THEME B
PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT
INTRO The environment is part of every life: it is the air humans breathe, the food humans eat, the water humans drink, the open space where humans entertain, the land humans live on. Undoubtedly, the health of the environment has great impact on health and quality of life. Fortunately, through science and studies, people are led to a better understanding of how their daily activities impact the environment, and vice versa. There is a growing effort to implement and maintain sustainability practices for the benefit of generations to come. Lexington depends on its natural environment. The urban area is surrounded by thousands of acres of farms and natural lands, with the landmark protection of the 1958 Urban Service Boundary, which is largely supported by the community. Within the Urban Service Area, urban greenspace has become increasingly desirable among neighborhoods. Following the 2013 Comprehensive Plan, the community is continuing to build green infrastructure principles into its planning
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activities; increasing transit options and street connectivity; and managing water quality through the Capacity Assurance Program, Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) Permit, and multiple incentive grants. The results of those efforts include creating tree protection areas, community gardens, multi-use trails, and naturalized riparian parks. Planning and management of the environment benefit the overall economy, public health and community. Therefore, the sustainability of the landscape and natural resources is inextricably linked to the community’s values and needs. This theme of Imagine Lexington assesses the impacts of development on the environment, and recommends policies and practices that minimize the negative impacts of land use and development. The policies focus on protecting valuable natural resources, taking a sustainable approach to development activities, and restoring the environment within the urban fabric.
“THE CARE OF THE EARTH IS OUR MOST ANCIENT & MOST WORTHY, & AFTER ALL OUR MOST PLEASING RESPONSIBILITY. TO CHERISH WHAT REMAINS OF IT AND TO FOSTER ITS RENEWAL IS OUR ONLY HOPE.” – WENDELL BERRY
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WHERE ARE WE NOW? Water, air, land are the fundamental parts of the natural environment, and they have great impact on individual health and daily life. Limestone, bluegrass and abundant headwater streams contribute to Lexington’s overall identity, as well as supporting signature industries such as thoroughbred breeding and bourbon distilling.
WATER Fayette County’s drinking water source is the Kentucky River, with intake pools and treatment plants in Fayette and Owen Counties. The 20-Year Comprehensive Water Supply Plan recommends that the Kentucky River and its tributaries should be protected from dumping, discharges, spills and undesirable development for a minimum of one mile upstream of the intake pools. The Royal Spring Aquifer is the source of Georgetown’s drinking water. Eighty percent of the aquifer recharge area is in Fayette County, which includes 1,624 acres of the Cane Run Watershed and extends to Seventh Street near downtown. The Royal Spring Aquifer Wellhead Protection Plan
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calls for appropriate containment of runoff from development in the recharge area. Additional regulations related to water quality are in the Stormwater Manual and Article 19 of the Zoning Ordinance. The Stormwater Incentive Grant Program provides financial assistance for projects that improve water quality, reduce stormwater runoff and educate citizens about stormwater and water quality issues in the community. At the same time, grassroots non-profits like Friends of Wolf Run have volunteers to work on initiatives to protect the watershed. For decades, Lexington lived the consequences of ignoring the
PRIMARY CONTACT RECREATION IMPAIRMENTS
2010-2014 INTEGRATED REPORT COMPOSITE FAYETTE COUNTY, KY
“IDENTIFY & PROTECT
WATERSHEDS,
SUCH AS WOLF RUN.” -LEXINGTON RESIDENT development impact on water quality and quantity. Since entering into the consent decree in 2011 with the EPA, the LFUCG Division of Water Quality has continued
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to monitor sanitary sewer capacity through the Capacity Assurance Program (CAP). Stormwater management has been incorporated into the development technical committee discussion and requires a sign-off, which helps to build a layer of protection for water quality and quantity control before construction happens. In-stream water quality impairments come from both point and non-point source pollutants. Lexington’s MS4 program monitors non-point source pollutants and identifies illegal point discharges; the Remedial Measures Projects provide sanitary sewer capacity and abate we weather sanitary sewer overflows. Both programs are part of the efforts to monitor and recover water quality. The LFUCG Division of Water Quality continues to undertake improvements, perform routine monitoring, and identify sources of pollutants.
AIR Clean air is essential for good health, both physically and emotionally. Air pollution is a collective term for many types of airborne contaminants, but the major focus of most pollution reduction efforts are ground level ozone, particulate matter (both coarse and fine), oxides of nitrogen,
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and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. As outlined in the 2040 Metropolitan Transportation Plan (updated in 2014), two future issues that are likely to become national air quality priorities are Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSAT) and Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG). As suggested by their names, MSAT are pollutants that may cause cancer or other serious health effects, such as reproductive problems or birth defects. Examples of toxic air pollutants include benzene, found in gasoline; perchloroethylene, emitted from some dry cleaning facilities; and methylene chloride, used as a solvent by a number of industries. Greenhouse gases trap heat within the earth’s atmosphere. Although GHG emissions occur naturally, human activities are responsible for almost all of the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the last 150 years (EPA). Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions account for more than 80% of U.S. GHG emissions. In contrast to most pollution trends, emissions of GHG have been rising from all sources. The largest source of greenhouse gas emissions from human activities is from burning fossil fuels for electricity, heat, and transportation.
The Lexington Area MPO monitors local air quality, warns the public when poor air quality is predicted in the coming days, and promotes ways people can work to reduce air pollution. In November 1990, Fayette and Scott Counties were designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) as a “non-attainment” air quality area for the pollutant ozone because of violations of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). In November 1995, the area was re-designated to “attainment” but is required to maintain
standards by showing conformity to the State Implementation Plan (SIP). The Lexington Area MPO’s transportation projects, programs, and plans were also tested to ensure that they did not contribute to violations of the standards. The Lexington area has maintained attainment of the ozone standard to date; however, ozone concentration readings are trending close to the new standard.
LAND Lexington’s land resource is gradually changing, with development happening over time. Thanks to the Urban Service
TOTAL U.S. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY ECONOMIC SECTOR IN 2015
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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Boundary, the community’s rural land has been largely protected from development activities. However, with a growing population, developments within the Urban Service Area consume green space, encroach on floodplains, and reduce tree canopy and forested areas. Without proper policies and control, the urban land will be disrupted, impacting the function of the overall ecological system, making the community vulnerable to pollution and reducing the aesthetic qualities and comfort of neighborhoods. Thanks to Lexington’s infill and redevelopment initiatives, land absorption is largely controlled. Many recent developments maintained those principles, using existing structures or built land. Fayette County’s agricultural land is protected by the Urban Service Boundary and the PDR program. While agricultural exports are a major source of income, it is important to keep as much food as possible within the county to feed its residents. Kentucky can offer organic produce during the summer season; however, due to high rainfall and humidity in Kentucky, it is difficult to grow organic produce throughout the other seasons. Large scale organic
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production requires more stable weather. Fayette County has the consumer base who are willing to pay more for locally grown organic products, but there are not enough farms that can successfully produce enough supply to meet the demand. Kentucky’s cattle industry is successful, but farmers are forced to export their products for processing due to lack of space and production infrastructure. Fayette County’s farm land is largely devoted to equine operations. Many farms that serve Fayette County are from adjacent counties in the central Kentucky region.
ENERGY & BUILDINGS While LFUCG has an energy initiatives team to monitor the government’s internal energy usage, city-wide monitoring and
“PROTECT OUR UNIQUE
GEOLOGICAL TOPOGRAPHY, PASTURES, & SURROUNDING FARMS. PRESERVE OUR GREEN SPACE.” -LEXINGTON RESIDENT
transparency on energy usage is yet to come. Creating energy awareness is the community’s first step in the process to take action and start conserving. Compared to neighboring cities Louisville and Cincinnati, where there are Sustainability Offices, Lexington lacks an umbrella agency or entity for communitywide sustainability efforts. Fayette County Public Schools is a local leader in sustainability initiatives. By implementing multiple programs within the school system,young supporters are actively engaged in energy efficiency programs, with the hope that their effects will spread to their parents and families. Locust Trace AgriScience Center is the newest career and technical high school in Lexington with energy and the environment being key factors in the facility design, and agriculture as the educational focus. The school is designed to be net-zero in energy usage through the use of photovoltaic solar panels, and net-zero in waste disposal through the utilization of constructed wetlands. The school is also minimally dependent on the municipal water system. All rain water is collected from the classroom building and the
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equine barn/arena to be utilized for all crop irrigation and livestock watering. An on-site well has been accessed to back up the rain water collection system, in case of a drought. Sustainable agriculture is a focus in all programs. The University of Kentucky also has a robust Sustainability Program, which not only supports academic research, but also provides services and management for campus operations. A community-led voluntary plan, Empower Lexington, was presented and supported by council in 2012. The plan made many valuable recommendations, and action plans are needed to implement them. As the community becomes more aware of the benefits of green buildings and alternative energy, support for these programs will grow.
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AGRICULTURE & NATURAL RESOURCES The 2017 Rural Land Management Plan has a thorough update on numerous adopted plans, ordinances, regulations, studies and reports on the Rural Service Area since the 1999 Rural Service Area Land Management Plan. Many specific aspects and elements contribute to the importance of the Rural Service Area, including the agricultural economy, tourism, long-term preservation, sustainability, the rural landscape and cultural heritage. Protecting the rural area sustains not only the environment, but the Agricultural Cluster, which is also one of Lexington’s major economic drivers. A study of The Influence of the Agricultural Cluster on the Fayette County Economy was published in May 2017, written by Dr. Alison Davis and Simona Balazs from the University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food and Environment. Based on the study, one out of every 12 jobs in Fayette County is directly or indirectly associated with the Ag Cluster (agricultural inputs, food processing and manufacturing, finance, veterinary, recreation, transportation, communications, as well as wholesale and retail businesses);
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generating approximately $2.3 billion in output annually, and $1.3 billion in additional income, profits and dividends.
