ‘sikvdiliT.’~ amqveynad reinkarnaciis Teoriis winaaRmdeg arCevanis gakeTebiT, hiki varaudobs, rom gardacvlili suli SeiZleba xelaxla daibados amJamindelis miRma arsebul Semdgom samyaroTa seriaSi da miiCnevs SesaZleblad, Tumca damajereblad daumtkiceblad, rom sqesobrivi gamravleba grZeldeba am hipoTetur momaval samyaroebSi (maT. 22:30): �� momaval samyaroze ve`bardos mdgomareobis~7 miRma rafers vityviT, garda imisa, rom es iqneba realuri sivrce-droiTi garemo, romelic funqcionirebs sakuTari kanonebis Sesabamisad, romlis farglebSic iqneba realuri piradi cxovreba — samyaro sakuTari konkretuli xasiaTiT, sakuTari istoriiT, sakuTari momxiblavi da gadaudebeli sazrunavebiT da sakuTari dasasruliT, romelic azrs da mniSvnelobas aniWebs masSi arsebobas... da Semdeg, droTa ganmavlobaSi, Cveni amJamindel miwier cxovrebaze xangrZlivi Tu xanmokle periodis Semdeg, savaraudod, kvlav 7. tibetur enaze Sualeduri mdgomareoba.

100

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„movkvdebiT~ da kidev erT gardamaval etaps gavivliT, kidev erTi `bardos~ tipis gamocdilebiT, kidev erT cxovrebaSi, kidev erT samyaroSi. Cven ar viciT, ramdeni aseTi samyaro an samyaroTa seria arsebobs; da marTlac, individis Tanmimdevruli gansaxierebebis raodenoba da buneba, savaraudod, damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ra aris saWiro misTvis im wertilis misaRwevad, rodesac is scildeba ego-arsebobas da aRwevs saboloo gamaerTianebel mdgomareobas, anu nirvanas... hikis veluri fantaziebi imis gamosafxizlebel Sexse nebad gvevlineba, rom wmida werilis avtoritetis uaryofas mivyavarT ara imdenad saRi azris empirizmamde, ramdenadac yovelgvari dausabuTebeli absurdis gulubryvilo miRebamde. cnobismoyvareoba, romelsac ar SeuZlia sandod darCes bibliuri gamocxadebis sazRvrebSi, midrekilia daxmarebis xeli gauwodos suliwmidas im sferoebis daxatviT, romlebsac wmida werili ganzrax moicavs saidumloTi. amrigad, klasikurma romaulma kaTolikurma Teologiam scada gaeumjobesebina xsnisa Tu daRupvis gacxadebuli `diqotomia,~8 netarTa da codvilTaTvis saiqioSi sxvadasxva qvedanayofebis SemoRebiT. iohan gerhardi iuwyeba, rom romi aswavlis sikvdilis Semdeg sulis xuT SesaZlo „samyofelze~ (animarum receptacula). isini, vinc „srulad ganiwmindnen yoveli codvisgan,~ Sedian zecaSi. isini, vinc urwmunoebaSi kvdebian, sasikvdilo codvebiT damZimebulni, midian jojoxeTSi. morwmuneebi, romlebic am cxovrebas toveben msubuqi (Sendobadi) codvis mdgomareobiT, magram 8. raime mTlianis or, urTierTsapirispiro an urTierTgamomricxav nawilad dayofa.

101

sulTa Sualeduri mdgomareoba

srulad ar mouxdiaT TavianTi codvebis gamo „droebiTi sasjeli,~ gadadian gansawmendelSi, saidanac isini zecaSi gadasasvlelad gaTavisufldebian mxolod TavianTi valebis srulad dafarvis Semdeg. imavdros, jojoxeTi warmodgenilia, rogorc ori urTierTdakavSirebuli sakani, romelTa mkvidrni arseboben (an arsebobdnen) netarebisa da tanjvis gareSe. pirvel rigSi, mounaTlavi Cvilebis sulebi moTavsebulni arian „CvilTa limboSi~ (limbus puerorum - CvilTa salxinebeli). jer kidev gonebis asaks miuRwevelni, mounaTlavi mcirewlovani bavSvebis gardacvlili sulebi Tavs aRweven jojoxeTs; magram xelaxlaSobis wyalSi pirvandeli codvis laqisgan ganwmedilni ar arian da aseve ar arian zecisTvis Sesaferisni. da, meorec, arsebobs (an ufro sworad, arsebobda) „mamaTa limbo“ (limbus patrum), usixarulo sapyrobile, romelSic moTavsebuli iyo adamidan moyolebuli yvela morwmunis suli vidre ar moxda (qristes) jojoxeTSi STasvla. iTvleba ra, rom es sulebi gaTavisufldnen sapyrobiledan da zeciur didebaSi gadavidnen mas Semdeg, rac Cvenma ufalma Cvens nacvlad jvarze pirvandeli da faqtobrivi codvisTvis safasuri gadaixada. CvilTa limbos Sesaxeb spekulacia momdinareobs pirvandeli codvis doqtrinidan, romelic sagrZnoblad sustia, vidre augsburgis aRsarebis meore artikuli, romelic CvilTa pirvandel codvas maradiuli sikvdilis Rirs danaSaulad miiCnevs. Sua saukuneebis Teologia did yuradRebas uTmobda RvTis „dadgenili Zalis~ (potestas Dei ordinata) da misi „absoluturi Zalis~ (potestas Dei absoluta) gansxvavebas. pirveli identuria wmida werilSi gacxadebuli xsnis gegmisa da ganxorcielebisa (anu gankacebisa da madlis saSualebebisa). spekulacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeiZleba gaekeTebina RmerTs an ra SeiZleba hqonoda mas 102

adamianis mikrokosmosis dasasruli

mxedvelobaSi Tavisi dadgenili Zalis garda, midrekilia Ziri gamouTxaros sarwmunoebis simbolos meore da mesame artikulebs. romis kaTolicizmis mier CvilTa limbos postulireba RvTis absoluturi Zalis sferoSi spekulaciuri Carevaa. miuxedavad amgvari Sexedulebis armiRebisa, konfesiur luTeranul Teologias ar moeTxoveba Seupovroba gamoiCinos mounaTlavi Cvilebis daRupvis sakiTxisadmi, vinaidan msgavsi pozicia, iseve iqneboda RvTis absoluturi Zalis sferoSi SeWra, rogorc Tavad limbos idea. Zveli aRTqmis madlis saSualebebi rom gagebuliyo, rogorc qristes sargebelSi faqtobrivi winaswarmetyveluri moziareobis gadacema da Sesabamisad, rogorc RmerTTan Serigebis ueWveli miniWeba, Zveli mamebis mier RvTis ukmayofilebis, Tundac msubuqad limbus patrum-Si atana ubralod warmoudgeneli iqneboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom mamaTa limbos koncefcia uaryofil unda iqnas, WeSmariteba imisa, rom samoTxe kvlav gaixsna RmerTkacis, ieso qristes dasrulebuli saqmis wyalobiT, imas mowmobs, rom Zveli aRTqmisdroindel wmidanebs, romlebic abraamis wiaRSi ganisvenebdnen, Cveni uflis amaRlebisas WeSmaritad mieniWaT aRmatebuli netareba (ebr. 11:39-40; ixileT aseve ioan. 7:39). Taviseburad, salxineblis romaul-kaTolikuri koncefcia dgas an ecema imis varaudiT, rom gamarTlebuli codvilebi Tavisufldebian codvis braleulobisgan (culpa), magram ara sasjelisgan (poena). aseTi idea Znelad SeTavsebadia jvarze motanili qristes Semcvlel da srulyofil msxverplTan, ris gamoc man gamoiwvia reformatoris mier (Smalkaldenis statiebis) SAII.i.2–15-Si gamoTqmuli pirdapiri gmoba. jozef ratcingeri wrfelad aRwers luTeranul aRsarebebSi dagmobili salxi103

sulTa Sualeduri mdgomareoba

neblis doqtrinis ganviTarebas, aRiarebs ra mis kompozitur xasiaTs, romelic Sedgeba warmarTuli, iudevuri da adreuli qristianuli elementebisgan da dasZens, rom romis eklesiis es Taviseburi dogma tertulianesa da kiprianes legalizmSia fesvgadgmuli, romlebmac maTes 5:26 („WeSmaritad geubnebi Sen, ver gamoxval iqidan, vidre ukanasknel kodrants ar gadaixdi~) Sualeduri mdgomareobis dasamtkiceblad gamoiyenes. aRsaniSnavia, rom ratcingeri naklebad zrunavs salxineblis klasikuri romaul-kaTolikuri doqtrinis, rogorc „ganwmedisa da gamwmedi sasjelebis~ adgilis dacvaze. ufro metic, Tavis naSromSi „salxineblis doqtrinis mudmivi Sinaars,~-Si igi yvelanairad cdilobs Tavidan aicilos tertulianesa da kiprianesgan momdinare legalisturi cnebebi da amjobinebs salxinebeli gansazRvros, rogorc qristianis saboloo, Zveli xorcis (post-mortem) mokvdineba da qristesTan konformireba.9 hans kungis uazro SeniSvnam, rom „gansaw9. „gansawmendelis qristianuli arsebiTi gageba axla ukve naTelia. gansawmendeli ar aris, rogorc tertulians egona, raRac zebunebrivi sakoncentracio banaki, sadac adamiani iZulebulia met-naklebad TviTneburi gziT ganicados sasjeli. aramed es aris Sinaganad aucilebeli transformaciis procesi, romlis drosac adamiani xdeba qristes mier SemZle, RvTis mier SemZle da amgvarad, wmidanTa mTel TanaziarobasTan erTobis SemZle. adamianebze odnavi realizmiTac ki Sexedva sakmarisia, raTa amgvari procesis aucilebloba gaigo. is ar cvlis madls saqmeebiT, aramed saSualebas aZlevs am ukanasknels, miaRwios srul gamarjvebas zustad rogorc madlma. rac realurad ixsnis, es aris rwmenis sruli Tanxmoba. magram umetes CvenganSi es sabaziso arCevani didi raodenobiT xis, Tivisa da namjis qveSaa damarxuli. mxolod gaWirvebiT SeuZlia mas gamoxedva egoizmis gisosebidan, romlis dangrevac Cveni xeliT ar ZalgviZs. �� adamiani RvTiuri wyalobis mimRebia, Tumca es ar aTavisuflebs mas

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medeli Tavad RmerTia Tavisi madlis risxvaSi,~ SeiZleba migviyvanos eWvamde, rom am mwerals ar SeuZlia saTanadod ganasxvaos rjuli da saxareba, magram ratcingeris gageba salxineblis Sesaxeb, rogorc Zveli adamis saboloo mokvdineba, sul mcire migviTiTebs saerTo naTlobis niadagze. rasac Tanamedrove romis kaTolicizmis wamyvani Teologi sikvdilis Semdeg momxdarad miiCnevs, konfesiebi sikvdilis procesSi momxdarad aRiqvamen: „rodesac am cxovrebidan gadavdivarT,~ aRiarebs reformatori, suliwmida „myisierad srulyofs Cvens siwmides.~ vinaidan sxeulebrivi sikvdili, yoveldRiurad naTlobis monaniebaSi meordeba, maTematikuri wertili ki ara, aramed idumali procesia da kargad moviqceviT, Tu ratcingers mivbaZavT da uars vityviT wammzomiT xelSi Zveli adamis mokvdinebis droebiT gazomvaze. winamdebare konteqstSi dogmatikis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa, gamoTqmaSi „Sualeduri mdgomareoba~ ganmsazRvrel zedsarTav saxelze gaakeTos aqcenti. qristesTan yofna, rac sxeulebrivi sikvdilis Semdeg modis da ukanaskneli dRis winamorbedia, ar unda gaigivdes transformaciis saWiroebisgan. ufalTan Sexvedra swored es transformaciaa. es aris cecxli, romelic wvavs Cvens widas da xelaxla gvqmnis maradiuli sixarulis WurWlad. es Sexeduleba SeewinaaRmdegeboda madlis doqtrinas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu monanieba madlis antiTezisi iqneboda da ara misi forma, madliani SesaZleblobis saCuqari�� ~ (iqve, 230f.). ratcingeris daSorebas vatikanis meore krebamdel romis kaTolikur tradiciasTan, zogjer, gamaognebeli JReradoba aqvs: „am Sexvedris transformirebadi ‘momenti’ ar SeiZleba Sefasdes miwieri drois sazomebiT. is, marTlac, ar aris maradiuli, aramed gardamavali da mainc, misi ‘xanmokle’ an ‘xangrZlivi’ xangrZlivobis kvalifikaciis mcdeloba fizikidan miRebuli droiTi sazomebis safuZvelze gulubryvilo da unayofo iqneba~ (230).

105

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xsnis srulyofil aRsrulebasTan, romelic mxolod sayovelTao mkvdreTiT aRdgomisa da axal casa da axal miwaze samyaros srulyofis Semdeg moxdeba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kurTxeul micvalebulTa sulebisTvis miniWebuli RvTis netareba kidev ufro gaizrdeba misi xilviTa da aRmdgar sxeulebSi mTel mis xalxTan ziarebiT. amrigad, zeca Tavisi sisruliT parusias mohyveba da mas win ar uswrebs. RvTis sasufevlis mTeli sisruliT dauflebis naCqarevi mcdeloba bundovans xdis da asustebs qristianuli imedis konturebsa da Sinaarss da, rac yvelaze cudia, parusiasa da sxeulebriv aRdgomas zedmets xdis. sulis ukvdavebisa da Sualeduri mdgomareobis swori aRiareba, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, emsaxureba Cveni uflis didebuli dabrunebisa da axal casa da axal miwaze wmidanTa momavali sxeulebrivi arsebobis gamorCeulobis SenarCunebas. epilogis saxiT SeiZleba ganvixiloT eklesiis pirad da sajaro locvaSi erTgulad gardacvlilTa moxseniebis SesaZlebloba da masStabi. luTeranuli qristianoba upirobod gmobs romis praqtikas, romlis mixedviTac evqaristiaSi uflis realuri sxeuli da sisxli imyofeba, rogorc msxverpli, raTa viTomda salxinebelSi myof sulebs daexmaros, rac, sxva sityvebiT, e. w. Requiem Mass-ad10 aris cnobili. miuxedavad amisa, Smalkaldenis artikulebis am monakveTSi luTeri acxadebs, rom mzad aris ganixilos „unda movixsenioT Tu ara gardacvlilebi saidumloebaSi~ (rac gulisxmobs evqaristiul liturgias da ara ziarebis gamoyenebas an moqmedebas) mas Semdeg, rac romis mxare uars ityvis gardacvlilTa sakeTildReod mesis msxverplad Sewirvaze. apologiis laTinuri teqsti `mesas, rogorc msxverpli~-s winaaRmdeg mimarTul kritikas 10. mesa gardacvlilTaTvis.

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abalansebs Tanamedrove luTeranuli TvalisTvis gasaocari daTmobiT: Cven viciT, rom Zvelebi saubrobdnen micvalebulTaTvis locvaze. Cven amas ar vkrZalavT, aramed uarvyofT uflis serobis micvalebulTaTvis gadacemas ex opere operato.11 iustus ionasis apologiis germanuli Targmani sifrTxiliT aviwroebs melanxtonis daTmobas mxolod madlierebis gamoxatvamde, romelic netar micvalebulebTan erTad aRevlineba maTTvis da CvenTvis boZebuli maradiuli saunjeebisTvis. Tavad reformatori piradi locvis dros micvalebulTaTvis locvis garkveul zomas uSvebs: rac Seexeba micvalebulebs, radgan wmida werili am sakiTxze aranair informacias ar gvawvdis, me ar miviCnev codvad ama Tu im formiT Tavisufal�� ad vilocoT da vTqvaT: „Zvirfaso RmerTo, Tu es suli im mdgomareobaSia, romlisTvisac wyaloba xelmisawvdomia, Seiwyale igi!~ da rodesac es (msgavsi locva) erTxel an orjer Sesruldeba, sruliad sakmarisia. erTgulad gardacvlilTa liturgikuli moxsenieba gamoxatavs mebrZoli eklesiisa da triumfalurad gamarjvebuli eklesiis gamaerTianebel siyvarulis WeSmarit kavSirs, amasTanave frTxilad unda iqnas acilebuli STabeWdileba, TiTqos cdiloben sulebis gadayvanas yovlisSemZle RmerTis mier xsnasa da warwymedas Soris moTavsebul gadaulaxav zRvarze.12 eklesiis mTavari amocana 11. saqmis Sesruleba moqmedebiT. 12. serafim rouzi srulad citirebs dokuments saxelwodebiT „sicocxle sikvdilis Semdeg,~ romelic Sedgenilia ruseTis marTlmadidebeli mTavarepiskoposis ioane maqsimoviCis

107

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sxeulebriv sikvdilTan da mis saSinelebebTan mimarTebaSi aris pastoraluri da evangeluri: qristes gulisTvis codvebis mitevebis sityvieri da saidumloebrivi gadacema rwmenis meSveobiT, uRvToTa gamarTleba, erTaderTi ram aris, rac nebismier codvils saSualebas aZlevs mSvidad da imediT miiZinos.13 mier. „sulebis mdgomareoba ukanasknel samsjavromde~ saTauriT, es ukanaskneli werda Semdegnairad: „zogi suli (ormoci dRis Semdeg) maradiuli sixarulisa da netarebis winaswar gancdis mdgomareobaSia, zogi ki maradiuli tanjvis SiSSi, romelic srulad mova ukanaskneli samsjavros Semdeg. manamde jer kidev SesaZlebelia cvlilebebi sulebis mdgomareobaSi, gansakuTrebiT maTTvis usisxlo msxverplis (liturgiaze moxsenieba) SeTavazebiT, aseve sxva locvebiT~ (Soul After Death, 195). rouzi agrZelebs „gardmocemidan~ ramdenime magaliTis moyvanas sulebis Sesaxeb, romlebic sikvdilis Semdeg gadayvanili iyvnen daRupvidan xsnaSi (195-197). aRmosavleTis marTlmadideblur eklesias aSkarad jer kidev didi gza aqvs gasavleli wmida weriliT gardmocemaTa dasaregulireblad. 13. serafim rouzi gadmoscems aRmosavleT marTlmadideblur warmodgenas imis Sesaxeb, rom sikvdilidan mesame dRes sulebma unda gaiaron e.w. sazvereebi (73–96). mTavarepiskopos maqsimoviCis sityvebiT: „am dros (mesame dRes) [suli] gaivlis boroti sulebis legionebs, romlebic xels uSlian mis gzas da adanaSauleben mas sxvadasxva codvaSi, riskenac maT Tavad acdunes igi. sxvadasxva gamocxadebis mixedviT, arsebobs oci aseTi dabrkoleba, e.w. „sazvereebi,~ romelTagan TiToeulSi codvis esa Tu is forma mowmdeba; erTi maTganis gavlis Semdeg suli Semdegs xvdeba da mxolod yvela maTganis warmatebiT gavlis Semdeg SeuZlia suls gaagrZelos gza geenaSi dauyovnebliv Cagdebis gareSe�� ~ (192). Tu es marSruti zustad asaxavs imqveyniuri movlenebis wesrigs, maSin monanie avazakis samoTxisken mimavali gza uxeSad unda Sewyvetiliyo demonebTan Sexvedrisas, romlebsac gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba ekisrebodaT amboxisa da qurdobis codvebis monitoringze.

108

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me raRa vTxovo uZlurma? vin iSuamdgomlebs CemTvis, roca marTalTac wyaloba sWirdebaT? meufeo didebulo, Zliero, vinc usasyidlod gvaniWeb xsnas, wyalobis wyarov, Segvewie Cven! keTilo ieso, ifiqre Cems xsnaze, Seni sakvirveli gankacebiT, rom moitane; gTxov, nu damtoveb dasagmoblad! daRlil-daqanculi meZebdi, jvarze tanjvebiT gamomisyide, nuTu es madli amaod aris CemTvis? marTalo msajulo, codvis biwisTvis, mommadle Sendobis niWi, vidre Surisgebis dRe mova! gansasveneblad gamimzade adgili jvarze, o, qristeo, Sen amiyvane xelSi! RmerTo Semibrale, Seni wyalobiT Semibrale me!

sarCevi

109

110

nawili mesame

qveynierebis aRsasruli (makrokosmiuri esqatologia)

111

7 Cveni uflis mosvlis niSnebi am ukanasknel droSi, romelzec wmida werili winaswarmetyvelebs, samyaro uaresdeba da adamianebi sustdebian da ufro uZlurdebian. —augsburgis aRsareba wmida werilis mTavari esqatologiuri aqcenti araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris misi mkafio damowmeba netarTa Sualeduri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. piriqiT, mTeli wmida werilis saxarebiseuli Sinaarsi aris qristes RvTaebrivadamianuri pirovneba, misi Teo-antropuli Serigebis saqme da misi awmyo da momavali samefo, romelmac unda Caanacvlos da gaauqmos amqveyniuri mmarTveloba. ise, rogorc qriste da misi mefoba cxaddeba Zvel aRTqmaSi, iesos (axla ukve warsuli) Tavmdabali mosvla Tavis miwier cxovrebaSi da misi (jer kidev momavali) didebiT dabruneba xSirad ganixileba erTianobad. gvelis Tavis gaWeWyvaze saubrisas, dabadebis 3:15-is protoevangeliumi mianiSnebs golgoTaze, rogorc satanaze gamarjvebas, aseve borotze saboloo triumfalur gamarjvebas yovelives aRsasrulisas. meore mesianuri fsalmuni herodesa da pilates alianss aCvenebs cxebulis winaaRmdeg (fsal. 2:2; saq 4:25), aseve amtkicebs mis moaxloebul xilul mmarTvelobas yoveliveze (fsal. 2:8). Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyveleba savsea daZabulobiT mesiis damcirebis winaswarmetyvelebebsa (upiratesad meoTxe msaxuris simReraSi, es 112

qveynierebis aRsasruli

52:13–53:12) da misi didebuli mefobis winaxilvaTa Soris (mag: balaamis meoTxe qaragma, ricx 24:15–19; ix. agreTve zaqarias xilva, rogorc vnebis, 12:10, aseve parusiis, 14:4). es daZabuloba RvTaebrivad gadawyda gansxeulebaSi, rodesac iesos adamianuroba Caisaxa da iSva „RvTis xatad~ (fil 2:5), mxolod imisTvis, rom daefara ganuzomeli dideba, romelic hipostasuri erTianobiT gadaeca, miiRo ra „monis xateba~ (fil. 2:7), raTa Tavad aeRo mTeli wuTisoflis codvis sasjeli. Tavisi winaswarmetyveluri msaxurebis Sesrulebisas, jer kidev damcirebul mdgomareobaSi, Cvenma ufalma iwinaswarmetyvela misi momavali didebiT mosvla wuTisflis dasasruls (mark. 8:38; 14:62). angelozebma TerTmet mowafes es sarwmunoebis artikuli Seaxsenes (saq. 1:11). arc mociqulebi yofilan uyuradRebod, iesos momavali didebiT mosvlis WeSmaritebis qristianobis Semdgomi TaobebisTvis gadacemaSi (saq. 3:20; 1 kor. 1:7; 15:23; fil. 3:20; 1 Tes. 1:10; 2:19; 3:13; 4:15; 5:23; 2 Tes. 1:7, 10; 2:1; tit. 2:13; ebr. 9:28; iak. 5:7; 1 pet. 1:7, 13; 5:4; 2 pet. 3:10; 1 ioan. 2:28; 3:2). rwmenis artikuli, romelic parusias gamoxatavs, Setanilia samive kaTolikur mrwamsSi da ar SeiZleba eWvqveS dadges arc erTi seriozuli qristianis mier. vai, rom wmida werilis sandoobisadmi skepticizmma, rogoricaa istoriul-kritikul meTodSi napovni, gamoiwvia am dogmis avTenturobis eWvqveS dayenebis samwuxaro efeqti. sadac qreba RvTiSTagonebisa da gankacebis rwmena, iq aucileblad parusiis faqtobrivobis rwmenas Ziri eTxreba. mravali Tanamedrove mkvlevarisTvis, miwieri iesos gzavnilis apokalifsuri forma da Sinaarsi ubralod asaxavs mis kulturul pirobas da moklebulia savaldebulo (iuridiul) Zalas me-20 saukunis qristianebisTvis. sxvebs, magaliTad rudolf bultmans, ar uWirs uaryos iesos si113

Cveni uflis mosvlis niSnebi

tyvebi kacis Zis mosvlis Sesaxeb da am gancxadebas misgan (iesosgan) gansxvavebul pirovnebas miawers. Cveni uflisadmi savalalo upativcemuloba misi Cawerili sityvebidan arCevanis gakeTebis utifari praqtikis safuZvels warmoadgens, sadac zog rames avTenturad aRiarebs da zogsac eWvqveS ayenebs. maSinac ki, rodesac isini aRiareben saxarebebSi Cawerili uflismieri gancxadebebis istoriulobas, e. w. maRali kritikosebi midrekilni arian Cvens ufals yvelaze Seuracxmyofelad, Tavxeduri maneriT moeqcnen. amas akeTebs henri j. kadberi, romelmac mourideblad dasva kiTxva: rogor SeeZlo iesos hqonoda molodini kacisgan, rom mas yvelaferi gaeyida da gahyoloda, an devniT gaexara, an misdami SemcodisTvis mietevebina, an nadimebze yvelaze mokrZalebuli adgili aerCia? es aris kiTxva, romelsac xSirad vusvamdi sakuTar Tavs da aseve �� xSirad �� miCndeboda azri�� , iqneb mas �� sirRmiseulad arasodes ufiqrebia am sakiTxze. Cveni xsnis avtorisadmi erTguleba gvibiZgebs winaaRmdegoba gavuwioT aseT gandgomilebas iesos sityvis rwmeniT da mTel qristianobasTan erTad vaRiaroT: „is kvlav mova didebiT cocxlebisa da mkvdrebis gasasamarTleblad.~ Cveni amJamindeli mizani ar aris yuradRebis mipyroba parusiasken, rogorc aseTi, aramed imis Cveneba, Tu ra zomiT aRsrulda Cveni uflis winaswarmetyvelebebi misi moaxloebuli didebuli dabrunebis niSnebTan mimarTebaSi. maTes 24-e Tavi da misi sinoptikuri paralelebi (mark. 13; luk. 21) gviCvenebs garkveul pirobebs msoflioSi da eklesiaSi, rac mianiSnebs parusiis gardauval moaxloebaze. zeTisxilis mTaze gansxeulebuli RmerTis mier miTi114

qveynierebis aRsasruli

Tebuli niSnebi, uwyveti Sesrulebis procesSia maTi pirveli warmoTqmis momentidan. am faqtma ar unda gamoiwvios gakvirveba, radgan ukanaskneli Jami daiwyo gansxeulebiT da ar elodeba saukuneebis an Tundac aTaswleulebis gasvlas axali aRTqmis periodis Semdeg. maTes 24-Si da paralelur pasaJebSi CamoTvlili niSnebi analogiuria mosalodneli sikvdilis miniSnebebisa, romlebic individs sxeulebrivi sneulebiT eZleva; isini mianiSneben mTlianad samyaros mokvdavobasa da gardauval CamoSlaze.1 niSnebi, romlebic Cvenma ufalma zeTisxilis mTaze saubrisas da mociqulebma TavianT werilebSi daasaxeles, upiratesad rjuls ganekuTvneba. Cveni CamonaTvali daiwyeba RvTaebrivi samsjavros dRevandeli niSnebiT, romlebic miuTiTebs momaval ukanasknel samsjavroze (omebi, bunebrivi katastrofebi, SimSilobebi, Wiri). Semdeg gamovyofT yovlisSemZle RmerTis winaaRmdeg mzard ajanyebas misi marcxena xelis institutebSi da maTi meSveobiT, rac moaxloebuli dasasrulis mauwyebelia (seqsualuri danaSaulis zrda da ojaxebis ngreva, mizanmimarTuli abortebis masiuri zrda, marqsistul-komunisturi mmarTveloba, rogorc marcxena xelis demonuri uzurpacia da qristianobis devna samTavrobo doneze, ramac me-20 saukune sxva saukuneebze metad wamebulTa epoqad aqcia). mesame adgilze davafiqsirebT RmerTis winaaRmdeg mzard ajanyebas misi marjvena xelis sferoSi, anu eklesiaSi, sulier ajan-

1. „iseve rogorc adamianSi, mikrokosmosSi arsebuli darRvevebi da sneulebebi misi moaxloebuli sikvdilis macneebia, aseve es aranormaluri movlenebi da uwesrigobebi bunebis samyaroSi, makrokosmosSi da eklesiaSi aris moaxloebuli didi gankiTxvisa da qveynierebis dasasrulis macneebi~ (piperi, Christian Dogmatics 3:517).

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yebas, romelic Cveni uflis gansakiTxavad dabrunebisken migvaniSnebs (gandgomileba eklesiaSi, mesianuri pretenziebis mqone moZraobebi, antiqristes gamocxadeba RvTis taZarSi). arc parusiis is erT niSani SegviZlia gamovtovoT, romelic saxarebis ZiriTad rubrikas ganekuTvneba: mTeli msoflios evangelizacia. aqamde CamoTvlili esqatologiuri niSnebis oTxi dajgufeba namdvili indikatoria moaxloebuli dasasrulisa. magram iseve, rogorc eresi Crdils ayenebda orTodoqsobas mas Semdeg, rac `WeSmariti religia~ daiwyo protoevangeliumiT, aseve heterodoqsma (aratradiciulma) maswavleblebma warmoadgines uflis mosvlis gamogonili niSnebi wminda werilSi mkafiod gamocxadebul niSnebTan erTad. Cven mogviwevs zogadad gamovikvlioT dispensacionalisturi skolis mier gamoTqmuli pretenziebi eTnikuri israelis savaraudo esqatologiur rolTan da ebrauli saxelmwifos xelaxla dabadebasTan dakavSirebiT, kerZod sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad maTi momavali molodinebisa, rogoricaa wmidanTa moaxloebuli saidumlo atacebis mtkiceba. da bolos, Cven gamovikvlevT reformirebuli esqatologiis im mimarTulebis bibliur safuZvels, romelic amtkicebs, rom parusias win uZRvis aTaswliani warmatebis periodi miwieri qristianobisTvis (postmilenializmi). misi mosvlis bibliuri niSnebi RvTis samsjavros niSani awmyoSi miuxedavad imisa, rom RvTis risxva mounaniebeli codvis winaaRmdeg srulad aRsruldeba ukanasknel dRes, romaelTa 1:18 naTels xdis, rom RvTaebrivi risxva dacemuli qmnilebis usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg ukve awmyoSi vlinde116

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ba. ieremias Tanaxmad, katastrofebi, romlebic iudas gadasaxlebis dros daatyda Tavs, ar iyo SemTxveviTi movlenebi, romlebic xalxis qcevasTan ar iyo kavSirSi; piriqiT, maxvili, SimSili da Wiri daatyda Tavs gandgomil ers, rogorc RvTaebrivi sasjeli misi sulieri ajanyebisTvis (ier. 14:12; 21:9; 24:10; 29:17–19; 34:17; 38:2; ix. agreTve lev. 26:25–26; rju. 28:21, 25, 38–40, 42, 48). maxvili „omebisa da omebis xmebis~ saxiT aris misi mosvlis niSnebidan meore, romelic Cvenma ufalma maTes saxarebaSi zeTisxilis mTis diskursis formatSi CamoTvala (maT. 24:6). saerTaSoriso omebs ieso swrafad umatebs Tanmxleb niSnebs „SimSilsa da miwisZvrebs~ (maT. 24:7), xolo wm. luka avsebs pirvel maxarebels imiT, rom qristem am konteqstSi „Wirebzec~ isaubra (luk. 21:11). is, rac wmida werilSi RvTis awmyo samsjavros saxiT aris warmodgenili, sruliad gansxvavebuli aspeqtiT ganixileba mravali filosofosi Teologis mier, romlebic Teodiceas sakiTxze msjeloben. vinaidan mravali sicocxlisTvis saSiSi Wiri, yvela bunebrivi katastrofa da garkveuli SimSiloba adamianis nebisgan sruliad damoukideblad moqmedebs, xolo filosofosi Teologebi midrekilni arian, RmerTi da ara adamiani dasvan sabraldebo skamze da ikiTxon, rogor SeiZleba aseTi movlenebi Tavsebadi iyos siyvarulis RmerTis arsebobasTan.2 mkvlevarebi, romlebic ukuagdeben wmida werilis avtori2. Teodiceis Sesaxeb nawerebi mravalferovania: jon hikis „boroteba da siyvarulis RmerTi~ (Evil and the God of Love, New York: Harper & Row, 1978), romlis midgomac mkveTrad gansxvavdeba istoriuli qristianobisgan; ostin fareris „yovlisSemZle siyvaruli da usazRvro ubedurebebi~ (London and Glasgow: William Collins Sons, 1962), romelic miznad isaxavs Suamavlobas klasikur Teizmsa da evoluciur Teorias Soris; da k. s. luisis „tkivilis

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tets, Cveulebriv iviwyeben, rom ver vmkvidrdebiT „yvela SesaZlo samyarodan saukeTesoSi,~ rogorc laibnici varaudobda, aramed Cvens cxovrebas vatarebT dedamiwaze, romelic dawyevlilia adamis danaSaulis gamo, romelSic Cvenc TanavmonawileobT. katastrofuli movlenebi, romelTa warmoqmnaSi pasuxismgebel adamianur qcevas ar aqvs wili, namdvilad unda gavigoT, rogorc RvTaebrivi samsjavroebi, anu winamorbedebi ukanaskneli samsjavrosi. amavdroulad, am movlenaTa kvalificireba Cveni uflis lukas 13:1–5-Si mocemuli swavlebis WrilSi problema~ (The Problem of Pain, New York: Macmillan, 1944), romelic tradiciuli poziciis apologetikas gvTavazobs. is, rom am damsxvreuli cxovrebis mtkivneuli faqtebi srulad Tavsebadia istoriul dacemasTan, aRniSna jon henri niumenma, romelmac msoflios mkacr realobasa da RvTis siyvaruls Soris arsebuli erTi SexedviT winaaRmdegobis Sesaxeb dawera: „ra unda iTqvas am gulSi Camwvdom da gonebisamrev faqtze? me SemiZlia mxolod vupasuxo, rom an Semqmneli ar arsebobs, an adamianTa es cocxali sazogadoeba WeSmariti gagebiT gariyulia misi Tandaswrebidan. rom menaxa kargi aRnagobisa da gonis mqone biWi, daxvewili bunebis niSnebiT, magram qveyanaze uzrunvelyofis gareSe gadagdebuli, romelsac ar SeeZlo eTqva, saidan movida, misi dabadebis adgili Tu ojaxuri kavSirebi, davaskvnidi, rom misi istoria raRac saidumlosTan iyo dakavSirebuli da rom is iyo iseTi, visac, ama Tu im mizezis gamo, mSoblebs rcxvenodaT misi. mxolod amgvarad SemeZlo amexsna misi arsebobis aRTqmasa da mdgomareobas Soris arsebuli kontrasti. da ase vmsjelob samyaroze: Tu arsebobs RmerTi, radgan RmerTi arsebobs, maSin adamianTa modgma raRac saSinel Tavdapirvel ubedurebaSia Cabmuli. is ar aris Tavis Semoqmedis miznebTan SesabamisobaSi. es aris faqti, iseTive WeSmariti faqti, rogorc misi arsebobis faqti; da amgvarad, doqtrina, rasac Teologiurad pirvelqmnili codva ewodeba, CemTvis TiTqmis iseTive gardauvali xdeba, rogorc is, rom samyaro arsebobs da arsebobs RmerTi.~ (Apologia Pro Vita Sua [1864; reprint, London: Fontana Books, 1972], 278).

