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References

REI 101: A Review & Refresher Course/ NCC Certiﬁcation Exam Prep

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Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Dashe JS, Hoﬀman BL, Spong CY, Casey BM. Williams Obstetrics, 26th Edition. McGraw Hill; April 7, 2022.

Ferri FF. Ferri’s Clinical Advisor 2026, 28th Edition. Elsevier; July 2, 2025.

Hoﬀman BL, Schorge JO, Bradshaw KD, Halvorson LM, Schaﬀer JI, Corton MM. Williams Gynecology, 4th Edition. McGraw Hill; April 24, 2020.

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Taylor HS, Pal L, Seli E. Speroﬀ’s Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility, 9th Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; August 30,2019.

Yen & Jaﬀe’s Reproductive Endocrinology: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management, 9th Edition. Editors: Strauss JF, Barbieri RL, Dokras A, Williams CJ, Williams SZ. Elsevier; July 12, 2023.

General Assessment, Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology

Bavan B, Porzig E, Baker VL. An assessment of female university students’ attitudes toward screening technologies for ovarian reserve. Fertility and sterility. 2011 Nov 1;96(5):1195-9.

Munro, Malcolm G., et al. "FIGO classiﬁcation system (PALM-COEIN) for causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in nongravid women of reproductive age." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 113.1 (2011): 3-13.

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Deﬁnition of infertility: a committee opinion. Fertility and Sterility. 2023 Dec 1;120(6):1170.

Quaas AM, Penzias AS, Adashi EY. Embryonic aneuploidy–the true “last barrier in assisted reproductive technology”?. F&S Science. 2024 Aug 8.

Wallace WH, Kelsey TW. Human ovarian reserve from conception to the menopause. PloS one. 2010 Jan 27;5(1):e8772.

Pathophysiology, Evaluation & Diagnosis of Reproductive Health Disorders: Endocrine, Structural, Endometriosis, Genetic Factors & Unexplained Infertility

Chiaﬀarino F, Cipriani S, Dalmartello M, Ricci E, Esposito G, Fedele F, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Parazzini F. Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in European countries and USA: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2022 Dec;279:159-170. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2022.10.020. Epub 2022 Oct 28. PMID: 36343588.

Gibson-Helm M, Teede H, Dunaif A, Dokras A. Delayed Diagnosis and a Lack of Information Associated With Dissatisfaction in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Feb 1;102(2):604-612. doi: 10.1210/jc.2016-2963. PMID: 27906550; PMCID: PMC6283441.

Piltonen TT, Kinnunen J, Komsi E, Kangasniemi MH, Luiro K, Rajecki M, Jokelainen J, Kiviniemi E, Allegranza D, Hund M, Olziersky AM, Logan CA, Buck K, Savukoski SM, Arﬀman RK. Prospective validation of anti-Müllerian hormone cutoﬀ to

determine polycystic ovarian morphology: HARMONIA study. Fertil Steril. 2025 May 19:S0015-0282(25)00435-2. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2025.05.147. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40398715.

Teede HJ, Tay CT, Laven JJE, Dokras A, Moran LJ, Piltonen TT, Costello MF, Boivin J, Redman LM, Boyle JA, Norman RJ, Mousa A, Joham AE. Recommendations From the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Sep 18;108(10):2447-2469. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgad463. PMID: 37580314; PMCID: PMC10505534.

Assisted Reproductive Technology: IVF Protocols, Embryo Development, and the Role of Preimplantation Genetic Testing

Afnan M. Identifying real diﬀerences in live birth rates between HMG and rFSH in IVF. Reprod Biomed Online. 2009;18 Suppl 2:25-30.

Chen K, Hu Z, LianY, HanY, Zhou X, LiY, Xiang L, Jiang W, Li M, Zeng P, Zhang M, Luo X, XuY, Zheng H, Tian M, Wang M, Ma R, Yang J, BaiY, Du R, Deng B, Wu Z, LiY,Yan J. The diagnostic accuracy of preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) in assessing the genetic status of embryos: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2025 Mar 11;23(1):39.

Datta AK, Maheshwari A, Felix N, Campbell S, Nargund G. Mild versus conventional ovarian stimulation for IVF in poor responders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Biomed Online. 2020 Aug;41(2):225-238.

Grebe TA, Khushf G, Greally JM, Turley P, Foyouzi N, Rabin-Havt S, Berkman BE, Pope K, Vatta M, Kaur S; ACMG Social, Ethical, and Legal Issues Committee. Clinical utility of polygenic risk scores for embryo selection. Genet Med. 2024 Apr;26(4):101052.