Community Shared Agriculture (CSA), and the popular farmers market also bring local food and products to urban families.
As the Horse Capital of the World, Lexington has always lived up to the spirit of celebrating the cultural landscape of horse farms and racing. Other agriculture activities are also protected under multiple policies, including the PDR program. For years, Lexington residents have appreciated living near the beautiful rural land protected by the Urban Service Boundary; recently, initiatives and programs are helping create closer connections between the community and the rural land. Horse Country Inc.,a tour company, was planned for five years before finally being implemented in 2015. It is another channel connecting the urban community to the rural land area, especially the horse farms. Blue Grass Farm to Table,
In addition to the natural areas of the Urban Service Boundary, healthy urban trees are a significant part of the environmental quality, economics and beauty of the community. LFUCG Environmental Services has made significant strides in last four years with the Urban Forestry Program - more than tripling the budget and adding a City Arborist, two new forestry crews led by certified arborists, and major initiatives related to street tree care and tree planting. In addition, grassroots nonprofit organizations like Trees Lexington! are implementing smaller community planting projects., and gaining tremendous community support.
“MAINTAIN THE USB, SUPPORT AGRICULTURE, PROMOTE HORSE FARMS & AGRICULTURE-RELATED TOURISM, & IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF URBAN ENVIRONMENT WITHIN USB .” -LEXINGTON RESIDENT
"IN THE END, WE WILL ONLY CONSERVE WHAT WE LOVE. WE LOVE ONLY WHAT WE UNDERSTAND. WE WILL UNDERSTAND ONLY WHAT WE ARE TAUGHT.” -BABA DIOUM
VISION FOR ENVIRONMENT
protection
sustainability
restoration
PILLARS
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POLICIES
PILLAR I
PROTECTION Kentucky’s own Wendell Berry wisely remarked that “the Earth is what we all have in common.” Likewise, on a local level, the natural environment of Lexington is what we all have in common. It is incumbent upon each to do their part to protect it, and it is crucial that the Comprehensive Plan lay out actionable strategies for safeguarding these valuable resources that are the key to the health and welfare of the community. As the city continues to grow and develop, it becomes even more important to be cognizant of the immediate and long-range effects land use decisions will have on the environment. One of the vital components of environmental protection and a historic lynch-pin of the growth management strategy for Lexington is the Urban Service Boundary, which delineates the areas where urban growth can occur within the city. Both the public input gathered in 2017 and the 2016 Greenspace Survey include broad support for
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maintaining the current Urban Service Boundary. This plan maintains the Urban Service Boundary in its current location, as copious data, research, and scenarios have also supported the public sentiment. There are numerous environmental benefits gained by retaining a compact urban form, and emphasizing the protection of Lexington’s unique bluegrass landscape continues to be a priority for environmental protections. According to the 2017 Rural Land Management Plan (RLMP), the Rural Service Area (outside of the Urban Service Area, shown on the following map) is comprised of 88% prime farmland and soils of statewide significance. Additionally, the RLMP showed that just under 30% of the Rural Service Area are considered Environmentally Sensitive Areas (stream corridors, karst areas, steep slopes, wetlands, mature tree stands, etc.). These areas are important and are worth protecting. Though there are numerous environmental protection
considerations for the Rural Service Area, there are protections needed inside the Urban Service Boundary as well. In 2011, the City of Lexington entered into a Consent Decree with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Commonwealth of
Kentucky to resolve violations of the Clean Water Act associated with the sanitary sewer and storm sewer systems by the year 2026. A Remedial Measures Program has been established to evaluate the sanitary sewer system to identify a cost-effective
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efficient improvement plan to address recurring sanitary sewer overflows. Additionally, a Capacity Assurance Program has been instituted as a way of managing access to the sanitary sewer system. Through a combination of capacity credits and system improvements, development will be able to continue at a monitored and measured pace. Growth and development are important to Lexington’s maturation as a city, but must be done in a way that respects the natural environment. As urban development intensifies,
“I’M CONCERNED ABOUT THE
EFFECTS OF GROWTH ON THE ENVIRONMENT, SPECIFICALLY
WATER QUALITY & STORM SEWERS.” -LEXINGTON RESIDENT the city must also intensify protections of the natural ecosystems within the Urban
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Service Boundary through our conservation greenways. The 2004 Greenway Master Plan designates streams, floodplains, riparian vegetation, and associated environmentally sensitive or geologic hazard areas as conservation greenways to improve water quality, provide wildlife habitat, and control flooding. Combining existing with recorded and future greenways, there is potential for 1,400 acres of LFUCG greenways, of which 1,000 acres could function as both conservation and trail greenways. The protection and proper utilization of these greenways should be a priority, and the development that occurs around them should be complementary and use them as an amenity for the entire community to enjoy. The Greenway Master Plan should be consulted and followed for all development that affects these sensitive areas of the community. Greenways and other green and open spaces are valuable for their ecological benefits, but also for their impacts on livability and tourism. It is apparent from the 2017 Greenspace Survey that Lexington residents overwhelmingly appreciate and visit greenspace. Open land areas with lawn and trees, such as parks, dog parks,
the arboretum, and school and church yards ranked the highest, with 95% of respondents indicating that have utilized one of these facilities. Additionally, 65% of respondents stated they visit a
public greenspace once a week or more, utilizing greenspace most often to relax, socialize, picnic, exercise the dog, fly a kite, etc. (86%) or to appreciate nature (85%). The types of greenspace rated
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(74%), homegrown restaurants (73%) and biking, hiking and equestrian trails (73%). Overall, it is clear that Lexington residents highly value their greenspaces of all types, and more greenspace opportunities to meet these public desires should be encouraged. These valuable greenspaces
within Lexington should be protected, but, it is also critical to optimize their effectiveness and encourage new and innovative spaces throughout the Urban Service Area. Imagine Lexington makes it clear throughout the plan that safeguarding greenspace for health, social
and environmental benefits is paramount to the success and sustainability of the city.
HIGHEST RATED RURAL ACTIVITIES
HIGHEST RATED GREENSPACE TYPES
highest in importance are open land (84%), nature parks or sanctuaries (83%), neighborhood and park trails (83%) and farms and scenic rural roads (80%). Interest is highest for participation in the rural area in nature recreation (76%), events and festivals (74%), farm, winery & botanical garden tours
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IMAGINE LEXINGTON
PROTECTION
POLICY #1 CONTINUE THE SANITARY SEWER CAPACITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM (CAP) & ENCOURAGE THE STORMWATER INCENTIVE GRANT PROGRAM TO REDUCE IMPACTS OF DEVELOPMENT ON WATER QUALITY.
LFUCG Division of Water Quality oversees the storm sewer system of over 800 miles of underground pipelines; 50,000 structures; and over 1,000 wet ponds and detention basins; the sanitary sewer system of over 1,400 miles of underground pipelines; and 28,000 manholes, with nearly 80 pumping stations conveying sewage throughout the Urban Service Area. There are two treatment plants capable of treating over 60 million gallons of sewage each day. Since entering into the consent decree with EPA in 2011, the division continues to monitor the water impact of new development, and has been incorporated into the development plan review process with a required sign-off. The Government’s challenge is to provide capacity when a proposed new development or redevelopment is considered to be in the best interest of the
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community. The Consent Decree also requires that a Remedial Measures Program is established for the Lexington-Fayette Urban County sanitary sewer system. This program will evaluate the sanitary sewer system to identify a costeffective, efficient improvement plan to address recurring sanitary sewer overflows. Further control is recommended to notify and communicate with CAP capacity when a conditional use or change of use is proposed, as well as at the time of a preliminary zone change. The process should be documented in zoning compliance letters. The Stormwater Quality Projects Incentive Grant Program provides financial assistance for projects that improve water quality, reduce stormwater runoff and educate citizens about stormwater and water quality issues in our community. There are three types of grants, including infrastructure, education and neighborhood. Since 2011, the Division of Water Quality has managed the grant awards totaling between $1.2 and $1.7 million each year. Application to the grant is encouraged and should be promoted through community outreach and the development process.