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unda movaxdinoT, rom katastrofis msxverplni araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda CaiTvalon uares codvilebad, vidre isini, vinc warmatebaSi cxovroben. codvaSi arsebobs gardauvali sayovelTao solidaroba, romelic gvaiZulebs vaRiaroT, rom im katastrofebis meSveobiT, romlebic zogierTs daatyda Tavs, yovlisSemZle RmerTi mouwodebs yvelas monaniebisken, gvibrZanebs ra warmavali sikeTeebis kerpTayvanismcemlobisgan SemovbrundeT misken, — Cveni maradiuli sikeTisaken, romelic erTaderTia vinc Rirsia Tayvaniscemisa. bunebrivi katastrofebis, SimSilisa da WirTa (epidemiebis) meSveobiT RmerTi Tavmdablobas gvaswavlis Cven, visi dacemuli bunebac ampartavnebiTa da urCobiT aris savse. dacemuli qmnilebis ampartavneba srulad gamoixateba Tanamedrove damokidebulebebSi, ra drosac RvTaebrivi samsjavro omis saxiT vlindeba. erebs Soris SeiaraRebuli konfliqti aSkarad adamianur, meorad mizezebs miekuTvneba. amitom urwmuno miiCnevs, rom is, rac adamianma gaaRviva, mis prevenciasac SEeZlebs. Cveni drois politikuri landSafti mofenilia e.w. samSvidobo moZraobebiT CrdiloeT amerikasa da dasavleT evropaSi, romlebic amtkiceben, rom dasavleTis Tavisufali saxelmwifoebis calmxrivi ganiaraReba aris yovlisSemZle wamali, romelic globalur mSvidobas moitans. sekularistebi rwmenis Tezisad miiCneven, rom adamianis ZalaSia politikuri qmedebiT bolo mouRos oms. omis saxiT RvTaebrivi sasjelis aridebis erTaderTi saSualebaa, zneobrivi da sulieri borotmoqmedebis monanieba; amitom dasavleTis samSvidobo moZraobebis mimarT rCevaa, rom TavianTi saqmianoba mimarTon Casaxvis momentSi Seqmnili adamianis sicocxlis pativiscemisaken, qorwinebisa da ojaxuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb RvTis kanonis ganmtkicebisken, zogadad 119

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adamianTa saqmeebis mowesrigebisa da upirveles yovlisa, wmida werilebSi gacxadebuli WeSmariti sarwmunoebisaken. omi, stiqiuri ubedurebebi, SimSili da Wiri adamianis istoriis did nawils Seadgens dacemidan dRemde da rogorc qristes mosvlis esqatologiuri maCveneblebi, isini amave dros codvis wesrigSi arsebuli cxovrebis msxvrevisa da mwuxarebis naRvliani mtkicebulebebia. RvTis ucxo saqmis Sedegebad mocemuli fenomenebi xazs usvamen codvis sruliad arabunebriv da aranormalur xarisxs, ris gareSec Cven, adamis Svilebi, mzad viqnebodiT, rom isini sruliad Cveulebrivad da rutinulad migveRo. Tumca, es warmoadgens Semoqmedis mier „Zalian kargad~ gamocxadebuli qmnilebis yvelaze Semzarav damaxinjebas, rom man adamiani SeaWirvos miwisZvriT, qariSxliTa da tornadoTi. RvTis keTilganwyobili zraxvebisa da mosiyvarule gegmebis yvelaze saSineli gaukuRmarTeba Cans kaenis mier abelis winaaRmdeg xelis aRmarTvaSi, romeli nimuSic grZeldeba SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi; da mxolod kacis nebayoflobiTma da danaSaulebrivma RmerTTan ziarebis uaryofam, SeiZleba sabolood ganmartos SimSilobis dros, ratom ambobs uars adamianisTvis Seqmnili dedamiwa miawodos mas sazrdo. miuxedavad imisa, bolo dros gadamdebi, epidemiuri daavadebebis winaaRmdeg sensaciuri gamarjvebebi moxda, gasul aTwleulSi dauokebelma epidemiam kvlav iCina Tavi SurisZiebiT, sqesobrivi gziT gadamdebi daavadebebis saxiT. mravali axalgazrdis gamanadgurebeli sxeulebrivi kolafsi da naadrevi sikvdili, romelTa asaki maT sazogadoebis yvelaze janmrTel da Zlier wevrTa Soris unda ayenebdes, xSirad pirdapir kavSirSia meeqvse mcnebisadmi mzard ugulebelyofasTan, rac TavisTavad dasasrulis 120

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maniSnebelia. es samedicino koSmari konkretulad ganasaxierebs Tavis yvelaze intensiur formas codvaSi arsebul msxvrevasa da saSinelebaze, romlis gamosworebac zogadad adamianis gamomgoneblobas da eqimebis gansakuTrebul ostatobas ar SeuZlia. am konteqstSi, is gagebuli unda iqnas ara mxolod rogorc RvTaebrivi sasjeli adamianuri araswori qmedebis mimarT, aramed rogorc RvTis gulidan monaniebisadmi mowodeba, romelsac surs adamians yvela codva apatios da gankurnos yvela misi sneuleba (fsal. 103:3). ufali Cveni migvaniSnebs, rom aq mocemuli uZvelesi movlenebi „mSobiarobis tkivilTa dasawyisia~ (maT. 24:8), niSnebi, romlebic sxvadasxva zomiT eZleva qristianuli samyaros yovel Taobas, raTa RvTis Svilebi Seagonos, elodon iesos didebiT dabrunebas, romelic Tavad daasrulebs omebs, bunebriv katastrofebs, SimSilsa da epidemiebs. am movlenebis „mSobiarobis sawyis tkivilebad~ moxsenieba imaze mianiSnebs, rom RvTis amJamindeli samsjavros niSnebis tkivilebi ufro gaZlierdeba parusiis kritikuli momentis moaxloebasTan erTad. SesaZloa, aseTi procesi SeiniSnos omis esqatologiur niSanSi, romelic Cvenma saukunem ukve orjer ganicada globaluri konfliqtis saxiT. ufro metic, letaluri SeiaraRebis gamanadgurebeli Zalis saocari zrda udavod moxda, sul ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi. amboxebis niSani msoflioSi gasuli saukunis meore naxevarSi evoluciis Teoriis farTo gavrcelebas Tan axlda istoriis gageba adamianis mdgomareobis SeuCerebeli gaumjobesebis WrilSi. pirvelma msoflio omma uxeSad gaaqarwyla maTi iluziebi, vinc kacobriobis bedis avtomatur evoluciur gaumjobe121

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sebas imedovnebda, ramac liberal Teologebsac ki misca saSualeba, eRiarebinaT pirvelqmnili codvis sazareli Sedegebi adamianTa saqmeebze. arc saukunis darCenilma nawilma SemogvTavaza raime sapirispiro mtkicebuleba, romelic dagvavaldebulebda, ufro rbili Sexeduleba gvqonoda dacemul adamianur bunebaze. piriqiT, adamianis Tandayolili sibilwis mtkicebulebebi imdenad gamravlda dokumentirebuli danaSaulebebis mTebad, rom bevri ukve faqtobrivad anesTezirebulia realobis saSinelebisgan usiamovno informaciis gadaWarbebuli raodenobiT. SeuiaraRebeli adamianis buneba ver itans aleqsandre solJenicinis samtomiani „arqipelagi gulagis~ wigns, sadac maoisturi sigiJe CineTSi kulminacias e.w. kulturul revoluciaSi3 aRwevs, rasac vietnamsa da kambojaSi saSineli komunisturi tiraniis gadacema mohyva Sedegad, an Tundac 3. hans Svarci braaten-iensonis „qristianuli dogmatikis~ esqatologiis lokusis erT Tavs uTmobs „sekularuli variantebis~�� ganxilvas, romlebic konkurencias uweven ukanasknel movlenaTa qristianul gagebas (karl braateni da robert iensoni, red., 2 tomi [filadelfia: Fortress Press, 1984]). „marqsistuli komunizmis~ (iqve 2:545–550) ganxilva iwyeba marqsisadmi pativiscemiT, grZeldeba erns bloxTan aRfrTovanebuli dialogiT da kulminacias aRwevs Tavmjdomare maosadmi guluxv qebaSi. gviandeli Tavmjdomaris gandideba gawonasworebulia im aRiarebiT, rom maoisturma CineTma, SesaZloa, ver miaRwia aTaswlian srulyofilebas da Semdegi winadadeba erT-erTi yvelaze suleluria, rac ki odesme dawerila: „vinaidan maos sikvdilis Semdeg axali reJimi ufro Riaa gare samyarosTvis, axla gvesmis, rom 1966 wlis didi proletaruli kulturuli revolucia mxolod SezRuduli warmateba iyo da ufro meti arastabiluroba gamoiwvia, vidre momgebiania socialuri da materialuri progresisTvis~ (549). am gverdebze Svarcis Tanamosaubred gamouyenebloba didwilad ganpirobebulia imiT, rom misi „esqatologiis �� lokusi~ mtkivneulad moklebulia Teologiur Sinaarss.

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balkaneTSi axlaxan Cadenili groteskuli sisastikeTa Sedegebi. samwuxarod, dacemuli adamianis gulSi borotebis ufskruli mxolod aRmosavleTSi ar SeiniSneba. es ucnauri `borotebiT tkboba~ farTodaa gavrcelebuli dasavleTis mdidar saxelmwifoebSi, sadac zogadad miRebulia abortis moTxovna. rodesac maRali samoqalaqo Tanamdebobis kandidatebs SeuZliaT iqadon qalis kanonier „uflebaze~ moiTxovos Tavisi saSvilosnos nayofis samedicino xocvaJleta, gonieri acnobierebs, rom borotebis gamravlebis dro, romelzec Cvenma ufalma isaubra (maT. 24:12), ukve sakmao xania dadga. suliwmidam kargad daaxasiaTa moraluri klimati, romelSic `aborti moTxovniT~ SeiZleba ayvavdes, rasac wminda pavles meSveobiT 2 timoTes 3:3-Si zedsarTavi saxeliT άστοργοι (daundobeli) ambobs. mociqulis azri ukeTaa gadmocemuli mefe iakobis versiiT: „bunebrivi siyvarulis gareSe~ (arsebiTad ucvlelia NEB-Si), RSV-Si „araadamianuri, xolo NIV-iT „siyvarulis gareSe.~ #A`Άστοργοσ~ niSnavs mas, vinc moklebulia bunebriv ojaxur grZnobasa da siyvaruls da Sesabamisad, zustad Seefereba im mSoblebs, romlebic mSvidad agzavnian sakuTar Svilebs ganadgurebisken. es zedsarTavi saxeli me-20 saukunis aRorZinebul warmarTuli barbarosobis arss exeba.4 4. „astorgo~ (ἀστοργία) niSnavs „bunebrivi siyvarulis gareSe.~ berZnulSi siyvarulis aRmniSvnel sxvadasxva sityvaTagan, storge (στοργή) iyo is, romelic gansakuTrebiT ojaxur siyvaruls aRniSnavda. am konteqstSi barkli zustad miuTiTebs pavles droindel berZnul-romaul samyaroSi arasasurveli Cvilebis mitovebisa da realuri Cvilkvlelobis praqtikaze. pavles Tanamedrove, seneka, susti an deformirebuli Cvilebis daxrCobas TavisTavad dasaSvebad miiCnevs: [de ira 1.15]~ (romaelTa 1:31-ze; C. E. B. Cranfield, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, 2 tomi [edinburgi: T. & T. Clark, 1980], 1:132).

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winaswarmetyvelebul devnasTan, gandgomilebasTan da eresTan erTad saubaria momdevno sam muxlSi (maTe 24:9–11), xolo gamravlebul borotebaze maTe 24:12-Si, rac karga xania arsebobs kacobriobis SuagulSi. eklesiaste sruliad marTali iyo, roca SeniSna, rom am mzisqveSeTSi araferia axali, rasac qristemac miaqcia yuradReba, roca Tavisi parusiis uSualod wina dReebi noesa da lotis dReebs Seadara (maT. 24:37–39; luk. 17:26–29). Cveni uflis miniSneba warRvnamdel samyaroze dauyovnebliv gvaxsenebs moses frazas, gajerebuls erTi zedsarTavi saxeliTa da ori zmnizediT, romlebsac Sors mimavali mniSvneloba aqvs: `mudamJams ukeTuri iyo maTi gulisTqma~ (dab. 6:5 ing. `yovelgvari gulis zraxva ganuwyvetliv boroti iyo~). warsuli oqros xanis gamogoneba, rogorc qariSxliT savse awmyos antiTeza, uazro Zalisxmevaa romantikul umecrebaSi, radgan pirvelqmnili codvis damangreveli tendenciebi dacemis Semdeg stabilurad mravlad iyo. is, rac TvalSisacemad axalia Cvens epoqaSi, aris arsebiTad boroti qcevis sajaro mowoneba da waxaliseba samoqalaqo xelisuflebisa da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis xelmZRvanelebis mier. es fenomeni zogadad, arsad ar aris ufro SesamCnevi, vidre ojaxuri cxovrebis sferoSi da gansakuTrebiT seqsualur eTikaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom meeqvse mcnebis winaaRmdeg codvebi araxalia, qristianuli civilizaciis TvalsazrisiT, raRac sruliad axalia is, Tu rogor SeiTqva mTavroba, media da saswavlo dawesebulebebi, raTa xeli Seuwyon imas, rac cnobilia rogorc seqsualuri revolucia. kanonmdebloba aRar cdilobs qorwinebis institutis gaumjobesebas da ganqorwinebis tragediis Sekavebas. STambeWdavi axal124

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gazrdebis aRmzrdelebi miznad aRar isaxaven maTSi ganaviTaron ubiwoeba. is, rac adre sworad da arasworad iyofoda, dResdReobiT Tanabrad misaRebi „cxovrebis wesad~ iqca. moraluri diskursis terminologiamac ki ganicada `orueliseuli axalmetyvelebis~5 mavnebloba, radgan siZva da mruSoba ganzrax anemiur-JRerad, „qorwinebamdel~ da „qorwinebisgareSe~ seqsad iqca. Cveni Taobis moraluri kolafsi yvelaze mkafiod abortis usircxvilo legalizaciaSi vlindeba. rodesac sindisi ase advilad SeiZleba amoiSanTos, raTa momavali moqalaqeebis masobrivi mkvleloba sajaro sikeTed iqnes miRebuli, cxadia, rom Taoba, romelsac Svilis gaCenisa da aRzrdis bunebrivi survilic ki ar aqvs, sikvdilismoyvare demonebis monobaSia Cavardnili. Cveni Taoba misaRebad miiCnevs daubadebeli bavSvebis masobriv xocva-Jletas da unda gvaxsovdes, rom am yvelaze daucveli adamianebis tanjva anesTeziiTa da tkivilgamayuCeblebiTac ki ar neldeba. arc Cveni TanamedroveebisTvis araa amazrzeni is faqti, rom am mokluli Cvilebis gvamebisTvis Rirseuli dakrZalva akrZalulia (romlebic udierad iyrebian insineratorebSi an nagvis urnebSi), xolo maTi organoebi samedicino miznebisTvis (transplantaciisTvis, „nayofis qsovilis~ saxiT!) gamoiyeneba. „am mizezTa gamo,~ ambobs mociquli, rom „modis RvTis risxva~ (kol. 3:6). aRmosavleT evropaSi 1989 wels da mis Semdeg marqsistul-komunisturi reJimebis moulodneli dacemis gamo sixaruli, SesaZloa tragikulad naadrevi aRmoCndes. 5. orueli Tavis naSromebSi xSirad iyenebda utopiur an distopiur scenarebs, raTa gamoekvlia sazogadoebrivi sistemebis SesaZlo ganviTareba da maTi Sedegebi.

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jer kidev gasarkvevia, aris Tu ara Tavisuflebis mou lodneli ayvaveba yofil sabWoTa kavSirsa da mis sate litebSi imaze meti, vidre xanmokle intervalebi sastiki monobis xangrZliv periodebs Soris. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, mxolod yvelaze zedapirul damkvirvebels SeeZlo ver SeemCnia naxevarsaukunovan marqsistul-komunistur mmarTvelobaSi evropisa da aziis did nawilze RvTis marcxena xelis samefos demonuri uzurpacia. Tavis maxvilgonivrul naSromSi „Tanamedrove droeba~ pol jonsoni leninze miuTiTebs, romelmac mTeli me-20 saukunis politikuri dRis wesrigi daadgina. absoluturi Zalauflebisken swrafviTa da misi flobiT yovelgvari moraluri SezRudvebis sruli ugulebelyofiT, leninma rkinis realobad aqcia totalitaruli tirania, romelic frangul revoluciaSi, gansakuTrebiT mis iakobinur fazaSi iyo warmoCenili. ufro sayuradRebo, vidre sabWoTa imperiisa da wiTeli CineTis dazaralebul mosaxleobaze komunisturi mmarTvelobis samxedro gziT daweseba, iyo marqsizmis apologetebis amouwuravi maragi, romlebic 1917 wlidan imaRlebdnen xmas dasavluri universitetebis elitebSi, JurnalistebSi, politikosebsa da eklesiis msaxurebSic ki. hiulet jonsonis, kenterberis cnobili „wiTeli dekanozis~ mier dawerili mogoneba, misi aRmafrTovanebeli audienciis Sesaxeb ioseb stalinTan, asociacias iwvevs hans Svarcis qebasTan Tavmjdomare maos mimarT, romelic ukve vaxseneT. Tavisi xangrZlivi cxovrebis dasasruls jonsoni ixsenebs, rogor Semoitana Tavis saubarSi me-20 saukunis udides masobriv mkvlelTan da mTavar mdevnelTan sabWoTa kavSirSi religiuri Tavisuflebis delikaturi Tema: 126

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„piradad me,~ – Temis gagrZelebis mizniT vTqvi, – „mTavrobis mraval qmedebaSi vxedav sabWoTa xelisufalTa mier saerTo sa�� kacobrio masisTvis gakeTebul saqmeebs, romlebic ufro metad vidre sxvagan Seesabameba qristianul swavlebasa da morals. arsebobs raRac safuZveli im banaluri gazviadebisTvis, rom isini, vinc samarTlianobisa da siyvarulis RmerTis rwmenas aRiareben, ise iqcevian, TiTqos ar swamdeT, xolo isini, vinc uaryofen mas, ise iqcevian, TiTqos swamT.~ stalinma da molotovma gaiRima. savsebiT logikuria! marqsistuli komunizmis mimzidveloba urwmuno me-20 saukunis adamianisTvis ar SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod marqsis utopiuri dapirebiT klasikuri oqros xanis Sesaxeb. igor SafareviCma gansakuTrebulad aRniSna, rom „religiis siZulvili socialistur saxelmwifoebSi… ar SeiZleba aixsnas ekonomikuri an politikuri mizezebiT.~ marqsis argumenti, rom religiis aRmsarebloba zebunebrivi sferos Sesaxeb mogonili iluziaa, adamianis konkretuli socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri gaucxoebis kompensaciisTvis, ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc mxolod uintereso akademiuri kvlevis produqti. piriqiT, unda daisvas kiTxva, SeiZleba Tu ara „komunistur manifestSi~ moqmedi sruliad avTvisebiani azrovneba gagebuli iqnes, rogorc wminda adamianuri borotebis gamoxatuleba. „burJuaziis~ SeuzRudavi dacinvis kvamlis farda, romliTac marqsi faravs Tavis mowodebebs kerZo sakuTrebis dasasrulisa da ojaxis gauqmebis Sesaxeb, ver niRbavs im faqts, rom misi siZulvilis obieqtebi Tavad ojaxi da kerZo sakuTrebaa da ara mxolod am RvTis keTil mosacemelTa savaraudo burJuaziuli gaukuRmarTebani. aseve, 127

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raRac sruliad arabunebrivia marqsis mier patriotizmis mimarT gamovlenil gamanadgurebel sarkazmSi. ver ugulebelvyofT im faqts, rom is aranair dacvas ar gvTavazobs komunizmis mimarT wamoyenebuli im winaaRmdegobebis sapasuxod, romlebsac TviTonve aJRerebs misi mowinaaRmdegeebis piriT: „magram komunizmi auqmebs maradiul WeSmaritebebs, is auqmebs yovelgvar religiasa da yovelgvar morals, nacvlad imisa, rom isini axal safuZvelze aagos….… ..~ riCard vurmbrandis mier warmodgenili mtkicebulebebi, romlebic adasturebs imas, rom marqsi praqtikosi satanisti iyo, damajereblad aCvenebs, rom marqsizmi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris kacobriobis gaumjobesebisadmi miZRvnili filosofia, aramed totaluri omis programa yovlisSemZle RvTisa da misi marcxena da marjvena xelis mmarTvelobis keTili mosacemlis winaaRmdeg da rom ekonomikuri da inteleqtualuri cxovrebis CaxSoba komunisturi mmarTvelobis sistemebis pirobebSi ar aris marqsistuli principis mcdari gamoyenebis Sedegi, aramed sikvdilis survilis gardauvali Sedegi, romelic marqsistuli filosofiaa. vurmbrandi aRniSnavs, rom marqsis mier saSualo skolis damTavrebis Semdeg daweril leqsSi („sasowarkveTis vedreba~) aris Semdegi striqoni: „msurs Suri viZio masze, vinc zemoT marTavs.~ studentobisas daweril piesaSi `oulanemi~ (romlis saTaursac vurmbrandi miiCnevs imanuelis satanistur anagramad), marqsi xarobs kacobriobis jojoxeTSi CaTrevis perspeqtiviT da acxadebs Tavis ganzraxvas: „me wyevlas gamovacxadeb kacobriobaze.~ piesa msgavsi sentimentebiT sruldeba: 128

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samyaro, romelic Cemsa da ufskruls Sorisaa, Cemi uwyveti wyevliT namsxvrevebad vaqcev. sxva poemaSi, saxelwodebiT `moTamaSe~ marqsi saubrobs maxvilze, romelic sibnelis mTavarma miyida mas, romelic xsnis Semdeg faqts: jojoxeTuri nisli amodis da tvins avsebs, vidre gavgiJdebi da guli sruliad ar Semecvleba.6 komunisturi reJimis qveS moqceuli xalxebis tragikuli bedi aris im boroti zraxvebis yvelaze saSineli ganxorcieleba, romelic marqsma Tavis leqsSi „adamianis siamaye~ gamoxata. zizRiT movisvri Cems xelTaTmans samyaros saxis pirpirspir, da vixilav am pawawina goliaTis kolafss, romlis dacemac Cems vnebas ver daacxrobs. Semdeg vixetialeb RvTis msgavsad gamarjvebuli, qveynierebis nangrevTa Soris da Cems sityvebs mivaniWebs aqtiur Zalas, Tavs Semoqmedis tolad SevigrZnob. herman sasem mwared aRniSna 1932 wels, rom „marqsistu6. `Semdegi citata aRebulia marqsis leqsidan „hegelze:~ „sityvebs vaswavli erTmaneTSi aureulad eSmakeul areulobaSi. amgvarad, yvelas SeuZlia ifiqros is, rac Tavad moesurveba.~ Tavis leqsSi „�� fermkrTali qalwuli�� ~ is wers: „ase davkarge samoTxe, vici es srulad, Cemi suli, odesRac RvTis erTguli, jojoxeTisTvisaa arCeuli~�� (17). sxva mtkicebulebebs Soris, romlebsac vurmbrandi Tavisi Tezisis dasasabuTeblad iSveliebs, aris marqsis mier socialuri areulobis miwera �� „Cvens mamac megobar, robin gudfelousTvis,~�� am erTi SexedviT uwyinari sakuTari saxelis gamoyeneba uiliam tindalisa da uiliam Seqspiris nawerebSi satanis sinonimad (72).

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li Teoria aTasjer iqna uaryofili – germaniaSi stambis melnis mdinareebiT, xolo ruseTSi sisxlis mdinareebiT.~ sisxlis mdinareebi, romlebsac dedamiwa ukanasknel dRes gadmoafrqvevs leninisa da misi memkvidreebis dasasjelad, didwilad mowameTa sisxlisgan Sedgeba. eklesiis devna msoflios mier, mowameTa sisxlis daRvris CaTvliT, Cveni uflis mier aRniSnulia, rogorc misi mosvlis niSani (maT. 24:9). me-19 saukunis Sua xanebSi matTias ioseb Seebenma zustad gansazRvra devnis mZime talRis fesvi, romelic safrangeTis revoluciiT daiwyo: amgvarad, saukuneze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi jojoxeTis agentebi gahyvirodnen: „écrasez l’infâme!~ (gaanadgureT samarcxvino), vinaidan gankacebuli qriste maT klanWebs �� miRmaa, isini devnian mis mistikur sxeuls demonuri siSlegiT. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom maTi devnis kampaniebi sporaduli7 xangrZlivobisa da SezRuduli masStabis iyo, Zvel mdevnelT, rogorebic iyvnen deciusi da diokletiane, Znelad Tu SevadarebT eklesiis iseT bolodroindel mtrebs, rogorebic arian lenini, stalini, xruSCovi, mao, kastro da maTi memkvidreebi, romelTa totalurma omma qristianobis winaaRmdeg mkveTrad gaaZliera devnis esqatologiuri niSani. aleqsandre solJenicini damnaSaved SeiZleba CaiTvalos dasavleTisadmi braldebis SemsubuqebisaTvis, romelic man nobelis premiis miRebisas warmoTqva: msoflios erT nawilSi, arc ise didi xnis win, asobiT aTasma mdumare qristianma sicocxle gaswira RvTis rwmenisTvis iseTi devnis pirobebSi, romelic aranakleb mZime iyo, vidre Zvel romSi. 7. araintensiuri.

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qristes sxeulis wevrTa ufro intensiuri devna aq, dedamiwaze, mosalodnelia, radgan Wiris dro gagrZeldeba ormocdameaTe dRidan parusiamde (maT. 24:21; mark. 13:19; SeadareT aseve gamocx. 19:19; 20:9). qristianis droebiTi arsebobis dakargva, maradiuli sicocxlis mopovebaa (maT. 16:25 da paralelebi); samyaros TvalSi damamcirebeli marcxi, amaRlebuli qristes mefobaSi Tanaziarebis miRwevaa (gamocx. 20:4). TeTr bisonSi Semosil mowameTa laSqars sixarulis mometebuli mizezi aqvs. amboxebis niSani eklesiaSi qristes mowinaaRmdegeTa Soris mxolod kaiafa ki ara, aramed megobarTa Soris iudac unda hyavdes. — martin luTeri, EEin Brief an die Christen zu Strassburg wider den Schwärmergeist

xorcSesxmuli RmerTis bageebiT gveswavla, rom „cruwinaswarmetyvelebi gamoCndebian, rodesac qristianobas devna da gandgomileba daatydeba Tavs (maT. 24:11). rogorc misi mosvlis sxva niSnebis SemTxvevaSi, uflis gafrTxileba cruwinaswarmetyvelTa winaaRmdeg exeba ara mxolod raime Soreul momavals, aramed misi eklesiis mTel cxovrebas ormocdameaTe dRidan moyolebuli (maT. 7:15). wm. pavles mowodeba pastoraluri erTgulebisken efesel uxucesebTan bolo Sexvedraze, ufro gadaudebeli gaxda misi winaswarmetyveluri codnis gamo, vinaidan sulis damRupveli eresi apirebda axalSobili eklesiis saZirkvelSive Seryevas (saq. 20:29–30). iseve, rogorc msoflio istoria didwilad omebis istoriaa, aseve eklesiis istoria upirveles yovlisa aris cru swavlebaTa aRzevebisa da maTi uaryofis aRwera wmida qristianobis wiaRSi. radgan satana jer kidev ar aris Cagdebuli cecxlis tbaSi, meomarma eklesiam mosvenebis erTi saaTi ar icis, romelic ar 131

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yofiliyo darRveuli doqtrinaluri uTanxmoebiT. sityva ara mxolod unda vaRiaroT, aramed misTvis vibrZoloT kidec (1 kor. 11:19). doqtori luTeri pirdapir gvaxsenebs, rom „wmida werilebTan dakavSirebuli uTanxmoeba da dava… RvTaebrivi davaa, romelSic RmerTi ewinaaRmdegeba eSmaks...… efes. 6:12.~ cruwinaswarmetyvelTa esqatologiuri niSani, romelic cdomilebebs avrcelebs, axali aRTqmis droidan moyolebuli, gare qristianobasTan aris gadajaWvuli da is ar Seasustebs Tavis Zalas parusiamde darCenil droSi. tolerantobis urbanuli (moqalaqeTa) saTnoeba, ramdenadac saWiro da sasargebloa marcxena xelis sferoSi, Tuki ukontrolod iqneba gamoyenebuli marjvena xelis sferoSi, SeiZleba iseTi cudi gavlena iqonios Cvens cnobierebaze, rom TvalnaTliv gamovlenili eresis saSinelebisadmi srulad dagvadumos. satanis omma RvTiuri sityvis marTlzomierebis winaaRmdeg gamoiwvia saxarebis daxSoba meore saukunis gnosticizmis labirinTul sistemebSi, romlebic bevrad ufro mimzidvelia ampartavani xorcisTvis, vidre RvTis ubralo WeSmariteba. Tavisi axali epoqis memkvidris msgavsad, gnosticizmi gvTavazobda religiis nugeSs monaniebis usiamovnebebis gareSe, rac yovelTvis iyo brbos gulis mogebis xriki. ra donis gmoba iyo is, rom markionma (sinopis episkoposis Svili) gabeda rjulisgan saxarebis garCevis miRma gasuliyo da sakuTari TvalsazrisiT SeemuSavebina ontologiuri gancalkeveba qmnilebisa da rjulis, samarTliani RvTisa saxarebis keTili RmerTisgan, ra drosac man wmida werili daamcro da gaapartaxa! rogori Saqarmoyrili uaryofa imaleboda gamomsyidveli qristesi da misi sikeTeebis, ariozis samebis meore piris filosofiur daqveiTebaSi, romelic mxolod sapatio RvTaebis (qmnili) 132

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rangSi dahyavs! rogori zizRi dgas gankacebis ukan pelagiusis mier saxarebis rjulad qcevaSi! ra Tavxedobam aRZra cvingli Camoeyaliebebia mexuTe kolona reformaciis eklesiaze ukandaxevis Setevis mizniT! da mainc, yvela es Zveli eresiarqi iyo mxolod mokrZalebuli winamorbedi im gandgomilebisa, ramac dRes qristianobis qadagebisa da swavlebis umetesi nawilis kontroli igdo xelSi. klasikuri eresebis mzakvruli da daxvewili forma im faqtiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom yofili Taobebis eretikosebi Tavs valdebulad grZnobdnen, cxvris tansacmeli CaecvaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi cru maswavleblebi jer kidev CvenTan arian, dRevandeli saeklesio landSaftis gadamwyveti maxasiaTebelia is, rom heterodoqsia8 didwilad gadaizarda aSkara, SiSvel, usircxvilo gandgomilebaSi, romlis egidiTac mglebi sajarod Tamamad gamodian mglissave samosSi. istoriul-kritikuli meTodis virusma imdenad mowamla mravali, TviT eklesiis wiaRSi myofni da mowodebis mqonenic ki sixaruliT uaryofen gamomsyidvel ufals da fexqveS Telaven RvTivSTagonebul werilsa da mis gzavnils. mTel wmida saqristianoSi gandgomileba amJamad vrceldeba feministuri, ganmaTavisuflebeli da procesuli „Teologiebis~ saxiT. am demonuri moZraobebis mier amJamad miyenebul ganadgurebasTan SedarebiT, IV da XVI saukuneebis brZolebi Cais finjanSi arsebuli qariSxlis doneze moCans. uflis mosvlis niSnebidan pirveli, maTes saxarebis zeTisxilis diskursSi CamoTvlilTagan, cru mesiebis fenomenia: „vinaidan mravali mova Cemi saxeliT da ityvis: ‘qriste var!’ da mravals Seacdenen~ (maT. 24:5; ix. agreTve 23–24). qristianoba amgvarad gafrTxilebulia im 8. gansxvavebnuli moZRvreba.

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TaRliTTa mTeli speqtris winaaRmdeg, romlebic iesos pirvelobis uzurpirebas moaxdendnen, bar-koxbadan9 dawyebuli sun miun munis10 CaTvliT. Tumca, cru mesiebi ara mxolod individebis saxiT modian, romelTa siamayis buStebi maleve ifuSeba, rodesac isini mokvdavobis saerTo xvedrs iziareben, aramed bevrad ufro mzakvrulad, koleqtiuri moZraobebis saxiT. marqsistuli komunizmi swored aseTi cru mesianuri moZraobaa, WeSmariti mesiisa da misi keTili samefos saSineli demonuri karikatura; da miuxedavad imisa, rom es istoriuli fenomeni aSkarad da sruliad eklesiis miRmaa [extra ecclesiam], gamaognebel faqtad rCeba is, rom aRmoCndnen iseTi eklesiis msaxurebi, romlebic adidebdnen stalinur komunizms da awmyo drois RvTis samefos ganxorcielebad miiCnevdnen! iesos miniSneba, rom cru mesiebi misi saxeliT warmoadgenen Tavs, gvafrTxilebs, rom miuxedavad imisa individualur Tu koleqtiur formaSi warmodgebian, maT imxela Tavxedoba eyofaT, rom Tavs namdvili qristianobis gansaxierebad warmoaCenen. gnosticizmi, romelic II saukunis eklesias aryevda, amtkicebda, rom swored is da ara kaTolikuri eklesia erTgulad gadmoscemda qristeSi arsebul RvTis gamocxadebas. valentinusi, basilide11 da maTi Tanamoazreebi mogvianebiT axali saxiT mogvevlinen okulturi N`axali era~s moZraobis saxiT, romelic sazogadoebis Tvalwin 1975 wlis Semdeg gamovida. es moZraoba, zogadad rom vTqvaT, Teosofiuri azrovnebis skolis ganaxlebuli formaa, romelic warmoiSva rusi fsiqikosis elena petrovna blavat9. romis imperiis winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli ebraeli lideri. 10. munistebis lideri. 11. II saukunis gnostikosebi.