LFUCG Division of Water Quality Capacity Tracking IMS SYMBOLOGY < 2,500 credits 2,500-- 20,000 credits > 20,000 credits
ACTION ITEM
COORDINATE WITH THE DIVISION OF WATER QUALITY TO PRIORITIZE SEWER CAPACITY PROJECTS THAT WILL FACILITATE AREAS OF EXPECTED GROWTH
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PROTECTION POLICY #2 CONSERVE ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS, INCLUDING SIGNIFICANT NATURAL HABITATS, WETLANDS & WATER BODIES. Protecting significant natural habitats, within the Rural Service Area and within the Urban Service Area where feasible, maintains biodiversity and protects habitat, native biota, and wildlife corridors. Linking greenways, tree protection areas, stream corridors, stream conservation greenways, and/ or significant tree canopies allows wildlife and flora to travel and thrive in a more ecologically diverse environment in both the Rural Service Area and the Urban Service Area, where feasible. Seeing flora (plant life) and fauna (animals) are good for reducing stress, and ecological diversity plays a part in providing places where bees can feed. As of August 2017, Lexington has 28,953 acres of Rural Service Area farmland conserved with PDR easements. The purpose of the PDR easements is to preserve farmland and environmentally sensitive land in the Rural Service Area. The farmland preserved provides food security for Lexington and surrounding areas,
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since the valuable agricultural soil is protected from development. If land is preserved for farming but bee populations are not sufficient to pollinate plants, then production of food could be very limited. Therefore, safe places for bees is another reason for protecting natural habitats and flora. In 1999, the Land Capability Analysis defined the boundaries of environmentally sensitive areas, which equaled about 30% of the Rural Service Area. The Natural Area (NAT) identified on page 51 of the 2017 Rural Land Management Plan, contains about 8,500 acres and is located in the extreme southeastern part of the county. It includes floodplains, riparian vegetation, steep slopes, and canopy coverage, and is home to a wide variety of aquatic and wildlife. Agriculture does occur in portions of the NAT. Echoing the 2017 Rural Land Management Plan, “…the preservation and enhancement of the land, vegetation and water in a natural state with a minimum of intrusions” is a policy emphasized.
preservation, and include sites with rare species of plants, large blue ash trees, rare bird sites, river slopes, and natural bodies of water. The Rural Land Management Plan identified special natural protection areas; the “A” sites are those with the highest priority for preservation, and the “B” sites are those with a slightly lower priority for preservation. For development applications inside the USA, a process should be established to identify and quantify endangered species on a proposed development site. New developments are suggested to avoid dividing floodplains
into private ownership with flood insurance. Care should be taken during the development process to provide additional protection areas around floodplains and to incorporate them into accessible greenspace. Singleloaded streets could provide more open accessibility to the residents in the vicinity, and are recommended to be utilized.
ACTION ITEM
DEVELOP AN INVENTORY OF SPECIAL NATURAL PROTECTION AREAS WITHIN THE USB
The Rural Land Management Plan lists “Special Natural Protection Areas”, which are located all over the RSA, not just in the NAT. The lists describe mapped areas of high priority and slightly lower priority for
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PROTECTION POLICY #3 CONTINUE TO IMPLEMENT PDR PROGRAM TO SAFEGUARD LEXINGTON’S RURAL LAND. As outlined in the 2017 Rural Land Management Plan, Lexington has had a long history of taking positive action to ensure the community’s rural heritage is preserved from unmanaged suburban sprawl. In 1958, the Urban Service Area Boundary was created to manage development, and has become a pioneering landmark for planning across the nation. In 2000, the Purchase of Development Rights Ordinance was adopted. As of August 25, 2017, there were 28,953 acres of farmland in Fayette County preserved in perpetuity by PDR, and another 1,257 acres under contract. There are 261 farms permanently protected by PDR. The goal of the PDR program is to conserve 50,000 acres of land.
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PROTECTION POLICY #4 CONSERVE ACTIVE AGRICULTURE LAND IN THE RURAL SERVICE AREA WHILE PROMOTING A CREATIVE FOOD CHAIN NETWORK. In 2012, Fayette County had 718 farm operations on 114,857 acres, which represented 63.3% of the total land within the county. In comparison, Kentucky’s farm operations made up 51.6% of the state’s total land area, and U.S. farm operations made up 40.5% of total land area in the country. The percentage of total farm acres used for
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cropland is 35.1%; the remaining acreage is mostly horse farms.
RURAL LAND USE CATEGORIES 2017 RURAL LAND MANAGEMENT PLAN
The 2017 Rural Land Management Plan listed 90,774 acres in 1,080 parcels in Agricultural Use in the Rural Service Area, and the Fayette County PVA assessed 1,736 properties in the Rural Service Area as agriculture or “farms.” A report named “Rural Land Use Inventory, Fayette County, Kentucky,” June 2017 by Lynn Roche Phillips, PhD., AICP, and Priyanka Ghosh, PhD., University of Kentucky, Department of Geography, indicates that 108,248 acres of Fayette’s Rural Service Area is used for agriculture. The 2012 Ag Census, which combined the Urban Service Area and Rural Service Areas, reports 718 farms covering 114,857 acres.
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The farms within the USA are expected to develop eventually. In 2007, the Ag Census reported that there were 810 farms and 135,969 acres in farms. The 2017 Ag Census results will be released in 2019, and will be informative regarding the acreage of agricultural use by farm type and changes in agricultural land use between 2012 and 2017. The development of farms within the USA, such as The Summit at Fritz Farm development at the corner of Man O’ War Boulevard and Nicholasville Road, may account for some small portion of this decrease in farms between the 2007 and 2012 Ag Censuses. The Summit at Fritz Farm was formerly the Fritz farm for decades; however, this farm was located inside the Urban Service Area, with high visibility, at one of the busiest intersections (according to trip generation data) in Lexington. The Summit at
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Fritz Farm is a good example of promoting the food chain network in Lexington. It has one of the five locations of the Lexington Farmers Market, a Whole Foods store with locally grown produce and meat available for sale, and locally owned restaurants featuring locally grown produce and meat. While equine operations are the dominant farm type in Fayette County, the 2017 Rural Land Use Inventory by Phillips and Ghosh cited above found that there were numerous farm operations that were non-equine related or mixed with equine: 31,424 acres “general agriculture,” 11,898 acres “general agriculture and cattle,” and 27,027 acres “equine farm and general agriculture.” The Kentucky Department of Agriculture Business Directory includes Fayette County farms that are raising goats, free range chickens, eggs, sheep, cattle, grass-fed beef, vegetables, fruit,
and vineyards, and other nonfood products related such as landscaping plant materials.
event, and classroom spaces; and a museum and learning center.
The Bluegrass Stockyards’ Lexington location, named the Blue Grass Regional Marketplace, is one of seven live sale locations in their entire Bluegrass Stockyards network, and is a significant contributor to Lexington’s local food chain network. The Lexington market handles $200$250 million in business annually, selling 100,000-125,000 heads of cattle a year. It accounts for more than any of their other six locations in the region, with a total of about 500,000 heads of cattle sold annually. The Blue Grass Regional Marketplace not only sells cattle; it also has: a farmers market on Saturdays; a restaurant; a butcher counter selling locally sourced beef, pork, lamb, and more; retail stores selling farrier supplies; outfitters; bourbon and horse country items; meeting,
There are a number of other efforts in promoting locally grown food: Farm to School programs, Food Chain, SeedLeaf, Field to Table dinner, and CSA Farm to table. Ashton Wright, Ph.D, Lexington’s Local Food Coordinator, reported that there are at least eight farms offering CSAs in Fayette, and that Lexington has five farmers markets and two Fresh Stop markets. Of the 47 vendors in the Lexington Farmers Market, nine are Fayette County businesses, making products such as cheese, pasta, olive oils, kettle corn, etc. and three of the Fayette County vendors sell produce: sweetcorn, honey, vegetables, and shrimp. The Bluegrass Farmers Market has 27 vendors, with four of them being from Fayette County.
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PROTECTION POLICY #5 PROMOTE & CONNECT LOCAL FARMS WITH THE COMMUNITY THROUGH INTEGRATED PARTNERSHIPS. Bluegrass Farm-to-Table was founded in 2015 with a mission to promote the development of a more vibrant local food economy by supporting food-related agricultural development. It has 21 partners including the government, universities, schools, farms, private entities throughout the community. Supporting the local food system has important implications for consumers, farmers, food-related businesses and entrepreneurs, and the community as a whole. Environmental Benefits include (Reference: http://www.cmap.illinois. gov/livability/local-food/about): • Farmland is an important economic asset. As cities develop, they often infringe upon and fragment farmland. Therefore, it is important to preserve productive farmland to maintain the integrity of Lexington’s unique rural landscape and identity
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and support agricultural productivity as an important piece of the local economy. • Purchasing food grown locally reduces food miles-the distance food travels from the farm to your table- and has a positive impact on the environment. The average food item travels 1,500 miles, compared to the average locally-produced item, which travels only 56 miles. • Supporting local food systems can help reduce waste. Approximately 41 percent of U.S. food waste goes to landfills. Instead of taking up space in the landfill, the valuable nutrients in wasted food could be composted and used for a variety of purposes, including local food production. Trees Lexington! is working on a project to install a food forest at One Parent Scholar House at the Hope Center. Horse Country, Inc., promotes tours of horse farms, equine medical facilities, and equine suppliers. There are 150 horse farms in Fayette County. Nine of the tours offered by Horse Country are located in Fayette County, while the remaining are in other counties.
IMAGINE LEXINGTON
PROTECTION
POLICY #6
PROMOTE CONTEXT- SENSITIVE AGRITOURISM IN THE RURAL SERVICE AREA. The 2017 Rural Land Management Plan has a thorough summary of the recent tourism developments in the rural service area. Year after year, visitors surveyed by VisitLEX say that they come to the Bluegrass for the horses, landscape and bourbon. The two major attractions, which draw more than a million visitors a year to the Rural Service Area, are the Kentucky Horse Park and Keeneland. There are numerous
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for-profit tour companies and Horse Country, a non-profit coalition of farms that provide visitors from all over the world with access to these destinations. As of July 2017, Horse Country had 35 member farms, clinics and a feed mill participating, with 24 of them offering tours, and in the first two years, there have been over 80,000 visitors. The community now has the opportunity to enjoy an authentic experience with horses, which further allows them to promote Lexington as a regional attraction. In 2016, a text amendment was approved to allow agritourism and ecotourism as a conditional use in the Rural Service Area. Agritourism activities allowed in the A-R and
A-N zones include corn mazes, farm gift shops, educational classes related to agricultural products or skills, horse shows involving more than 70 participants and seasonal activities. For A-B zones, children’s rides are also listed. Other agritourism and equine-related activities, such as wineries, hayrides, petting zoos, youth camps, and bed and breakfast establishments were already principal, accessory or conditional uses in the agricultural zones (KRS 100). Racetracks and historic house museums are allowed as conditional uses in the A-R zone. Ecotourism allowed in the A-R zone includes equine trails, botanical gardens and nature preserves. In the A-B and A-N zones, ecotourism includes
commercial hiking and bicycling trails, equine trails, tree canopy tours, canoeing and kayaking launch sites, botanical gardens, nature preserves and recreational outfitters limited to equipment rental only. The A-B zone adds zip-line trails and removes recreational outfitters from the list. While fun and prosperous activities are encouraged as agritourism uses, it is necessary for them to be context-sensitive in order to maintain Lexington’s unique cultural landscape.
ACTION ITEM
REVIEW THE ZONING ORDINANCE FOR NEW AGRITOURISM & ECOTOURISM OPPORTUNITIES
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PROTECTION
POLICY #7
PROTECT SENSITIVE STREAMS, NATURAL HABITATS & WILDLIFE IN THE URBAN SERVICE AREA; PROTECT THE URBAN FOREST, & SIGNIFICANT TREE CANOPIES AS CRUCIAL ECOLOGICAL NETWORKS. Enhancing and strengthening the current Planning process to increase protection and responsible development when environmentally sensitive areas and/or trees are involved would help increase protection of tree stands, rare trees, natural habitats and wildlife within the urban service area in appropriate areas. The Urban Service Area concept uses land wisely for development while protecting valuable soils and farms in the Rural Service Area. When feasible and appropriate, the community should work to protect the natural habitats and trees within the USA; not only for the enjoyment of the people experiencing them, but for environmental and economical sustainability reasons. Conserving these habitats and trees in developments in the USA land reduces the heat island effect, as well as protecting rare and
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endangered species of trees and other flora and wildlife for diversity. Providing connections to other greenways, tree stands, and stream corridors increases the linear ecological network, providing wildlife corridors and a diverse ecosystem. When trees are planted as part of development, grouping trees helps create microclimates, which increases the survivability of the trees. Trees play not only an environmental role, but also an economical one; they are assets to the community, as they capture stormwater runoff and reduce energy costs of cooling and heating buildings. Preserving trees can prove difficult, however, since 84% of the USA land is in private ownership. Public education is important to get the word out to property owners about how valuable their trees are and how to ensure their proper care. In 2012, the Davey Resource Group performed an assessment of Lexington’s urban tree canopy using aerial photographic data. This assessment showed that Lexington’s urban tree canopy coverage was 24.6%. In addition, the Davey Resource Group reported the data by council district and by watershed, and gave guidance on actions that need to be taken to preserve and increase our tree canopy.
“FORESTS ARE THE LUNGS OF OUR LAND, PURIFYING THE AIR & GIVING FRESH STRENGTH TO OUR PEOPLE.” -FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT
ACTION ITEM
UPDATE ZONING ORDINANCE TO REFLECT NATIONAL BEST PRACTICES ON FLOODPLAIN PROTECTIONS
IMAGINE LEXINGTON
PROTECTION
POLICY #8
INTEGRATE THE GREENSPACE PLAN INTO URBAN & RURAL AREA. Availability and accessibility of greenspace is essential for human growth and development. As suggested in the 1994 Greenspace Plan, the benefits of creating a comprehensive greenspace system go far beyond leisure and aesthetics, and are fundamental to the future economy and quality of the environment of this community and the entire Bluegrass Region. Protecting our remaining greenspace is not a luxury; it is a necessity for maintaining the quality of life that Bluegrass residents have always enjoyed and will continue to desire for the future. Greenspace is more than horse farms, parks, and rock fences; it also encompasses natural environments such as streams, sinkholes, and the Kentucky River, valuable resources such prime soils; buildings that recall the community’s founding and history; the experience of the city or countryside from an automobile; and the ability to travel safely by bicycle or on foot. The Greenspace system
DIVISION OF PLANNING
refers to the rich fabric of these qualities woven together throughout the community, giving it a coherent identity. Greenspace benefits to environmental quality include safeguarding water quality; supporting biodiversity in the urban and rural area; and educating present and future stewards of the environment.
“DISTURB AS LITTLE OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AS POSSIBLE. THAT MEANS DEVELOPING A
MORE DENSELYUSED URBAN ENVIRONMENT. IT WILL REQUIRE IMAGINATION BY ALL INVOLVED & COMMITMENT TO
BEST USE OF THE EXISTING LAND FOR FUTURE GROWTH.” -LEXINGTON RESIDENT
PROTECTION
POLICY #9
RESPECT THE GEOGRAPHIC CONTEXT OF NATURAL LAND, ENCOURAGE DEVELOPMENT TO PROTECT STEEP SLOPES; & LOCATE BUILDING STRUCTURES TO REDUCE UNNECESSARY EARTH DISRUPTION. Lexington’s Zoning Ordinance (Subdivision Regulations Section 6-11) requires developers to evaluate a site’s geographic and topographic characteristics, including steep slopes and sinkholes, as part of the development planning process. New development is recommended to study the site’s geographic context in contours and watershed distributions before making master plans. Extensive disturbance to earth with man-made grading for building structures has proven to be harmful to the environment, with the potential to force adjacent areas to be disturbed in a domino effect. Sustainable planning practices recommend that large developments only be allowed on land area with less than 15% slope, with modest development like trails and pathways below 30% slope.
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POLICY #10
INSTALL ICONIC RURAL FENCELINES AROUND MAJOR GREENWAYS TO ENHANCE THEIR NATURAL BEAUTY. As Horse Capital of the World, horse farm style plank fences have become part of the cultural landscape of the Lexington Bluegrass region. Large portions of the major greenways are owned and maintained by LFUCG, and efforts should be expanded to incorporate horse farm style plank fences. The public should also explore partnership opportunities for other privately managed greenway areas to maintain Lexington’s identity.
“PRESERVING THE BEAUTIFUL LANDSCAPES/HORSE FARMS THAT DEFINE THE BLUEGRASS REGION AND ENHANCES THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND MAKES THIS AREA ATTRACTIVE PLACE TO LIVE. ” -LEXINGTON RESIDENT 77
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IMAGINE LEXINGTON
“YOU CANNOT UNDERESTIMATE THE VALUE OF A CITY THAT IS GREEN.” - 2016 GREENSPACE SURVEY COMMENTS
PILLAR II
SUSTAINABILITY In 1987, an independent World Commission on Environment and Development released a report defining sustainable development as, “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” This may not be a new idea, and that definition has been used in countless sustainability documents since it was released, but the relevance of the concept persists. As Lexington continues to attract more residents, a concerted effort must be made by current residents to be good stewards of their natural resources. This also requires strong leadership with foresight to champion good development and to disapprove land development patterns that are counterintuitive to the long-range vision set out in this plan. Through solid decision-making and a strong policy framework, Lexington can continue to provide for the generations that follow. Sustainability, though simply and broadly defined above, is actually very complex and multi-faceted. One way sustainable principles can be applied is through providing a healthy multimodal transportation
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network that encourages alternative transportation options and reduces the single-occupancy vehicle’s footprint on the city. In addition to creating a more efficient use of land, it also reduces vehicle miles traveled, which decreases congestion and vehiclerelated emissions. Lexington is a long way from relinquishing the automobile as the primary mode of transportation for the majority of residents, but, by creating a framework for the other modes to succeed, inroads can be made toward increasing the number who take advantage of them. This also has positive health benefits for the community and individual users. Providing transportation options positively affects the environment in a variety of capacities, but it is not the sole component to a sustainable community. Other impactful changes can be made to the way stormwater is handled through green infrastructure principles. Green infrastructure is an interconnected network of landscapes and natural resources that contributes to environmental health and the health and quality of life for the citizens of Lexington, and offers nature-based solutions to development issues. These solutions improve water
quality and solve runoff issues in a way that works with, and not against, nature. The 2013 Comprehensive Plan introduced these principles for the first time, and this plan seeks to further implement them, transitioning them from the novel exception to becoming the standard practice. Creating more environmentallyfriendly site design is incredibly important, but so are energy efficient and “green” building practices. The United States Green Building Council includes a set of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) standards that “provide a framework to create healthy, highly efficient and cost-saving green buildings” (www. new.usgbc.org/leed). Though not all buildings in Lexington will achieve an official LEED certification anytime soon, incentives should be explored to encourage builders to construct new structures that aspire to meet these principles. Additionally, adaptive reuse and historic preservation are tools to re-purpose and utilize existing structures that can also reduce Lexington’s carbon footprint and provide sustainability for Lexington. Developers should be encouraged to consider these options as well.
There are many groups and organizations throughout Lexington that are interested in furthering these sustainability practices (and the numerous others that exist), and interest and community engagement in this subject is surging. However, in discussions with experts representing these groups throughout the Imagine Lexington process, it was clear that a void exists for an umbrella partnership organization that could help coordinate their efforts. Models for this type of entity exist elsewhere, and this should be pursued. All of the groups do important work, but a harmonized strategy could take it to a new level and could leverage their individual strengths for a greater impact. Coordinating individual efforts is the exact embodiment of sustainability. Every small piece of the puzzle plays a part in the overall success and environmental health of the community, and an intentional strategy is required to ensure future generations can enjoy the fullness of all Lexington has to offer.