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skis (1851-1891) moRvaweobiTa da naSromebiT. blavatskis gardacvalebis Semdeg, Teosofiuri sazogadoebis xelmZRvaneloba eni besants (1847-1933) gadaeca, sasuliero piris qvrivs, romelic indoeTis subkontinentis induri religiiT iyo moxibluli. termini „axali era~ pirvelad Teosofiur netarebis epoqas miusadaga elis a. beilim (1880-1949), romelic blavatskis msgavsad acxadebda, rom Tavisi mravali naSromis Sinaarss amaRlebuli sulis ostatebisgan iRebda, romlebic, savaraudod, tibetSi cxovrobdnen. Teosofiuri dogmebi, romlebic àxali eras~ moZraobis propagandaSi vlindeba, Rrma TanxmobaSia rogorc totalitarul ideologiasTan, aseve samyaros warmoSobis wminda amqveyniur axsnebTan RvTis pirovnulobis uaryofaSi, romelic distanciurad, magram namdvilad aris gamosaxuli adamianis pirovnebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom axali epoqis azrovneba uaryofs qristes gadamrCenel saqmes uxeSi zizRiT, misi gmobani iwyeba da warmoiSoba sarwmunoebis pirveli artikulis mimarT daudevari SeuracxyofebiT. RvTis pirovnuloba fexqveS aris gaTelili, rasac Tan axlavs is, rom mis xatad Seqmnili TiToeuli adamianis unikaluroba ganurCevel monistur12 konglomeratSi13 aris Camdnari. àxali eras~ realobis gageba SeiZleba damaxinjebis gareSe sam principad SeikumSos.14 pirveli, Nàxali eras~ azrovneba amcrobs yovlisSemZle RmerTs arapirovnuli 12. erTcentriani marTveloba. 13. kompaniaTa erToblioba. 14. axali �� era�� s moZraobis saukeTeso erTtomeuli�� s prezentacia, romelic misive rigebidan aris SemoTavazebuli, moipoveba „�� axali �� eras katalogSi~ (ix. SeniSvna 11, Tavi 5). axali eras azrovnebis yvelaze sasargeblo uaryofebs Sorisaa duglas gro-

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absolutis statusamde, romelic ganurCevlad identificirdeba realobasTan mTlianobaSi da mis yvela nawilSi. Tumca saubars agrZeleben „RmerTze~ visi transcendencia sufTa imanentobaSi iSleba ise, rom is amqveyniur procesebTan identificirdeba. N`axali eras~ msoflmxedveloba, rogorc monisturi, aseve panTeisturia da transcendentuli pirovnuli RmerTis Sedegad miRebuli dabneleba xsnis vakuums, romelic ivseba adamianis gakerpebiT, ra drosac pirovnebas axaliseben sakuTar Tavi RvTaebas miaweron. meorec, savaraudod RvTaebrivi adamiani miCneulia ukvdavad pirovnuli gaqrobis gagebiT. sikvdili gancalkevebulia yovelgvari codvis sasjelisgan da interpretiretuisis „axali eras mxileba~ (Unmasking the New Age, Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1986) da eliot mileris „swrafi kursi axali eras moZraobaze~ (A Crash Course on the New Age Movement, Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1989). miuxedavad imisa, rom mileri axali saukunis mimdevarTa „ZiriTad rwmenebs~ aerTianebs aranakleb cxra saTauris qveS (16–18), misi kategoriebi midrekilia gadafarvisa da Serwymisken, maTi umetesoba ki aq warmodgenil pirvel or saTauramde daiyvaneba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas grotuisis mier warmodgenil eqvs gansxvavebul axali eras Tezisze (18– 31). Teosofiis dogmebis farTo sajaroobamde, axali saukunis propagandis qolgis qveS, f. e. maieris swavlebis analizi srulad Seesabameboda Cvens daskvnebs: „Teosofistebi amboben, rom maTma kvlevam ori ZiriTadi WeSmariteba gamoavlina: (1) bunebaSi arsebuli faruli Zalebi aCvenebs, rom RmerTi imanenturia da (2) adamianSi arsebuli latenturi Zalebi aCvenebs, rom adamiani srulyofilebadia~ (artur karl pipkorni, red. The Religious Bodies of America, me-4 gamocema [St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1961], 555). ixileT aseve jon r. stivensoni, „�� ormagi pasuxis gacema „axali eras~ uZveles Secdomebze~ (Giving a Twofold Response to the Ancient Errors of the ‘New Age,’ ~ Lutheran Theological Review 3 (Spring/ Summer 1991): 47–56).

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bulia neitraluri terminebiT, rogorc ubralod erTi sibrtyidan meoreze gadasvla, — Tu ara ubralo iluzia. „SesaZloa, Cveni sikvdilis dajereba yvelaze didi iluziaa,~ — mouwodebs Sirli makleini, imeorebs ra meri beiker edis sityvebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom sikvdilis Semdeg `N axali eras~ pirovnebis gadarCenis koncefcia arafer SuaSia sulis ukvdavebis miRebasTan, rogorc RvTaebriv niWTan, rac aucileblad gulisxmobs yovlisSemZle RmerTis winaSe angariSvaldebulebas. samagierod, moZraobis warmomadgenlebi gulwrfelad fiqroben adamianis Tandayolil RvTaebriobaze, RvTaebriv statusze, romelic adamians aqvs Sinagani uflebiT da araviTar SemTxvevaSi qmnili niWiT. transcendenturi Semoqmedi mcirdeba arapirovnul Zalamde, radgan adamiani wamoimarTeba mis adgilas. karmis kanonis, rogorc samyaros saboloo samarTlianobis garantis moZalebuli miRebiT, `N axali eras~ moazrovneebma bevri ram gaakeTes reinkarnaciasTan dakavSirebuli koncefciis dasavleTSi popularizaciisTvis. yovlisSemZle RmerTis suverenuli unikalurobis uaryofiT, es moZraoba uars ambobs misi xatad Seqmnili TiToeuli adamianis pirovnuli unikalurobisa da ganumeoreblobis dafasebaze. rogorc wm. ioane aRniSnavs, „yovels, visac mSobeli uyvars, misgan Sobilic uyvars~ (1 ioan. 5:1). adamianTa saZmo ar arsebobs RvTis mamobis gareSe da usasrulod amaRlebuli sampirovnuli RmerTis Tayvaniscema mWidro kavSirSia misi adamianuri qmnilebebis unikalurobis pativiscemasTan. reinkarnaciis cdomileba ukve detalurad uaryo iohan gerhardma orTodoqsobis dros da pol althausma msoflio omebs Soris periodSi. ebr. 9:27 rCeba suliwmidis antidotad reinkarnaciis cdomilebis winaaRmdeg: „adamianTaTvis aris dadgenili erTxel sikvdili da mere gasamarTleba.~ mesame, SeuzRudavi adamiani, romelmac RmerTis adgi137

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lis uzurpacia moaxdina, aris is, vinc „sakuTar realobas qmnis.~ gasakviri ar aris, rom Nàxali era~ adamians ubiZgebs tradiciuli moralis scenari xelaxla gadaweros. arc erTi qmedeba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos Sinaganad keTilad an borotad, rodesac sworsa da araswors Soris gansxvaveba gauqmebulia avtonomiuri adamianis cnobierebis suverenuli gadawyvetilebiT. Nàxali eras~ panTeizmi da misi Sedegebi eTikisTvis warmodgenilia am moZraobis yofili mimdevris mier: Tqveni arCevani aravisTvis iqneba mniSvnelovani, miT umetes RvTisTvis. RmerTi nebas rTavs. RmerTi ar ganikiTxavs, RmerTi ar ziandeba, RmerTi ar dgeba kuTxeSi da ar brazdeba da saxls ar angrevs imisTvis, rom daganaxoT, Tu vin aris aq `bosi.~ RmerTi nebas rTavs. RmerTi nebas rTavs, radgan RmerTi aris is, rac moicavs yvelafers. RmerTi nebas rTavs, radgan RmerTi ar aris arseba, RmerTi aris is, rac moicavs yvela arsebas. RmerTi aris es yovelive da yvelaferi da RmerTi ar SeiZleba gancalkevebuli iyos raimesgan raime saxiT. Tqveni arCevani mxolod TqvenTvis iqneba mniSvnelovani da mxolod im doziT, ra doziTac zrunavT Tqvens vinaobaze. me-20 saukunis dasasrulis Nàxali eras~ moZraoba eWvgareSea satanuri warmoSobisaa da ar SeiZleba uaryofili iqnas misi adgili, rogorc mesianuri pretenziebis mqone moZraoba momavali parusiis dominanturad dadasturebul niSnebs Soris. Tumca, qristianobis SigniT didi uTanxmoebaa imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra zusti roli unda Seasrulos am moZraobam ukanaskneli Jamis dramaSi. reformirebuli premilenialistebi midrekilni arian Nàxali eras~ moZraoba ganixilon, rogorc is saSualeba, romelic male anti138

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qristes msoflio scenaze gamoiyvans. aseTi scenari moazrebulia baptisti avtoris, konstans kambis mier, romlis nawerebmac bevri ram gaakeTa qristianebis gasafrTxileblad am sokosaviT mzardi moZraobis safrTxeTa Sesaxeb. meore mxriv, reformirebuli postmilenialistebisTvis, dRevandeli N`axali eras~ advokatebi mxolod Tixis fexebiani goliaTia, romelic ganwirulia ganadgurebisaTvis xvalindeli aRorZinebuli qristianobis mier.15 amboxebis niSani eklesiaSi kulminacias antiqristes saidumloSi aRwevs. ioseb ratcingeri SeniSnavs garkveul bundovanebas wm. pavles mier II TesalonikelTa 2:3–10-Si aRweril figuraze da amtkicebs, rom misi rTuli xasiaTi nazavia danielis 11:36-isa da ezekielis 28:2-is, rac arTmevs mas raime mkafiod gansazRvrul unikalurobas. is aTavsebs antiqristes bolo Jamis seriaSi, sadac winamorbedTa vrceli rigi ukve asazrdoebda�� borotebas, romelic masSi umaRles intensivobas aRwevs. ratcingeri, gasagebia, rom ar ukavSirebs antiqristes fenomens Tavis uSualo saeklesio ufross (igulisxmeba papi). Tumca, es asociacia, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, romis pap pavle III-is pirovnebasTan luTeranul aRmsareblobebSia damyarebuli, kerZod SA II.iv-Si. reformatori mimarTavs 2 TesalonikelTa 2:4-s, ro15. ixileT gari norTi, „uwminduri sulebi: okultizmi da axali eras humanizmi~ (Fort Worth: Dominion Press, 1986), 378–395, gansakuTrebiT 394: „es ar aris samyaros dasasruli. eklesia ar apirebs atacebas. humanistebi, okultistebi da axali eras mimdevrebi TavianTi samyaros ganadgurebas dainaxaven. es procesi SeiZleba Seferxdes RmerTis garegani gankiTxviT dasavleTze, magram misi Seferxeba qristes saboloo gankiTxviT dabrunebamde SeuZlebelia. es moxdeba gacilebiT adre, vidre qriste didebiT dabrundeba.~

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desac maSindel mmarTvel pontifikoss namdvil antiqristesTan aigivebs. sayuradReboa, rom Tavad termini „antiqriste~ ar aris naxsenebi TesalonikelTa sakvanZo pasaJSi, is mxolod ioanes epistoleebSi Cans. aq antiqriste aris, rogorc mravlobiTi, aseve mxolobiTi fenomeni, ukve arsebuli da momavali16 (1 ioan. 2:18). nebismier SemTxvevaSi, ioanes antiqristes amomcnobi niSani gvxvdeba mis an maT mier qristologiuri cdomilebis miRebaSi adreuli gnosturi doketizmis17 saxiT (1 ioan. 4:2–3). ioanes antiqriste dauyovnebliv ar axsenebs papobas; marTlac, II ioanes 7, romelic antiqristes aigivebs maTTan, vinc ar aRiarebs xorcSi mosul ieso qristes (έρχόμενον έν σαρκί ), savaraudod gulisxmobs WeSmariti Tandaswrebis uaryofas da amiT braldebis TiTs iSvers cvinglisa da mTeli reformirebuli eklesiis mimarT, romelic mis matarebelSi zis. aRsarebiTi dogmisTvis [sedes doctrinae],18 romlis mixedviTac 16. „pasaJebi, romlebSic termini [antiqriste] gvxvdeba, ar aris gadamwyveti wm. ioanes swavlebis TvalsazrisiT erTi didi antiqristes mosvlasTan dakavSirebiT, romlisTvisac sxvebi mosamzadebeli gansaxierebebi iyvnen. rac Seexeba mis sityvebs, „�� antiqriste�� ~ SeiZleba iyos im principis personifikacia, romelic gamovlinda sxvadasxva antiqristeSi, an pirovneba, romlis gamoCenac am konkretuli borotebis formebiT mzaddeba. Tumca, pirveli aris yvelaze bunebrivi interpretacia: 1 ioan. 2:22; 2 ioan. 7. borotebis suli modis maTSi, visac is STaagonebs. SeadareT 2 TesalonikelTa 2:3 da Semdgomi muxlebi“ (1 ioaneze 18; bruk fos uestkoti, The Epistles of St. John: The Greek Text with Notes and Essays, me-4 gamocema [londoni: Macmillan & Co., 1905], 70). 17. isini uaryofdnen qristes vnebebis realurobas da mis gansxeulebas, rac maTi azriT, ewinaaRmdegeba RvTis uvneblobisa da usazRvrobis Sesaxeb warmodgenebs. isini amtkicebdnen, rom qristes arseboba iyo iluzoruli. 18. ZiriTadi teqsti an punqti, saidanac momdinareobs an romelzec dafuZnebulia konkretuli swavleba.

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antiqristes saidumlo papobaSi poulobs realizaciasa da aRsrulebas, ZiriTadi doqtrinaluri sayrdeni aris II TesalonikelTas meore Tavi. SA II.iv akonkretebs mizezebs, ris gamoc pap pavle III-s uwodes „namdvili antiqriste.~ ufro metic, vinaidan am artikulSi moyvanili mizezebi naklebad exeba pavle III farnezes pirovnebas, vidre mis mier da misi winamorbedebisa da memkvidreebis mier dakavebul da ganxorcielebul Tanamdebobas, luTeranuli dogmati papobas aigivebs movlenasTan, romelic mociqulma aRwera II TesalonikelTa 2-Si da tradiciulad cnobilia, rogorc antiqriste. Tanamedrove luTeranul dogmatikas usvamen kiTxvas, imsaxurebs Tu ara papis Tanamdeboba, romelsac amJamad ioane pavle II asrulebs, reformatoris mier SA II.iv-Si misi drois papobis winaaRmdeg gamoTqmul sayvedurebs. am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia, Tu ar ganvixilavT mizezebs, romlebic safuZvlad udevs papobis antiqristesTan konfesiur identifikacias. luTeri miuTiTebs papis pretenziebis saRvTismetyvelo gamoxatulebaze, romelic mocemulia `bonifacius~ VIII-is „Unam sanqtam~- Si19 (1302 w.): garda amisa, Cven vacxadebT, vambobT, ganvsazRvravT da vucxadebT yovel adamianur arsebas, rom maT xsnis aucileblobidan gamomdinare srulad unda daeqvemdebaron romis pontifikoss. imis mtkicebiT, rom papoba adamianuria, vidre RvTaebrivi warmoSobisa da instituciisa, reformatori miuTiTebs papis Tanamdebobasa da qmedebaSi arsebul sabediswero nakl19. laTinurad: „erTi wmida~ aris pap bonifacius VIII-is mier 1302 wlis 18 noembers gamocemuli papis bula. es aris erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili da sakamaTo dokumenti kaTolikuri eklesiis istoriaSi, romelic saubrobs papis Zalauflebis bunebaze da eklesiis unikalurobaze.

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ze: is warmoadgens demonur uzurpacias wmida qristianobis winamZRolobaze, romelic mxolod Cvens ufal ieso qristes ekuTvnis. es aris mZlavri demonstr�� ireba imisa, rom papi namdvili antiqristea, romelic aRzevda da daupirispirda qristes, radgan papi ar dauSvebs qristianTa xsnas Tu ara sakuTari Zalis meSveobiT, rac arafers niSnavs, vinaidan is (saamisod) arc dadgenilia da arc mowodebuli RvTis mier. Cveni kurTxeuli uflis adgilis uzurpacia mis eklesiaSi, vidre raime konkretuli doqtrinaluri gancxadeba, aris mTavari braldebebSi luTeranuli reformaciis mier papobis winaaRmdeg: Sesabamisad, rogorc ar SegviZlia pativi mivagoT eSmaks, rogorc Cvens ufals an RmerTs, aseve ver SeveguebiT mis mociquls, paps Tu antiqristes, rom gvmarTos, rogorc Cvenma Tavma Tu ufalma, vinaidan am papis mmarTvelobis �� maxasiaTebeli�� a sicrue�� , mkvleloba da sxeulisa da sulis maradiuli ganadgureba, rogorc es mraval wignSi avRniSne.20 20. SA II.iv.14b; taperti, 401. ixileT artur karl pipkornis komentari, „wmida msaxureba da wmida xeldasxma luTeranuli eklesiis simbolur wignebSi,~ Concordia Theological Monthly 40 (seqtemberi 1969): 560: „sanam papi daJinebiT moiTxovs „Unam Sanctam~-is bolo 17 sityvas, is aris 2 TesalonikelTa 2:4-is antiqriste.~ papobis amqveyniuri pretenziebis faqtobrivi moxsna romis italiis saxelmwifos mier 1870 wels xelSi Cagdebis Semdeg, naklebad aqcevs 2 TesalonikelTa 2:4-s papobisTvis gamousadegars. is, rom sxva qristianebis mimarT ufro keTilSobiluri toni gamoiyeneba vatikanis meore krebis Semdeg, ver malavs im faqts, rom papobis pretenzia mTeli eklesiis realur iurisdiqciaze kvlav ZalaSia.

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luTeranuli aRmsareblobebi or midgomas gvTavazobs papobis antiqristesTan dakavSirebiT saubrisas. erTis mxriv, Cven winaSea melanxtonis mier primatis pativis aRiareba (SA-sadmi mis minawerSi) da misi morCili da arapirdapiri manera papobis antiqristesTan dakavSirebisa (mag., Ap. XV.18: „ase rom, papobac iqneba antiqristes samefos nawili, Tuki…...~ [taperti, 217]; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `Tu fexsacmeli gergebaT, maSin CaicviT igi~). meore mxriv, arsebobs luTeris pirdapiri miTiTeba: „papi namdvili antiqristea.~ Tanamedrove aRmsarebluri luTeranebis mier gamoyenebuli tonebi unda asaxavdes Cvens dReebSi papis Tanamdebobis mier da misTvis gakeTebuli moTxovnebis zust xasiaTs, am Tanamdebobis faqtobriv ganxorcielebasTan erTad. aRmsarebluri luTeranuli Teologia akeTebs garkveul daTqmebs papobis antiqristesTan identifikaciasTan dakavSirebiT. pirveli, aRiarebulia, rom papoba ar amowuravs antiqristes saidumlos, aramed ganasaxierebs am saidumlos yvelaze intensiur gamovlinebas, rac eklesiis istoriaSi am dromde Segvxvedria. Ap . XV.18 „muhamedis samefos~ moixseniebs papobasTan erTad, rogorc „antiqristes samefos~ nawils da luTeri II TesalonikelTa 2:7-Si mocemul winaswarmetyvelebas xedavda realizebuls cvinglis omSi qristes winaaRmdeg misi sakurTxevlis saidumloSi. sase aRniSnavs, rom: luTeranuli eklesia Tavis aRmsareblobebSi arafe rs aswavlis imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SeiZleba RmerTma antiqristes winaswarmetyveleba dafarul momavalSi Seasrulos, anu ra forma SeiZleba miiRos antiqristem aRsasrulis ukanasknel saSinelebebSi. 143

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meorec, aRmsarebluri dogmati ar apirebs individualurad romelime papis RvTismosaobis eWvqveS dayenebas. Tumca am SezRudvebma ar unda gadafaros is faqti, rom aRmsarebluri luTeranebi ar gadawyveten Tanxmobis wignis mier papobis antiqristesTan identifikaciis gadaxedvas manam, vidre romis episkoposi da masTan ziarebaSi myofi eklesiis sxeuli calsaxad ar aRiareben, rom madliT gamarTleba qristes gamo rwmenis meSveobiT aris wmida weriliT dadgenili, erTaderTi saxarebis gza (gal. 1:8). saxarebis mTel msoflioSi qadagebis niSani eklesiis msoflio misiiT Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyveleba (dab. 28:14; es. 2:2–4; 11:9–10; amos. 9:11–12; ix. agreTve saq. 15:13–18) da uflis miTiTeba sruldeba (maT. 28:16-20), radgan suliwmida hkrebs RvTis israels madlis saSualebebiT, rac sargeblobs garkveuli pirvelobiT Cveni uflis mosvlis niSnebs Soris. erTi ram aris, rom yvela mTavar esqatologiur niSanTan erTad, kerZod gankacebasTan erTad, eklesiis misia mTel msoflioSi ZiriTadad saxarebis saTauris qveS eqceva. qristes didebiT dabrunebis maniSneblebze saubari midrekilia warmoqmnas sevdiani apokalifsuri katastrofisa da vaebis suraTebi, ramac SeiZleba ara mxolod codvilTa monaniebisken mowodeba gamoiwvios, aramed xorcisTvis Semzaravi garTobac ki uzrunvelyos. amgvarad, saWiroa gavixsenoT, rom suliwmidis faqizi mimarTva dakarguli kacobriobisadmi, romelic gamoxatulia saxarebis qadagebis meSveobiT, TavisTavad aris RvTis yvela aRTqmis moaxloebuli ganxorcielebis utyuari niSani parusiis meSveobiT. garda amisa, msoflio evangelizacia aris erTaderTi niSani zeTisxilis dikursSi, romelsac Cveni ufali kmayofilebiT ukavSirebs misi dabrunebis drois miniSnebas. 144

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sxva aqamde ganxiluli niSnebi zogadia, ase vTqvaT: isini Sesruldeba yovel TaobaSi iesos xilul gamoCenamde da maTgan aranairi daskvnis gamotana ar SeiZleba parusiis drois Sesaxeb. cru mesiebi, omi, SimSili da miwisZvrebi warmoadgens mxolod „mSobiarobis dasawyiss~ (maT. 24:8), maSin, roca Cveni ufali Tavis winaswarmetyvelebas, rom „es samefos saxareba eqadageba mTel msoflios, yvela erisTvis dasamowmeblad,~ umatebs martiv winaswarmetyvelebas „da maSin dadgeba aRsasruli~ (maT. 24:14). rogorc ki qristes mier miTiTebuli piroba Sesruldeba, bolo Jami Tavis kulminacias parusiaSi hpovebs. statistikis Segroveba SeiZleba imis saCveneblad, rom saxarebis msoflio qadageba me-20 saukunis bolos realizaciasTan bevrad axlosaa, vidre istoriis nebismier wina etapze.21 da mainc, Znelia imis aRniSvna, rom vinaidan eklesiis ganmsazRvreli arsi amqveyniuria da Sesabamisad, ver izomeba zustad qmnilebiTi dakvirvebiT, mxolod yovlisSemZle RmerTma icis is dro, rodesac mxsnelis mier miTiTebuli parusiis es piroba Sesruldeba. eklesiis misiis Sesrulebasa da parusias Soris urTierTobaze sami sasargeblo dakvirvebis gakeTeba SeiZleba. pirveli, eklesia mtkiced endoba uflis darwmunebas, rom misi misia gagrZeldeba da gaimarjvebs, miuxedavad yvela dabrkolebisa, romelsac qmnis qveyniereba, xorci da eSmaki da miuxedavad saxarebisadmi mwiri gamoxmaurebisa sulieri apaTiis dros, rogoricaa CvenTan, dasavleTSi (maT. 16:18). meorec, Cveni uflis gadawyvetileba, daakavSiros mxolod 21. ixileT bakiokis „adamianis uimedoba,~ 133. es adventisti mkvlevari�� aq acxadebs, rom msoflios mosaxleobis samoci procenti evangelizebuli iyo 1980 wlisTvis da rom amJamindeli tendenciebi miuTiTebs, rom es proporcia saukunis bolosTvis oTxmoc procentamde gaizrdeboda.

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es niSani misi didebiT dabrunebis drosTan, aris miTiTeba im sferoze, romelSic mas surs qristianebma daxarjon TavianTi esqatologiuri energia. uflisgan mcireodeni waaxalisebac ki ar aris maTTvis, vinc Tavis fiqrebs mimarTavs israelis aRdgenili saxelmwifos bedis parusiis drosTan dakavSirebis dausabuTebel spekulaciebze. ufro metic, mTeli dispensacionalisturi qviSis cixesimagre impliciturad nadgurdeba, radgan ieso mouwodebs qristianebs misiaSi TanamonawileobiT, xeli Seuwyon saxarebis msoflio qadagebas. mesame, msoflio evangelizacia ar unda agverios msoflio qristianizaciis qimeraSi.22 igive wmida saxareba, romelic sufTa evangeliaa maTTvis, vinc gadarCenilia, funqcionirebs, rogorc damadanaSaulebeli rjuli maTTvis, vinc uaryofs mis SeTavazebul wyalobas sakuTari simarTlis sasargeblod (2 kor. 2:15–16). Cveni ufali ar sTavazobs nugeSis namcecsac ki universalizmis momxreebs maTe 24:14-Si, sadac is mTel msoflioSi qadagebul saxarebas uwodebs „yvela erisTvis dasamowmeblad.~ is, rac gamocxadebulia είς μαρτύριον-ad,23 zogs gaamarTlebs, zogs ki gansjis. es dakvirveba aZlierebs gafrTxilebas, rom eklesiis wevrobisa da masSi monawileobis statistika ar aris erTaderTi faqtori, romelic gasaTvaliswinebelia mTeli msoflios evangelizaciis niSnis SesrulebasTan mimarTebaSi. mesame samyaros regionebSi gare qristianobaSi masobrivi wevrobis zrda gawonasworebulia komunisturi devnis an dasavluri sekularizmis Sedegad gamowveuli aseve masobrivi gandgomilebiT. Cven unda mivandoT dro da Jami yovlisSemZle RmerTs, xolo Tavad vendoT saxarebas da xeli SevuwyoT mis qadagebas. 22. cecxlismfrqveveli urCxuli, romelsac hqonda lomis Tav-mkerdi, Txis tani da gvelis bolo. 23. dasamowmeblad.

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misi mosvlis fiqtiuri niSnebi dispensacionalistTa sxvadasxva sizmrebi uaryofilia aseve garkveuli ebrauli mosazrebebi, romlebic axlac Cndeba da romlebic aswavlian, rom mkvdreTiT aRdgomamde, wmidanebi da RvTismosavi adamianebi daeuflebian amqveyniur samefos da gaanadgureben yvela uRmerTos. — augsburgis aRsareba uolteri Tavis studentebTan SeniSnavda, rom „saTanado indoqtrinacia ufro metad gWirdebaT Tqven, vidre germaniis pastorebs; radgan Tqven cxovrobT seqtebis qveyanaSi,~ rac gansakuTrebuli ZaliT vrceldeba dRes, vinaidan CrdiloeT amerikis protestantizmi didwilad saxarebis gamanadgurebeli dispensacionalisturi cdomilebis gavlenis qveSaa. dispensacionalisturi esqatologia, romelic warmoiSva ingliseli j. n. darbisgan (1800–82), „plimutis saZmos~ (Plymouth Brethren) damaarseblisgan da popularizebuli iqna amerikeli k. i. sqofildis mier, gansakuTrebiT misi 1917 wlis Reference Bible-is24 meSveobiT, darCeba Cveni xedvis arealSi am Tavis darCenili nawilis ganmavlobaSi. dispensacionalizmi ara mxolod qmnis Cveni uflis mosvlis fiqtiur niSans Tavisi fantaziebiT eTnikur ebraelebTan RvTis miznebis dakavSirebiT; is aseve Sobs cdomilebebs parusiis, sayovelTao mkvdreTiT aRdgomis, ukanaskneli samsjavrosa da TviT zecis Sesaxebac ki. is, rasac wmida werili erTian movlenebad warmoadgens, dispensacionalizmis mier mravaljerad movlenebad gardaiqmneba. amgvarad, qristes didebiT erT dabrunebas emateba misi savaraudo mosvlebi, saboloo `didi Wiridan~ eklesiis „asataceblad~ 24. ganmartebiTi biblia.

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da SemdgomSi, ierusalimSi aTaswliani miwieri samefos dasamkvidreblad. sayovelTao aRdgoma orad iyofa, jer mkvdari wmidanebis aRdgomad, romlebmac unda inetaron aTaswliani samefoTi da mere ukanaskneli samsjavrosTvis borotTa aRdgomad aTaswliani samefos vadis gasvlis Semdeg. ukanasknel samsjavros (identificirebuli didi TeTri taxtis winaSe samsjavrosTan; gamocx. 20:11) savaraudod win uZRvis cocxal urwmunoTa gankiTxva, rodesac Cveni ufali modis aTaswleulisTvis (identificirebuli maT. 25:31–46-Si aRweril samsjavrosTan). TviT zecac ki ver gaurbis wmida werilis monacemTa dispensacionalistur gadawyobas, radgan misi sixaruli (aqac orad) iyofa aTaswleulis miwier siamovnebebad da sulier aRsasrulad, romelic ukanasknel samsjavros mohyveba. dispensacionalizmis detaluri uaryofa moiTxovs am kvlevis vrcel Tanmxleb gamocemas.25 termini „dispensacionalizmi~ momdinareobs am skolis mier xsnis istoriis Svidi gansxvavebuli epoqidan, anu dispensaciebad dayofisgan (umankoeba, sindisi, adamianuri mmarTveloba, 25. samuel bakiokis adventisturi culebi TiTqmis ar aris gamoyenebuli mis Semajamebel naSromSi, hel lindsis „�� winaswarmetyveluri Tavsatexi: xuTi warumatebeli winaswarmetyveleba!~ (Prophetic Puzzle: Five Predictions That Failed!, Berrien Springs, MI: Biblical Perspectives, 1987), romelic Rirsia gadaeces saero pirebs, romlebsac dispensacionalisturi propaganda abnevs. luTeranuli wreebidan momdinare, Teodor engelderis ornawiliani statia „SeniSvnebi qiliazmze~ (Notes on Chiliasm, Concordia Theological Monthly 6 [marti, aprili 1935]: 161�� –173, 241–254) da misi Semdgomi ese „�� dispensacionalizmi saxarebas amcirebs~ (Dispensationalism Disparaging the Gospel, Concordia Theological Monthly 8 [seqtemberi 1937]: 646–666) ar daukargavs Tavisi aqtualoba naxevar saukuneze meti drois gasvlis miuxedavad.

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aRTqma, rjuli, madli da samefo). Teodor engelderis gansjis sibrZne, rom „qiliazmi aris didi dabneuloba,~ aSkara xdeba, rodesac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sqofildma ugulebelyo „okamis saparsi~ (Nunquam ponenda est pluralitas sine necessitate,26 anu ekonomiis principi) xsnis istoriaSi Svidi qronologiuri etapis gamogonebiT, romlebSic rjulisa da saxarebis ori erTdrouli dispensacia sakmaod kargad jdeboda. sqofildis sindisis dispensacia kacobriobis istorias dacemidan noes dromde mihyavs, xolo misi adamianuri mmarTvelobis dispensacia noedan abraamamde vrceldeba. misi kanonis dispensacia iwyeba sinais kanonmdeblobiT da grZeldeba qristes pirvel mosvlamde. saxareba amasobaSi iyofa or droiT periodad, kerZod, aRTqmis dispensaciad, romelic abraamiT daiwyo da mosesTan dasrulda da madlis dispensaciad, romelic gankacebiT iwyeba da grZeldeba eklesiis mTeli epoqis ganmavlobaSi. engelderis dakvirvebaze, rom „qiliazmi aris didi dabneuloba,~ samarTliania damatebiT iTqvas „es raRac uaresia,~ rac SegviZlia davinaxoT maSin, rodesac mivxvdebiT, rom sqofildis samefos dispensacia mkveTrad gansxvavdeba qristes madlis dispensaciisgan. sqofildisa da dispensacionalistebis azriT, miwieri ieso marTlac movida israelisTvis „samefos~ SesaTavazeblad. Tumca, mocemuli samefo ar iyo im samefos miwier droSi molodini, romelic srulad mxolod parusiisas ganxorcieldeba. piriqiT, samefo, romelic Cvenma ufalma savaraudod SesTavaza Tavis ebrael Tanamemamuleebs, iyo politikuri, miwieri samefo, savaraudod daviTisadmi aRTqmuli! sqofildisa da misi 26. mravlobiToba arasodes unda iqnas gamoyenebuli aucileblobis gareSe.

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mimdevrebis azriT, mesia da daviTisTvis aRTqmuli mesianuri samefo srulebiTac ar ganxorcielda jvarcmul iesosa da mis eklesiaSi. piriqiT, mas Semdeg, rac mTaze qadagebaSi RvTis samefos, ase vTqvaT, konstitucia ganmarta, miwier iesos mouwia im faqtisTvis Sexedva, rom misi drois ebraelma xalxma uari Tqva RvTis mefobis am formiT miRebaze. Sesabamisad, man Seamcira Tavisi danakargebi, gadawyvita „samefos~ inauguracia Soreuli momavlisTvis gadaedo da xarvezi Seevso eklesiis daarsebiT, romelic ZiriTadad warmarTi morwmuneebisgan Sedgeboda! albert Svaiceri saxarebis Canaweris fantastikur rekonstruqciaSi martoa da Zlivs dgas. amgvarad, madliT gamarTleba qristes mier rwmenis meSveobiT dayvanilia `frCxilebSi mocemul~ RvTis mxsnel saqmeebamde! Tavis 1937 wlis statiaSi „dispensacionalizmi saxarebis daknineba,~ engelderi citirebs presviterianel mkvlevars o. t. eliss, romelic yuradRebas amaxvilebs sqofildis mier gamocxadebis 14:6-is ganxilvaze, sadac Tavis Reference Bible-Si sqofildi ganasxvavebs saxarebis oTx „formas,~ romelTagan ors aq unda mivaqcioT yuradReba. saxarebis meore forma aRwerilia Semdegnairad: „RvTis madlis saxareba. es aris sasixarulo ambavi imis Sesaxeb, rom�� ieso qriste, uaryofili mefe, jvarze msoflios codvebisTvis�� mokvda, �� rom is mkvdreTiT aRdga Cveni gamarTlebisTvis da rom misiT yvela morwmune gamarTlebulia yovelivesgan.~ sqofilds gamoepara, rom „RvTis madlis saxareba~ erTaderTi saxarebaa, romelic adamianis gadarCenisTvis aris mocemuli dabadebis 3:15-dan, vidre madlis dRe ar dasruldeba parusiiT! saxarebis pirveli forma sqofildis mier asea aRwerili: 150

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„samefos saxareba. es aris sasixarulo ambavi, rom RmerTs ganzraxuli aqvs dedamiwaze, daviTis aRTqmis (2 sam. 7.16 ...) SesrulebiT, daamyaros samefo, politikuri, sulieri, israelis, universaluri, sadac RvTis Ze, daviTis memkvidre, iqneba mefe da romelic aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi iqneba RvTis simarTlis gamovlineba adamianur qmedebebSi.~ sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, momavali samefos araswori gageba, romlis Tavidan acilebasac Cveni ufali cdilobda da romelic man petres xorcieli gaugebrobis saxiT gakicxa (maT. 16:23), faqtobrivad misi arsia! sqofildis fantaziebi samarTlianad ganikiTxeba AC XVII-is mier, rogorc „ebrauli mosazrebebi,~ gancxadeba, romlis sakvalifikacio zedsarTavi saxeli ar unda Semoifarglos abraamis eTnikuri ZeebiT, aramed unda gavigoT, rogorc eTnikuri ebraelisa da eTnikuri warmarTis araRorZinebuli xorcis aRmniSvneli. erTaderTi wmida saxarebis daqveiTebis Semdeg, sqofildis sistemaSi cdomilebis wyaro, anu πρώτον ψεύδος,27 mdgomareobs mis mwvel survilSi, rom israeli eklesiisgan gamoyos. Tavis „oTxTavis SesavalSi,~ sqofildi Semdeg gafrTxilebas iZleva: gansakuTrebiT aucilebelia gamovricxoT mosazreba – protestantul azrovnebaSi mociqulebis Semdgomi da romis kaTolikuri Teologiis memkvidreoba – rom eklesia aris namdvili israeli da rom samefos Zveli aRTqmis winaswari xedva sruldeba eklesiaSi. analogiurad, Tanamedrove dispensacionalistis, k. s. rairis TqmiT: 27. pirveli sicrue.

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eklesia aranairad ar asrulebs israelisadmi micemul aRTqmebs... … eklesiis xana ar Cans israelisTvis micemul RvTis programaSi. es aris CanarTi. aRsaniSnavia, rom mTeli axali aRTqma uars ambobs israelsa da eklesias Soris dispensacionalisturi solis (gamyofis) Cadgmaze; piriqiT, is Riad gansazRvravs eklesias, rogorc israelis gagrZelebas. rogorc cnobilia, pirveli maxarebeli iesos axal mosed, eklesias ki axal israelad warmoaCens. arc is iqneba Secdoma, Tu miwier iesoSi davinaxavT erT israelians, romelzec modis israeli eris mTeli mowodeba. cdunebis dros iesom, erTaderTma WeSmaritma israelianma, srulyofili morCileba gamoavlina iq, sadac istoriuli israeli savalalod damarcxda. TviT israelis gansaxiereba, miwieri ieso movida, raTa Seekriba israelis naSTi Tavis garSemo (maT. 15:24; 10:6). mociqulTa mowodeba gaugebari iqneboda israelis xelaxali Camoyalibebis gareSe Cveni uflis pirovnebis garSemo. garda amisa, rogorc es miwierma iesom iwinaswarmetyvela (maT. 21:41, 43), saxareba warmarT eTnosebTan wavida da maTgan moqceulebi ar ganixilebodnen, rogorc israelis eTnikuri morwmuneebis paralelur mimdinareobad, aramed, rogorc damateba da gagrZeleba am erTguli israeliti naSTisa. wm. pavles gancxadeba, rom warmarTi qristianebi arian rto, romelic damynilia zeTisxilis xeze, rac istoriuli israelia (rom. 10:17), mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aqvs azri, Tu eklesia faqtobrivad israelis gagrZelebaa. mociqulis sixaruli, rom eklesiaSi qristes mier iudevelisa da warmarTis erT axal adamianad gardaqmna xdeba (efes. 2:14–16) miuTiTebs imaze, rom eklesia warmoadgens RvTis mxsneli miznebis kulminacias da ara „interkalacias.~28 rodesac wm. 28. arsebulze damateba.

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pavles SeuZlia efesos warmarT qristianebs misweros, rom isini, vinc adre „israelis sazogadoebisgan gaucxoebulni iyvnen~ (efes. 2:12), axla „aRar arian ucxoni da mdgmurni, aramed ... wmidanTa Tanamoqalaqeni da RvTis saxleuli~ (efes. 2:19), gaugebaria, rogor SeuZlia vinmes mivides im daskvnamde, rom: saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi RmerTi misdevs or gansxvavebul mizans: erTi dakavSirebulia dedamiwasTan, miwier adamianebTan da miwier miznebTan, rac iudaizmia; meore ki dakavSirebulia zecasTan, zeciur adamianebTan da zeciur miznebTan, rac qristianobaa. RvTiuri miznebis es savaraudo bifurkacia29 ikargeboda wm. petresTvis, romelmac yvelaferi gaakeTa imisTvis, rom axali aRTqmis eklesia im suraTebiT aRewera, rac Tavdapirvelad Zveli aRTqmis RvTis xalxis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda (1 pet. 2:9–10), iseve rogorc wm. pavlesTvis, romlis israelis eklesiasTan identifikacia ufro cxadad ver iqneboda gamoxatuli, vidre mis gancxadebaSi „radgan Cven varT WeSmariti winadacveTiloba~ (fil. 3:3). amis demonstrirebiT, rom eklesia israelia, dispensacionalisturi muyaos saxli mTlianad ingreva. dispensacionalisturi fantazirebis saSineli cdunebis safuZvelSi — romelsac uyvars bibliis figuraluri, apokalifsuri monakveTebis gamoyeneba samecniero fantastikisTvis — imyofeba sunTqvis Semkvreli hermenevtikuli gadagvareba. luTeranebi reformators gahyvnen wmida werilis gaugebari monakveTebis naTeli teqstebis Suqze interpretaciiT; dispensacionalistebi ki piriqiT akeTeben, naTel teqstebs abundovaneben gaugebari monakveTe29. ori ganStoeba.

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bis Suqze eqscentriuli da daudasturebeli ganmartebebis interpretaciiT. amrigad, Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelebis mier gafantuli israelis xelaxali Sekreba ar ganixileba, rogorc aRsrulebuli prototipi babilonis tyveobidan dabrunebasa da mTliani eklesiis SekrebaSi. piriqiT, am winaswarmetyvelebaTa realizacia gadadis „eklesiis epoqis~ sasrulisken, periodSi, romelsac wamosaxviTi dispensacionalisturi istoria ukve miuaxlovda. ezekielis 37:1-ze, sqofildi aRniSnavs, Tu rogor aswavlis am Tavis 12–14 muxlebi, rom 70 wels gafantuli ebraelebi, samefo epoqis dasawyebad eklesiis epoqis dasasruls, gafantulobidan dabrundebian palestinaSi da iq moeqcevian da aRivsebian suliwmidiT. romaelTa 11:26 aseve xdeba safuZveli, romelzec sqofildi ayalibebs mtkicebulebas, rom: winaswarmetyvelebis Tanaxmad, israel�� ma�� , yvela eridan xelaxla Sekrebilma, Tavis miwaze dabrunebulma da moqceulma, unda ganicados misi udidesi miwieri amaRleba da dideba. 1917 wlis balfuris deklaraciam, 1948 wlis israelis saxelmwifos damoukideblobis deklaraciam da amasTan erTad ierusalimisa da dasavleT sanapiris 1967 wlis israelis samxedro okupaciam, didad Seuwyo xeli dispensacionalistur fantaziebs. Tanamedrove dispensacionalistebi xaroben 1967 wels israelis mier ierusalimis Zveli nawilis aRebiT, radgan es movlena winaswarmetyvelebis aRsrulebad miaCniaT, vinaidan isini Cveni uflis winaswarmetyvelebas ierusalimze lukas 21:24-Si, „warmarTTa mier gaTelvis Sesaxeb, sanam warmarTTa dro aRsruldeba,~ aRiqvamen, rogorc qalaqis gaTavisuflebas warmarTuli mmarTvelobisgan miwier droSi. mosazreba, rom am muxlma 154

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konkretuli aRsruleba 1967 wels hpova, gadamwyvetia hal lindsis esqatologiisTvis, romelic TviTneburad aigivebs Tanamedrove israelis saxelmwifos gaCenas leRvis xis foTlebis gaxarebis niSanTan, romelic Cvenma ufalma maTes 24:32-Si (da paralelur adgilebze) miuTiTa. lindsis Tanaxmad, uflis mosvlis siaxlove, romelic am niSniT aris miTiTebuli, amarTlebs varauds, rom dispensacionalisturi esqatologiis movlenebis saboloo raundi moxdeba israelis damoukideblobis deklaraciidan erTi Taobis Semdeg, anu daaxloebiT ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi. dispensacionalisturma cdomilebam, rom arsebobs RvTis ori gansxvavebuli xalxi (ebraeli da qristiani) da misi `geri~ varaudi, rom Tanamedrove israelis saxelmwifo rogorRac dakavSirebulia RvTis gangebulebiT istoriis saboloo movlenebis ganxorcielebasTan, warmoSva ori gansakuTrebiT boroti nayofi. pirvel rigSi, bevri evangelur sazogadoebaSi, arcTu mcire warmatebiT, israelis saxelmwifos mimarT upirobo mxardaWeras acxadebs, rogorc RvTis mcnebas. amrigad, rogorc greis halseli mogviTxrobs Tavis Tvalisamxel Jurnalistur moxsenebaSi, dispensacionalisturi mqadageblebi midrekilni arian fanatikurad dauWiron mxari israelis xelisuflebis mier arabebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul yovel samxedro da eqspansionistur nabijs da isini TavianT gavlenis qveS myofT unergaven rwmenas, rom, rac ar unda moxdes, israelis saxelmwifo unda iyos daculi amerikuli sisxlis bolo wveTamde. meorec, israelis mxaris brma partizanobaSi myofi, cnobili dispensacionalisturi mqadageblebi avlenen ugulebelyofas ara mxolod arabebis, aramed gansakuTrebiT qristiani arabebis mimarTac ki! 155

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dispensacionalistur kults dRevandeli israelis saxelmwifos mimarT Cven unda davupirispirdeT im mowmobiT, rom tragikuli dava ebraelebsa da arabebs Soris palestinis miwis flobaze politikuri sakiTxia RvTis marcxena xelSi, sadac arc erT mxares ar aqvs simarTlis monopolia da sadac qristianebi namdvilad ar unda asxamdnen navTs danTebul cecxlze davis romelime mxaris sasargeblod. ufro metic, qristianuli SeSfoTebis arsi axlo aRmosavleTis CaxlarTul da rogorc Cans, adamianurad gadauWrel areulobaSi sulac ar aris erTi mxaris gamarjveba meoreze, aramed daundobeli mtrebis Serigeba Cveni uflis ieso qristes meSveobiT, romelic imisTvis mokvda, rom Seeqmna erTi axali kaci ara mxolod ebraelisa da warmarTisgan, aramed arabisa da ebraelisganac Tavis eklesiaSi. misia da ara Sua saukuneebis jvarosnuli laSqrobebis uadgilo aRorZineba aris is, sadac WeSmariti qristianuli esqatologia modis moqmedebaSi. dispensacionalistebs ar uqmniT problemas is faqti, rom ufalma damdablebul (xorcSi) mdgomareobaSi yofnisas misi parusiis TariRi ar icoda (maT. 24:36 da paralelebi) da arc maTi spekulaciebi odnavadac ar neldeba iesos mkafio swavlebiT, rom misi xiluli xelaxali didebiT gamoCena iqneba myisieri da moulodneli (luk. 12:40). donald grei barnhausi Tavs aridebs am mkafio RvTiur gancxadebebs imis mtkicebiT, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom ar viciT zusti dro, rodesac dispensacionalistebis mier mosalodneli bolo movlenebi moxdeba, Cven mainc viciT „movlenaTa Tanmimdevroba,~ romelic mas Semdeg daiwyeba, roca RmerTi CaerTveba maT ganxorcielebaSi: 156

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winaswarmetyveluri movlenebis mTeli firi jer kidev RvTis proeqtorSia da Cven SegviZlia mouTmenlad davelodoT saboloo scenis uZrav, brtyel gamosaxulebas, romelic erT dResac gardauvlad gaSuqdeba�� . erTaderTi sirTule — �� da es udavod upiratesobaa da ara sirTule — aris is, rom Cven ar viciT, romel saaTze unda daiwyos programa. Tumca, Cven gvaqvs scenari, da rodesac RmerTi gadawevs berkets, uflis mosvlis sxvadasxva faza zustad ise ganviTardeba, rogorc dawerilia. marTalia, Cven ar viciT misi mosvlis dro, magram viciT movlenebis Tanmimdevroba. barnhausis esqatologiuri sqema efuZneba wm. ioanes apokalifsis bunebisa da miznis fundamentur gaugebrobas. imis daSvebiT, rom cezura30 eklesiis epoqasa da savaraudo bolo Jams Soris unda moiZebnos gamocxadebis mesame da meoTxe TavebSi, barnhausi da misi dispensacionalisti Zmebi ugulebelyofen axlo kavSirs Svidi eklesiisadmi miweril werilebsa da wmida werilis am saboloo wignis danarCen nawilTan. Tu gamocxadebis 4:1-is „amis Semdeg~ exeba saeklesio epoqis gasvlis Semdeg periods, maSin gamocxadebis bolo cxrameti Tavi ar aris uSualo praqtikuli Rirebulebis mqone RvTis xalxisTvis, romelTa mimarTac isini mainc idumalebiT miemarTebodnen patmosis mxilvelis dReebidan Cvens dromde. barnhausi da massaviT mofiqralni, TiTqos ver acnobiereben im faqts, rom ioanes winaswarmetyvelebis sityvebis „dacva~ (gamocx. 1:3; 22:7) gacilebiT metad miiRweva Svidi eklesiisadmi miweril werilebSi mocemuli Segonebebis gaTvaliswinebiTa da wignis mTel teqstSi, 30. wyveta.

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mravali saxis xatovani formis ganmeorebiT, vidre winaswarmetyvelis apokalifsuri xilvebis safuZvelze jer kidev momavali esqatologiuri movlenebis rTuli ganrigis SedgeniT.31 sinoptikuri saxarebebis mcire apokalifsebi upirveles yovlisa, miznad isaxavs qristes didebiT dabrunebisTvis sulieri mzadyofnis Canergvas (maT. 24:44; mark. 13:37; luka 21:36), msgavsad amisa, Svidi eklesiisadmi miweril werilebSi mocemuli Segonebebi gaismis mTel momdevno xilvebSi. Svidi eklesiisadmi miwerili TiToeuli werili sruldeba momavali netarebis lamazad Camoyalibebuli aRTqmis micemiT maTTvis, vinc moTminebiT aRiarebs qristes sityviTa da saqmiT, „imarjvebs~ qveynierebaze da borotis Zalebze (gamocx. 2:7, 11, 17, 26; 3:5, 12, 21). iseve rogorc qali sibrZne da qali ugunureba mimarTaven adamianebs xsnisa Tu daRupvisken mimaval diametralurad sapirispiro gzebze (igav. 9-Si, orive mdedrobiT sqesSia mocemuli), aseve gamocxadeba qadagebs mkveTr kontrasts maT sicocxlesa da beds Soris, vinc RvTis beWeds (gamocx. 7:3; 14:1) da vinc mxecis niSans iRebs (gamocx. 13:16). isini, vinc didi piradi danakargiT toveben babilons (gamocx. 18:4), devnili arian SurismaZiebeli drakonis mier, romelic ebrZvis dedakacis Tesls, „romlebic icaven RvTis mcnebebs da mowmoben iesoze~ (gamocx. 12:17). mxilvelis mowodeba erTgulebisken tan31. SeadareT leon morisis komentari gamocxadebis 1:3-ze: „wigni RvTisgan aris. ioane mouwodebs ara mxolod mis mosmenas, aramed masSi dawerili ambebis dacvasac. mas mxolod adamianebis interesis stimulireba ki ar surs, aramed maT qmedebebze gavlenac. wmida werili aris qcevis megzuri, iseve rogorc moZRvrebis wyaro~ (The Revelation of St. John [Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1980], 47).

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jvis Jams (gamocx. 13:10; 14:12) gacemulia gandgomilTa (gamocx. 14:9–11) da gadarCenilTa (gamocx. 7:9–17; 15:2–4; 20:4–6) antiTeturi32 sasrulebis gaTvaliswinebiT. es ukanasknelni sizustid arian maTi identuri, vinc „imarjvebs~ (gamocx. 15:2; 21:7). ioanes miznebs Soris Tavisi apokalifsuri xilvebiT eklesiis darigebisas, aranakleb mniSvnelovania qristesadmi erTgulebisken mowodeba sityviTa da saqmiT (gamocx. 16:15; 21:7 da Semdgom; 22:11–15). swored aseTi TmeniT amtanobaa misi winaswarmetyveluri sityvebis „dacvis~ (gamocx. 22:7) arsi, rac saerTod ar miiRweva wminda werilis yvelaze figuraluri nawilis (igulisxmeba gamocxadebis wigni) uxeSad, sityvasityviTi interpretaciebis SeqmniT. fantastikuri saxis esqatologiuri ganrigis Sedgena, arafers moitans qristes mistikuri sxeulis wevrTa aRmSeneblobisTvis. barnhausis varaudiT movlenebidan pirveli daiwyeba mas Semdeg, roca „RmerTi gadawevs Tavisi winaswarmetyveluri proeqtoris berkets,~ anu moxdeba e.w. miwieri eklesiis qveynierebidan ataceba. mxolod orgulobas SeuZlia gvibiZgos davgmoT „ataceba,~ romelic udavod sweria 1 TesalonikelTa 4:17-Si, magram am muxlis konteqstisadmi mcire yuradRebac sakmarisi unda iyos imisTvis, rom yvelaze gulmodgine dispensacionalistsac ki vaswavloT, rom miwieri morwmuneebis ufalTan Sesaxvedrad ayvana moxdeba qristes erTaderTi da unikaluri didebiT dabrunebis dros da amas ar mohyveba am samyaros istoriis gagrZeleba, aramed maradiuli yofna ufalTan, rac Tavad zecaa. miwieri eklesiis qristes uSualo TandaswrebaSi „atacebis~ fantazia, maSin, roca qvemoT, dedamiwaze, didi Wiri mZvinvarebs, 32. urTierTsapirispiro.

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arcTu umniSvnelod aris dakavSirebuli dispensacionalistebis xorcis (adamianuri bunebis) uaryofasTan, rom qristianuli arseboba qveynierebaze jvris qveS gatarebuli cxovrebaa. qristianebi mowodebulni arian itanjon qveynierebaze, masTan erTad da misTvis da ara imisTvis, rom ibatonon qveyanaze raRac hermetul droebiT zecaSi, saidanac maT SeuZliaT Tvali adevnon saboloo did Wirs, rogorc popkornis mRrRneli usaqmurebi saSinelebaTa filmis yurebisas. mas Semdeg, rac eklesia „atacebuli~ iqneba, barnhausis Tanaxmad, sikeTesa da borotebas Soris brZola dedamiwaze Zalas moikrebs da (amis Semdeg) qriste imZlavrebs, daamyarebs ra amqveyniur samefos eTnikuri ebraelebis sasargeblod. SeiZleba eWvi Segveparos, rom barnhausi umecaria, erTis mxriv, Zveli israelis bedisweris Sesaxeb da meores mxriv, axali aRTqmis „Una Sancta~33 eklesiis realobis Sesaxeb, rodesac is Semdegs wers: upirobo aRTqmaTagan pirveli iyo: „did erad gaqcev~ (dab. 12:2). es aRTqma arasodes aRsrulebula da is unda aRsruldes, Torem ufali mcdari aRmoCndeba. barnhausi amtkicebs, rom Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyveleba mxolod maSin aRsruldeba, rodesac qriste imefebs daviTis miwier samefoze ierusalimSi da is Tamamad isvris Semdeg `xelTaTmans~ esaias 2:2–5-Tan dakavSirebiT: Cemi Rrma rwmeniT, nebismieri, vinc ambobs, rom es winaswarmetyveleba aRsrulda, ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos bibliis interpretorad. iyvnen iseTebic, romlebic cdilobdnen eCvenebinaT, rom eklesia aris aRsrule33. erTi wmida.

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ba, magram imis Tqma, rom eklesiam moitana mSvidoba dedamiwaze, sabralo sisulelea.34 axla, Cven frensis paipers „bibliis interpretorad Rirsad Seracxuls~ ganvixilavT da ar viqnebiT midrekilni gadavuxvioT mis uaryofas aTaswliani egzegezis Sesaxeb. qiliasturi moTxovnebis winaSe qedmoxriT, rom aseTi teqstebi, rogoricaa esaia 2:2–4 da miqa 4:1–4, miRebul iqnas maTi „sruli, realuri RirebulebiT,~ paiperi wmida werils misi centridan ganmartavs, kerZod qristesgan da saxarebisgan: magram Cven aseve ar gvaviwydeba, rom angelozTa Gloria in excelsis-is35 sasixarulo uwyeba, „dedamiwaze mSvidoba,~ JRers ara momaval aTaswlian samefoSi, aramed qristes Sobis movlenasa da saxarebis qadagebaSi da rom qriste ambobs ara momavali aTaswliani samefos moqalaqeebze, aramed yvelaze, visac swams saxareba: „mSvidobas gitovebT Tqven, Cems mSvidobas gaZlevT Tqven�� ~ (ioan. 14:27) da: „es giTxariT, rom CemSi gqondeT mSvidoba. qveynierebaze Wiri geqnebaT~ (ioan. 16:33). mociquli pavle imave Sexedulebas iziarebs am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. is saxarebas „mSvidobis saxarebas~ uwodebs (efes. 6:15) da yvela, visac swams saxareba, miawers „�� RvTis mSvidobas, romelic yovelgvar gonebas aRemateba~ (filip. 4:7). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rasac es Zveli aRTqmis teqstebi winaswarmetyveleben msoflios momaval mSvidobaze, rea34. iqve, 274. barnhauss, rogorc Cans, gamorCa is faqti, rom xalxTa daSveba RvTis mxsnel TandaswrebaSi xorcieldeba uflis sityvis ierusalimidan gamosvlis gziT (es�� . 2:3), rac mociqulTa misiis meSveobiT moxda. 35. Ddideba maRalTa Sina.

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lizdeba Tavisi „sruli, realuri RirebulebiT~ ara momaval `mileniumSi,~�� aramed RvTis Zis xorcSi gamoCeniT, qveynierebis RmerTTan SerigebiT, am ambis msoflioSi gacxadebiT da suliwmidis warmogzavniT, romelic am gzavnilis meSveobiT rwmenas aRZravs adamianTa gulebSi, riTac qmnis mSvidobis Svilebs mTel msoflioSi da yvela erSi. saxarebis rwmeniT qristianuli eklesia dedamiwaze flobs mSvidobis Seudarebel mdgomareobas. paiperis gageba mSvidobis esqatologiuri mosacemlis Sesaxeb srulad Seesabameba esaias dasamaxsovrebel ganmartebas (es. 26:3). imavdroulad ebraelTa 12:2 ostaturad aufasurebs dispensacionalistur warmodgenebs Zveli aRTqmis sionis winaswarmetyvelebebis raime momavali miwier-politikuri ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb, imis miTiTebiT, rom isini aRsrulebulia axal aRTqmis eklesiaSi, sadac „saxarebisadmi rwmeniT warmarTebi da israelis „naSTi~ modian sionze saxlidan gausvlelad.~ barnhausis molodini qristes dabrunebis Sesaxeb miwieri istoriis farglebSi, raTa daamyaros amqveyniuri samefo eTnikuri ebraelebis sasargeblod, gvTavazobs aTaswliani/qiliasturi imedis dispensacionalistur variants, romelic ukve misaRebi idea iyo meore saukunis eklesiis mamebisTvis, rogorebic iyvnen papias hierapoleli, iustine mowame da irineos lioneli. qiliastur imeds RvTis samefos saboloo aRsrulebaze amqveyniur dro-sivrceSi aseve iziareben garkveuli evangelistebi, romlebsac Cveulebriv eniWebaT iarliyi „pre-milenialistebi~ (magaliTad, jorj eldon ladi). sami damajerebeli faqtori gvavaldebulebs, rom mxari davuWiroT AC XVII-s qiliazmis/aTaswliani samefos yvela formis srul 162

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uaryofas. RvTis samefos saboloo, Sida-amqveyniuri „warmatebuli~ aRsrulebis cneba momdinareobs (rac ufro detalurad iqneba naCvenebi post-mileniumis imedTan dakavSirebiT) didebis xorcieli Teologiidan, romelic eyrdnoba wm. ioane RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebis mTeli arsisa da miznis uxerxul araswor interpretacias da ufro metic, is TvalsaCinod ar aris warmodgenili mis farTod reklamirebul sedes doctrinae-Si, gamocx. 20:4–6-Si. verner elertma yuradReba gaamaxvila wmida werilis ukanaskneli wignis gamorCeul maxasiaTebelze, kerZod, misi apokalifsuri xilvebis uryev winaaRmdegobaze xelovnuri da naCqarevi interpretaciisadmi. dogma SeiZleba werilis mxolod naTel adgilze aSendes da sicxadis predikati36 aSkarad unda uarvyoT im naweris mimarT, romelic „Seicavs xilvebs, romeli xilvebic arc erT egzegets dRemde ar ganumartavs ise damajereblad, rom wignis mniSvneloba da gzavnili eklesiis aRmsareblobaSi moxvedriliyo.~37 Tanamedrove 36. subieqtis mimarT naTqvami. 37. elerti, „ukanaskneli movlenebi,~ 8. elertis gafrTxilebas amyarebs is dakvirveba, rom reputaciis mqone luTerani egzegetebi farTod ar eTanxmebian patmoseli mxilvelis mier gamoyenebuli zogierTi gamosaxulebis interpretacias. s. h. litlisTvis, gamocxadebis 6:1-is pirveli mxedari unda gaigivdes gamocxadebul saxarebasTan mis triumfalur msvlelobaSi istoriis manZilze (Explanation of the Book of Revelation [St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1950], 65). martin h. francmanisTvis, amis sapirispirod, „es mxedari . . . ar aris qriste, aramed antiqriste, rogorc qristes mimbaZveli, aseve mowinaaRmdege~ (The Revelation to John [St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1976], 60). dispensacionalisturi banakis egzegetebi aseve gvTavazoben diametralurad sapirispiro identifikaciebs gamocxadebis 6:2-is pirveli mxedrisTvis. ixileT uiliam e. bidervolfi, The Second Coming Bible Commentary (1924; reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1985), 571.

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orTodoqsi luTeranebi nakleb savaraudoa midrekili iyvnen, rom daakninon ioanes gamocxadebis avtoriteti misdami, rogorc antilegomenonis38 statusis miniWebiT, romlis RvTivSTagonebas kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebdnen, rogorc adreuli eklesiis zogierTi mama, aseve Tavad reformatori. Tumca, am naweris sruli kanonikurobis miReba gulisxmobs misi, rogorc apokalifsuri literaturis bunebis calsaxa aRiarebas, romlis mizani ufro metad A a RSeneba da Segonebaa, vidre mxolod ukanaskneli dReebis wina movlenebis detaluri ganrigis SeTavazeba. albrext oepke aRniSnavs TDNT -Si, rom miuxedavad imisa, termini „parusia~ ar aris gamocxadebaSi, rwmenis dogmati, romlis mokle Sinaarssac is gvTavazobs, udaod Zlierad aris damowmebuli mis gverdebze. Semdegi winadadeba gamoiyeneba ara mxolod gamocx. 14:14–10 da 19:11–16-ze, romlebic uflis didebiT dabrunebas gadmoscemen, aramed mTel wignze da kerZod mis me-20 Tavze: gadamwyveti faqtoria winaswarmetyveluri mizani, SeWirvebuli sazogadoebisTvis imedis sul ufro da ufro daJinebuli mZafri aRwerebiT. gamocxadebis me-20 Tavis guldasmiT Seswavla mxolod im daskvnamde migviyvans, rom wm. ioanes ganzraxva ar aris istoriis dasasrulisken saboloo esqatologiuri aRsrulebis raime oqros xana (SedarebiT) warmogvisaxos, aramed zustad is, rom RvTis SeWirvebuli xalxis mkerdSi imedi Canergos qristianobis yovel TaobaSi. am xilvis saxarebiseuli Sinaarsi sxva araferia, Tu ara „gamarjvebulTa~ sarwmuno madliT aRsavse jildo, rom38. sapirispiro.

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lebic „icaven~ am ioaneseuli apokalifsis gzavnils (gamocx. 20:4). nebismieri azri, rom gamocx. 20:4–6 saubrobs RvTis samefos „warmatebul~ gare da miwier gamovlinebaze, aucileblad Zaladobrivad unda iyos Setanili am muxlebSi werilis sxva adgilebi, magaliTad, Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelebis pasaJebidan, romlebic mesianur xanas exeba.39 mxilvelis mier nanaxi moqmedeba xdeba zecaSi, sadac gardacvlili erTgulni mefoben qristesTan Sualedur mdgomareobaSi. „pirveli aRdgoma~ (gamocx. 20:5) saerTod ar aris sxeulebrivi, radgan wm. ioanes naCvenebi aqvs mowameTa da sxva gardacvlil erTgulTa „sulebi~ (gamocx. 20:4). wmida werili sxvagan aRdgomis gamosaxulebas iyenebs sulieri gacocxlebis aRsawerad, romelic urwmunoebidan rwmenaze gadasvlisas xdeba (efes. 2:5). pirvel aRdgomas adgili aqvs wmida naTlobis niWis rwmeniT miRebis momentSi. gamocxadebis 20-e Tavi ar exeba ukanaskneli samsjavros wina erTi epizodis aRweras, aramed RvTis SeWirvebuli xalxis gamxnevebas mTeli axali aRTqmis epoqis aRweris konteqstSi, gankacebidan parusiamde. iseve, rogorc gamocxadebis me-12 Tavi iwyeba gankacelebuli uflis SobiT da agrZelebs Txrobas qalsa (romelic eklesias ganasaxierebs) da gvels (romelic eSmakis simboloa) Soris konfliqtis Sesaxeb, aseve gamocxadebis me-20 Tavi iwyeba satanaze 39. ixileT s. h. litli, „�� sadavo doqtrinebi: Seswavla bibliur da dogmatur TeologiaSi~ (Disputed Doctrines: A Study in Biblical and Dogmatic Theology, Burlington, IA: The Lutheran Literary Board,

1933), 32. litli aq miuTiTebs, Tu rogor ganmarta wm�� .�� iakobma ierusalimis krebaze pasaJebi, romlebic qiliastebis mier gagebuli iyo, rogorc qristes aTaswliani, fiqtiuri momavali miwieri mefobis Sesaxeb warmarTTa moqcevis Semdeg (ixileT saq. 15:13 da Semdgomi muxlebi).

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gadamwyveti gamarjvebis aluziiT,40 romelic miwierma iesom moipova (maT. 12:29 da paralelebi). satanis Seborkva, romelic qristes saqmiT ganxorcielda, SesaZlebels xdis „aTas wels,~ romlis ganmavlobaSic saxareba Tavis triumfalur msvlelobas axorcielebs mTeli am istoriis manZilze. gamocx. 20:2–7-Si eqvsjer naxsenebi „aTasi wlis~ pirdapiri interpretacia moiTxovs ricxviTi simbolizmis yvela sxva SemTxvevis aseve pirdapir gagebas, romliTac savsea gamocxadeba. aseTi egzegezi saerTod ver gaigebs apokalifsis zogad bunebas da kerZod, am apokalifsis bunebas. aTasi, rogorc aTis kubi miuTiTebs, arc meti arc naklebi — srul sisrules. wm. ioanes konkretuli mizania daarwmunos ara mxolod zogadad qristianebi, aramed gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc cxovroben satanis gaTavisuflebis „mcire xanaSi~ (gamocx. 20:3; KJV), eklesiasa da borotebis ZalTa Soris bolo Jamis konfliqtis WeSmarit mdgomareobaSi. miwieri eklesiis gasaWiri unda iqnas ganxiluli triumfaluri eklesiis (gamocx. 20:4–6) da satanis gardauvali damarcxebis fonze mis saboloo sasowarkveTil TavdasxmaSi Una Sancta-ze (gamocx. 20:7–10). bolo sityva ekuTvnis RmerTs da ara satanas (gamocx. 20:11–15). gamocxadebis me-20 Tavis xilva acxadebs eklesiis gardauval xsnas satanis mier orkestrirebuli mtrobisgan, romelic mis winaaRmdeg sul ufro mzardi sisastikiT aris mimarTuli mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi; aq arc erTi sityva ar aris naTqvami istoriis farglebSi mocemuli saboloo xsnis Sesaxeb. qristianobisTvis oqros xana, romelic amqveyniur droSi da sivrceSi iqneba miniWebuli, aris fuWi ocneba werilobiTi dasabuTebis gareSe, romelic maT moigones, vinc srulad gaurbis jvris Teologias. 40. ritorikuli xerxi - gadakvriT xseneba raime cnobili istoriuli ambis an literaturuli nawarmoebisa.

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post-milenialuri imedi pre-milenialuri mimdinareobis garda, dispensacionalisturi iqneba es Tu sxvagvari, arseboben sxvebic, romlebic amtkiceben, rom parusia ar moxdeba manam, sanam dedamiwaze myofi eklesia ar ganicdis gamocxadebis me-20 TavSi aRweril „aTaswleuls~ wminda qristianobis garegani, SesamCnevi gamarjvebis saxiT borotebis Zalebze. es „post-milenialuri imedi,~ romelic zogierT reformirebul wreebSi aRmocenda, efuZneba ara imdenad Tavad gamocxadebis me-20 Tavs, ramdenadac axali aRTqmis sxva winaswarmetyvelebebis gagebas, kerZod wm. pavles winaswarmetyvelebebs romaelTa me-11 TavSi „israelis~ momavali bedis Sesaxeb. ukve me-17 saukuneSi filip iakob Spenerma luTeranTa Soris gaavrcela Sexeduleba, rom romaelTa11:26-Si mociquli aswavlis eTnikuri ebraelebis momaval masobriv moqcevas. luTeranuli pietizmis mama irwmuneboda, rom aRdgenili oqros xana eloda miwier qristianobas, romelic analogiuri iqneboda imisa, rac, misi warmodgeniT, ukve arsebobda mociqulTa da adreuli mamebis dros, radgan sjeroda, rom werili winaswarmetyvelebs eTnikuri ebraelebis moqcevasa da romis papobis dacemas amqveyniuri droisa da sivrcis farglebSi. post-milenialuri imedis miRebis gzaze ori gadaulaxavi dabrkoleba dgas, romelic eklesias didebul miwier momavals uwinaswarmetyvelebs parusiamde. pirvel rigSi, maTes 24-e Tavi da misi paralelebi sxva sinoptikur saxarebebSi ar gvTavazobs mcireoden kvadratul inCs im cariel tiloze, romelzec RvTismosavma fantaziam SeiZleba daxatos saeklesio istoriis periodi, romelic Tavisufalia jvris universaluri Crdilisgan. RvTaebrivi dumili aq unda gavigoT, rogorc miTiTeba, rom xeTisxilis mTis diskursidan parusiamde dro unda daeTmos im movlenebs, rom167

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lebzec Cvenma ufalma realurad isaubra, vidre davkavdeT nawilobriv miTiuri oqros xanis ocnebebiT. meorec, egzegeturi mosazrebebi gamoricxavs Cvens varauds, rom wm. pavle namdvilad aswavlis eTnikuri ebraelebis momaval masobriv moqcevas romaelTa 11:26-Si. miuxedavad imisa, rom es interpretacia ar aris mxolod `pre~ da `post-milenializmis~ qristianTa41 prerogativa da is SeiZleba mieweros iseTi prestiJuli avtoritetis mqones, rogoricaa Tavad netari avgustine, mas mainc aklia mxardaWera wmida teqstSi. faqtobrivad, Sexeduleba, rom mociquli winaswarmetyvelebs eTnikuri israelis aseT masobriv moqcevas, yvelaze sustia romaelTa 11:26-is sami SesaZlo interpretaciidan. araferia SemTxveviTi imaSi, rom wamyvani mkvlevari, romelic mxars uWers im Sexedulebas, rom romaelTa 11:26-Si naTqvamia eTnikuri israelis bolo Jamis masobrivi moqcevis Sesaxeb, aris barTianeli, romelic, Tumca udidesi sifrTxiliT, magram mainc ver gamoricxavs universaluri imedis povnas romaelTa 11:32-Si. romaelTa 11:26-Si mocemuli „mTeli israelis~ (πάς Ίσραηλ) gageba, rogorc eTnikuri ebraelebis momavali masobrivi moqcevis maniSnebeli, sami mizezis gamo unda uarvyoT. pirvel rigSi, „mTeli israeli~ im konkretuli momavlis periodSi sruli eTnikuri iudevelis gagebiT mainc israelis umciresobas warmoadgens xorcis mixedviT da Sesabamisad, Sors iqneba „mTeli israelisgan~ abraamis fizikuri STamomavlebis gagebiT. meorec, pavle mxolod „israelis nawilobriv~ (rom. 11:25) gangrZobiT gajiutebas xedavs, 41. is rom „warmarTTa Jami dasruldeba da ebraelebi eklesiaSi iqnebian miRebulni, rogorc wm. pavle gveubneba,~ naswavlia aRmosavleT marTlmadideblur katexizmoSi „cocxali RmerTi,~ Targmna olga danlopma (Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1989), 2:348.