IMAGINE LEXINGTON
"A CONCERTED EFFORT MUST BE MADE BY CURRENT RESIDENTS TO BE GOOD STEWARDS OF THEIR NATURAL RESOURCES."
SUSTAINABILITY
POLICY #1
DEVELOP A MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION NETWORK & INFRASTRUCTURE; SEEK COLLABORATION WITH REGIONAL TRANSIT PARTNERS FOR THE COMMUTING PUBLIC.
When people decide how to get from one point to another, it is very important to provide them safe and competitive options. According to walkscore.com, Lexington has an average walk score of 34, indicating a community car-dependent, where most errands require a car; a transit score of 25, demonstrating that only a few nearby public transportation options exist; and a bike score of 44, which falls within the lowest range, meaning Lexington is only somewhat bikeable, with minimal bike infrastructure. Vehicles (or mobile sources) are a significant contributor to urban air pollution. Technology (cleaner vehicles and cleaner fuels) will continue to reduce vehicle pollution, but more people living in an area generally
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equates to more vehicles on the road. Recent national trends show a decrease in personal vehicle miles of travel per person, and it is likely that this trend will continue. However, the population is also increasing, and the economy is entering a period of growth. Thus, it is anticipated that overall travel demand will continue to grow. If the community does not meet this increased demand in an efficient and multimodal manner, additional congestion may ensue, potentially compromising air quality. From the public input analysis of the Lexington Area Bicycle & Pedestrian Master Plan in 2017, results show more than 60% of Lexington residents are interested in biking, but are concerned about using bicycles in the urban area. People report that biking seems difficult and dangerous, due to driver behaviors such as speeding, inattention, failure to yield at intersections, etc. Most people think biking is important for transportation and recreation, and they praised projects like Legacy Trail and the Town Branch Trail. Mass transit options should be competitive in terms of economic value, comfort level and time consumption. Transit parking facilities, development within walking distance and pedestrian accessibility to transit stops are some
IMAGINE LEXINGTON
of the tools to encourage people to take advantage of the mass transit option for commuting. Regional commuting tools have great potential to expand those options, and additional organizations to collaborate on regional commuting should be explored. Lexington is a major employment hub for the Bluegrass area. In estimates from 2015 census data, 49.5% of Lexington workers live outside of Fayette county and commute into Lexington every day, while 50.5% are employed and living in Lexington-Fayette County. Commutes into and out of Fayette County primarily take place along the major arterials leading into and out of Lexington. As population and employment growth continues into the future, these major arterials will
continue to serve these commuting patterns at the regional level. Recent data shows Lexington workers still rely highly on single-occupant vehicle driving. The infrastructure for multimodal commuting is in the MPO plan of the 2040 Metropolitan Transportation Plan. Developers and employers should explore options to provide priority parking spaces for car-share vehicles, design for safe and easy ingress/ egress during peak hours, and provide shuttles for residents to and from transit stops. New transit stop shelters should be designed with improved user comfort, such as clean, durable and comfortable seating, weather protection, and police signs to avoid illegal behaviors.
INFLOW/OUTFLOW JOB COUNTS IN 2015
97,256 - EMPLOYED IN SELECTION AREA, LIVE OUTSIDE 42,238 - LIVE IN SELECTION AREA, EMPLOYED OUTSIDE 99,123 - EMPLOYED & LIVE IN SELECTION AREA
INFLOW/OUTFLOW JOB COUNTS (ALL JOBS)
2015
DIVISION OF PLANNING
Count
Share
Employed in the Selection Area
196,379
100.0%
Employed in the Selection Area but Living Outside
97,256
49.5%
Employed & Living in the Selection Area
99,123
50.5%
Living in the Selection Area
141,361
100.0%
Living in the Selection Area but Employed Outside
42,238
29.9%
Living & Employed in the Selection Area
99,123
70.1%
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SUSTAINABILITY
POLICY #2 PROMOTE ROADWAY, PEDESTRIAN & BICYCLE CONNECTIVITY.
Development is encouraged to locate near high connectivity areas with connected street networks and diverse community uses (Infill and Redevelopment Area), so that the adjacent amenities can be fully utilized and supported by customers. Within
developments, projects should be designed and built such that internal connectivity is maximized, balancing the geographic terrain. Connected street networks have proven benefits to reduce the environmental and public health consequences of sprawl; reduce development pressure beyond the limits of existing development; and conserve the natural and financial resources required for infrastructure. Connectivity reduces the travel time from one point to another in an overall scheme, leading to a reduction in air pollution.
“INTERCONNECTED GREEN SPACES & PARKS; SHOPPING, RESTAURANTS & RECREATION (POOLS, GYMS) WITHIN WALKING DISTANCE; HEALTHY TREE CANOPY; A VARIETY OF HOUSING OPTIONS AFFORDABLE TO A DIVERSE CROSS-SECTION OF RESIDENTS; RESIDENTS WHO CARE ABOUT THEIR NEIGHBORHOOD & NEIGHBORS.” -LEXINGTON RESIDENT
TOWN BRANCH COMMONS STRATEGIC MASTER PLAN
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IMAGINE LEXINGTON
SUSTAINABILITY
POLICY #3
ENCOURAGE TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT, INCREASE DENSITY ALONG MAJOR CORRIDORS & IN THE INFILL & REDEVELOPMENT AREA TO SUPPORT TRANSIT RIDERSHIP, THUS REDUCING VEHICLE MILES TRAVELED (VMT). Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) refers to communities with high quality public transit services, good walkability, and compact, mixed land use. This type of development allows people to choose the best option for each trip: walking and cycling for local errands, convenient and comfortable public transit for travel along major urban corridors, and automobile travel to more dispersed destinations. People who live and work in such communities tend to own fewer vehicles, drive less, and rely more on alternative modes. TOD provides multiple health and environment benefits:
REDUCE IMPERVIOUS SURFACE OCCUPIED FOR ROADWAY & PARKING FACILITIES: TOD improves stormwater infiltration in a natural setting, rather than via engineering methods. Ultimately, it will also save the cost on roadway / parking infrastructure. CONSERVE ENERGY & REDUCE ENERGY-GENERATING EMISSION: Residents of transit-oriented communities tend to consume 2040% less transportation energy than they would in more automobiledependent communities. STRENGTHEN TRANSIT SYSTEM: Neighborhood patterns and transportation go hand in hand. TOD with well-designed land use and alternative infrastructure will encourage residents to use mass transit and stabilize transit ridership, thus
reducing transportation cost to families and to the environment. SUPPORT HEALTHY LIFESTYLES: Transit users are four times as likely to achieve the target of 20 minutes or more of walking per day, as opposed to people who do not use transit on a particular day. IMPROVE SAFETY: Residents of transit-oriented communities have about a quarter of the per-capita traffic fatality rate compared to residents of automobiledependent sprawl, taking into account all traffic deaths, including pedestrians and transit passengers. There are also more benefits of TOD in neighborhood, community and economics aspects, which will be explored in the related themes of imagine Lexington. In Lexington,
major transit lines are focused along urban corridors and the Infill and Development area. Increased density in these areas will have the similar benefits to those of TOD.
“IT WOULD BE AMAZING IF SOME OF LEXINGTON’S
EXCESS PARKING LOTS WERE TURNED INTO PARKS,
HOUSING, OR RETAIL.” -LEXINGTON RESIDENT
REDUCE CONGESTION & VEHICLERELATED EMISSION: 30-50% reductions in per capita annual congestion delay are typical between transit-oriented cities and comparable size automobile-oriented cities.
DIVISION OF PLANNING
ENVIRONMENT
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SUSTAINABILITY
POLICY #4
LOCATE NEW RESIDENTIAL UNITS WITHIN WALKING DISTANCE OF EXISTING GREENSPACE / COMMUNITY CENTERS, OR CREATE GREEN SPACE / COMMUNITY CENTERS WITHIN WALKING DISTANCE OF EXISTING RESIDENTIAL. Development should provide greenspace or other community gathering spaces within
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walking distance of residents, especially if these amenities are not otherwise provided. Strategic and walkable placement of amenities and greenspace is important as it provides for a high quality of life, but also because it reduces the vehicle miles traveled. Additionally, it helps lessen incidences of obesity, heart disease, and hypertension by encouraging daily physical activity associated with walking and biking. Multiple surveys suggest Lexington citizens would like to see better walking/ biking trails to connect urban areas.
There are many areas throughout the city where residents do not have easy access to greenspace, community centers, or other neighborhood focal points. Developers should be encouraged to find opportunities in these areas to provide these amenities, which would not only provide increased livability, and general health, but would help to improve air quality by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. New development should also be encouraged to make connections to existing greenway/public space
projects, such as the Legacy Trail, Town Branch Commons, McConnell Springs, and other regional and neighborhood parks, through well-paved and maintained walkways and bikeways.
“EQUITABLE ACCESS TO GREENSPACE IS NEEDED.” -LEXINGTON RESIDENT
IMAGINE LEXINGTON
SUSTAINABILITY
POLICY #5
REDUCE / DISCOURAGE VEHICLE-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS, SUCH AS DRIVE-THROUGH BUSINESSES WITHIN THE URBAN SERVICE BOUNDARY, ESPECIALLY IN THE URBAN CORE AREAS. REDUCE PARKING FOOTPRINTS. Vehicle idling for more than 10 seconds uses more fuel and produces more CO2 compared to restarting the engine. Countries around the world are concerned with the impact of transportation on the environment and human health. Messages to reduce unnecessary idling are therefore a key component of many national sustainability programs. In Europe, the recommended guidelines for turning engines off are 10 seconds in Italy and France; 20 seconds in Austria; 40 seconds in Germany; and 60 seconds in the Netherlands. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency’s Smartway and Drive Wise programs both recommend turning the engine off if the driver is stopped for more than 30 seconds. Avoiding unnecessary idling is a universal approach to reduce the environmental impact of vehicles.
DIVISION OF PLANNING
Drive-through businesses and traffic congestion produce most of the car idling, which have a great impact on the environment. Unnecessary idling not only creates air pollution, it also increases fuel costs. Currently in the Lexington Urban Service Area, drive-throughs are still widespread. In addition, some new developments include space for outlot sales to potential drive-through businesses, which should be discouraged. Excessive asphalt or concrete parking areas also encourage more driving, and reduce stormwater infiltration into the natural system, which creates environmental pressure. Some developments within the high-density areas and around University of Kentucky are encouraging separate parking spot sales from property sales, or parking rental fees in addition to residential leases, in order to encourage residents to strategize on vehicle uses. New development or redevelopment within the urban core area with essential needs for new parking should be encouraged to incorporate pervious paving solutions or partnership with existing parking infrastructure.
ACTION ITEM
OVERHAUL PARKING STANDARDS THROUGHOUT THE ZONING ORDINANCE
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SUSTAINABILITY
POLICY #6
APPLY TRAFFIC MITIGATION PROGRAMS, SUCH AS COMMUNICATION WITH EMPLOYERS, TO ENCOURAGE FLEXIBLE WORK SCHEDULES OR TELECOMMUTING. Traffic creates headaches for commuters. At the same time, it generates more air pollution than drivers may realize. However, improving available technology and sustainable initiatives by corporations, such as telecommuting and flexible work schedules away from rush hour, have come into play in many areas. The MPO is working on multiple plans to mitigate potential increasing congestions in the Lexington region.
NATIONAL TRAVEL TIME INDEX BY HOUR/DAY
U.S. BUREAU OF TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS
The maps below show what vehicle congestion levels would look like on the existing street network in 2040 if no other transportation projects were built (beyond short-range committed projects) compared to congestion levels if the long range 2040 MTP projects are implemented. (2017 Bike & Pedestrian Master Plan)
ACTION ITEM
IMPLEMENT AN OUTREACH PROGRAM THROUGH EMPLOYERS TO INFORM & INCENTIVIZE EMPLOYEES TO REDUCE SINGLE-OCCUPANCY COMMUTING
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IMAGINE LEXINGTON
SUSTAINABILITY
POLICY #7
CONTINUE & EXPAND ENERGY EFFICIENCY INITIATIVES, PROMOTE ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS BY SUPPORTING GRANTS & PUBLIC RECOGNITION. LFUCG Energy Initiatives work closely with divisions across government to implement the city’s Energy Management Plan, which was established in 2004 to reduce consumption of utility and fuel resources, promote conservation, and realize cost savings. Energy efficiency criteria is used to guide purchasing decisions in new buildings, repairs and retrofits. Account-by-account rate analysis has identified less expensive options for many utility accounts, saving taxpayer dollars. To complement these efforts, LFUCG has
established the Energy Improvement Fund – an internal revolving loan program that allows utility savings from energy management activities to be applied to future projects. A community-led voluntary plan, Empower Lexington, was put into action by the Urban County Council in 2012 via resolution #0439-12 which approved the plan and allowed implementation of its recommendations. The responsibilities for implementation of the varied recommendations are sometimes with the local government as the lead agency, while other times a non-profit assumes the responsibility, and is sometimes implemented by public/private partnerships. The LFUCG Department of Environmental Quality and Public Works reports each year to the Urban County Council the progress of the program and energy consumption reductions. The plan’s recommendations cover five sectors:
• Residential Sector • Industrial/Commercial/ Institutional Sector • Land Use, Food and Agriculture Sector • Transportation Sector • Waste Sector In 2016, LFUCG launched the Green Check Program, recognizing businesses for their green initiatives and helping them expand their sustainability efforts. As of August 2018, 14 businesses have become certified, and eight more are in the process. More recognition and awards programs can be explored, such as green neighborhood awards, green business operation pilot programs, etc. The Lexington-Fayette Urban County Council approved legislation in the spring of 2018 to create a county-wide Energy Project Assessment District (EPAD) for commercial, non-profit, multi-
family, agricultural, and industrial property owners to acquire special financing called PACE (Property Assessed Clean Energy) financing, for improvements and upgrades resulting in energy-efficiency. EPADs were created by legislation passed by the Kentucky General Assembly in 2015, allowing local governments to create EPADs. The PACE financing may be used for 100% of the energy upgrades, both hard and soft costs, such as solar panels, energy efficient air conditioning and heating, water conservation, and LED lighting. The PACE loan is repaid through voluntary assessment on the property owner’s tax bill, requires no down payment, and it is a long term loan with a fixedrate. Other counties in Kentucky, including Louisville-Jefferson County, have created EPADs.
“WE ARE EXCITED TO SEE SUCH DIVERSITY REPRESENTED IN THIS INAUGURAL CLASS OF GREEN CHECK MEMBERS. THE CERTIFICATION PROCESS IS RIGOROUS, BUT FLEXIBLE, TO ENSURE THAT ANY BUSINESS WHO WANTS TO MAKE A GREATER COMMITMENT TO SUSTAINABILITY CAN PARTICIPATE. WE CAN’T WAIT TO SEE GREEN CHECK MEMBER STICKERS IN BUSINESS WINDOWS THROUGHOUT FAYETTE COUNTY.” - DOWELL HOSKINS-SQUIER, FORMER ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY & PUBLIC WORKS COMMISSIONER DIVISION OF PLANNING
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POLICY #8
ENCOURAGE LEXINGTON TO JOIN THE STAR COMMUNITY RATING PROGRAM. STAR Communities is a nonprofit organization that works to evaluate, improve, and certify sustainable communities. They administer the STAR Community Rating System
(STAR), the nation’s first framework and certification program for local sustainability. Cities and counties use STAR to measure their progress across social, economic and environmental performance areas. Louisville entered the Star Community program and has gained a 4-star rating with measurable and informative improvement potential.
ACTION ITEM PURSUE STAR COMMUNITY CERTIFICATION
SUSTAINABILITY
POLICY #9
DEVELOP & PROACTIVELY SHARE EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS & PROGRAMS TO INCREASE PUBLIC AWARENESS OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY BENEFITS & SERVICES. Materials should provide a consistent message about sustainable practices and be tailored to each individual audience’s needs, such as school students, workplaces, realtors, appraisers, contractors, designers, architects, engineers, etc. The bottom line is emphasizing the cost-saving effects for energy efficiency in a life-cycle scheme, which also puts less pressure to the environment.
The more that people familiarize themselves with energy efficiency and conservation programs, the more likely they will implement the recommendations. An aggressive marketing effort can highlight the benefits of energy efficiency, which translates not only to reduced energy consumption, but real cost savings to business owners and consumers. This marketing campaign should utilize print, television, and social media strategies to communicate the benefits of energy efficiency measures. Programs should encourage ENERGY STAR buildings, appliances, and mechanical systems.
ACTION ITEM
PERFORM ANALYSIS OF GREEN BUILDING BEST PRACTICES & IDENTIFY OPPORTUNITIES TO IMPLEMENT
“PRIORITIZE WALKABILITY, COMMUNITY,
ACCESSIBILITY, BEAUTY, QUIRKINESS, CLEANLINESS, ENGAGEMENT, & SAFETY.” -LEXINGTON RESIDENT 89
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IMAGINE LEXINGTON
SUSTAINABILITY
POLICY #10 ENHANCE LEXINGTON’S RECYCLING & WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS. Some environmental benefits of recycling include:
• Reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills and incinerators • Conserving natural resources such as timber, water and minerals • Increasing economic security by tapping a domestic source of materials • Preventing pollution by reducing the need to collect new raw materials • Saving energy • Supporting American manufacturing and conserves valuable resources Lexington is serviced both by a municipal waste management program, as well as private haulers. The City of Lexington has a fully functioning municipal recycling facility (MRF) to sort recycled waste and separate it with machines, compared to some adjacent counties. The City also holds many special events throughout the year to assist
DIVISION OF PLANNING
citizens in waste disposal and other needs, such as household hazardous waste, paper shredding, the “Gobble Grease Toss” and mulch giveaways. Lexington also has a composting program for residential yard waste. Such events promote community engagement and education in addition to their environmental benefits. These programs should be continued and expanded. Effective waste management is equally as important to keep the Bluegrass beautiful as building attractive neighborhoods, and builds quality of life while improving the health and the appearance of the community. Additionally Lexington’s curbside pick-up makes recycling more convenient, and should be continued and expanded into other areas where not currently available or less frequent.
“THERE IS A TREMENDOUS IMPORTANCE FOR RECYCLING &
RECYCLING EDUCATION FOR THE PUBLIC.”