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risi sapirispiroc aris is, rom mociquli elis mravali eTnikuri ebraelis gadarCenas qristes rwmeniT mTeli axali aRTqmis ganmavlobaSi. „warmarTTa sisavse~ (rom. 11:25) ar niSnavs yvela warmarTs, aramed yvela morwmune warmarTs. mesame, zmnizeda, romelic gamoyenebulia romaelTa 11:26is dasawyisSi, ar aris τότε (maSin), aramed ούτος (amgvarad). „mTeli israeli gadarCeba~ ara „warmarTTa sruli ricxvis Sevsebis~ Semdeg, aramed zustad yvela rCeulis qristeSi SeerTebis gziT, rogorc eTnikur ebraelTa, ise eTnikur warmarTTa. „mTeli israelis~ (πάς Ίσραηλ) interpretacia damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor ganixileba es termini uSualo Tu ufro farTo konteqstSi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, romaelTa 11:25-Si Seqmnili kontrasti „israelis nawilsa~ da „warmarTTa sisavses~ Soris gvaZlevs saSulebas, es fraza gavigoT, rogorc miTiTeba RvTis rCeul Svilebze eTnikur israelSi. romaelTa 11:26-is ganxilva romaelTa 9–11 Tavebis saerTo konteqstSi xsnis Semdgom SesaZleblobas, rom „mTeli israeli~ (πάς Ίσραηλ) niSnavs „RvTis mTel xalxs.~ romaelTa 9:6-Si wm. pavle ukve akeTebs gadamwyvet gansxvavebas xorcieli warmomavlobis israelsa da israelis, romelic „aRTqmis Svilebisgan~ Sedgeba. galatelTa 6:16-Si am saxelis axali aRTqmis eklesiis mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebasTan erTad, romaelTa 9:6 gvavaldebulebs ganvixiloT is SesaZlebloba, rom romaelTa 11:26-is „mTeli israeli~ (πάς Ίσραηλ) miuTiTebs RvTis mTel xalxze, romelic Sedgeba qristesken moqceuli, rogorc eTnikuri ebraelebisgan, ise eTnikuri warmarTebisgan. miuxedavad imisa, mocemuli fraza RvTis yvela rCeul Svils aRniSnavs eTnikuri ebraelebidan Tu RvTis mTel xalxs, rogorc ebraelebidan da aseve warmarTTagan, kargia aRiniSnos ori faqti romaelTa 9–11 Tavebidan. pirvel rigSi, mociquli imedgacruebuli ar aris Tavisi Tanamemamuleebis gadarCenis gamo, aramed did azrs xe169

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davs eklesiis misiis ganxorcielebaSi ebraelTa mimarT. romaelTa mimarT epistoleSi mociquli orjer gamoxatavs Tavis mxurvale survils misi xorcieli naTesavebis (idevlebis) gadarCenis mimarT (rom. 9:3; 10:1). ufro metic, is mkafiod asaxavs eTnikuri ebraelebis mniSvnelovani raodenobis momaval moqcevas (rom. 11:12, 15). romSi mcxovreb warmarT qristianebs frTxilad Seaxsenebs, rom isini, rogorc RvTis xalxi, israelis zeTisxilis xeze damynobili veluri zeTisxilis totebi arian (rom. 11:17). RmerTs ZaluZs, rom xelaxla daamynos bunebrivi zeTisxilis totebi (rom. 11:23), romlebic gadatydnen (rom. 11:17) qristes uaryofis gamo, rac maTi gajiutebis Sedegad moxda (rom. 11:7; 11:25). is, rom israelis nawili gajiutda, ar niSnavs, rom eklesiam ar unda auwyos saxareba abraamis yovel fizikur naSiers. meorec, mociqulma ar icis Tavisi xorcieli naTesavebisTvis sxva xsnis gza, romelic gverds auvlida RvTis Zis pirovnebasa da saqmes, vinc ebrael kacad iqca da rCeba yoveli adamianis gulisTvis. misi mosvlis niSnebi daskvniTi SeniSvnebi maTes saxarebis 24-e TavSi da sxvagan miTiTebuli niSnebis aRsrulebis parusiasTan kavSiris ganxilvisas, ori Secdoma unda iqnas Tavidan aridebuli da Cveni uflisa da misi mociqulebis mier gaJRerebuli gafrTxileba gulmodgined unda davixsomoT. pirvel rigSi, mTeli sifrTxiliT pativi unda mivagoT axali aRTqmis swavlebis WeSmarit winaswarmetyvelur Tvisebas Cveni uflis mosvlis niSnebTan dakavSirebiT; anu, unda vifrTxiloT, rom ar ganvazavoT STagonebis saidumlo, rac Tan axlavs pol alTausis ususur mcdelobas, rom winaswarmetyveleba awmyoze mimarTul „winaswar170

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metyvelebamde~ (Weissagung) daiyvanos, rac unda iyos mkafiod gamijnuli momavali movlenebis nebismieri „winaswarmetyvelebisgan~ (Wahrsagung).42 wmida werili, rogorc Zvel, ise axal aRTqmaSi, winaswarmetyvelebs momaval movlenebs, maT Soris uflis mosvlis niSnebsa da Tavad parusias. meorec, xazi unda gaesvas im faqts, rom misi mosvlis niSnebi, ZiriTadad, ukve aRsrulda. am sferos erT-erTi avtori aRniSnavs, rom, didwilad, zeTisxilis mTis diskursSi miTiTebuli mravali niSani ukve aRsrulda wiTel paraskevs, anu Cveni uflis sityvidan erTi kviris Tavze. eklesiis molodini mimarTuli unda iyos qristes didebul xelaxal gamoCenaze (tit. 2:13) da ara amqveyniuri momavlis ukuRmarTobisa da moulodnelobebis Sesaxeb zedmetad adamianur spekulaciebze. dasasruls, JamTa niSnebis aRsrulebis Cveni qmnilebiTi gaangariSeba yovelTvis unda iyos Semofargluli Cveni uflisa da misi mociqulebis mkafio swavlebiT, rom parusia moxdeba uecrad da moulodnelad, adamianuri gaTvlisTvis miuwvdomel dros (maT. 24:45 da paralelebi; luka 17:24; 1 Tes. 5:2 da Semdgom; 2 pet. 3:10). mxolod yovlisSemZle RmerTma icis is dro, rodesac ukanaskneli rCeulebi gaerTiandebian misi Zis mistiur sxeulSi da „mTeli qriste~ gandiddeba misi TaviTa da wevrebiT. Sesabamisad, momavali parusiis win pastoraluri movaleobaa yvela codvilis (qristianis xorcic aranaklebi codvili rCeba) monaniebisaken mowodeba, vinaidan rwmena spekulaciebSi ki ara, aramed sinanulSi cocxlobs. 42. Die Letzten Dinge, 267. hans kiungi althausze gacilebiT uxeSia, rodesac amtkicebs „im faqts [!], rom bibliuri esqatologia ar aris dasasrulis movlenaTa prognozi, iseve rogorc bibliuri protologia ar aris dasawyisis movlenaTa angariSi~ (EEternal Life? 252).

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8 parusia da misi Tanmdevi movlenebi sinoptikuri saxarebebis „mcire apokalifsebi~ erTxmad saubroben rwmenis im dogmatze, rac Cveni uflis momavali xiluli didebiT dabrunebaa: „maSin gamoCndeba kacis Zis niSani zecaSi da maSin mohyveba moTqmas dedamiwis yvela tomi, da ixilaven Ze kacisas cis Rrublebze momavals, diadi ZaliTa da didebiT~ (maT. 24:30; mark. 13:26 da luk. 21:27). Cveni uflis mier danielis 7:13-is winaswarmetyvelebis sakuTar Tavze gamoyeneba, romelic piradad zeTisxilis mTaze warmoTqva, sajarod gaimeora kaiafasTan dakiTxvisas: „magram geubnebiT Tqven: amieridan ixilavT Ze kacisas, Zalis marjvniv mjdoms da cis Rrublebze momavals~ (maT. 26:64; mark. 14:62). isini, vinc uaryofen parusiis faqtobrivobas, Tumca rbilad, magram mainc iziareben kaiafas aRSfoTebas uflis pirovnebisa da sityvis mimarT. nikeis sarwmunoebis aRsareba „da kvlav momaval ars didebiT~ aris RvTaebrivad damowmebuli dogmati da Sesabamisad, eklesiis rwmenis ucvleli sagani. sinoptikuri mowmobis simfoniaSi, TiToeuli maxarebeli Tavis gansxvavebul nots aJRerebs. wm. maTe da markozi mkafiod ar asxvaveben saboloo Wirs, romelic win unda uZRvodes parusias da imas, rac 70 wels Tan axlda ierusalimis ganadgurebas (maT. 24:21, 29; mark. 13:19, 24), riTac mkafiod warmoaCenen iesos xiluli xelaxali gamoCenis 172

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droiT siaxloves. pirveli maxarebeli iyenebs zmnizedas, romelic ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba wm. markozTan, rodesac mowmobs, rom parusia moxdeba „maSinve~ an „moulodnelad~ (εύθέως) saboloo Wiris Semdeg (maT. 24:29). wm. luka ki ufro mkafiod asxvavebs ierusalimis dacemasa da saboloo vaebebs, rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom „warmarTTa dro~ moicavs Sualedur periods, romlis ganmavlobaSic eklesiis misia iqneba ganxorcielebuli (luk. 21:24). wm. maTe erTaderTi maxarebelia, romelic iyenebs arsebiT saxels „parusia~ Cveni uflis didebiT dabrunebis aRsawerad (maT. 24:3, 27, 37, 39). mocemuli sityva elinistur berZnulSi aRniSnavda mmarTvelis saxelmwifo vizits Tavisi qveSevrdomebis dasaxlebaSi, romlis macxovreblebs SesaZloa SiSis zari ecemodaT aseTi privilegiisG gamo, vinaidan mas Tan mohyveboda mZime gadasaxadebi, romelic dawesebuli iyo suverenisTvis Cveuli pativis misagebad. miwieri mmarTvelebisgan gansxvavebiT, ieso Tavis parusiaSi iqneba misi xalxisadmi keTili, romlebic sixaruliT miiReben misi siuxvisgan; iseve, rogorc sityviTa da saidumloebis RvTaebrivi msaxurebiT, romelic axla win uswrebs parusias, mova Cveni ufali, raTa emsaxuros Tavisas. qristianTa doqsologia ar iqneba iZulebiTi pativis migeba, radgan parusia mistikuri sxeulis wevrebTan saxarebis gziT mova da ara rjulis: „... igi warmogzavnis Tavis angelozebs didxmiani sayviriT da Sekreben mis rCeulebs oTxive qarTagan, cis erTi kididan meoremde~ (maT. 24:31; mark. 13:27). ufalma, danielis 7:13-is sakuTar Tavze gamoyenebiT, mizanmimarTulad mimarTa apokalifsis idumal enas, raTa ganecxadebina Tavisi momavali didebiT dabruneba. apokalifsuri literaturis Janris pativiscema gvafrTxilebs, rom Tavidan aviciloT iesosa da wmida mwerlebis mier parusiis dogmaturi WeSmaritebis gadmosacemad gamoyenebuli 173

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simboloebis arasaTanadod pirdapiri interpretacia. amgvarad, ar aris saWiro kacis Zis xelSi arsebuli „basri namglis~ pirdapiri mniSvnelobis dogmatizeba (gamocx. 14:14– 16), raki vaRiarebT, rom is Sekrebs Tavisi xalxis mosavals dedamiwaze. arc raime karg mizans emsaxureba imis mtkiceba, rom dabrunebuli ufali da zeciuri laSqari realur cxenebze iqnebian amxedrebuli (gamocx. 19:11, 14): es sabrZolo simbolika gadmoscems RvTis Zis triumfaluri msvlelobis WeSmaritebas misi mtrebis SesaWirveblad. Rrublis gamosaxuleba, romelzec amaRlebuli ufali dabrundeba, ar SeiZleba ubralod simbolod iqnas gagebuli, aramed unda iqnas gagebuli rogorc pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, aseve mowmobad im kacis sruli RvTaebriobisa, romelic xelaxla gamoCndeba dedamiwaze, raTa daicvas Tavisi Zmebi da Suri iZios mis mtrebze. egviptidan gamosvlisas (gam. 13:21), udabnoSi xetialisas (gam. 16:10; 34:5; ricxv. 11:25; 14:14) da feriscvalebisas (maTe 17:5 da paralelebi), Rrublis miwieri fenomeni RvTaebrivi didebulebis Tandaswrebis garegani gamoxatuleba iyo. netari avgustines sakramentuli Teologiis terminologiis gamoyenebiT, Rrubeli iyo „wmida sagnis niSani~ (signum sacrae rei). petre lombardis mier avgustines sakramentuli leqsikonis ganviTareba aseve Seesabameba uflis dabrunebis Rrubels, romelic aris rogorc signum et res contenta et significata.1 angelozuri gancxadeba amaRlebasa da parusias Soris paralelis Sesaxeb (saq. 1:11) gvavaldebulebs vaRiaroT, rom Cveni ufali ukanasknel dRes cis Rrublebze dabrundeba; signum ar SeiZleba daiSalos ubralo figurad. amave dros, misi xelaxla gamoCenis forma ar aris umniSvnelo detali: signum-is qveS arsebiTi res imaleba. Rrubeli, romelic bibliuri Teofaniis 1. niSani, Sinaarsis mqone da maCvenebeli.

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niSania, adasturebs odesRac zizRiT mopyrobili nazareTeli iesos mama RmerTis marjvniv jdomas. RvTis dideba ar aris qristes wmida kacobrivobis garegani an damatebiTi, aramed is mis adamianur bunebas, rogorc sakuTars, hipostasuri kavSiris meSveobiT eziareba. iesos kacobrivoba, romelic arsebobs RvTaebriobis transcendentul sferoSi, xilulad gamoCndeba, raTa gamoavlinos da ganaxorcielos RvTisTvis maxasiaTebeli Zala da dideba, romelic WeSmaritad gadaeca mas. patmosis mxilvelis sawyisi aRwera „msgavsi Zisa kacisa~ (gamocx. 1:13–16) konbinirebulia misi Rrublebze dabrunebis suraTTan (gamocx. 1:7), raTa aCvenos, rom FC.VIII-is qristologia arc me-5 saukuneSi myofi kirile aleqsandrielis da arc me-16 saukunis qemniceli luTeris warmosaxvis nayofia. anglikaneli komentatori jon sviTi mokled ajamebs kirileseul, imave gnesio-luTeranul2 qristologiur mosavals gamocx. 1:12–20-dan: aq [danielis Ze�� kacisa] aris namdvili adamiani, romelic mokvda da cocxalia (m. 18); magram es adamiani iezekielis xilvaSi aRwerilia RvTis didebasTan dakavSirebuli terminebiT [anu, ezek. 1:26–28], TviT, rogorc dReTa uZvelesi (matyliviT Tma, dan. 7:9) ...3 ufali, romelic axla mama RmerTis marjvniv zis da romelic zecis Rrublebze gamoCndeba, aris is, vis kacobrivobasac RvTaebrivi dideba gadaeca. gnesio-luTeranuli qristologia gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisaa parusiis or2. WeSmariti luTeranuli. 3. gamocxadeba (Llondon: SCM Press, 1979), 69. SeadareT francmanis „gamocxadeba ioanes~ 36 (gamoc.�� 1:13-ze): „�� amaRlebuli qriste gamosaxulia Zveli aRTqmidan miRebuli RvTaebis ferebSi.~ SeadareT aseve litlis „gamocxadebis wigni~14.

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Todoqsuli gagebisTvis da im saqmeebisTvis, romlebsac Cveni ufali aRasrulebs ukanasknel dRes. Ze kacisa, rogorc pirveli da ukanaskneli (gamocx. 1:17) identuria yovelisSemZle ufali RmerTis, rogorc alfa da omega (gamocx. 1:8), SeubRalavad da ubralod utoldeba dReTa ZvelTagans (gamocx. 1:14) da isaxeba, rogorc RvTaebrivi Tayvaniscemis samarTliani mimRebi (gamocx. 1:5b da Semdgom; 5:8–14). parusia avlens iesos or bunebas (rogorc „RvTis sityvas,~ ise sisxlSi gaJRenTili samosis matarebels, gamocx. 19:13) da gansakuTrebiT RvTaebrivi didebis gadacemas mis sakralur kacobrivobaze (gamocx. 19:12, 15, 16). wmida werilis ukanaskneli wigni am saxiT avlebs konturebs reformatoris qristologiaze: Cven gvmarTebs vamtkicoT, rom Tumca misi kacobrivoba qmnilia, is erTaderTi qmnilebaa, romelic isea gaerTianebuli RmerTTan, rom erT pirovnebas qmnis RvTaebrivTan, vinc mxolod RvTis qveS myofi unda iyos yvela sxva qmnilebaze maRla da maT miRma. maSasadame�� , es aris Cveni rwmena. aq Cven movdivarT qristesTan, romelic yvela qmnilebas aRemateba, rogorc misi kacobrivobis, ise misi RvTaebrivobis mixedviT; misi kacobrivobiT Cven SevdivarT sul sxva sivrceze, misgan gansxvavebiT, romelzec is aq, dedamiwaze rom dadioda, — anu gavdivarT yvela qmnilebis miRma da zemoT, uSualod RvTaebaSi.4 4. AE 37:229 (aRsareba qristes serobis Sesaxeb, 1528); WA 26:340.37–341.6. luTeris mier kirile qristologiis aRdgenas konkretuli esqatologiuri Sedegebi aqvs, rac SeiZleba dadasturdes FC SD VIII-dan mokle citatebiT. wminda kacobriobisTvis didebis micemis gamo, qristes saqme aucileblad erTi Teandriuli aqtia, saidanac miRebuli kacobrivoba ar SeiZleba iyos gamoricxuli: „amgvarad, qristeSi aris da rCeba mxolod

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erTi RvTiuri yovlisSemZleoba, Zala, brwyinvaleba da dideba, rac mxolod RvTaebrivi bunebis sakuTrebaa. magram is srulad, Tumca yovelTvis spontanurad, naTdeba da vlindeba qristes mier miRebul amaRlebul adamianur bunebaSi~ (VIII.66; Tappert, 604). „radgan sicocxlis micema, yovelgvari gankiTxvis aRsruleba, mTeli xelmwifebis qona zecasa da dedamiwaze, yvelafris xelSi pyroba, yovelives fexqveS moqceva, codvisgan ganwmenda da a.S. ar aris qmnili niWebi, aramed RvTiuri da usasrulo Tvisebebi. magram wmida werilis gancxadebis mixedviT, es Tvisebebi micemuli da gadacemuli iqna kaci qristesTvis~ (VIII.55; Tappert, 601). luTeranuli qristologiis esqatologiuri mosavali calsaxad aris ganmartebuli VIII.58-Si: „wmida werili naTlad mowmobs (ioan. 5:21, 27; 6:39, 40), rom mkvdrebis gacocxlebisa da gankiTxvis Zalaufleba�� mieca qristes, radgan is aris Ze kacisa�� , ramdenadac mas aqvs xorci da sisxli~ (Tappert, 602). RvTaebrivi didebis micema qristes miRebuli kacobrivobisTvis aris yvelaze praqtikuli WeSmariteba, radgan is aris Cveni uflis realuri, mudmivi urTierTobis safuZveli, rogorc zogadad mis mistikur sxeulTan, aseve konkretulad mis TiToeul wevrTan. kirile/ gnesio-luTeranuli qristologiis sapirispiro polusze vxvdebiT Semdeg gancxadebas „ieso cocxalia dRes~ ganmartebaSi g. v. h. lampes kalmidan, romlis unitarul azrovnebaSic nestorianuli qaTmebi TavianT budes daubrundnen: „faqtobrivad, Zneli warmosadgenia, rogor SeiZleba, pirveli saukunis Canawerebidan cnobil pirovnebas, dRes Cven SevxvdeT, da TviT Cveni grZnobebisTvis iyos xelmisawvdomi; aseTi pirovneba an ratomRac ucvleli darCeboda, ra SemTxvevaSic is iqneboda cnobili, magram miekuTvneboda samyarosgan�� imdenad daSorebuls, rom ucxo aRmoCndeboda CvenTvis, an is Seicvleboda droTa ganmavlobaSi da aRar iqneboda cnobadi. isini, vinc iesosTan Sexvedrasa da saubarze saubroben, gauWirdebodaT aexsnaT gansxvaveba am gamocdilebasa da RmerTTan Sexvedras an RmerTis mier Sexvedras Soris; da faqtobrivad, me vfiqrob, rom es ukanaskneli aris is, rasac isini realurad gulisxmoben; isini ganicdian RmerTs, romelic iyo iesoSi, RmerTs, romelic, amocnobilia axal aRTqmaSi Cawerili da Semdgom qristianul tradiciaSi asaxuli gamocxadebiTi gamocdilebis miTiTebiT~ (God as Spirit [Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977], 2.).

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is, rom kacobriobis saerTo da TiToeuli adamianis kerZo bedi ganisazRvreba amaRlebul ufalTan pirispir wardgomiT, miuTiTebs imaze, Tu ratom aris parusiis aRiareba gansakuTrebiT Zlieri dasturi imisa, rom yoveli WeSmariti Teologia Tavidan bolomde qristocentrulia. axali aRTqmis brwyinvale qristologiuri gancxadbebi (kol. 2:9) gamoricxavs reformatoris zogierTi kargad cnobili formulirebis, rogorc ubralo gadaWarbebuli ritorikis, uaryofas: „qristes gareSe RmerTi ar arsebobs,~ „qristes gareSe ubralod ar arsebobs RmerTi an RvTaeba saerTod,~ „am kacis gareSe RmerTi ar arsebobs.~ axali aRTqma krZalavs cvinglis bundovan, arafokusirebul TeizmTan raime mbmas. luTers esmoda, rom RvTis mxsneli mizani samyaros mimarT realizdeba qristeSi da mxolod masSi, amitom warmoudgeneli iqneboda, rom is, vis mierac Seiqmna da gamosyiduli iqna samyaro, gverdis avliT yofiliyo misi aRsrulebisas: iseve, rogorc vambob RvTis marjvena xelze: Tumca is yvelganaa, rasac ver uarvyofT, aseve, radgan is arsad aris, rogorc iTqva, mas �� realurad versad daeuflebi, Tu Tavad ar Segexo Senda sakeTildReod da ar mogiwoda garkveul adgilas. RvTis marjvena xeli swored�� amas akeTebs, rodesac is qristes kacobriv�� obaSi Sedis da �� masSi mkvidrobs. iq Tqven mas namdvilad ipoviT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Tqven win da ukan irbenT mTel qmnilebaSi da xelis cecebiT daiwyebT Zebnas, magram mas verasdros ipoviT, vinaidan faqtobrivad is aq (qmnilebaSi) aris — SenTvis aq ar aris. eqskluziurad, mxolod inkarnirebuli uflisa da misi namoqmedaris meSveobiT, romelic madlis saSualebebiT gadmogvecema, dacemuli kacobrioba madliT iqna ayvani178

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li RvTaebrivi sicocxlis nakadebSi, anu im siyvarulis dinebebSi, romlebic maradiulad Cqefs RvTaebriv pirTa Soris.5 gana netari samebis saidumlo ar aris ioaneseul gancxadebaSi amomwuravad ganmartebuli, rom „RmerTi siyvarulia~ (1 ioan. 4:16)? mamis siyvaruli warmoadgens Tanaswor Zes misi maradiuli Sobis aRuwerel aqtSi; es siyvaruli Caedineba Zis wminda kacobrivobaSi hipostasuri erTobis wyarodan; da es siyvaruli, romelic ukve aRTqmuli da gadmocemulia qristianobisTvis madlis saSualebebiT, srulad iqneba gadmoRvrili yvelaze, vinc qristeSi SeerTdeba misi parusiisas. meomari da triumfaluri eklesiis doqsologia didwilad gamomdinareobs imis codnidan, rom yovlisSemZle RmerTi yovelgvari 5. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi pirdapir ar akeTebs gadamwyvet gansxvavebas RvTaebriv arssa da masSi arsebul urTierTobebs Soris, avgust vilmaris mZlavri proza gvTavazobs RvTis usasyidlo ZRvenis didebul gamocxadebas, romelic Cveni mowodeba da SesaZleblobaa, viyoT misi Zeni da asulni mis ZeSi: „...cocxali RmerTis igive Zala aRZravs misi gamocxadebis nakadebs, rom gadmoifrqves misi arsis, misi maradiuli Zalisa da RvTaebis dafaruli wyarodan, adamianTa modgmebs Soris, raTa maT aramxolod am wyaroebidan Sesvan da am nakadebSi ibanaon, sxva elements mikuTvnebulni, aramed rom yovelgvari daTqmis gareSe gadaeSvan da mTeli arsebiT icxovron RvTaebrivi cxovrebis am wyaroebsa da nakadebSi, iseve rogorc Tevzs aqvs mTeli Tavisi sicocxle da erTaderTi arseboba wylis qmnilebaSi. . . . am procesSi CvenTvis araferi sasargeblo ar rCeba gasakeTebeli, garda imisa, rom mTeli arsebiT CavefloT RvTaebrivi cxovrebis am nakadebSi, davtkbeT miT, gavzomoT maTi siRrme da sigane, ramdenadac Cveni Zalebi iZleva amis saSualebas, da davicvaT sakuTari Tavi da sxvebi im safrTxisgan, rac cxovrebis nakadebidan modis, romlebic Cveni arsebobis pirobebia, raTa wyurviliT ar davixocoT gamofitul qviSaze gariyulebi~ (A. F. C. Vilmar, Die Theologie der Thatsachen wider die Theologie der Rhetorik [Marburg: Elwert’sche Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1856], 12; Cemi Targmani).

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SezRudvis gareSe moqmedebda kacobriobis Seqmnasa da gamosyidvaSi. Seqmna da gamosyidva momdinareobs netari samebis Tavisufali gadawyvetilebidan, rom siyvaruli, romliTac RvTaebrivi pirebi (sameba) tkbebian qmnilebebTan, gauziaron mis xatebaSi qmnilT da aRdgenilT. gadarCenilTa simravle arafers matebs RvTis sixaruls, romelic ukve srulyofilia RvTaebriv pirTa erTmaneTis mimarT siyvarulSi. amis sapirispirod, wmida samebis siyvaruli, romelic maradiuli Zis gansxeulebiT mogveniWa, yvelafers matebs da mTel gansxvavebas qmnis maTTvis, vinc mowodebuli, gamarTlebuli da gandidebulia. RvTis aRmatebuli niWi daklul da gamarTlebul kravSi moiTxovs triumfaluri eklesiis doqsologias (gamocx. 4 da 5; 6:9–12; 11:16–18; 15:2–4; 19:1–8), romlis winare gemoc evqaristiiT eZleva meomar eklesias. qristocentruli gzis arCeva parusiis aRiarebiTa da misi molodiniT gvibiZgebs, yovelTvis gvaxsovdes, rom ukanaskneli movlenebi mkacrad eqvemdebareba `ukanasknels~ (qristea pirveli da ukanaskneli) da mis gareSe ar arseboben. saxarebis aRsruleba netarTa zeciur cxovrebaSi aris maTi erTobis srulyofili realizacia gansxeulebul ufalTan, naTlobismieri qristeSi gaerTianebis sruli ganxorcieleba; wmidanTa gandideba da Zveli qmnilebis xelaxlaqmna da ganaxleba RmerTkacis didebis gadmodinebis Sedegia mis sakuTarze (morwmuneni) da imaze, rac maT exebaT. erTi saxarebiseuli mwerali marTebulad ambobs, rom „araferia iseTi, rasac meored mosvla moitans, rac principSi pirvelma ukve ar moitana.~ gansxeulebul ufalSi qmnileba ukve srul sisavseSi movida. arc parusia ar unda warmovidginoT, rogorc qristes momavali yofna, romelic kontrastSi iqneboda misi mxridan savaraudo mimdi180

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nare realur aryofnasTan. j. m. nilis `qarvis dRis~ himnis, saxelwodebiT „qriste amaRlda~-s mesame strofis meore naxevari Seicavs uxeS lafsuss: „da mainc wmida eklesia aq aris, Tumca misi ufali wavida.~ Cveni ufali srulad aris Tavis eklesiasTan misi madlis saSualebebiT, Tumca faruli saxiT. ziarebis arasrulyofileba, romelic Tan axlavs parusiis molodins, nawilobriv ganpirobebulia imis mudmivi malviT, rac, principSi, uflis sruli Tandaswrebis nawilia Cvens Soris da aseve, ZiriTadad, im barieriT, romelsac Cveni codva qmnis am TandaswrebisTvis. mociqulis (liturgikuli?) SeZaxili „maranaTa! – ufalo, modi!~ (1 kor. 16:22) asaxavs eklesiis mdgomareobas „ukve~ da „jer aras~ Soris.6 wmida mwerlebis mier gamoyenebuli sityva άποκάλυψις da misi monaTesave sityvebi, rogorc parusiis sinonimebi, miuTiTeben, rom „jer ara~ gulisxmobs „ukves~ ise, rom Cveni uflis didebiT dabruneba Sedgeba ara misi aryofnis mdgomareobidan yofnis mdgomareobaSi katapultirebiT, aramed imis sruli gaxsniTa da gamoaSkaravebiT, rac ukve sisruliTaa warmodgenili (luk. 17:30; 1 kor. 1:7; 2 Tes. 1:7; 1 pet. 1:7).7 Cveni saeklesio aRmsareblobis ena SeiZleba imdenad Sors wavides, ramdenadac wmida werili aRwers parusias da mainc Cven pativiscemiT vaRiarebT, rom Tavad movlena bevrad aRemateba mis sityvier gancxadebebs. parusia iqneba uecari (maT. 6. „sityvis sayviri ukve gvixmobs, magram jer kidev unda gaismas. yoveli evqaristia aris parusia, uflis mosvla, da mainc, evqaristia kidev ufro WeSmaritad aris daZabuli ltolva, raTa man gamoavlinos Tavisi dafaruli dideba~ (ratcingeri, Eschatology, 203). 7. ixileT albrext oepke, „άποκαλύπτω άποκάλυψεις,~ TDNT 3:563– 592, gansakuTrebiT 583: „�� parusiisas amaRlebuli qriste, romelic jer kidev dafarulia RmerTSi, gamovlindeba didebiT da morwmuneebi masTan erTad.~

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24:27, 36, 44, 50; 25:13; mark. 13:32 da Semdgom, 36; luk. 21:34; 1 Tes. 5:2 da Semdgom; 2 pet. 3:10). es iqneba Cveni uflis gamoCena misi amaRlebis mdgomareobaSi, romelSic misi RvTaebrivi dideba aRar aris dafaruli mis miRebul bunebaSi, aramed brwyinavs misi adamianuri saxiT (maT. 24:30 da paralelebi; maT. 25:31; 1 ioan. 3:2). ufro metic, is Tanabrad xiluli iqneba dedamiwaze mcxovrebTaTvis im dros (maT. 24:30; mark. 13:26; luka 21:27; gamocx. 1:7). FC SD VII.99 Tavisad iRebs luTeris aRsarebas, rom ukanasknel dRes qriste gamoiyenebs lokaluri, SezRuduli yofnis formas, romelSic is Tavs avlenda misi miwieri cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. am pozicias gvTavazobs saqmeTa 1:11 da nebismieri SiSi, rom iesos didebuli xelaxali gamoCena lokaluri yofnis formiT moxdeba, SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes mis erTdroulad danaxvas msoflios yvela kuTxeSi, rac reformatoris mowmobiT SesaZlebelia gaqarwyldes, vinaidan „RvTis Zalas SeuZlia sxeuli erTdroulad mraval adgilas amyofos, Tundac xorcieli da SezRuduli formiT.~ parusiis saboloo Sedegebis detaluri ganviTareba daxsnilTaTvis da daRupulTaTvis ganxiluli iqneba jojoxeTisa da samoTxis Sesaxeb mocemul bolo TavebSi. Cveni amJamindeli amocanaa vaCvenoT parusiis kavSiri yvela mkvdris sxeulebriv aRdgomasTan (ioan. 5:28 da Semdgom.; 1 Tes. 4:16), ukanasknel gankiTxvasTan (maT. 25:31) da samyaros dasasrulTan (2 pet. 3:10). micvalebulTa sxeulebrivi aRdgoma adolf honeki aRniSnavs, rom axali aRTqma rogorc pirdapiri, ise gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT saubrobs qristianTa aRdgomaze. „aRdgomis~ metaforuli gamoyeneba SeiniSneba, rodesac naTlobismieri moqceva daxatulia werilis im adgilebiT, rogorebicaa efeselTa 5:14 da 182

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kolaselTa 2:12 da 3:1. ufro metic, metyvelebis forma „metonimia,~8 romelSic mizezi Sedegs ganasaxierebs, aSkarad gamoiyeneba ioane 11:25-Si, sadac ieso sakuTar Tavs aRdgomad acxadebs. amis sapirispirod, „sakuTriv azriT, wmida werili aRdgomaSi gulisxmobs sxeulis gacocxlebas, romelic adre suls ganeSora sikvdilis meSveobiT.~ miuxedavad imisa, rom wm. pavle naTlobis saidumlos qristianis qristesTan SeerTebad aRiqvams mis sikvdilsa da aRdgomaSi, mociquli morwmunis amJamindel monawileobas Tavisi uflis aRdgomaSi frTxilad zRudavs gamarTlebuli adamianis ganwmendil cxovrebamde (rom. 6:4; kol. 3:1 da Semdgom). qristianTa aRdgomis warsulSi gadatana da Sesabamisad, aRdgomis dayvana mxolod monaTlulTa ganaxlebul cxovrebamde, wm. pavles mkacr sayvedurs imsaxurebs (2 tim. 2:17).9 qristianis sruli wili 8. berZnulad saxelis gamocvlas, anu gadasaxelebas niSnavs. 9. himenevsisa da filetusis cdomilebis gansakuTrebiT uxeSi forma gvxvdeba jeims b. nelsonis naSromSi „gansxeuleba,~ romelsac „sxeulis aRdgomis saswauli~ dahyavs, adamianuri Jestebis, sityvebis, Sexebisa da alersis, adamianuri intimurobis donemde (Embodiment: An Approach to Sexuality and Christian Theology [Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1978], 72). nelsoni, romelic „sxeulis aRdgomaze TviTmiRebiT~�� wers (84), RvTiuri yovlisSemZleobis esqatologiur aqts amcirebs dRevandelobis gabatonebul saero ideologiasTan Sesabamisobamde: „amgvarad, dualisturi gaucxoebis miRma ganvicdiT sxeul-mes madlmosil aRdgomas. me namdvilad erTi pirovneba var. sxeuli da goneba erTia; Cemi sxeuli me var, iseve rogorc Cemi goneba me var. xisti seqsualuri rolebis tyveobis miRma vTavisufldebi, rom viyo pirovneba. da aseT aRdgomaSi aRmovaCen, rom intimurad vekuTvni sxvebs da intimurad vekuTvni samyaros~ (79). nelsonis reduqcionistuli midgoma sxeulis aRdgomisadmi garkveulwilad naklebad uxeSad aris miRebuli hari a. uiliamsis „WeSmarit aRdgomaSic~ (True Resurrection [London: Mitchell Beazley, 1972]).