-LEXINGTON RESIDENT ENVIRONMENT
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POLICY #11
CONTINUE TO REQUIRE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE ELEMENTS FOR NEW DEVELOPMENT, & REQUIRE DURING REDEVELOPMENT WHERE APPROPRIATE. Since 2016, the stormwater manual has required the use of green infrastructure for stormwater management for both volume and water quality control. Below is a list of green infrastructure practices approved for use in Fayette County for volume control. Green infrastructure plays a key role for the urban environment and public health in the Lexington-Bluegrass region, especially when using nature-based solutions to preserve natural capital. Creating and improving the knowledge base remains one of the main strategic developments for the implementation of the manual and site design practice. Starting with school education efforts, more planning, landscape architecture and engineering programs are incorporating green infrastructure as a trend and recommended practice.
ACTION ITEM
UPDATE THE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE ELEMENTS IN THE ENGINEERING MANUALS TO REFLECT CURRENT BEST PRACTICES.
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URBAN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE
SUSTAINABILITY
IMAGINE LEXINGTON
DIVISION OF PLANNING
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POLICY #12 ENCOURAGE & EXPLORE INCENTIVES FOR GREEN BUILDING PRACTICES FOR NEW DEVELOPMENT & REDEVELOPMENT. Incentives should be explored to encourage new development or redevelopment to achieve green building standards. New development is encouraged to locate building structures at optimum conditions for the use of solar energy, and
to consider sunlight impacts to adjacent dwelling units at preliminary development stage. Provide incentives for development to incorporate renewable energy into the new proposals, such as solar, wind, geothermal, small-scale or micro-hydroelectric, energystar equipment and systems, monitoring devices, etc. Achieving net-zero community status has become a common interest and trend both nationwide and globally, as more residents and consumers start to choose an eco-conscious living style. Lexington has a large eco-friendly
market, especially among young professionals. Designing ecofriendly energy systems into development has proven to be economically efficient in the long run as well as environment friendly, which is encouraged in Lexington. Encourage development to design on-site water management to reuse grey water and develop standards in the engineering manuals.
ACTION ITEM
EXPLORE PERMITTING INCENTIVES FOR GREEN BUILDING DESIGN
“PROVIDE
INCENTIVES FOR BEST PRACTICES THAT INCREASE ENERGY EFFICIENCY, MITIGATE STORM WATER, & REDUCE IMPERVIOUS SURFACES SUCH AS PARKING LOTS.” -LEXINGTON RESIDENT
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IMAGINE LEXINGTON
SUSTAINABILITY
POLICY #13 EXPAND COLLABORATION FOR EXISTING ENVIRONMENTALLYFOCUSED AGENCIES ON SUSTAINABILITY PROGRAMS & FOLLOW THROUGH ON IMPLEMENTATION.
Lexington’s neighboring cities have excellent examples for sustainability partnerships. The Partnership for a Green City represents a collaborative effort to improve sustainability internally and in the community by four of Louisville’s largest public entities, including Louisville Metro Government, University of Louisville, Jefferson County Public Schools and Jefferson Community & Technical College. The partnership, which began in 2004, employs over 30,000 people; enrolls over 135,000 students; owns more than 531 buildings with 30 million square feet of space; operates and maintains 7,000 fleet vehicles; and manages 25,135 acres of land in Louisville Metro, which is one-tenth of the land in the merged city-county. To the north of Lexington in Cincinnati, OH, the Green Umbrella is the
DIVISION OF PLANNING
leading alliance that facilitates collaboration among over 200 area non-profits, businesses, educational institutions and governmental entities focused on the environmental aspects of sustainability for the Greater Cincinnati area. Based on these models, Bluegrass Forever Green, under Bluegrass Tomorrow, shares information and best practices while focusing on maximizing the collective impact of regional governments, organizations, non-profits, educational institutions and businesses in central Kentucky dedicated to environmental sustainability and improving quality of life and economic development in the Bluegrass. Bluegrass Forever Green focuses on local foods, clean water, energy, outdoor recreation and green spaces, waste, and recycling and transportation. Its mission is to further the goals of Bluegrass Tomorrow, a coalition of business, education, farming, development, and preservation interests dedicated to developing a regional unified vision. They focus on education, land use, job growth, and quality of life innovations, which leads to an environment
that develops creative talent and where young professionals and entrepreneurship thrive. The summit of Bluegrass Forever Green Sustainability Partnership was introduced in 2015, in collaboration with Bluegrass Greensource, and continues to sustain Bluegrass Forever with conservation, preservation and sustainability initiatives. Through the summit discussion, consensus was reached that the partnership would move forward with working teams focusing on: 1) Land, which includes the Equine Agriculture Initiative, visioning for the community’s next great land preservation program, and the National Park Service Rivers Trails Conservation Assistance Program, which plans for trails and greenways; 2) Water, including work with the Kentucky River Water Trails Alliance and River Blast Events; 3)Waste and recycling; 4) Energy; and 5) Local food and agriculture. The most recent summit on local food was held in December 2017, and the Regional Food Council Initiative was formed to help expand local food in the Bluegrass Region.
Fayette County Public Schools, University of Kentucky, LFUCG Environmental Services and the Mayor’s office. Collaboration needs to be expanded as the programs continue to grow. Through the coordination of efforts and cooperation, a partnership between the largest stakeholders could realize real results that will have a long-term impact on the health, education, and wellbeing of Lexington citizens. Responsibility to manage and maintain sustainable programs should be clarified. HOAs should be established to plant and maintain a lush landscape, which can help create a consistent and welcoming community. In the Lexington Urban Service Area, 84% land and trees are controlled by private property owners. Communicate with Planning and Urban Forestry to review 1-year or 5-year landscape status after development occurs, to ensure the plan is followed through and maintenance is in place.
Lexington has strong programs focused on sustainability across the community, with
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PILLAR III
RESTORATION “Restoration” is the third pillar strategically, as it should be seen as the last resort. When the first two pillars, “Protection” and “Sustainability” are properly executed, the need to restore the environment should be minimal. However, opportunities exists to restore environmental damage caused by historic development practices and patterns. Measures should be taken to reestablish the environment where degradation has taken place, but must be paired with strong new policies that combat the root of the issues. Trees are a highly effective way to protect and maintain an urban ecosystem. They reduce the heat island effect, clean the air, absorb carbon dioxide, slow and absorb water runoff, help control soil erosion, increase property values, and provide visual and wind buffers. The Urban Forestry Management Plan indicates that Lexington has been creating an urban tree canopy coverage over the last half century, increasing it from about 4% in 1967 to approximately 25% today. While
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that is marked progress, the LFUCG Urban Forestry Management Plan sets clear goals, objectives, and action items to help preserve quality canopy and expand further with a healthy, native, and diverse canopy in coming years. While focusing on the urban canopy, there should also be efforts to preserve and protect our significant rural tree stands. Programs should be continued to add street trees in areas where many have died or were never planted, which assist property owners in care and replacement of street trees. Trees are an important part of our natural history and environment, and the benefits they contribute are innumerable. Lexington continues to expand the greenway network through acquisitions after new development. Opportunities for restoration of certain areas in native grasses, plants and trees, as well as improvements to streams, sinkholes, and other aquatic assets, are being pursued by the city through the Division of Environmental Services.
Enforcing the EPA Consent Decree mentioned in the “Protection” pillar is likely the most significant ongoing governmental restoration activity. Correcting overflows and infiltration of Lexington’s sanitary sewer system is a vitally important task. The impact on the streams and creeks in Fayette County over the years has been substantial, and repairing the damage done will pay off for many future generations. New sewer projects are providing additional sewer capacity for the Urban Service Area as well as providing opportunities for future growth. Restoring air quality is also vitally important to the city. The Lexington MPO monitors the air quality data. On November 15, 1990, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) designated Fayette and Scott Counties together as a “NonAttainment” air quality district for the pollutant ozone. This was or violating National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in the period 1987-1989. Based on the severity of violations, the
area was designated a “Marginal Non-Attainment” area. In the years following this designation, the Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet’s Division of air Quality submitted a re-designation request for the area due to consistent good air quality monitoring readings. On November 13, 1995, the USEPA agreed and re-designated the area to “Attainment” but required the area to maintain the good standard by demonstrating good air quality results within the require limits for ozone and other pollutants. Since then, Lexington has remained in “Attainment” status. Lexington Area Metropolitan Planning Area (Fayette and Jessamine Counties) projects, programs, and plans are tested regularly to ensure that they did not contribute to violations of the standards. In April 2004, USEPA revised standards to be more stringent and again in May of 2008. Lexington maintained “Attainment” of standards even though pollutant readings trended close to the new standards at times. There are four main types
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buses, planes, trucks, and trains • Stationary sources – such as power plants, oil refineries, industrial facilities, and factories • Area sources – such as agricultural areas, cities, and wood burning fireplaces • Natural sources – such as wind-blown dust, wildfires, and volcanoes
Although there are different percentages of these sources in every community across the U.S., it is important to take steps to mitigate them for the health of the people. Many factors contribute to or help alleviate pollutants in an area. Among the most significant are the land use patterns that influence travel demand, as well as the transportation activities of the people and the transportation system on which they travel. Multimodal options, efficient traffic operations, and a connected and well-maintained transportation system are critical for reducing mobile source air pollutants. The urban service boundary, along with a progressive and effective transportation planning process in Lexington, has contributed significantly to keeping the area’s air quality
DIVISION OF PLANNING
Whether it be for the benefit of the air, water, or land, any efforts to restore or improve the condition of Lexington’s environment is worthwhile and encouraged, but Imagine Lexington advocates for proactive protection and sustainable development. This policy-driven approach to environmental protection is vastly superior to a reactionary strategy and will benefit all residents, current and future.