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misi uflis aRdgomaSi, rac udavod aRTqmulia wmida naTlobaSi, rCeba imedis sagnad, momaval movlenad, romelic mxolod ukanasknel dRes parusiisas aRsruldeba (rom. 6:5, 8; kol. 3:4). miuxedavad imisa, rom gankacebuli uflis sxeulebrivi saswaulebi momaval aRdgomas winaswarmetyveleben (SeadareT έγείρειν-is gamoyeneba petres sidedris gankurnebasTan dakavSirebiT, mark. 1:31-Si.), RvTaebrivi wyalobis es droebiTi saqmeebi mxolod susti Sedarebaa im didi esqatologiur movlenisa, romlis nawilobriv winaswar xilvasac isini gvTavazoben. gardacvlil wmindanTa aRdgoma warmodgenilia, rogorc parusiis pirveli Sedegi 1 TesalonikelTa 4:16-Si, muxlSi, romlis konteqstic mxolod saxarebis aRsrulebazea orientirebuli, ris mixedviTac „amgvarad, ufalTan viqnebiT samaradisod~ (1 Tes. 4:17). wm. pavles swavleba aq, rom „jer qristeSi gansvenebulni aRdgebian~ (1 Tes. 4:16), ar gulisxmobs gardacvlili wmidanebis dapirispirebas gardacvlil daRupulebTan, aramed im morwmuneebTan, romlebic aRdgomas dedamiwaze cocxlebi xvdebian. amitom, TesalonikelTa es adgili winaaRmdegobaSi ar modis Cveni uflis gancxadebasTan, romelic wm. ioanem Cawera, rom aRdgoma, romelic misi xmis meSveobiT moxdeba, moicavs „yvelas, vinc saflavSia~ da romlebic Sesabamisad zogi xsnisTvis da zogi warwymedisTvis gamova (ioan. 5:28). am ioaneseuli pasaJidan aRvniSnavT, rom mkvdrebis saflavebidan gamoyvana, miuxedavad imisa, rom es RvTis saqmea (rom. 4:17) da Sesabamisad, samive RvTaebrivi pirovnebis, sakmarisi konkretulobiT unda mieweros RmerTkacis sityvas. bibliurad dasabuTebuli Cyrilline/gnesio-luTeranuli qristologia aris uflis erTguli aRsareba, romlis micvalebulTa sxeulebrivi aRdgenis erTi saqme ganxorcieldeba misi ori bunebis erTobaSi da Sesabamisad, ara mxolod 184

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RvTaebrivi bunebiT, aramed uSualod misi RvTaebriobiT, romelic, FC VIII-is Tanaxmad, „masSi, masTan erTad da misi meSveobiT~ moqmedebs mis mier miRebul adamianur bunebaSi. ioaneseuli iesos swavleba micvalebulTa aRdgomis Sesaxeb mTlianad emTxveva Zveli aRTqmis gancxadebas (iob. 19:25 da Semdgom; es. 26:19; dan. 12:2; ix. agreTve ezek. 37:1– 14) da axali aRTqmis danarCeni nawilis erTsulovan mowmobas. qriste calsaxad aRdgomis-morwmune farisevelTa mxares iWers, aRdgomis-uarmyofel sadukevelTa winaaRmdeg (maT. 22:23–33 da paralelebi), iseve, rogorc wm. pavle Tavis mxriv (saq. 23:6). radgan micvalebulTa sxeulebrivi aRdgoma aris saidumlo, romelsac wmida werili samyaros ararasgan Seqmnisa da uRvToTa gamarTlebis paralelurad ayenebs (rom. Tavi me-4), is SeiZleba aRiweros Tavisi efeqtebiT, Tumca TavisTavad gamouTqmeli rCeba. iseve, rogorc Cveni uflis gansxeulebisa da aRdgomis saidumloebani moxda qmnilebiTi dakvirvebis sferos miRma, Sesabamisad mariamis saSvilosnosa da baRSi arsebuli samarxiT, aseve micvalebulTa aRdgoma iqneba aRmatebuli RvTaebrivi saocreba, romlis aRsrulebis wesic adamianis warmosaxvas aRemateba. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom RvTaebrivi logosis moqmedeba ukanaskneli dRis aRdgomisas iseTive idumali iqneba, rogorc imave sityvis moqmedeba Sesaqmis dReebSi, eklesiam unda mihyves wmida werils da mkafiod aRiaros, rom yvela mkvdari sxeulebrivad aRdgeba da aseve, rom aRmdgar sxeulebs, romlebTanac micvalebulTa sulebi gaerTiandebian da im sxeulebs Soris, romlebSic isini cxovrobdnen da mokvdnen miwaze, iarsebebs ganusazRvreli, magram mainc realuri uwyvetoba. mokvdavisa da aRdgomili sxeulis identobisa da araidentobis dialeqtika, wm. pavlem aRwera Tavis did TavSi aRdgomis Sesaxeb, sadac aRdgomilisa 185

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da mokvdavi sxeulis urTierToba Sedarebulia xorblis momwifebuli mosavlis aRebaze (araidentoba; 1 kor. 15:37), maSin, rodesac, amave dros, mokvdavoba da ukvdaveba, upatioba da dideba, sisuste da Zliereba miewereba erTsa da imave subieqts (identoba; 1 kor. 15:42–43; 53–54). micvalebulTa sxeulebrivi aRdgomis gamocxadeba SesaZloa uaryofil iqnas dacinviT ara mxolod aSkara aTeistebis, aramed maT mierac ki, visTvisac sulis ukvdavebis miReba sirTules ar warmoadgens (saq. 17:32). isini, vinc momaval cxovrebas warmoidgenen, rogorc ubralod usxeulo sulebis mier RvTiT tkbobad, ganicdian garkveuli saxis apriorul anTropologiur varaudebs, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba wmida werils. Cveni pirveli mSoblebi Seqmnis dRes sulisa da sxeulis erTobas warmoadgendnen da adamianis am Semadgeneli elementebis katastrofuli gayofa progress an aRmaval moZraobas ar warmoadgens, aramed RvTis risxvis Semzarav qmedebas, romelic codvas moaqvs Tan. „xorci,~ romelic gansxeulebulma ufalma miiRo, moicavs ara mxolod racionalur samSvinvels, aramed sxeulsac da am sxeuliT, romliTac Cveni ufali CvenTvis itanja, aseve aRdga da amaRlda kidec. is, rom RvTis xsna srulad aris warmodgenili maradiulad gansxeulebul iesoSi, gulisxmobs imas, rom adamianis xsniT tkboba, rogorc aq, ise Semdgom, aris iseTi, romelSic sxeulmac unda miiRos monawileoba. sxeulis aRdgomis uaryofa logikurad xelCakidebulia qristologiur cdomilebasTan, radgan Cveni ufali „gansvenebulTagan pirvelnayofia~ (1 kor. 15:20). dogmatika Cveulebriv warmoadgens calkeuli saTaurebiT erTis mxriv iesos aRdgomas da meores mxriv danarCeni mkvdrebis aRdgomas, magram wmida werili aRdgomas erT movlenad ganixilavs, romelic or etapad xdeba, meore etapi ki parusiisas aRsruldeba: „TiToeuli Tavisi wesiT: Tavdapirvelad pirvelnayofi 186

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— qriste, xolo Semdeg — qristesni, misi mosvlisas [έν τή παρουσία αύτού] (1 kor. 15:23). 1 korinTelTa 15:22 muxli aRdgomas erTianad moiazrebs da ara izolirebul nawilebad, anu rogorc RvTis aqts, romelic aRadgens mistikuri sxeulis wevrebs maTi Tavis (qriste) aRdgenasTan SeerTebiT. qristologiuri analogia moqmedebs maSinac, rodesac wm. pavle wmida naTlobis efeqtebze fiqrobs (1 kor. 6:11) da ayalibebs princips „sxeuli ... uflisTvis da ufali sxeulisTvis~ (1 kor. 6:13). es WeSmariteba gamoxatulebas poulobs TezisSi, rom „Tqveni sxeulebi qristes asoebi arian~ (1 kor. 6:15). amitom, mociqulisTvis sxeuli namdvilad ar aris keTilSobili sulis binZuri cixe, aramed „TqvenSi myofi suliwmidis taZari~ (1 kor. 6:19). radgan es asea, araferia TviTneburi im gancxadebaSi, rom Cvens ufalze miniWebul sxeulebriv gandidebas, Tavis mxriv mohyveba qristianTa sxeulebrivi gandidebac: „da RmerTma aRadgina ufali da Cvenc aRgvadgens Tavisi ZaliT~ (1 kor. 6:14). susti qristianebi, romlebic Tavebs gakvirvebiT aqneven micvalebulTa sxeulebrivi aRdgomis xsenebaze, savaraudod, dasaxiCrebuli arian adamianis Seqmnis, RvTis gansxeulebisa da samsxverplo ziarebis araswori gagebiT. dae, eklesiam yuri gaxsnas reformatoris mowmobisadmi, rom wminda ziareba aRsrulebas micvalebulTa sxeulebriv aRdgomaSi hpovebs: maS ase, rodesac Cven fizikurad da sulierad vWamT qristes xorcs, sakvebi imdenad Zlieria, rom is TavisSi�� gardagvqmnis da xorciel, codvil�� da mokvdav adamianTagan sulier, wmida da cocxal adamianebad gvxdis. es Cven ukve varT — Tumca farulad, rwmeniT da imediT; faqti jer ar aris gamovlenili, magram amas ukanasknel dRes (aucileblad) gamovcdiT. 187

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ukanaskneli samsjavro mociqulTa rwmenis simbolos meore artikulis daskvniTi debuleba, rom Cveni ufali kvlav mova „cocxalTa da mkvdarTa gansasjelad,~ naTlad aris Camoyalibebuli axali aRTqmis mowmobis yvela SreSi, rac adasturebs parusiasa da samsjavros Soris kavSirs. ioane naTlismcemeli ukve qadagebda samsjavros, rogorc qristes saqmis nawils, xorblis namjisgan gancalkevebis saxiT (maT. 3:12; luk. 3:17). misi naTesavis es winaswarmetyveleba Tavad Cvenma ufalma miiRo xorblisa da RvarZlis igavsa (maT. 13:30) da mis ganmartebaSi (maT. 13:41). is, rac iesom ase naTlad ganacxada cxvrebisa da Txebis igavis Sesaval sityvebSi (maT. 25:31), mociqulTa qadagebaSic gadavida (saq. 10:42; 17:31; rom. 2:5 da Semdgom., 16; 1 kor. 4:5; iak. 5:9; gamocx. 14:14–20; 19:11–21; 20:11–15). miuxedavad imisa, rwmenis wesis es ganuyofeli nawili rutinulad uaryofilia im RvTismetyvelebis mier, romlebic uars amboben wmida werilis avtoritetze, amave dros rCebian garegnul qristianobaSi. hans kungi ase, damcinavad aRniSnavs: „mTeli kacobriobis, mravali miliardi adamianis, samsjavros winaSe didi saerTo Sekrebis suraTi, sxva araferia, Tu ara ubralo suraTi.~ kungis cdomileba imdenad imaSi ki ar mdgomareobs, rom man wmida werilis figuraluri ena aRmoaCina ukanaskneli samsjavros Sesaxeb, ramdenadac imaSi, rom xatovani gamoTqma „ubralo~ metaforamde daiyvana. dajdeba Tu ara Ze kacisa realur taxtze (maT. 25:31), es umniSvneloa; mTavari isaa, rom yvela pirovnebis bediswera gamJRavnebuli iqneba, roca mTeli kacobrioba Tavad iesos Sexvdeba misi parusiis Jams. hoeneke gansakuTrebul daxmarebas iZleva im harmoniis gaSuqebaSi, romelic arsebobs kerZo samsjavros – samsjavro, romelic gansazRvravs TiToeuli adamianis bedis188

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weras sikvdilis Semdeg (ebr. 9:27) – da ukanaskneli dRis sayovelTao samsjavros Soris. gardacvlili sulebi droebiT sikvdilsa da sxeulebriv aRdgomas Soris ar imyofebian gaurkvevlobis mdgomareobaSi msajulis mxridan ganaCenis Sesaxeb, aramed sulisa da sxeulis gancalkevebis momentidan iwyeben samoTxis sixarulis an jojoxeTis saSinelebaTa gancdas. ukanaskneli samsjavro ki sajarod gaacxadebs im WeSmaritebas TiToeuli adamianis Sesaxeb, rac misi sikvdilisas ganisazRvra: unda ganvasxvavoT pirovnuli samsjavro, romelic TiToeuli individualuri adamianisTvis xdeba in a�� g10 one mortis-is momentSi, ukanaskneli dRis sayovelTao samsjavrosgan. pirveli dafarulia, meore sajaro. unda ganvasxvavoT Tavad samsjavro da samsjavros gamocxadeba. ukanaskneli samsjavro ise ar aris mowyobili, rom adamianebi am dros pirvelad iqnen gansjilni, aramed (ioan. 3:18) is samsjavro, romelic sikvdilisas moxda, gamovlindeba ukanasknel dRes (publice manifestatur,11 maT. 25:32). ufro metic, samsjavros samarTlianoba sajarod gaxdeba cnobili; aqedan gamomdinareobs sayovelTao sajaro samsjavro. wmida werili xazs usvams, rom saboloo samsjavros aRmsrulebeli ar aris mxolod netari sameba an Tundac meore piri, rogorc λόγος ἄσαρκος,12 aramed uSualod gankacebuli Ze (ioan. 5:27; agreTve ix. saq. 17:31; 10:42; rom. 2:16; 1 kor. 4:5; 2 kor. 5:10). wmida werili adasturebs kiriles simarTles nestoris winaaRmdeg da luTerisas cvinglis winaaRmdeg. ioanes 5:27-Si ar imaleba aranairi cvin10. sikvdilis agoniisas. 11. sajaro gamovlineba. 12. usxeulo sityva.

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glianuri άλλοέωσις,13 sadac SeuZlebelia qristologiuri tituli „Ze kacisa~ vaqcioT metaforad, romelic uflis RvTaebriv bunebas aRniSnavs. samsjavro iesos gadaeca imitom (ότι), rom is Ze kacisaa. Cveni uflis wminda adamianur bunebaze yovlismcodneobis gadacema niSnavs, rom msajulis utyuari codna yvela pirovnebisa da garemoebis Sesaxeb (1 kor. 4:5) xorcieldeba erTi qristes mier misi orive bunebis Sesabamisad.14 gankacebuli uflis mier msajulis movaleobis Sesru lebis mizanSewoniloba, romelSic mama da suliwmida uaxloesad arian masTan gaerTianebulni, maSin Seicnoba, roca viTvaliswinebT, rom TiToeuli adamianis bedis ganmsazRvreli kriteriumi aris ieso qristes pirovnebisa da moRvaweobis miReba an uaryofa. miuxedavad imisa, rom gankiTxva efuZneba adamianis gamoxmaurebas RvTis sityvisadmi, rogorc aseTze — „netar arian RvTis sityvis momsmenni da damcvelni~ (luk. 11:28) — misi Sedegi mTlianad damokidebulia imaze, es gamoxmaureba rjulis mixedviT aris Tu saxarebis. qristeSi gaerTianebulni Tavs aRweven rjulis mixedviT gankiTxvas, radgan isini ganTavisuflebulni arian rjulis sayovelTao braldebisgan iesos sisxliT aRsrulebuli Camnacvlebeli gamosyidvisadmi rwmenis meSveobiT (ioan. 5:24; rom. 8:1, 31–34). morwmuneTa aRiarebuli da mitevebuli boroti saqmeebi maT gankiTxvaSi aRar figurirebs, radgan isini didi xania CaiZirnen RvTaebrivi da13. cvlileba. 14. heneke, Tanxmobis formulis winaaRmdeg mimarTul reformirebul aRmsareblobasTan dakavSirebiT, aRniSnavs, rom misi gagebiT „qristes adamianuri buneba, ase vTqvaT, mxolod RvTaebis mier gamotanili ganaCenis macned [Ausrufer] funqcionirebs~ (iqve, 259; Cemi Targmani).

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viwyebis ufskrulSi (fsal. 103:12). xsna ganisazRvreba ara Tandayolili simarTlis xarisxiT, romelsac morwmune aRwevs wmida cxovrebisken swrafvis procesSi, aramed qristes gare simarTlisadmi mijaWvulobiT, risi mopovebac rwmeniT xdeba. es imas ar niSnavs, rom qristeze dafuZnebulma rwmenam erTi wamiTac ki SeZlos arseboba yvela keTili saqmis wyaros gareSe (maT. 25:35; iak. 2:18–26), maSinac ki, Tu es keTili saqmeebi mxolod damsaxurebuli sasjelis TmeniT miRebas moicavs, rogorc es momnanie avazakis SemTxvevaSi iyo. qristianad myof qristians, ar eSinia piradi gankiTxvis, romelic mas sikvdilis Jams elis da romelic sajaro gaxdeba ukanasknel dRes. miuxedavad imisa, rom madlis mdgomareobaSi aRsrulebuli keTili saqmeebis moculoba gansazRvravs mistikuri sxeulis TiToeuli wevrisTvis miniWebuli didebis xarisxs, qristian pirovnebas gankiTxvisas safrTxe ar emuqreba, radgan madlis saSualebebiT, mamis mier wuTisoflisTvis iesos aRdgomiT gamocxadebuli miteveba masze efeqturad vrceldeba. isini, vinc qristeSi ar arian gaerTianebulni, rjulis mixedviT ganikiTxebian, romlis saqmeebic veravis gaamarTlebs (fsal. 143:2; rom. 3:20). urwmunoTa mimarT rjulis mixedviT mopyrobis mizezi is aris, rom maTi urwmunoeba saxarebas maT SemTxvevaSi umoqmedos xdis. is sityva, romelic morwmuneebs mitevebas aniWebs, brals sdebs maT, vinc Segnebulad uaryofs mas (ioan. 12:48). qriste naTels mohfens yoveli adamianis dafarul realobas (1 kor. 4:5), gamoaaSkaravebs ra msjavris qveS myof urwmunoTa tragedias (in. 3:18), romlebzec, „RvTis risxva rCeba~ (in. 3:36). Cveni uflis mkafiod naTqvami sityvebi eWvs ar tovebs im adamianebis bedTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic amqveynad ismenen saxarebas da uaryofen RvTis wyalobis SeTavazebas masSi [qristeSi]: „vinc me uarmyofs adamianTa winaSe, mas mec 191

parusia da misi Tanmdevi movlenebi

uarvyof Cemi zecieri mamis winaSe~ (maT. 10:33; ix. agreTve mark. 8:38; luk. 9:26; 2 tim. 2:12).15 15. ara mxolod reformaciis da Tanamedrove periodSi, aramed ukve patristikul epoqaSic ismeboda kiTxvebi araevangelizirebuli milionebis bedTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic qristemde an saxarebis maTTan misvlamde mravali saukuniT adre cxovrobdnen. iustine mowame cdilobda stoikuri λόγος σπερματικός koncefcia ioaneseul�� prologSi epova da misi daxmarebiT iCqara platoni da sokrate „�� qristemde qristianebad�� ~�� gamoecxadebina, romlebic, danamdvilebiT�� , maradiul sicocxleSi miiRebdnen monawileobas. am sakiTxis Cveni ganxilva Semoifargleba luTeris Sesabamisi gancxadebebis mimoxilviT, romlebic adgenen im sazRvrebs, ris miRmac mokrZalebuli varaudi ar unda wavides. viwyebT reformatoris Rrma SeSfoTebiT cvinglis Tavxeduri gaerTianebis gamo sxvadasxva bibliuri wmindanebisa �� „�� herkulesTan, TezeusTan, sokratesTan, aristidesTan, antigonesTan, numasTan, kamilusTan, katonebTan da scipionebTan�� ~�� (AE 38:290 [mokle aRsareba wminda ziarebis Sesaxeb, 1544]; WA 54:143.23–24), rodesac is zecis mkvidrebs CamoTvlida safrangeTis mefe francis I-isTvis, romelsac miuZRvna Tavisi „rwmenis ganmarteba.~ reformatoris winaaRmdegobebi cvinglis �� daudevari daSvebis mimarT araevangelizirebuli warmarTTa maradiul netarebaSi, gamomdinareobs misi mrwamsidan, rom aucilebeli da Seucvlelia qriste da misi madlis saSualebebi: „miTxariT, Tqvengan vinmem, visac qristianoba surs, ra saWiroa naTloba, saidumlo, qriste, saxareba, an winaswarmetyvelebi da wmida werili, Tu aseTi uRmerTo warmarTebi, sokrate, aristide, diax, sastiki numa, romelic eSmakis gamocxadebiT pirveli iyo, vinc yovelgvari kerpTayvanismcemloba danerga romSi, rogorc netari avgustine wers „RvTis qalaqSi~ da epikureli scipioni, gadarCebian da ganwmendilni iqnebian patriarqebTan, winaswarmetyvelebTan da mociqulebTan erTad zecaSi, maSinac ki, Tu maT araferi icodnen RmerTis, wmida werilis, saxarebis, qristes, naTlobis, saidumlos, an qristianuli rwmenis Sesaxeb~ (AE 38:290f.; WA 54:143.27–144.2). sxva SemTxvevebSi, Tumca, luTers SeeZlo Semdegi miswrafeba gamoeTqva: �� „�� vimedovneb, rom RmerTi miutevebs cicerons da ms-

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gavs adamianebs maT codvebs~ („�� Ich hoff, Got wirdt Ciceronem et tales homines auch remissionem peccatorum helffen,“ WATr 3:698.14–15 [No. 3904]; inglisuri teqsti Cemi Targmania). am etapze sami gadamwyveti dakvirveba unda gakeTdes, mesame reformatoris sakuTari sityvebiT. pirveli, Tuki romelime araevangelizirebuli warmarTi gadarCeba, es moxdeba mxolod qristesTan da mis damsaxurebasTan RvTivSemoqmedebiTi kavSiris meSveobiT, madlis saSualebebisgan damoukideblad. meorec, luTeris frTxili imedis gamoxatva misi sayvareli ciceronis mimarT, diametrulad Sorsaa cvinglis Tavxeduri qedmaRlobisgan da wmida nivTebTan upativcemulo vaWrobisgan. mesame, Tuki iseTi teqstebi, rogorebicaa rom. 2:15, 3:25b da saq. 17:30, faqtobrivad, iZleva araevangelizirebuli warmarTebis imedis SenarCunebis saSualebas, Cven, Cvenis mxriv, absoluturad Sekrulni vrCebiT gamocxadebuli saxarebiT, rogorc Cveni imedis erTaderTi wyaroTi. reformatori ganzrax Tavs ikavebs dogmatizaciisgan, rac misTvis frTxili spekulaciaa, rogorc es Tamamad gakeTda eklesiis dogmatur konstituciaSi, Lumen Gentium, vatikanis meore krebis mier. ixileT Lumen Gentium #16, moZiebulia ostin flaneris mier, generaluri red. Vatican Council II: The Conciliar and Post Conciliar Documents, Sesworebuli gamocema (Northport, NY: Costello Publishing Company, 1988), 367. erT-erT sufris saubarSi luTeri iqamde midis, sadamdec SeiZleba�� wavides cdomilebaSi myofi, saxarebis Camnacvlebeli gadarCenis SeTavazebiT bunebrivi kanonis dacviT: „ciceronma, brZenma da gulmodgine kacma, bevri ram ganicada da aRasrula. vimedovneb, Cveni ufali RmerTi gulmowyale iqneba mis mimarT da misnairebis mimarT. amave dros, Cveni saqme ar aris amis dadastureba, rogorc garkveulis, an am sakiTxze ganmartebebis an daskvnebis formireba. Cven ufro metad unda mivyveT CvenTvis gamocxadebul sityvas: vinc irwmunebs da moinaTleba, gadarCeba! magram arc Cveni saqmea vicodeT raime imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis an rogor SeiZleba RmerTma gamonaklisebi gaakeTos Tavisi wesiT da ganasxvavos sxva warmarTebi da xalxebi. radgan iqneba axali ca da axali dedamiwa bevrad ufro farTo da vrceli, vidre axlaa. RmerTs SeuZlia TiToeuls misces Tavisi keTili nebis mixedviT~ (WATr 2:457.20–27 [No. 2421b]; Cemi Targmani). ixileT aseve WATr 4:14.6–9 (No. 3925), aseve herman sase, „xsna eklesiis miRma.~ In piam memoriam Augustin Kardinal Bea,“ in In Statu Confessionis 2:322.

193

parusia da misi Tanmdevi movlenebi

wuTisoflis aRsasruli sinoptikuri saxarebebis „mcire apokalifsebi~ miuTiTebs, rom parusia moxdeba ciuri sxeulebis CamoSlasTan kavSirSi (maT. 24:29 da paralelebi). sxeulTa amJamindeli wesrigis gardamavali xarisxi da Sesabamisad, samyaros, rogorc Cven viciT, saboloo droebiTi dasasruli, naTlad aris gadmocemuli iesos bageebiT, romelic gvarwmunebs TqmiT, rom: „ca da miwa gadava, magram Cemi sityvebi ar gadava~ (maT. 24:35 da paralelebi). mtkice ufliseuli swavleba, rom CvenTvis nacnobi es samyaro „gaqreba~ (παρέρχομαι), niadags amzadebs 2 pet. 3:10–12-Si mocemuli sensaciuri frazeologiisTvis, romelic gvTavazobs samyaros dasasrulis Sesaxeb wmida werilis yvelaze detalur da mkafio aRweras. wm. petre aq sinoptikuri saxarebebis „mcire apokalifsebs~ scildeba da amJamindeli msoflio wesrigis gaqrobas axali cisa da axali miwis Seqmnis aRTqmis Sesrulebis konteqstSi aTavsebs, rac mocemulia es. 65:17 da 66:22-Si: „magram misi dapirebisamebr, Cven veliT axal casa da axal miwas, sadac damkvidrebulia simarTle~ (2 pet. 3:13). miuxedavad imisa, ramdenad ostaturadac ar unda scados vinmem teqstSi arsebuli gansxvavebuli versiebis gamoyeneba, mainc ver SeZlebs mkiTxvelis gadarwmunebas imaSi, rom mociquli ar gulisxmobs, TiTqos axali cisa da axali miwis Seqmnas win ar uswrebdes Zvelis ganadgureba. odnavi imedic ki ar arsebobs imisa, rom damajerebeli iqneboda is mtkiceba, TiTqos στοιχεία, rac `cecxliT CamoSlaa~ araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs im materialur elementebs, romelTaganac samyaro Sedgeba, aramed gulisxmobs TiTqosda zeadamianur sulebs (sulier arsebebs). στοιχεία-s paralelurad 2 pet. 3:10 da 12-Si arsebuli ούρανοί16 qmnis 16. cani.

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utyuar STabeWdilebas, rom wmida mwerals mxedvelobaSi aqvs am samyaros materia da srulebiTac ara caSi mcxovrebi sulebi. ufro metic, didi sargebeli ar moaqvs imis Sexsenebas, rom xelnawerTa gadmocemaSi gaurkvevelia, unda wavikiTxoT `dedamiwa da misi saqmeni~ ῥυήσεται („daiwveba~) Tu ubralod εὑρεθήσεται („gamovlindeba~)(2 pet. 3:10), radgan irgvliv arsebuli frazebi Seudarebeli sicxadiT saubroben elementebis CamoSlasa da cecxliT dnobaze. 2 pet. 3:10–12-is mTavari ganmapirobebeli suraTi amJamindeli wesrigis ganadgurebaa, xolo mociqulis mkacri ena emsaxureba damrigeblur mizans: „Tuki yvelaferi ase dairRveva, Tqven rogoriRa siwmide gmarTebT qcevasa da RvTismosaobaSi?~ (2 pet. 3:11). araviTar karg mizans ar emsaxureba 2 petre 3:10-is dapirispireba axali aRTqmis zogierT sxva adgilTan imis mcdelobaSi, rom ganvsazRvroT — Zveli da axali qmnilebis urTierTobis gasagebad, ganadgurebis Tu gardaqmnis modeli unda miviCnioT marTebulad. sistematuri sisufTavis mizniT, axal aRTqmaSi arsebul sxvadasxva aqcents Soris arCevanis gakeTebis nacvlad, dogmatikas urCeven, sruli ZaliT miiRos, rogorc meore petres 3:10, aseve sxva Sesabamisi teqstebi, yoveli daZabulobis Serbilebis mcdelobis gareSe, raTa saidumlos gageba SesaZlebeli gaxdes. aq ganxiluli iqneba sakiTxi, rom Zveli wesrigis warsvla da axlis mosvla, gulisxmobs, rogorc Zveli qmnilebis ganadgurebas, ise mis gardaqmnas. wina movlenebTan arsebuli uwyvetobisa da wyvetis proporcia, mxolod RvTisTvisaa cnobili. rom. 8:21 da misi mimdebare muxlebi, ra Tqma unda, gansxvavebul STabeWdilebas qmnis 2 pet. 3:10–12-is mimarT da unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad imisa wm. petres aqcenti RvTaebrivi gankiTxvis simZimezea, wm. pavle xazs usvams 195

parusia da misi Tanmdevi movlenebi

qristianuli imedis simtkices da ukve mocemulis aRsrulebas. mociqulis figuraluri saubari qmnilebis mouTmenel molodinze RvTis ZeTa „gamocxadebis~ (άποκάλυψιν) mimarT (rom. 8:19), SeiZleba gagebul iqnas mxolod Cveni uflis „gamocxadebasTan~ dakavSirebiT (ix. 1 kor. 1:7) misi parusiis Jams. amgvarad, qristes didebisa da masSi Semavali adamianebis gamocxadeba ukanasknel dRes, mizezobriv kavSirSia qmnilebis monobisgan gaTavisuflebasTan, raTa Tavad moipovos RvTis SvilTa didebuli Tavisufleba (rom. 8:21). Sesabamisad, SeuZlebelia rom. 8:21-Si amovikiTxoT amJamindeli wesrigis ganadgureba, radgan es muxli mianiSnebs Zveli qmnilebis axlad gardaqmnaze. kiTxva, dasruldeba Tu ara es samyaro ganadgurebiT Tu transformaciiT, ar ganixileba maT. 19:28-Si, sadac Cveni ufali axal samyaroze saubrobs „xelaxla dabadebis~ anu „regenirebis~ (παλιγγενεσία) TvalsazrisiT. „aRdgenis~ (άποκατάστασις) gamosaxuleba, romelic wm. petres mier saqme mociqulTas 3:21-Si aris gamoyenebuli, SesaZloa transformaciis TvalsazrisiT samyaros dasasrulis gagebis sasargeblod miuTiTebdes. aseTi koncefcia aseve Tavsebadia axali aRTqmis mier mkvdarTa sxeulebriv aRdgomasTan dakavSirebiT sityvebis arCevasTan. Tu adamiani, rogorc mikrokosmosi, Tavis aRsasrulTan dakavSirebul WeSmaritebebSi mowmobs imasac, rac msoflioze, rogorc makrokosmoze vrceldeba, maSin filipelTa 3:21 da 1 korinTelTa 15:52 SesaZloa iqnes moyvanili argumentad im mosazrebis sasargeblod, rom axali qmnileba, sul mcire nawilobriv, Zvelis gardaqmnis gziT sruldeba. mniSvnelovania, rom gamocxadebis 21:5-Si taxtidan warmoTqmuli RvTis sityva ar ambobs yvelafris Tavidan arafrisgan (ex nihilo) Seqmnas, aramed maT axlad qmnas (ιδού καινα ποιώ πάντα). patmosis mxilveli, rogorc Cans, axali qmnilebis 196

qveynierebis aRsasruli

garkveul uwyvetobas xedavs ZvelTan Tavis winaswarmetyvelebaSi, rom dedamiwis mefeebi TavianT didebas wmida qalaqSi moitanen (gamocx. 21:24). wina movlenebTan uwyvetobis motivi ar SeiZleba gamoiricxos gamocx. 14:13-dan da 19:8-dan, romlebic gveubnebian, Tu rogor mihyvebian wmidanTa saqmeebi maT momaval samyaroSi. wmidanTa aRmsarebloba da cxovreba aq ukve aris καινή κτίσις-is17 gamovlineba (2 kor. 5:17; gal. 6:15), romlis proleptikuri18 gamoCena SenarCundeba da ara ganadgurdeba, uflis mosvlisas. yvelaferi, rac qristeSi gakeTda, ucvleli darCeba saboloo gankiTxvis dRes (ebr. 12:27). adamianurad gadauWreli daZabuloba, ganadgurebisa da transformaciis WeSmarit bibliur motivebs Soris, saTanadod aris asaxuli aRmosavluri qristianobis xatweraSi, romelic erideba Tavisi subieqtebis gamosaxvas Cveni amJamindeli gamocdilebis farglebSi myofi adamianebis msgavsad da cdilobs miuTiTos aRdgomili sxeulis idumal gansxvavebulobaze. saaqaosa da axlandelis sruli wyveta saiqiosa da momavals Soris, SeuZlebels gaxdida CvenTvis — an wmida werilisTvis — axal qmnilebaze azrobrivad saubars. amavdroulad, momavali samyaros sruli uwyvetoba amJamindel wesrigTan, gaaufasurebda qristesa da misi xalxis aRdgomas da winaaRmdegobaSi movidoda 1 kor. 2:8-sTan, romelic miuTiTebs ganuzomel saidumloze. uwyvetobisa da wyvetis proporcia Zvelsa da axal qmnilebebs Soris aris saidumlo, romelic axla dafarulia qristesTan RmerTSi. mistikuri sxeulis aRdgoma axal 17. (axali qmnileba) 18. movlenis winaswari gancda an raime movlenis an mdgomareobis awmyoSi gamovlena, romelic srulad mxolod momavalSi dadgeba.

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casa da axal miwaze gancdili iqneba, rogorc ganadgureba da transformacia, romlebic srulad Seesabameba erTmaneTs. 2 petres 3:10-is bibliuri mowmobis sxva gamoTqmebisgan gamoyofaze uaris Tqma da mxolod ganadgurebis motivze fokusireba, garkveul qristologiur mosazrebebTan aris dakavSirebuli. Cven vxedavT sufTa uwyvetobis safuZvels, Tavad Cveni uflis im sxeulisa da sulis gandidebaSi, romlebic Cven gamo misi sikvdilis dros gayofil iqnen. qristes qmnil kacobrivobaSi uwyvetobis masiuri elementi (misi damcirebis mdgomareobidan amaRlebis mdgomareobaSi gadasvlisa), imeds gvaZlevs, rom am samyarosa da momavals Soris iqneba minimum mokrZalebuli uwyvetobis elementi. arsebobs safuZvliani mizezebi imis dasajereblad, rom axali qmnileba iqneba raRac meti, vidre ubralod xelaxali qmna arafrisgan.

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sarCevi

9 rjulis saboloo aRsruleba mounaniebelTa mimarT: jojoxeTi da maradiuli daRupva uaryofilni arian anabaptistebi, romlebic aswavlian, rom eSmaki da msjavrdadebuli adamianebi maradiul tkivilsa da tanjvas ar daiTmenen. — augsburgis aRsareba isini, vinc am cxovrebas tovebs da mainc uaryofs keTilsaxierebas qristeSi, samudamod iqnebian gandevnilni TavianTi Semoqmedis saxidan da sxeuliTa da suliT daitanjebian amqveynad Cadenili danaSaulis Sesabamisad, rac iseTi tragediaa, romelic mTeli gulis tkiviliT unda ganvixiloT da viqadagoT. maradiuli sasjelis dogmis dadgenisas, eklesiam Tavi unda aaridos daRupulTa saboloo xvedrze triumfalistur qedmaRlobas da miiRos qristesa da misi mociqulis mier gamovlenili gacilebiT gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba. ierusalimis mier RvTis SeTavazebuli wyalobis uaryofis Sedegad Cveni ufali atirda (luk. 18:41) da wm. pavle, Tavis mxriv, mxolod „cremlebiT~ laparakobda maTze, vinc daRupvisken miemarTeboda (fil. 3:18; SeadareT rom. 9:2). RmerTs „ar siamovnebs borotis sikvdili, aramed is, rom boroti moiqces Tavisi gzidan da icocxlos~ (ezek. 33:11). mokled, RmerTs „surs, rom yvela adamiani gadarCes da miaRwios WeSmaritebis Semecnebas~ (1 tim. 2:4). RvTis ke199

rjulis saboloo aRsruleba

Til nebasa da mizans kacobriobis Seqmnisa da gamosyidvis Sesaxeb, saSinlad abrkolebs is melanqoliuri faqti, rom zogierTi adamiani, Tavisi gulqvaobis gamo mounanieblobiT, gagzavnil iqneba maradiul cecxlSi, romelic eSmakisa da misi angelozebisTvis aris gamzadebuli (maT. 25:41). Tumca, saboloo warwymedis tragikuli ufskrulis winaSe arsebuli saSineleba, ar amarTlebs wmida werilis kristalurad mkafio teqstebis simravlisadmi Tvalis aridebas im imediT, rom universalizmis raime forma dadasturdeba. Cveni uflis sityvebi iuda iskariotze mis mRvdelmTavrul locvaSi, ar tovebs aranair xvrels, romliTac yvelaze moxerxebuli universalistic ki SeZlebda SeZromas (ioan. 17:12). Tanamedrove Teologiis gamaognebeli maxasiaTebelia tradiciuli jojoxeTis doqtrinis TiTqmis sayovelTao uaryofa, romelic ase masiurad aris gadmocemuli wmida werilSi (mag., maT. 5:29 da paralelebi; 8:12; 13:42, 50; 18:9 da paralelebi; 24:51; 25:46; luk. 12:46; 13:27; ioan. 3:36; 5:29; rom. 2:8; gal. 6:8; efes. 5:6; fil. 3:18; 2 Tes. 1:8; iak. 5:1–3; 2 pet. 3:7; gamocx. 20:14; 21:8; 22:15; ix. agreTve maT. 22:13; 25:30)1 da ro1. „aq araviTari kamaTi ar Svelis: maradiuli wyevlis ideas, romelmac qristemdel erT-or saukuneSi iudaizmSi ufro da ufro naTeli forma miiRo, mtkice adgili ukavia iesos swavlebaSi, iseve rogorc samociqulo nawerebSi. dogma myar safuZvelze dgas, rodesac is jojoxeTis arsebobasa da sasjelTa maradiulobaze saubrobs~ (ratcingeri, Eschatology, 215). ratcingeri Tavis am pirdapir dasawyiss jojoxeTis monakveTze, gulmodginebiT moayolebs ukan daxevas im aRiarebidan, rom arsebobs maradiuli wyevlis msgavsi mdgomareoba. misi miTiTeba Tanamedrove kaTolike mistikosebis mcdelobaze, rom jojoxeTis tkivilebi sxvis nacvlad ekisraT, garda imisa, rom uadgiloa, kvamlis fardis rols asrulebs, romlis miRmac mas SeuZlia Tavi aaridos pirdapir pasuxs kiTxvaze, hyavs Tu ara jojoxeTs realuri mkvidri.

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melic qristianul samyaroSi saocrad mcire sajaro winaaRmdegobas awydeboda ganmanaTleblobis epoqamde.2amgvarad, wignSi, romelic sxva mxriv ase saWiro uaryofas sTavazobs jon robinsonis mavneblur naSroms „RvTisadmi wrfeli,~ anglikanelma Teologma ostin fererma maradiuli daRupva Cveuli eleganturobiT mTlianad moiSora, am gacxadebuli WeSmaritebis filosofiuri gonebis gamxsnelSi (acetoni) CaZirviT. jojoxeTis ganxilvisas „samarTliani Surisgebis abstraqtuli aucileblobis~ konteqstSi da imaze daTanxmebiT, rom zogjer mizanSewonilobam SeiZleba sasjelis saxiT sikvdiliT dasja samwuxaro aucileblobad aqcios, fererma uari Tqva RmerTis maradiuli jalaTis rolSi warmodgenaze. CamoxrCoba SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos saxelmwifosTvis. rogor SeiZleba is emsaxurebodes �� RvTis miznebs? SeiZleba Tu ara mas sWirdebodes saxrCobelis sasjeli, romelzec damnaSaveebi mudmivad iklaknebian da arasdros kargaven TavianTi mdgomareobis aRqmas? visTvisaa aseTi demonstrireba saWiro, raTa samyaros kriminaluri�� kanoni �� ugulebelyofisgan gadarCes? netarT�� es ar sWirdebaT, daRupulT �� es araferSi gamoadgebaT, Cven ki (vinc gamocdis periods gavdivarT) amis mowmeni ver viqnebiT. 2. origenes universalisturi spekulaciebi, romelSic mas mihyvebodnen grigol noseli sxvadasxva aRmosavlel mamebTan da dasavlel ioane skot eriugenasTan erTad, nawilobriv pasuxismgebeli iyo mis sikvdilis Semdgom dagmobaze konstantinopolis meore krebaze 553 wels. ixileT Denzinger, Sources of Catholic Dogma, 85 (211) da 88 (223). maradiuli warwymedis doqtrina inarCunebs Tavis adgils aRmosavluri qristianobis sarwmunoebis depozitSi. ixileT aRmosavleT marTlmadidebluri katexizmo „�� cocxali RmerTi�� ~�� 2:371�� –�� 377, da timoTi ueri, „marTlmadide�� bluri eklesia“ (londoni: eP nguin Books, 1987), 265.

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fereris Slaiermaxeriseuli amosavali wertili aSkaraa: RvTis sityvam Semowmeba unda gaiaros adamianis winaSe, visTvisac is aris SeTavazebuli da rogorc RmerTi aseve adamianic valdebulni arian Tavmdablad wardgnen utilitaruli3 filosofiis winaSe. fereris mier maradiuli daRupvis kritikis Sedegi aris misi spekulacia, rom am cxovrebaSi dauxsnelni, an ganiwmindeba TavianTi codvisgan (da Semdeg daiSvebian samoTxeSi), an moxdeba maTi anihilacia (ganadgureba — gaqroba). miuxedavad imisa, rom mis Tanamedrove karl barTTan erTad, fereri Tavs ikavebda universalisturi imedis mtkice dogmatizaciisgan,4 man warmogvidgina jojoxeTis ori alternativa, romlebic yvelaze xSirad miRebulia Tanamedrove TeologiaSi, kerZod, universalizmi da anihilacionizmi: arsebobs sul ori sarwmuno mizezi sulebis cecxlSi micemisa; an gamosasworebeli disciplinisTvis, anda mosaspobad�� . gamosasworebeli disciplinis idea �� iolad gasagebia. magram Cven gvaqvs Tavisufali neba da SesaZloa, verc veraviTarma gamosasworebelma tanjvam da verc veraviTarma RvTaebrivi siyvarulis Segonebam, ver Semoi�� rigos meamboxe. maSin ra? mas ar SeiZleba adgili moeZebnos maradiul netarebaSi. magram, gana ar SeiZleba, rom is ubralod gaqres arsebobidan? ostin fereris mier jojoxeTis moxdenili uaryofa, manamde didi vnebiT ganaxorciela nikoloz berdiaevma, rusma mweralma, romelic aRmosavluri qristianobis e. w. meinstrims CamoSorda origenistuli universalizmis 3. praqtikuli. 4. „mounanieblobis sazRauri saidumloa, romelSic ar msurs Caxedva. Tu is vinmes SeemTxveva, vloculob, rom cotani iyvnen~ (iqve, 154).

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qveteqstis aRorZinebiT, romelic yovelTvis imaleboda marTlmadideblobis zedapiris qveS. „origene,~ — ambobs berdiaevi, — `kalvinze ukeTesia da origeneSi ufro meti moraluri simarTlea, vidre netar avgustineSi.~ berdiaevi, wmida werilSi mocemul daRupvis mowmobas ori perspeqtividan ganixilavda — erT SemTxvevaSi jojoxeTis realobas iRebda, meoreSi ki ara. adamianuri subieqturi TvalsazrisiT, mas jojoxeTTan pretenzia ar hqonda, yovel SemTxvevaSi, garkveul zRvramde: jojoxeTis uaryofa sakmaod advilia, Tu uarvyofT Tavisuflebas da pirovnebas. jojoxeTi ar arsebobs, Tu pirovneba ar aris maradiuli da Tu adamiani ar aris Tavisufali, magram SeiZleba aiZulon sikeTis keTeba da samoTxeSi Sesvla. jojoxeTis idea ontologiurad dakavSirebulia TavisuflebasTan da pirovnebasTan da ara samarTlianobasa da SurisgebasTan. paradoqsulad JRers, magram jojoxeTi adamianis sulieri Tavisuflebis moraluri postulatia. jojoxeTi arsebobs subieqtur sferoSi da is �� adamianis gamocdilebis nawilia... jojoxeTis gamocdileba niSnavs srul TviTcentrirebulobas, obieqtur arsebobaSi Sesvlis uunarobas, TviTSTanTqmas, romlisTvisac maradisoba daxurulia da mxolod cudi usasruloba rCeba. rogorc RvTis mier gansazRvruli daRupuli sulebis maradiuli mdgomareoba, jojoxeTma miiRo berdiaevis gaafTrebuli protestis sruli simZime. jojoxeTis rwmena adamianebs hedonistebad da utilitaristebad aqcevs da anadgurebs WeSmaritebis uangaro siyvaruls. 203

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jojoxeTis gamarTleba samarTlianobis safuZvelze, rogoric wm. Toma aqvinelTan da dantesTan gvxvdeba, gansakuTrebiT amazrzenia da ganicdis sulieri siRrmis naklebobas. obieqtivirebuli jojoxeTis idea, rogorc maradiuli sicocxlis gansakuTrebuli sfero, sruliad autaneli, warmoudgeneli da faqtobrivad, SeuTavsebelia RvTis rwmenasTan... jojoxeTi mTlianad subieqtur da araobieqtur sferos miekuTvneba; is arsebobs subieqtSi da ara obieqtSi, adamianSi da ara RmerTSi. ar arsebobs jojoxeTi, rogorc arsebobis obieqturi sfero; aseTi koncefcia sruliad uRvToa da ufro maniqeuria, vidre qristianuli. Tanamedrove Teologiis mier jojoxeTis Sesaxeb wmida werilis swavlebis sayovelTao uaryofa, paraleluria mis uunarobasTan, aRiqvas codvis sisaZagle, rogorc RvTis keTilmowyalobis mimarT Cadenili danaSaulebrivi Tavdasxma. rwmenis yvela sxva saidumlos msgavsad, codvis arsi da moculoba ar SeiZleba gagebuli iqnas bunebrivi gonebiT. luTeris cnobili SeniSvna miuTiTebs Tanamedrove Teologiis mizezze, Tu ratom erideba is miutevebeli codvis saboloo Sedegebis aRiarebas: „es memkvidreobiTi codva bunebis iseTi Rrma xrwnilebaa, rom gonebas ar SeuZlia misi gageba. misi rwmena wmida werilebSi mocemuli gamocxadebis gamo unda moxdes.~ mas Semdeg, rac wmida werili nebismieri sxva literaturuli nawarmoebis doneze daiyvaneba, rac logikurad iwvevs Cveni uflis ieso qristes maradiuli RvTaebriobisa da qmnilebiTi srulyofilebis ganZarcvas, Teologia ver daemorCileba „religiur~ inteleqtze maRal avtoritets. vinaidan dacemuli adamiani dauRalavad agrZelebs codvaze pa204

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suxismgeblobis gadabarebis process, romelic jer kidev Cveni pirveli mSoblebisgan daiwyo, ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom heterodoqsuli5 Teologia ver SeZrwundeba adamianis codvis monobis idumali realobis winaSe. WeSmariti Teologia, romelic inteleqtis jvarcmas gulisxmobs, mxolod monaniebis haeriT SeiZleba sunTqavdes, rac verc ki daiwyeba RvTis avtoritetuli sityvisadmi adamianuri azris ubralo morCilebis gareSe. Tumca, heterodoqsuli wreebi, ar arian erTaderTni, romlebsac uWirT codvis absoluturi saSinelebis aRqma, rogorc RvTis keTilSobiluri qmnilebis demonuri degradacia, aRqma, romlis logikuri Sedegicaa mounaniebeli borotmoqmedebis mimarT RvTaebrivi sasjelis Sinagani samarTlianobis aRiareba. samyaro, romelic moqmedebs sekularizebuli kulturis meSveobiT, mza mokavSires poulobs orTodoqsuli qristianebis xorcSic ki, sinanulisken momwodebeli rjulis winaaRmdeg mimarTul Tavis ganuwyvetel propagandistul omSi. pastorebi acnobiereben, rom Tanamedrove katexizisis mTavari problema aris RvTis siwmidis cocxali SegrZnebis efeqturad gadmocema, romelic „mSTanmTqmeli cecxlia~ (rju. 4:24; ebr. 12:29). yovlisSemZle RmerTi Tavisi siwmidis erT gramsac ki ar dakargavs, maSinac ki, roca mis saxes wmindanebi zecaSi ixilaven; RmerTi ar trivializdeba netar xilvaSi, ris sapasuxodac qmnilebis reaqcia ar aris RvTisadmi megobruli damokidebuleba, aramed maradiuli, gaognebuli doqsologiis gadmoRvra (gamocx. 4:9; 7:9; 15:3). Tanmimdevrobis Sesabamisad, codvis Semdeg doqsologias win uZRvis monanieba, rogorc RvTis siwmidisadmi saTanado pasuxi. 5. gabatonebuli azri.

orTodoqsuli

Teoriis

sawinaaRmdego

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codvisgan CvenSi gamowveuli damaxinjebis sircxvili sinanulsa da rwmenaSi hyvavis, rac RmerTs RmerTad yofnis saSualebas aZlevs. sakuTari da sxvisi sulis gaSiSvleba rjulis konkretuli daundobeli msjavris winaSe; piradi aRsarebisa da mitevebis aRdgena, romlebic sworad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi iesosTan Sexvedras iwvevs, rac wmida ziarebasTanaa Sedarebuli; da monaniebuli cxovrebis mowmoba, romliTac qristiani ganiwmindeba RvTis xalxisTvis micemuli mtkice imedis ZalaSi (1 ioan. 3:3) — swored es da ara akademiuri gamWriaxobisa da TvalismomWreli axali teqnikuri saSualebebis kombinacia aRWurvavs mtkice iaraRiT pastors, RvTis siwmidis winaSe muxlis moxris jiuti uaris winaaRmdeg. XIX saukunis inglisur debatebSi maradiuli sasjelis Sesaxeb, oqsfordis ebrauli enis profesorma eduard buveri puzim zustad miuTiTa sakiTxis arsze: „visac ar swams maradiuli sasjeli, ras fiqroben, risTvis gankacda RmerTi?~6 anselmis mkveTri pasuxi bosos mimarT saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ganagrZobs JReradobas: „Sen ar gagiazrebia, ra mZime tvirTia codva.~ Tumca eklesias, ra Tqma unda, SeuZlia da unda qadagebdes, rom adamiani gadarCenilia RmerTis gansadideblad, misi qmnilebis zedamxedvelobisTvis da misi qmnilebebis samsaxurisTvis, misi demonuri Zalebisgan xsna, rac qristes gareSe mas rjulis msjavris tyved amyofebs, arasodes ar unda CaiTvalos umniSvnelod. maradiuli sasjelis realobis nebismieri 6. citirebulia d. g. rouelis „jojoxeTi �� da viqtorianelebi~ (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974), 145. miuxedavad imisa, rom roueli Teologiis istoriis mniSvnelovani Tavis eruditul da wakiTxvad angariSs gvTavazobs, rogorc Cans, Tavad eTanxmeba Slaiermaxeriseul pozicias, rom Tanamedrove Teologiuri azris wona ufro metia, vidre wmida werilis mkafio swavleba.

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saxis ugulebelyofa, mamao Cvenos meSvide vedrebis wminda trivializaciis tolfasia. yvelaze uaresi bedi, rac adamians SeiZleba Sexvdes, aris maradiuli ganSoreba siyvarulisgan, romelmac is Seqmna da gamoisyida. amave principiT, moyvasis siyvarulis umaRlesi forma eklesiis misiis mier, misi samizned yofnis specifikur formas iRebs. siyvaruls saukeTeso surs Tavisi obieqtisTvis, xolo mowyalebis xorcieli saqmeebi maradiuli wyalobis miniWebis Sedegia da ara misi Semcvleli. es maradiuli wyaloba ki amarTlebs codvils qristes mieri madliT rwmenis meSveobiT. frensis paiperi sworad miuTiTebs, rom wmida werilebis safuZvelze netari sicocxlis Semdgomi qristianuli rwmenis aRiareba SeuTavsebelia, imave wmida werilebis (xSirad imave muxlebSi!) swavlebis uaryofasTan, rom arsebobs maradiuli cnobieri sasjelis mdgomareoba. SeiZleba Tu ara Tanmimdevrulad CaiTvalos is pirovneba, romelsac iesos garkveuli sityvebi gankacebuli RmerTis ucdomel gamocxadebad miaCnia, xolo sxva ki, Cveulebrivi adamiani maswavleblis kulturuli ganpirobebis produqtad? maradiuli daRupvis realobis Sesaxeb bibliuri mowmoba imdenad uxvad aris gadmocemuli, rom gaocebas iwvevs warsulisa da awmyos universalistebis mcdelobani, rom yvela adamianis saboloo xsnis Sesaxeb, rogorme amoikiTxon TavianTi doqtrina wmida werilis furclebze. Tumca, formalur qristianobaSi universalizmis maswavleblebisgan momdinare mTavari problema sulac ar aris akademiuri sibrtyis farglebSi mocemuli, vinaidan maTi egzegeturi cdomilebani imdenad uxeSia, rom nebismieri inteleqtualuri dadasturebiT aris maTi uaryofa SesaZlebeli. piriqiT, universalizmi udides safrTxes uqmnis RvTismosaobasa da misias da gansakuTrebiT iq, sa207

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dac mas sasuliero pirebi uWeren mxars, rac warmoadgens qristes cxvris mimarT gulgril pastoralur Ralats. siyvaruli ar SeiZleba gulgrili iyos sayvareli adamianis winaSe mdgari mosalodneli safrTxeebis mimarT, aramed ganuwyvetliv unda afrTxilebdes maT Sesaxeb. universalistebi Cveulebriv, wm. pavles or monakveTze amaxvileben yuradRebas, xolo ugulebelyofen pavleseuli mTliani korpusis mowmobas, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT wmida werilis danarCeni nawilis erTsulovan mowmobaze. maTi mimarTva rom. 11:32-ze arasworia, radgan aq mociquli sayovelTao madls qadagebs, rac sulac ar aris am SeTavazebuli wyalobis sayovelTao miReba. am pirvel monakveTSi universalizmis wakiTxva gulisxmobs ucnauri sibrmavis gaCenas im konteqstis mimarT, romelSic es muxli aris ganTavsebuli, radgan romaelTa mimarT werilis es nawili Seicavs wm. pavles godebas imis gamo, rom misi xalxis garkveuli segmenti, samwuxarod, ver datkbeba im jildoTi, romelic maTma mesiam moipova maTTvis. garda amisa, daJinebuli moTxovna, rom 1 kor. 15:22-Si meore „yvela~ unda niSnavdes yvela adamians gamonaklisis gareSe, ugulebelyofs mociqulis mier momdevno muxlSi SeTavazebul TviT-ganmartebas, sadac isini, vinc maradiuli xsniT datkbebian, moxseniebulni arian, rogorc „qristesni~ (1 kor. 15:23). 1 kor. 15:22-is universalisturi interpretacia uazrobad aqcevs wm. pavles mier aRdgomis Sesaxeb udidesi Tavis dasawyiss, sadac is Sejamebuli saxiT naqadageb saxarebas, rogorc madlis saSualebas ise warmoadgens: „romliTac gadarCebiT kidec, Tu daicavT sityvas~ (1 kor. 15:2). didi araferi miiRweva universalistebis mier origenesadmi mimarTviT, qristianuli siZvelis didebuli, Tumca ara unaklo maswavleblisadmi. origenes mier yvela dace208

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muli qmnilebis — maT Soris satanisa da demonebis — saboloo aRdgenis daSveba mis spekulaciur dogmatikaSi „pirveli principebis Sesaxeb~ bevrad ufro eyrdnoboda am maswavleblis gamorCeul kosmologias, vidre mis egzegetikur daskvnebs. dRevandeli universalistebi Znelad Tu gaiziareben origenes mosazrebas, rom yvela Seqmnil suls, iqneba es adamianebi, angelozebi Tu demonebi, saerTo buneba (οί λόγικοι) aqvT da arc mis ideas daeTanxmebian, rom es sulebi, maradisobidan Seqmnili, yvela CarTuli iyo prekosmiur dacemaSi, ramac maTi dapatimreba gamoiwvia angelozur, adamianur Tu demonur sxeulebSi, maTi danaSaulis xarisxis Sesabamisad. miuxedavad misi mkafio ganzraxvisa, darCeniliyo wmida werilisa da aleqsandriis eklesiis rwmenis wesis erTguli, origene qvecnobierad dazaralda aRmosavluri religiis cdomilebebiT, romlebic Cvens Tanamedrove kultebsa da axali eras moZraobaSi xelaxla gaCnda. ufro metic, origenes SiSi, rom, rogorc ki „yovelives aRdgena~ miiRweva, gadarCenili λόγικοι SeiZleba RvTis xilviT gajerdes da kvlav daeces, romelic ciklur da ara sworxazovan drois koncefciaze mowmobs da aseve RmerTis usasrulobis Sedegebis araadekvatur gagebas, romelic, ra Tqma unda, arasodes moawyens gadarCenilebs netar xilvaSi yofnas! maSinac ki, rodesac karl barTis mier egzegetikuri msjelobis safarqveS7 sa7. barTma universalisturi imedi gamoxata Tavis „eklesiis dogmatikaSi,~ g. v. bromili da t. f. torensi, 14 tomi (edinburgi: T. & T. Clark, 1956–), 2:2, sadac man RmerTis doqtrinis konteqstSi arCevanis doqtrina ganmarta. am tomis winasityvaobaSi barTi daJinebiT moiTxovs, rom misi ganSoreba kalvinisgan eqskluziurad egzegetikuri mosazrebebiT aris ganpirobebuli: „merCivna kalvinis winaswarganzraxulobis doqtrinas bevrad ufro axlos mivyolodi, nacvlad imisa, rom ase radikalurad davSore-

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sinjad iqna miRebuli igi, universalizmi rCeba mxolod adamianuri xorcis produqtad, romelic sakuTar Tavs RmerTis mkafiod naTqvam sityvaze aRmatebul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs. Tu sworad ganmartebuli wmida werili namcec mxardaWerasac ar sTavazobs universalizms, SeiZleba Tu ara igive gancxadeba gakeTdes ukeTurTa anihilaciis ideis mimarT, romelic mzard mimdevarTa raodenobas iZens Tanamedrove evangelur wreebSi? universalizmis mtkiced uaryofiTa da „maradiuli daRupvis~ WeSmaritebis aRiarebiT, evangeluri mkvlevari eduard faji gabedulad saubrobs: bodi mas... magram me ar SemeZlo da ar SemiZlia amis gakeTeba. rodesac biblias vutovebdi am sakiTxebze saubris saSualebas, rodesac vmeditirebdi imaze, rac mesmoda, SeuCereblad mivdiodi rekonstruqciisken~ (x). Zveli reformirebuli gankiTxvis doqtrina barTis TeologiaSi agrZelebs arsebobas, rogorc meditacia ieso qristes mier RmerTisgan uaryofis tanjvaze adamianis nacvlad. araCveulebrivad didi eqskursi, barTis standartebiTac ki, fokusirebulia RmerTis mier uaryofilTa bibliur magaliTebze, maT Soris iudaze da qristes uarmyofel ebraelebze axali aRTqmis droidan (458–506). Tumca, barTi ver iRebs gankiTxvas, rogorc ukanasknel sityvas codvilTa yvelaze cud mdgomareobazec ki, amitomac is warmoadgens gaqvavebul urCobaSi daRupulTa saboloo beds, rogorc Ria kiTxvas: „ra iqneba Sedegi, RmerTis xelSia~ (506). barTis gamoxatuli midrekileba universalizmisken gakritikebulia, rogorc mkafio wmida werilis mowmobidan gadaxveva, Tundac iseTi momxibvleli interpretatoris mier, rogoricaa jefri v. bromili „karl barTis Teologiis SesavalSi~ (An Introduction to the Theology of Karl Barth, Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1979), 97. bromili erTxel kidev mianiSnebs barTis universalistur midrekilebebze am tomis bolos, sadac is komentars akeTebs: „barTi mamacurad saubrobs wmida werilis principze, magram umetes TeologTa msgavsad, mas SeuZlia Tvali daxuWos wmida werilebze, romlebic didad ar adardebs~ (248).

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faqt�� ia, wmida werili ase Tanmimdevrulad da daJinebiT aswavlis, rom am maradiuli sasjelis buneba aris sruli gadaSeneba samudamo daviwyebaSi. fajis mier bibliur da aRTqmaTSoris literaturaSi, aseve eklesiis patristikul da Semdgom tradiciaSi napovni maradiuli daRupvis mowmobis amomwuravi mimoxilva, SesaZloa nawilobriv mainc ganpirobebuli iyos anihilacionizmis, rogorc evangelisturi aqtivis sasargeblo rolis Rrma gacnobierebiT, rac saxarebas ufro gasayid saqonlad aqcevs usiamovno balastis gadayriT. fajis polemikas jojoxeTis tradiciuli koncefciis winaaRmdeg, rogorc maradiuli cnobieri sasjelis mdgomareobisa, Tan axlavs sulis ukvdavebisa da Sualeduri mdgomareobis sruli denonsireba,8 rogorc platonuri warmoSobis cdomilebisa, romlebic rwmenaSi adreulma mamebma Semoitanes, vinaidan maT da maTma memkvidreebma (Turme) arasworad amoikiTxes es sakiTxi wmida teqstSi. es evangelisturi avtori ar erideba „sruli sikvdilis~ cnebis, anu sxeulisa da sulis gadaSenebis gamoyenebas TviT Cvens ufalzec ki didi paraskevis SuadResa da aRdgomis dilas Soris periodSi. sulTa uwyvetobisa da Sualeduri mdgomareobis amsaxveli wmida werilis adgilebis amokveTiT, romlebic ase naTlad mowmoben maTze, faji ar kargavs dros imis gamosacxadeblad, rom `lazaresa da mdidris~ ambavi ararelevanturia maradiuli sasjelis bunebis nebismieri kvlevisTvis. rogorc Cans, fundamentalisturi fesvebis mqone am mkvlevarsac ki SeuZlia gaiziaros kritikosi egzegetis, adolf iulixeris pozicia, rom igavebi SeiZleba mxolod erT azrs 8. saxelmwifos gancxadeba saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis moqmedebis Sewyvetis Taobaze.

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gadmoscemdes, amitom yvela damxmare detali SeiZleba ubralo Sevsebad CaiTvalos! fajis Tavxeduri midgoma wmida werilisadmi am or sferoSi gvaiZulebs, garkveuli skepticizmiT SevxvdeT mis „sola scriptura~-s aRiarebas. fajis koncefciis Tanaxmad, „maradiuli daRupva~ moicavs daRupulTa ararsebobidan aRdgomas ukanasknel dRes, raTa moisminon TavianTi ganaCeni da gaxdnen Rirseuli sasjelis obieqtebi, rac maT anihilacias gamoiwvevs. esaiasa da naTlismcemlis, aseve Cveni uflis mier moxseniebuli „Cauqrobeli cecxli~ yovlismomcvel cecxlad aris aRqmuli, romelic ubralod anadgurebs yvelafers, rac mas gzaze gadaeyreba. miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi interpretacia SesaZloa calke aRebul naTlismcemlis qadagebas amarTlebdes, Zneli misaxvedria, rogor SeuZlia fajs aseTi axsna amoikiTxos mis esaiaseul wyaroSi. ufro metic, iesos mier mis swavlebaSi esaias 66:24-is gamoyenebis konteqsti daRupvis Sesaxeb, ewinaaRmdegeba jojoxeTis anihilaciasTan nebismier gaigivebas. geena/jojoxeTi, Tavisi arsiT, ganuzomlad saSinelia, vidre zRvaSi CaZirviT gamowveuli ganadgurebis msubuqi bedi (mark. 9:42)! Tu jojoxeTis Cauqrobeli cecxli mTlianad STanTqavs Tavis obieqtebs, maSin ra WeSmariteba gadmoicema am idumali gamosaxulebiT: „maTi Wia ar kvdeba~ (mark. 9:48)? fajis argumenti moiTxovs ufliseuli simetriis darRvevas cnobil monakveTSi, sadac Cveni ufali maradiul sicocxleze da maradiul sasjelze erTsa da imave muxlSi saubrobs (maT. 25:46). Cveni revizionisti avtoris Tanaxmad, ieso aq zedsarTav saxels αιώνιος ori gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT iyenebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom „maradiuli sicocxle~ niSnavs dausrulebel sicocxles, „maradiuli sasjeli~ unda niSnavdes sasrul gamanadgurebel sasjels, romlis Sedegic 212

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samudamod rCeba Seuqcevadi! fajis mier zedsarTavi saxelis αιώνιος-Tvis dausrulebeli xangrZlivobis Tvisebis CamorTmeva moklebulia yovelgvar damajereblobas gamocxadebis 14:11-is SemTxvevaSi, sadac gancxadeba, rom mxecis TayvanismcemelTa tanjvis kvamli ava είς αιώνας αίώνων, mkafiod aris axsnili, rom maT arc dRisiT da arc RamiT ar eqnebaT mosveneba (aseve SeadareT gamocx. 20:10). patmosis mxilveli ar ganixilavs daRupulTa dasasruls, rogorc maT anihilacias. Cveni ufali Tavisi Cveulebisamebr jojoxeTis momaval realobas ori saxiT aRwers: erTi mxriv, geenis Cauqrobeli cecxli da meore mxriv, garesknelSi myofi daRupulTa tirili da kbilTa RrWena. miuxedavad imisa, rom anihilaciis cneba SeiZleba zogierT geenasTan dakavSirebul gancxadebaSi calkeuli interpretaciiT iyos gagebuli, is aSkarad ar aris warmodgenili maT. 13:42 da 50-Si, sadac naTqvamia, rom angelozebi ukeTurT „cecxlis RumelSi~ Caagdeben, sadac „adamianebi tirian da kbilebs aRrWenen.~ garesknelTa sibneleSi gadayrilTa grZnobebi xasiaTdeba tanjviT, romelic gamowveulia yovlisSemZle RmerTTan misi samefos damyarebis Semdeg samudamod dakarguli ziarebis gamo. es tipuri maTeseuli saxe (maT. 8:12; 22:13; 24:51; maT. 25:30), romelic aseve erTxel lukasTanac gvxvdeba (luk. 13:28), ar SeiZleba SeTavsdes anihilacionistur hipoTezasTan. fajma da misma Tanamoazre evangelistma kolegebma, daRupvis ganmartebis mTeli safuZveli „Cauqrobeli cecxlis~ erT (zogjer SesaZlebel) interpretaciaze aages, riTac ver SeZles jojoxeTis bibliuri gagebis sawyisi wertilidan gamomdinare msjeloba, sinamdvileSi, igi warmoadgens maradiul da cnobier ganSorebas im RmerTisgan, romelmac Tavi gagvicxada da Tavisi siyvaruli SemogvTavaza qristeSi. uflis brZaneba daRupulTa 213

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mimarT (πορεύεσθε άπ εμού κατηραμένοι,9 maT. 25:41; άπόστητε άπ έμού πάντες έργάται άδικίας,10 luk. 13:27) meordeba wm. pavles swavlebaSi, romelic „maradiuli daRupvis sasjels~ xedavs, rogorc warwymedilTa „uflis saxisgan gandevnas~ (2 Tes. 1:9). es sasjeli didad Semcirdeboda, Tu daRupulni mas ver gaacnobierebdnen anihilaciis gziT. daRupulTa sulis mTavari tanjva uflis sixarulis momniWebeli Tandaswrebidan gariyulobis gacnobierebaSi mdgomareobs.11 sicocxlisa da siyvarulis wyarosgan maradiuli cnobieri mowyveta ukvdavi sikvdilis tanjva iqneba. ar arsebobs safuZveli imis varaudisTvis, rom yvela daRupuli erTnairad daitanjeba; piriqiT, wmida werili miuTiTebs, rom daRupulTa mier gadatanili sxeulisa da sulis tanjvis proporcia, Seesabameba urwmunoebis mdgomareobaSi RvTisadmi mtrobiT maT mier Cadenili danaSaulebis simZimes. wmida saxarebaSi RvTis mier SemoTavazebuli wyalobis Segnebuli uaryofa is danaSaulia, romelic udides sasjels moiTxovs. amrigad, qalaqebi, romlebic am kategoriaSi moxvdebian anu tviross da sidons (maT. 11:22), ufro uaresad moeqcevian, vidre sodoms da gomoras (maT. 10:15). daRupulTaTvis sasjelis xarisxebi naTlad aris naswavlebi lukas 12:47-Si. 9. wadiT Cemgan wyeulno. 10. ganmSordiT yovelno moqmedno usamarTlobis. 11. 2 TesalonikelTa 1:9-Si ὄλεθρον αἰώνιον (maradiuli ganadgureba) mniSvnelobaze ixileT alfred plameri, „�� komentari wm. pavles meore epistoleze TesalonikelTa mimarT~ (A Commentary on St. Paul’s Second Epistle to the Thessalonians, London: Robert Scott, 1918), 25: `„maradiuli ngreva~ Seesabameba „maradiul warwymedas~ (R.V.-is mier gamoyenebuli termini), rac SesaZloa gulisxmobdes jiuti urwmunoebisa da ganzrax urCTa anihilacias, idea, romelic ar SeiZleba mieweros wm�� . pavles. rogorc Cans, gulisxmobs damRupvel danakargs da ara arsebobis gaqrobas.~

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miuxedavad imisa, rom maradiuli daRupvis doqtrina RvTaebrivi sityvis morCilebiT uapelaciod12 unda vaRiaroT, is aseve emsaxureba qristianebis gamofxizlebas xorcieli TviTkmayofilebisgan da mogviwodebs, Cveni Zalisxmeva mivmarToT Zveli adamianis mokvdinebisaken, romelic naTlobaSi msjavrdadebulia, magram jer ar aris bolomde amoZirkvuli. is, rom urwmunoeba daRupvis mizezia, ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas, rogorc sulieri damamSvidebeli saSualeba, romelic xels uwyobs STabeWdilebas, rom mZime codva uaryofiTad ar imoqmedebs sulze manam, sanam rwmena rCeba ubralo mosazrebad, romelic eTanxmeba RvTis gamocxadebas qristeSi. luTeranuli aRmsareblobis mowmoba, rom macxovnebeli rwmena ver Tanaarsebobs sasikvdilo codvasTan, gamyarebulia da gaZlierebuli Cveni uflis mkacrad gamoxatuli rCeviT, rom Cveni xorci unda movakvdinoT, raTa Tavidan aviciloT uRvTo cxovrebiT rwmenis Caqrobis riski (mark. 9:43– 48). „rwmena, romelzec vsaubrobT... arsebobs monaniebaSi.~

12. gadawyvetileba, romelic ar SeiZleba gasaCivrdes an gadaixedos.

sarCevi

215

10 saxarebis saboloo aRsruleba netarTa mimarT zeciur cxovrebaSi rac Tvals ar unaxavs, yurs ar smenia da kacs gulSi ar gauvlia, RmerTma is moumzada Tavis moyvarulebs. — pirveli korinTelTa 2:9 radgan RvTis dideba cocxali adamiania; da adamianis sicocxle RvTis xedvaa. — irineosi, Adversus haereses magram, rogorc ki�� RmerTs pirispir�� ixilaven, maSin isini, maTSi damkvidrebuli RvTis suliT Seasruleben mis nebas spontanurad, iZulebis gareSe, daubrkolebriv, srulyofilad, mTlianad da ganuzomeli sixaruliT, da amiT inetareben ukunisamde. — Tanxmobis formula isini, vinc gamarTlebaSi isveneben da iesosTan mzardi TanxmobiT misdeven ganwmendil cxovrebas, SeiZleba SevadaroT vazis surnelovan yvavilobas, (vazi) romelic Tavad qristea. Cveni uflis mRvdelmTavruli saqme srulad aRsruldeba da esqatologia danaklisis gareSe ganxorcieldeba, rodesac es kvirti mwife nayofad gadaiqceva parusiaSi. kvirtis nayofad qcevis analogia gvexmareba wmidanTa gandidebis gagebaSi, rodesac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saxarebis aRsruleba netarTa zeciur 216

qveynierebis aRsasruli

cxovrebaSi bunebrivi ki ara, aramed zebunebrivi procesia. dauZlevadi da Seucnobeli saswauli Tan axlavs wmida saxarebas misi ganxorcielebis yvela etapze. miuxedavad imisa, fizikur mecnierebas SeuZlia bunebrivi organizmis ganviTarebis gageba, RmerTsa da mis xalxs Soris urTierToba xelmisawvdomia mxolod sulierad ganaTlebulTaTvis (1 kor. 2:14). qristianTa imedi usazRvrod aRemateba amqveyniur miswrafebebs, rogoricaa aqamde miuRweveli politikuri stabiluroba an ekonomikuri Tu fizikuri keTildReoba. verc Cveni epoqis momxmarebluri mentaliteti SeaRwevs zecis pirovnul birTvSi, radgan yovlisSemZle RmerTs aRTqmuli aqvs, rom is uxvad mianiWebs ara ubralo nivTebs, aramed (umTavresad) sakuTar Tavs im qmnilebebs, romlebic mis xatebaSi qmnilni da xelaxla aRdgenilni arian. 1 kor. 2:8 SeTqmulia RvTaebriv gadawyvetilebasTan, dafaros aRdgenili samoTxe mokvdavTa Tvalisa da yurisTvis (2 kor. 12:4), raTa zecis ganxilva ar gaxdes yvelaze grZeli Tavi esqatologiis (Semswavlel) tomTa Soris. wmida werilze dafuZnebuli yoveli WeSmariteba, rasac Cven vambobT momaval cxovrebaze, daTgrunuli iqneba momavali samyaros didebis brwyinvalebiT. adamianis zeciuri mdgomareobis aRuwereli srulyofilebis xarisxi Tavad RmerTis transcendenciaSia1 dafaruli. iseve, rogorc yovlisSemZle RmerTi ar SeiZleba dayvanil iqnas dakvirvebad imanentobamde,2 aseve zecis sixaruli ver iqneba sworad warmodgenili broSuris saxiT. Tumca, amavdroulad, gulwrfel morwmunes ukve aqvs zecis winaTgrZnoba ufalTan urTierTobiT da saeklesio sazogadoebaSi 1. obieqtis an ideis arseboba, romelic scildeba adamianis Semecnebis SesaZleblobebs an empiriuli samyaros sazRvrebs. 2. xiluli gamovlineba.