AVERAGE OZONE BY YEARS USA.COM; DATA SOURCE: U.S. EPA
Ozone (ppm)
• Mobile sources – such as cars,
status in within “Attainment.” Many of the policies of the Federal, State and Local Metropolitan Transportation Plan are focused on addressing air quality. Primarily focusing on minimizing Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT), this is a significant method of improving air quality and lowering the heat island effects in an automobileoriented city. Policies throughout this Comprehensive Plan are aimed at lowering the number of miles citizens must drive in order to meet basic needs. Chief among the reasons that these policies are important is that addressing and restoring the air quality in Lexington is an obligation for future generations. These policies are good for residents’ personal health, by encouraging walking and biking, but also beneficial for the environmental health of the city.
AVERAGE PARTICULATE MATTER (PM)2.5 BY YEARS USA.COM; DATA SOURCE: U.S. EPA
PM10 (micrograms / cubic meter)
of air pollution sources:
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POLICY #1
PROTECT & RECOVER LEXINGTON’S URBAN FOREST BY STRATEGICALLY PLANTING NEW TREES & CREATING WALKABLE STREETSCAPES. The urban forest plays an important role in supporting and improving the quality of life in urban areas. A tree’s shade and beauty contributes to the community’s health and softens the often hard appearance of urban landscapes and streetscapes. When properly maintained, trees provide abundant environmental, economic, and social benefits to a community, far in excess of the time and money invested in their planting, pruning, protection, and removal. Lexington’s Urban Forestry Management Plan has a statement of, “achieving a sustainable urban forest in Lexington.” This mission encompasses the broad issues concerning the health and vitality of urban forests. A canopy made up of trees that are native, hardy, diverse, and compatible with
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conditions and climate, properly planted and maintained and protected, makes for a healthy, long-lived, and thus sustainable urban forest, with all of its benefits. For example, studies suggest that tree-lined streets are safer, with reduced traffic speeds and reduced driver stress (from 2013 Urban Tree Canopy Assessment and Planting Plan, by Davey Resource Group). Trees have also been proven to increase residential property values 3-7% when present in the yard, and 9% when adjacent as street trees. Additionally, consumers have been found to spend more time and have a more favorable view of businesses when the business district has a vibrant landscaping plan with many trees. Lexington’s Zoning Ordinance has established standards for Commercial Landscaping (Article 18) and Tree Protection (Article 26). These ordinances set minimum tree canopy coverage standards for commercial and residential zones. Steps to review and update these ordinances are part of the Urban Forestry Management Plan, and are reinforced in Imagine Lexington.
TREE CANOPY PERCENTAGE BY PARCEL WITHIN URBAN SERVICE AREA
0-20% 21-40% 41-60% 61-80% 80-100%
In Lexington, 16% of all land is publicly owned, and 84% is
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privately owned, according to the 2013 Urban Tree Canopy Assessment. In order to “achieve a sustainable urban forest in Lexington”, it is therefore important to engage both the public and the private sectors in the stewardship of the urban forest. This requires mechanisms for educating and encouraging private sector engagement in urban forestry. Updating tree inventory on a continuous basis, and supplementing with a comprehensive urban tree canopy assessment every 10 years, along with tracking all completed action items, will provide opportunity for evaluation and adjustments. Tree protection is required in the development process. Contacting the urban forester is required by the ordinances and the procedures manual. The benefits associated with the conservation of trees, tree stands, and greenspaces as a part of new development planning is well documented. According to the 2016 Greenspace Survey, 92% of respondents feel developers should be responsible for greenspace creation as basic infrastructure, while 78% feel that there should be additional protection for trees of significant species, size and condition.
DIVISION OF PLANNING
LFUCG currently has initiatives to increase public participation in care and planting of trees on public property through Reforest the Bluegrass. Grassroots non-profit organization Trees Lexington! has also gained tremendous momentum in the community, and has been advocating for increased urban tree canopy. Lexington has
established a well-stocked plant nursery at Hisle Park, where trees, shrubs, and other plants will be grown and propagated for installation on public properties, including parks, greenways, and facilities. It is time to move trees forward on the budget list.
ACTION ITEM
IMPLEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE URBAN FORESTRY MANAGEMENT PLAN
“TREES AROUND YOUR HOUSE CAN INCREASE ITS VALUE BY 15% OR MORE.” -ARBOR DAY FOUNDATION ENVIRONMENT
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RESTORATION
POLICY #2
USE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE TO BRIDGE GAPS IN THE GREENSPACE NETWORK. Green infrastructure provides numerous environmental benefits, such as stormwater management, with limited disruption to natural land. It can serve as an urban oasis in the regional ecological system and create linkages within the greenspace network. The 2004 Greenway Master Plan identified several conservation greenways in the county which are a crucial component of the greenspace network within our region. Development within or adjacent to these greenways should consider incorporating green infrastructure as a means of creating and/or maintaining connections to the network. Doing so will provide effective stormwater mitigation, habitat preservation/enhancement, and increased environmental quality.
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RESTORATION
Government’s Division of Waste Management. Much of that food waste is composted at or near community gardens.
SUPPORT COMMUNITY GARDENS & URBAN AGRICULTURE TO RESTORE NATURAL RESOURCES WITHIN THE URBAN SERVICE AREA
Urban farming has become popular in multiple cities. With growing population and urbanization, suitable agricultural soil is diminishing within the urban area. However, market demand for organic locally grown food is dramatically increasing for health and economic reasons. New solutions are popping up, including rooftop farming. Lexington has a community base for organic locally grown agriculture, in which new development could play a major role.
POLICY #3
Lexington allows community gardens on public property such as parks and greenways, in areas where appropriate. Seedleaf was founded in 2007 with a mission to nourish communities by growing and sharing food in Lexington. The nonprofit grew three gardens in 2008, 10 gardens in 2009, and has grown steadily since then. While neighbors come together to produce local food and improve social connections, the process also restores natural resources within the urban area, leaving ecological benefits for the environment. Seedleaf cultivates 15 free u-pick community gardens throughout Fayette County’s food deserts, areas deemed by the USDA to have problematic access to fresh local food. Seedleaf also picks up compost at 35 area restaurants and kitchens through their Compost Partners Program, a partnership with the Lexington Fayette Urban County
DIVISION OF PLANNING
“Soaring prices and concerns about chemical-laden fruits and vegetables increasingly drive us to grow our own healthy food close to home. In cities, however, vanishing ground space and contaminated soils spur farmers, activists, and restaurateurs to look to the skyline for a solution. The hunger for local food has reached new heights, and rooftops can provide the space that cities need to bring fresh, organic produce to tables across North America.” - Lauren Mandal, EAT UP These inspiring solutions
will help restore the urban environment and benefit all residents of Lexington.
SEEDLEAF COMMUNITY GARDENS & LEXINGTON FARMER’S MARKET LOCATIONS
SEEDLEAF COMMUNITY GARDENS LEXINGTON FARMER’S MARKET
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RESTORATION
POLICY #4
IMPROVE AIR QUALITY BY REDUCING VEHICLE MILES TRAVELED (VMT). Reduction of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) is an official goal of the U.S. Government policy, as stated in sections of the Clean Air Act (CAA). Vehicles (or mobile sources) are a major contributor to urban air pollution. Technology (cleaner vehicles and cleaner fuels) will continue to reduce vehicle pollution, but more people living in an area generally equates to more vehicles
on the road. Recent national trends show a decrease in personal vehicle miles of travel per person and it is likely that this trend will continue. However, the population is also increasing and the economy is entering a period of growth. Thus, it is anticipated that overall travel demand will continue to grow. If demand is not met in an efficient and multimodal manner, additional congestion may ensue, potentially compromising air quality. Lexington is a relatively vehicledependent city and some damage to air quality has already taken place. The Lexington Area MPO monitors local air quality and promotes ways to reduce air pollution.
FAYETTE COUNTY VEHICLE MILES TRAVELED LEXINGTON AREA MPO
Advisory has included: • Reduce driving and fuel consumption by using public transportation, walking, carpooling, or riding a bike; • Ask employers to consider flexible work schedules or telecommuting; • Trip-chain (plan daily trips or errands to reduce excess driving); • Fill gas tanks during cooler evening hours to cut down on evaporation; • Avoid spilling gas and don’t “top off” the tank. Replace gas tank cap tightly; • Avoid waiting in long drivethru lines, for example, at fast-food restaurants or banks. Park vehicles and go inside. Other incentive programs that can be explored include: • Employer pay-to-park program. Employers offer parking passes but reimburse in compensation for employees who opt not to use parking passes. Multiple cities have used this method to encourage employees to commute using alternative transportation rather than single occupant vehicles.
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• Explore policies including VMT tax, tolls, or congestion pricing in downtown areas • Implement parking pricing schemes • Reduce the availability of on and off street parking to encourage alternate forms of transportation • Create alternatives to single occupancy vehicle travel through the improvement of multimodal transportation options, including carpools, vanpools, public transit, and active transportation – any self-propelled, human-powered mode of transportation.
“WE NEED MAJOR COMMITMENT TO POLLUTION REDUCTION, INCLUDING SUPPORT FOR SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN WALKING, BIKING, & PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION FOR DAILY COMMUTES.”
-LEXINGTON RESIDENT
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“IF DEMAND IS NOT MET IN AN EFFICIENT AND MULTIMODAL MANNER, ADDITIONAL CONGESTION MAY ENSUE."