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RvTaebrivi da adamianuri siyvarulis gancdis meSveobiT. RvTaebrivi TviTkomunikaciis aqti, romelic zecis gulSi devs, ar aris mxolod momavlis movlena, aramed misi gancda ukve daiwyo aq, dedamiwaze, qristesa da misi (sxeulis) wevrebis, aseve Tavad wevrTa Soris siyvarulis mistikur erTobaSi. zeca moicavs rogorc gagrZelebas, aseve qristeSi yofnis Seudarebel srulyofas, rac samefo samRvdeloebis yoveli wevris privilegiaa. maSin, rodesac rwmena qristes awmyoSi eWideba, doqtori luTeri gvaswavlis, rom morwmune ukve WeSmaritad zecaSia: magram ra xdeba, roca qristes gulSi vuSveb? xdeba Tu ara ise, rogorc fanatikosebi warmoidgenen, rom qriste kibeze Camodis da adis? qriste kvlav mamis marjvniv zis, �� aseve Sens gulSi, erTi�� a qriste, romelic avsebs zecasa da miwas. me vqadageb, rom is zis RvTis marjvniv da ganagebs yovel qmnilebas, codvas, sikvdils, sicocxles, samyaros, eSmakebsa da angelozebs; Tu amis gwams, is ukve Sens gulSi gyavs. amitom Seni guli zecaSia, �� ara moCveneb�� iTa Tu sizmriT, aramed WeSmaritad. radgan sadac is aris, iq xar Senc. netarTa saboloo mdgomareobas mrevlic da dogmatikosebic Cveulebriv „zecas~ uwodeben, Tumca wmida werilebi msgavs dadgenilebas pirdapir ar iZleva. sinamdvileSi, wmida mwerlebis mier /οὐρανός(οί)-is3 gamoyenebas mniSvnelovani sirTuleebi axlavs. „zeca~ aris RvTaebrivad miniWebuli saxeli sivrciTi samyarosTvis, romelic moicavs casa da varskvlavebs (dab. 1:8; Sdr. dab. 14:9; 15:5; 1 mef. 8:12; iob. 9:8; fsalm. 8:3; 19:1; 89:11). es zeca istoriis dasasruls ganwirulia gadasvlisTvis (maT. 24:35 da paralelebi). amavdroulad, „mamao Cvenos~ 3. zeca.

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sawyisi frazis miniSneba, rom zeca RvTis samyofelia, damowmebulia Zvel aRTqmaSi (rju. 26:15; 1 mef. 8:30; 2 neSt. 7:14). miuxedavad amisa, RmerTi da qristes gandidebuli wmida kacobrivi buneba usazRvrod aRematebian TavianT zeciur samyofels (1 mef. 8:27; efes. 4:10). rogorc RvTis taxtis adgili (fsal. 11:4; es. 66:1), zeca misi srulyofili mmarTvelobis sferoa, romelic mogviaxlovda miwieri iesos pirovnebiTa da misi uwyebiT. wm. maTes mier „cis sasufevelze~ „RvTis sasasufevlis~ upiratesoba, SeiZleba ufro meti iyos, vidre mxolod mokrZalebuli perifrazirebisken midrekileba. RvTis mimarTva adamianisadmi (rju. 4:36; ebr. 12:25) zecidan modis. ieso aris „meore kaci —zecidan~ (1 kor. 15:47), saidanac mas elodebian misi didebuli dabrunebisas (saq. 3:21; filip. 3:20; 1 Tes. 1:10; 4:16). rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, zeca ixsneba Cveni uflis naTlobisas (maT. 3:16 da paralelebi; Sdr. ioan. 1:51). zeca, rogorc RvTis samyofeli da taxti, keTili angelozebis saTanado sacxovrebelia (1 mef. 22:19; maT. 18:10; 22:30 da paralelebi; 24:36 da paraleli; luk. 1:19; 2:13, 15), xolo boroti angelozebis yofna „zeciur adgilebSi~ (έν τοίς έπουρανιοίς) savaraudod unda gavigoT, rogorc maT mier okupirebuli cis myari (efes. 3:10; 6:12; magram Sdr. luk. 10:18 da gamocx. 12:7). axali aRTqmis araerTi monakveTi naTlad aCvenebs saeklesio enis „zecis~ mniSvnelobas, rogorc netarTa saboloo daniSnulebis adgils. Cveni ufali netarad acxadebs (misi saxelis gulisTvis) devnilebs im didi jildos gamo, rac maT „zecaSi~ eliT (maT. 5:12) da is urCevs Tavis mowafeebs, rom saganZuri sakuTari TavisTvis „zecaSi~ daagrovon (maT. 6:20). qristianTa sixarulis mTavari mizezi is ki ar aris, rom maT Zlevamosili saqmeebis keTebis ufleba aqvT, aramed is, rom maTi saxelebi „zecaSia~ Cawerili 219

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(luk. 10:20). wm. pavle saubrobs qristianTa swrafvaze, Seimoson „zeciuri saxli~ (2 kor. 5:2), daJinebiT amtkicebs, rom Cveni moqalaqeoba „zecaSia~ (filip. 3:20) da eklesias axsenebs misTvis „zecaSi~ gamzadebul imeds (kol. 1:5). qristianTa uxrwneli, ubiwo da uWknobi memkvidreoba, wm. petres Tanaxmad, maTTvis „zecaSia~ daculi (1 pet. 1:4). miuxedavad imisa, rom wmida werili arasodes pirdapir ar moixseniebs RvTis xalxis saboloo mdgomareobas, rogorc „zecas,~ is faqti, rom zeca RvTis taxti da samyofelia, sadac misi angelozebi Tayvans scemen mas da sadac xsnis sisavse inaxeba, am sityvas RvTisa da mis sasufevelSi wmidanTa sruli netarebis Sesaferis Semoklebul gamoxatulebad aqcevs.4 saeklesio gamoyenebaSi „zeca~ niSnavs kacTa Soris RvTis uSualo damkvidrebas (gamocx. 21:3). saRvTo saeklesio termini Seesabameba bibliur Sinaarss. adolf fon harnaks surda Seercxvina Tavisi drois orTodoqsebi im faqtis damcirebiT, rom miuxedavad imisa, qristianebi TavianT ndobas iesos pirovnebaze amyareben, Tavad Cveni uflis yuradReba da qadageba mamisken iyo mimarTuli.5 trinitarizmis uaris Tqmis siswrafeSi, harnakma gamotova iesos mamasTan urTierTobis unikaluroba (maT. 11:27 da paralelebi), rac albaT axali aRTqmis qri4. „rogorc RvTis taxti, amaRlebis daniSnulebis adgili da dabrunebuli qristes gamosvlis wertili, οὐρανός (zeca�� ) aris integrirebuli fokusi xsnis awmyo da momavali kurTxevebisTvis axal saukuneSi~ (helmut traubi, „οὐρανός,~ TDNT 5:532). 5. „saxareba, rogorc mas ieso qadagebda, mxolod mamasTan aris dakavSirebuli da ara ZesTan~ (ra aris qristianoba? Targmna Tomas beili sandersma, Sesavali rudolf bultmanis mier [1957; reprinti, Philadephia: Fortress Press, 1986], 144). ixileT aseve 145: „winadadeba „me var RvTis Ze~ saxarebaSi TviT iesos mier ar aris Camatebuli da am winadadebis sxvebis gverdiT ganTavseba, saxarebis damatebaa.~

220

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stologiis amosavali weritilia da Tvali daxuWa iesos mowodebaze, rom uSualod masTan mivsuliyaviT, raTa mas, Tavis mxriv, miveyvaneT mamasTan, radgan es mxolod mas SeuZlia. Cven, rogorc qristes mistikur sxeulSi gaerTianebuli wevrebi, unda ganviwmindoT codvisgan da gardavisaxoT iesos msgavsebaSi, raTa masSi, misi meSveobiT da masTan erTad vixiloT misi mamis saxe. amrigad, ar arsebobs winaaRmdegoba eklesiis amJamindel qristeze fokusirebasa da mis momaval mimarTulebas Soris, — masTan (iesosTan) erTad, mamisken. Sesabamisad, zecis gansazRvreba, legitimurad moicavs qristologiuri safuZvlis did xazgasmas.6 axali aRTqma dauRalavad warmoaCens wmidanTa momaval gandidebas, rogorc maT srul Sesabamisobas ufalTan, romelic uziarebs maT yvelafers, rac aris da rac aqvs. ZesTan Sesabamisoba aris rCeulobisa da gamarTlebis mizani (rom. 8:29). iesos ZeobaSi naSvilebni, masTan erTad Tanamemkvidreebi arian (rom. 8:17). RvTis samefos sisavseSi monawileoba misi pativdebuli qveSevrdomebis saxiT, ukve iqneboda yvela Cvens damsaxurebaze aRmatebuli kurTxeva, magram isini, vinc am cxovrebaSi msaxurTa rangze maRla arian, raTa iyvnen uflis megobrebi (ioan. 15:15), momavalSi amaRlebul iesosTan erTad iqnebian WeSmariti TanammarTvelebi (2 tim. 2:12; gamocx. 22:5). gandidebuli wmidanebi, rogorc ymebi an borotmoqmedni ar SekrTebian, Soreuli suverenis winaSe wardgomisas, aramed Seabijeben zeciur darbazSi, rogorc mefis mier 6. „amitom, zeca, upirveles yovlisa, qristologiurad unda ganisazRvros. is ar aris eqstra-istoriuli adgili, sadac midian. zecis arseboba damokidebulia im faqtze, rom ieso qriste, rogorc RmerTi, aris adamiani da RmerTis arsebobaSi adgils uTmobs adamianis arsebobas~ (ratcingeri, Eschatology, 234).

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keTilSobileba mimadlebulni, raTa misi Tandaswrebis winaSe idgnen. ocdaoTxi uxucesi oqros gvirgvinebiT Sesaferisadaa gamosaxuli (gamocx. 4:4). mzad myofi, rom Tavisi sapatarZlo srulyofili qorwinebiT moicvas, ieso mas RvTis didebas aniWebs, romelic Zvirfasi qvis saxiT aris warmodgenili (gamocx. 21:11, 2). qristesTan sruli erToba iwvevs masaviT srulyofilad gaxdomas: „roca gamoCndeba, misi msgavsni viqnebiT, radgan vixilavT mas, rogoric aris~ (1 ioan. 3:2). „da rogorc mtvrisgan Seqmnilis xatebas vatarebdiT, aseve vatarebT zecieris xatebasac~ (1 kor. 15:49). „[is] romelic Cvens damdablebul sxeuls Tavisi didebis sxeulis msgavsad gardaqmnis, im Zalis meSveobiT, romliTac yovelives Tavis Tavs daumorCilebs~ (filip. 3:21). mniSvnelovania, rom zogierTi mTavari xati, romliTac patmoseli mxilveli Tavis auditorias maradiul sicocxles sTavazobs, qristologiuri xasiaTis an warmoSobisaa. axali aRTqmis sxva fenebSi ieso cnobilia, rogorc sicocxlis wyali (gamocx. 21:6; 22:1), RvTis samyofeli taZari (gamocx. 21:22) da wuTisoflis naTeli (gamocx. 21:23). morwmunisadmi micemuli RvTaebrivi dapireba, Tavdapirvelad Tavad mesias eTqva (gamocx. 21:7). radgan ieso mamazea orientirebuli, masTan srulad gaerTianebulnic aseve netari samebis pirvel pirze iqnebian koncentrirebulni. ioakim fiorelma sruliad arasworad gaigo RvTaebrivi mowyobis wesrigi, rodesac Zveli aRTqma miiCnia mamis drois produqtad, axali aRTqma — Zis drois dokumentirebad da inicirebad, xolo (qiliasturi) esqatologiuri aRsrulebis dro — suliswmidis epoqad. sinamdvileSi, sulisa da Zis saqme Seesabameba maTi RvTaebrivi pirovnebis maxasiaTebel Tvisebebs. suliwmida, romelic mamisa da Zisgan gamodis, siamovnebiT mihyavs 222

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adamianebi ZesTan da misi meSveobiT mamasTan. amave principiT, Ze Cvens sulebSi mamisadmi gulwrfel siyvaruls da misadmi Tayvaniscemas nergavs, rac misive pirovnebis arss Seadgens. Tanaswori Ze da suli gagviziareben TavianT pirvelyofil orientacias mamisadmi, RvTaebis wyarosadmi. es Tezisi, SesaZloa, dagvexmaros 1 kor. 15:24–28-is rTuli muxlebis sworad gagebaSi, romelTagan ukanasknels mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia adolf honekes maradiuli sicocxlis gansazRvraSi.7 iesos mier samefos mamisTvis gadacema dakavSirebulia misi mRvdelmTavruli saqmis SewyvetasTan.8 rogorc ki RvTis arcerT SvilSi odnavi codvac ki aRar darCeba, mTeli qriste, Tavi da wevrebi, mTlianad mamaze iqneba koncentrirebuli. rodesac zecaze qristologiurad vsaubrobT, Tavad ieso warmogvidgens imave sakiTxs RvTaebrivad, ase vTqvaT. arsebiTad ra frazaa „saukuno sicocxle,~ Tu ara RvTaebrivi tituli an Tavad RvTis aRwera? mociquli ioane iesos acxadebs „saukuno sicocxled, romelic iyo mamasTan da gamogvecxada Cven~ (1 ioan. 1:2) da „WeSmarit RmerTad da saukuno sicocxled~ (1 ioan. 5:20). Cveni uflis mier „saukuno sicocxlis~ gansazRvrebaa, rom gicnobdnen „Sen, rogorc erTaderT WeSmarit 7. „maradiuli sicocxle wmida werilis mixedviT niSnavs, rom RmerTi, uzenaesi sikeTe, Seuferxeblad da SeuCereblad, usrulesi saxiT, aris yvelaferi yvelaferSi maTTvis, vinc ukanasknel samsjavroze qristes mier mis sakuTrebad iqnen aRiarebulni, romlebic bolomde rwmeniT miekedlnen mas~ (HHoenecke, Evangelisch- Lutherische Dogmatik 4:316; Cemi Targmani). 8. „�� [codvisgan gaTavisufleba momaval cxovrebaSi] aseve fesvgadgmulia iesos mier samefos mamisTvis gadacemaSi (1 kor.15:24–28) da Sesabamisad, misi Suamavlis poziciis SewyvetaSi imgvarad, rogorc is axla axorcielebs mas yvelasTvis, vinc xsnisken miemarTeba~ (iqve, 320; Cemi Targmani).

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RmerTsa da ieso qristes, romelic Sen warmogzavne~ (ioan. 17:3), rac gulisxmobs daxsnilTa damkvidrebas mamasa da ZeSi, romelic Seesabameba da Serwymulia RvTaebriv pirTa urTierTdavanebaSi (περιχώρησις). saukuno sicocxle aRemateba qmnili niWis yvela kategorias. zeca aris iesos mRvdelmTavruli locvis sruli realizacia im mdgomareobaSi, sadac codva da misi Sedegebi aRar arsebobs: „rogorc Sen CemSi, mamao, me ki — SenSi, raTa isinic iyvnen CvenSi~ (ioan. 17:21). wm. ioanes apokalifsis daskvniTi Tavebi SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc wm. pavles mier momavali cxovrebis gansazRvrebis gaSla im TvalsazrisiT, rom RmerTi aris „yvelaferi yvelaferSi~ (1 kor. 15:28; KJV). gamocx. 21:3 savaraudod pirveli SemTxvevaa, rodesac patmosis mxilvels Tavad mamis xma esmis xilvaSi. RvTaebrivi xma acxadebs RmerTsa da mis qmnilebaTa Soris yvela dabrkolebis mocilebas. miuxedavad imisa, unda iqnas Tu ara aseTi detalebi pirdapir gagebuli, rogoricaa Seqmnili sinaTlis (gamocx. 21:23; 22:5) da zRvis (gamocx. 21:1) gauqmeba, isini namdvilad gadmoscemen mamis uSualo Tandaswrebas, radgan RmerTi aris „yvelaferi yvelaferSi.~ yvelafris danaxviT uqmneli sinaTlis anareklSi, zecis moqalaqeebi Wvreten mamisa da Zis saxes (gamocx. 22:4). aseTia iesos mRvdelmTavruli saqmis nayofi. RvTis xedvis ganmartebaSi frensis paiperi aRiarebs, rom „RvTis es xilva zeciuri netarebis mizezia, radgan aseTi xilva gardaqmnis morwmuneebs rogorc sulierad, aseve fizikurad da RvTis dideba aisaxeba maTSi.~ iobis 19:26 gansakuTrebiT gvibiZgebs daveTanxmoT paipers, romelic netar xilvas ara mxolod gonebriv, aramed sxeulebriv xilvad gansazRvravs. paiperis miniSneba 1 kor. 13:12-ze, sadac momavali cxovreba aRwerilia, ro224

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gorc RvTis srulyofili Secnoba, Semdeg ganmartebas gvTavazobs: `RvTis xilva moicavs netarTa mier RvTis Secnobas ise, rogorc RmerTi icnobs RmerTs.~ rac Seexeba am SecnobaSi CarTulobas, honeke amtkicebs, rom Tomistebisa da skotistebis ganmasxvavebeli aqcentebi maradiuli sicocxlis arsis gansazRvrebebSi erTnairad gamarTlebulia, saTanadod avseben erTmaneTs da ar gamoricxaven erTimeores. Tomistebi marTlebi iyvnen, rodesac xazs usvamdnen, rom RmerTis xilva daakmayofilebs adamianis gonebas, xolo skotistebi marTlebi iyvnen, rodesac aswavlidnen, rom umaRlesi sikeTiT tkboba daakmayofilebs mis nebas. RmerTs, rogorc WeSmaritebasa da RmerTs, rogorc siyvaruls Soris, ar arsebobs daZabuloba. Cveni uunarobis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi, rom Camova yaliboT momavali didebis adekvaturi suraTi, aris Cveni didi sirTule codvisgan Tavisufali adamianuri cxovrebis warmodgenaSi. ganwmedili wmidanebis ufalTan Sesabamisoba, upirveles yovlisa, mis moralur msgavsebaSi gamoixateba, rac SesaZlebeli xdeba adamianuri bunebidan codvis sruli aRmofxvriT. SeiZleba imdenad gavamaxviloT yuradReba codvis Sedegebisgan zeciur ganTavisuflebaze (gamocx. 21:4), rom gamogvrCes misi Zalauflebisgan WeSmaritad saocari ganTavisufleba (rom. 7:24 da Semd.), rac RvTis mier Tavis xalxSi yofnis ganuyofeli nawilia (gamocx. 21:3). miuxedavad imisa, rom amqveyniuri sagnebi, rogorc wesi TavisTavad kargia, xorcis mier imdenad ibilweba isini kerpebad iqcevian, romlebic RvTis kuTvnil adgils ikaveben (1 ioan. 2:16). rodesac Zveli adamis mokvdineba gvaTavisuflebs codvis miopiuri TviTSepyrobilobisgan, raTa dagvtovos, ostin fareris bednieri fraziT, „arsad airekleba, 225

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garda RvTis TvalTa gugebisa,~ gare realoba aRar iqneba barieri RmerTsa da adamians Soris an obieqti, romelic adamians misi Semoqmedisgan yuradRebas gadaataninebs. ganTavisuflebuli da ganaxlebuli qmnileba (rom. 8:21) aRar iqneba kerpTayvanismcemlobis instrumenti, aramed amieridan mxolod didebis mizezi. ra mSvenieria honekes Sesatyvisi gansazRvreba RvTis xilvis Sesaxeb, rogorc im „RmerTis cnobiereba [Innewerden], vinc yovelivea yvelaferSi!~ netarTa sulebSi momxdari gardaqmna maT sxeulebzec gavrceldeba, radgan misi parusiis dros Cveni ufali „Cvens damdablebul sxeuls Tavisi didebis sxeulis msgavsad gardaqmnis, im Zalis meSveobiT, romliTac yovelives Tavis Tavs daumorCilebs~ (filip. 3:21). Cveni amJamindeli, wyevlis Sedegad damaxinjebuli sxeulisgan gansxvavebiT, wmidanTa aRdgomili sxeuli aRwerilia, rogorc „sulieri sxeuli~ (1 kor. 15:44). es fraza gverdigverd ayenebs arsebiT saxelsa da zedsarTav saxels, romlebsac dacemuli goneba sxvadasxva kategorias miakuTvnebda. wmida werilis paradoqsuli enis gamoyeneba wmidanTa aRdgomili sxeulebis aRwerisas, kidev erTi Sexsenebaa im SezRudvebisa, romlebic 1 kor. 2:8-dan gamomdinareobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom „sulieri~ namdvilad ar SeiZleba gautoldes eTeruls,9 is namdvilad migviTiTebs Cveni amJamindeli gamocdilebis miRma. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, termini mianiSnebs RvTaebrivi yofnis didebaze, rac miuTiTebs im faqtze, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom gandidebulTa aRmdgari sxeulebi marTlac materiisgan iqneba Semdgari, 9. fizikur samyaroze maRla mdgomi, sulieri, araamqveyniuri an sxva ganzomilebidan mosuli.

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Cven unda movemzadoT aRdgomili sxeulis jer kidev warmoudgeneli srulyofil ebis dasaregistrireblad amqveyniur sxeulebriobasTan SedarebiT. materiac gandiddeba. suliereba, uxrwneloba da ukvdaveba wm. pavles mier miewereba aRdgomil sxeulebs: RvTis ucvlelobaSi TanamonawileobiT, isini moiSoreben im uxeSobas, rac maT miwier analogiebs axasiaTebs. honeke, 1 kor. 15:44-ze dayrdnobiT, luTers mihyveba im swavlebaSi, rom wmidanTa aRmdgari sxeulebi gaiziareben „yofnis gansazRvrul reJims,~ rogorc axla angelozebi da demonebi arian, iseve rogorc Tavad Cveni ufali wmida ziarebaSi.10 es molodini wmida werilis mxardaWeris gareSe ar arsebobs. radgan is, rac WeSmaritia iesosTan, rogorc TavTan dakavSirebiT, aseve exeba misi mistikuri sxeulis wevrebsac, amitom, misi Zmebisa da debis sxeulebrivi mdgomareoba yvela TvalsazrisiT misi sakuTaris msgavsi iqneba (filip. 3:21). miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela wmidani, vinc ufal iesos mis RvTaebriv-adamianur didebaSi Wvrets, srulad gardaisaxebian mis msgavsebaSi, RvTis xalxSi ki SenarCundeba mravalferovneba, rac gamoricxavs erTferovnebas. rogorc melanxtoni apologiaSi miuTiTebs: „wmidanTa didebaSi iqneba gansxvavebebi.~ gandidebulni datkbebian netarebis TanasworobiT im gagebiT, rom yoveli gadarCenili erTnairad gaixarebs RmerTSi, mis nebasa da mis saqmeebSi, magram es Tanasworoba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar dairRveva jildos uTanasworobiT, romelic Seesabameba wmidan10. iqve, 328, 330. „radgan meore saxeoba [esse definitive], romliTac qristes sxeuli qvaSi arsebobda, aseve saerTo iqneba yvela wmidanisTvis zecaSi; isini TavianTi sxeulebiT gaivlian qmnilis yvela obieqtSi, Tviseba, romelic axlac saerToa yvela angelozisa da eSmakisTvis~ (AE 37:222; WA 26:335.13–16).

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Ta mier madlis drosa da mdgomareobaSi Sesrulebul sxvadasxva saqmeebs. paiperisa da honekes dajerebuli molodini zecis didebis sxvadasxva xarisxis Sesaxeb, myar aRmsareblobiT safuZvelze dgas. miuxedavad imisa, rom luTeranuli aRmsareblobebi mkacrad gamoricxaven adamianur damsaxurebas gamarTlebis mopovebaSi, isini mkafiod aRiareben, rom gamarTlebulebi RvTis keTilSobilebiT ganwmedis gzaze, namdvilad daimsaxureben jildos. Cven aseve vaRiarebT da xSirad vacxadebT, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom gamarTleba da maradiuli sicocxle rwmen�� is sakuTrebaa�� , mainc keTili saqmeebi imsaxureben sxva jildoebs, rogorc sxeulebriv�� s�� , aseve suliers, sxvadasxva xarisxiT, 1 kor. 3:8-is Tanaxmad, „�� TiToeuli Tavis�� i Sromisamebr miiRebs Tavis�� sazRaurs...~ saqmeebi da tanjvebi imsaxureben ara gamarTlebas, aramed sxva jildoebs, rogorc werilis am adgilze jildoa SeTavazebuli saqmeebis gamo [2 kor. 9:6; gam. 20:12]... . radgan adamianebi rwmenis gamo arian miRebulni, rjulis�� am �� saxis sawyisi dacva moswons RmerTs da mas Tavisi jildo aqvs, rogorc aq, aseve momavalSi. Cven aseve vaRiarebT, rom mowyaleba bevr RvTaebriv kurTxevas imsaxurebs. modiT, �� aq�� ve oriode sityva davamatoT jildo�� sa da damsaxurebas. Cven vaswavliT, rom jildoebi SeTavazebuli da dapirebulia morwmuneTa saqmeebisTvis. Cven vaswavliT, rom keTili saqmeebi imsaxurebs – ara �� codvebis miteveb�� as�� , madl�� s an gamarTlebas (radgan amaT mxolod rwmeniT viRebT), aramed sxva 228

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fizikur da sulier jildoebs am cxovrebaSi da momavalSi, rogorc pavle ambobs (1 kor. 3:8), „TiToeuli Tavisi Sromisamebr miiRebs Tavis sazRaurs.~ amitom, sxvadasxva SromisTvis sxvadasxva jildo iqneba. aRmsareblobiTi mowmoba zecaSi didebis xarisxebis Sesaxeb efuZneba melanxtonis mier axlaxan moyvanil Ap. IV-is citatebSi miTiTebul teqstebs. am doqtrinis dadgenaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs 1 kor. 15:41-s, sadac mkvdreTiT aRdgoma pirdapir Sedarebulia varskvlavTa brwyinvalebis nairsaxeobasTan. paiperi aseve miuTiTebs dan. 12:3-ze, sadac momavali didebis gansakuTrebuli xarisxi miewereba „brZenebs~ da `simarTlisken mravalTa momaqcevelT.~ honeke, quenStedtis naSromze dayrdnobiT, aseve moixseniebs maT. 19:28 da 25:21, imave ZalauflebiT daJinebiT amtkicebs, rom didebis xarisxebi ar exeba „arsebiT jildos,~ romelic Tavad xsnaa, aramed e.w. damatebiT jildoebs. amdros, Tanamedrove evangelisturi avtori midrekilia, didebis xarisxebis cneba ipovos iseT teqstebSi, rogoricaa maT. 5:12; 6:1–6, 21; 10:41; mark. 9:41; luk. 6:23; 2 ioane 8; gamocx. 11:18. honeke marTebulad amtkicebs, rom Cven ar SegviZlia ganvacxadoT arc „ra~ da arc „rogor~ im sxvadasxva jildos Sesaxeb, romlebic morwmuneebs saqmeTa mixedviT miezRvebaT. didebis xarisxebi sabolood RvTis keTil nebas efuZneba da ganuyofelia misi Tavisuflebisgan, rom gaunawilos sxvadasxva niWi Tavis qmnilebebs. rogorc mebaRem SeiZleba Tanabrad isiamovnos Tavisi baRis yvavilebiT da amavdroulad vardebs, SroSanebsa da mixakebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebiT datkbes, aseve yovlisSemZle RmerTs Tavisuflad SeuZlia Seqmnas gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebi, romlebic madlis wesrigSi miaRweven warmatebis sxva229

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dasxva dones (ix. 1 kor. 15:38 da Semd.). yvela gandidebuli wmidani Tanabrad iqneba gasrulebuli qristes msgavsebaSi gardasaxviT, iseve, rogorc saTiTuri da Wiqa SeiZleba Tanabrad Seivsos wyliT. verc erTi qmnileba ver Seedaveba Semoqmedis uflebas, gaunawilos gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebi misi xatebiT Seqmnil da aRdgenil WurWlebs. didebis xarisxebis doqtrinis praqtikuli sargebloba gamoixateba imaSi, rom is gvTavazobs samociqulo gamxnevebis ganmartebas, rom maT, vinc ismens aRdgomis saxarebas, unda icodnen, „rom ufalSi Tqveni Sroma fuWi ar aris~ (1 kor. 15:58). am doqtrinis faqti aseve emsaxureba im WeSmaritebis xazgasmas, rom, iseve rogorc TiToeuli adamiani mowodebulia RmerTis gansadideblad sakuTari unikaluri wesiT, aseve maradiuli sicocxlis niWi boZebulia TiToeuli gadarCenilisTvis Sesabamisi wesiT, romlebic saTiTaod datkbebian ganumeorebeli piradi ziarebiT RmerTTan maTi korporatiuli11 xsnis gamocdilebis konteqstSi (ix. gamocx. 2:17). codvis Zalauflebisgan samudamod gaTavisuflebulni, gandidebuli wmidanebi daubrkoleblad dakavdebian im mowodebis realizaciiT, ukve rom aqvT. qristianebi aq, dedamiwaze, mraval dabrkolebas ganicdian yovlisSemZle RmerTis gandidebis mowodebaSi. rodesac RmerTi yvelaferi yvelaferSia, is iqneba ganuwyveteli spontanuri Tayvaniscemis obieqti (gamocx. 22:3), romlis farglebSic samefo samRvdeloeba imefebs qristesTan erTad axal casa da axal miwaze (maT. 19:28; rom. 5:17; 2 tim. 2:12; gamocx. 3:21; 5:10; 22:5). am mefobis wesi ukve gamocdilia qristes samefoSi, romelic siyvaruliT marTavs. siyvaruli, romelic rCeba, rodesac enebi da winaswarmetyveleba wyveten 11. erTiani.

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arsebobas da romelic rwmenasa da imedze upiratesobs (1 kor. 13:8, 13), moicavs RvTaebriv siyvaruls adamianisadmi, qmnilebaTa siyvaruls RvTisadmi da adamianebisa da angelozebis siyvaruls erTmaneTisadmi. wmida werili zecaze laparakobs, rogorc nadimze (es. 25:6; maT. 8:11), riTac miuTiTebs srulyofil Tanaziarobaze, rac netarTa urTierTobebis xasiaTi iqneba. zeca, ambobs honeke, moicavs moyvasis siyvarulis srulyofas, xolo ioseb ratcingeri sasiamovnod saubrobs „wmidanTa Tanaziarebis Ria sazogadoebaze.~ esqatologiis dogmaturi ganxilva marTebulia davasruloT eklesiis pastorTa Sromis waxalisebiTa da SeqebiT, romlebic mowodebulni arian gaamxnevon xSirad moqanculi piligrimobaSi myofi RvTis xalxi, maradiuli SabaTis mosvenebis sando imedis gamocxadebiT, romelic aRTqmulia Cveni dauyvedreblad mimcemi RvTis mier, romelic Tavisas (mis Svilebs) TviT sakuTar Tavs aniWebs. netari avgustines TxuTmetnaxevari saukunis winandeli mowmoba momdinareobs im Teologis kalmidan, romelic erTi wamiTac ar mowyvetila mwyemsuri cxovrebis umkacres moTxovnebs. gadarCenilTa uTvalavi simravlis oTxi aqtivoba, romlebic xazgasmulia „RvTis qalaqis~ cnobil daskvniT sityvebSi, bibliuri esqatologiis centralur Temebs ajamebs. „simSvide~ aRwers RmerTSi srulyofil mosvenebas maTTvis, vinc miwier dros madliT, qristes mier rwmeniT gamarTlda. „xilva~ aRniSnavs adamianuri inteleqtis srulyofas, rodesac is Wvrets WeSmaritebas, romelic Tavad RmerTia. „siyvaruli,~ romelic RvTisgan moedineba, raTa gaJRinTos Tavisi xalxi da ukanve dabrundes masTan, akmayofilebs ra mamakacebisa da qalebis gulsa da nebas, romlebic Seqmnili arian TavianT SemoqmedTan da erTmaneTTan 231

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pirovnuli ziarebisTvis. „qeba~ aris rogorc qmnilebis pasuxi RvTaebriv wyalobaze, romelic sixaruliT aZlevs RmerTs Tavis kuTvnils, aseve qristes xma CvenSi, romelic uxmobs mamas. dedamiwaze, qristes mebrZoli eklesiisTvis arsebobs usasrulo dasasrulis utyuari imedi, rac yovlisSemZle RmerTiT maradiuli tkbobaa. V saukunis hiponias episkoposis uZvelesi mowmoba dRemde uberebelia, radgan qristeSi RvTis saidumlo aris da darCeba sicocxlis mudmiv wyarod: „iq Cven movisvenebT da vixilavT; vixilavT da SeviyvarebT; SeviyvarebT da gan�� vadidebT. ai, ra iqneba dasasruls, usasrulod! radgan ra aris Cveni dasasruli, Tu ara is, rom mivaRwioT im samefos, romelsac dasasruli ar aqvs?~12

12. avgustines, `RmerTis qalaqi,~ 22:30.

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ესქატოლოგია (Georgian) Classical Lutheran Dogmatics: Eschatology