Kandil H. Integrating artiﬁcial intelligence in surgical sperm retrieval techniques: A narrative review. UroPrecision. 2024 December. Available online: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uro2.100

Leanza C, Cannarella R, Barbagallo F, Gusmano C, Calogero AE. Does Sperm SNRPN Methylation Change with Fertility Status and Age? A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis. Biomedicines. 2024 Feb 16;12(2):445.

Munné S, Alikani M, Tomkin G, Grifo J, Cohen J. Reprint of: Embryo morphology, developmental rates, and maternal age are correlated with chromosome abnormalities. Fertil Steril. 2019 Oct;112(4 Suppl1):e71-e80.

Racca A, Rodriguez I, Garcia S, Arroyo G, Polyzos NP. Double versus single stimulation in young low prognosis patients followed by a fresh embryo transfer: a randomized controlled trial (DUOSTIM-fresh). Hum Reprod. 2024 Jun 6:deae104.

Sahin GN,Yildirim RM, Seli E. Embryonic arrest: causes and implications. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2023 Jun 1;35(3):184-192.

Stavros S, Potiris A, Molopodi E, Mavrogianni D, Zikopoulos A, Louis K, et al. Sperm DNA Fragmentation: Unraveling Its Imperative Impact on Male Infertility Based on Recent Evidence. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Sep 22;25(18):10167.

Viville S, Aboulghar M. PGT-A: what's it for, what's wrong? J Assist Reprod Genet. 2025 Jan;42(1):63-69. doi: 10.1007/s10815025-03400-0. Epub 2025 Jan 23. PMID: 39847200; PMCID: PMC11806166.

Welp AM, Williams CD, Smith LP, Purcell S, Goodman LR. Oral medroxyprogesterone acetate for the use of ovulation suppression in in vitro fertilization: a cohort trial. Fertil Steril. 2024 May;121(5):806-813.

Reproductive Health: Treatment & Complications

ASRM Prep Kit for the NCC Reproductive Health and Infertility (C-RHI) Subspecialty Certiﬁcation Exam

Up To Date: Ectopic Pregnancy: Choosing a treatment. 2023.

Up To Date: Ectopic Pregnancy: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis 2023.

Up To Date: Approach to the patient with pregnancy of unknown location 2023.

History of IVF & Evolving Role of IVF Nurses

https://blog.petrieﬂom.law.harvard.edu/2023/05/09/the-impact-of-dobbs-on-assisted-reproductive-technologies- does-itmatter-where-life-begins/

Beall SA, DeCherney A. History and challenges surrounding ovarian stimulation in the treatment of infertility. Fertil Steril. 2012;97:795-801.

Beukers F, van der Heide M, Middelburg KJ, et al. Morphologic abnormalities in 2-year-old children born after in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection with preimplantation genetic screening: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Fertil Steril. 2oi3;99(2):4o8-4i3.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Assisted reproductive technology (ART)Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/art/artdata/index.html.

Chandra A, Copen CE, Stephen EH. National Health Statistics Reports; no. 73. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2014. Infertility Service Use in the United States: Data from the National Survey of Family Growth, 1982-2010.

Chen C. Pregnancy after human oocyte cryopreservation. Lancet. 1986 Apr 19;1(8486):884-6. doi: 10.1016/s01406736(86)90989-x. PMID: 2870356.

Edwards RG, Steptoe PC, Purdy JM. Establishing full-term human pregnancies using cleaving embryos grown in vitro. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1980;87:737-56.

Edwards RG, Steptoe PC. Current status of in-vitro fertilization and implantation of human embryos. Lancet. 1983;2:1265-9.

Fauser BC, Mannaerts BM, Devroey P, Leader A, Boime I, Baird DT. Advances in recombinant DNA technology: corifollitropin alfa, a hybrid molecule with sustained follicle-stimulating activity and reduced injection frequency. Hum Reprod Update. 2009^5(3)309-21.

Ferber S , Marks NJ, and Mackie V. IVF and Assisted Reproduction: A Global History. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020. 361 pp, ISBN: 9789811578946

Freidenfelds L. Review of IVF and Assisted Reproduction: A Global History, by Sarah Ferber et al.. Technology and Culture, vol. 63 no. 1, 2022, p. 248-249. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/tech.2022.0016.

Fritz MA. Perspectives on the eﬃcacy and indications for preimplantation genetic screening: where are we now? Hum Reprod. 2008;23:2617-21.

Gazit C and Klotz Steinman H. Test Tube Babies. Public Broadcasting System American Experience Season 19, Episode 4. Aired April 6, 2020.

Handyside AH, Kontogianni EH, Hardy K, et al. Pregnancies from biopsied human preimplantation embryos sexed byY-speciﬁc DNA ampliﬁcation. Nature. 1990;344:768-70. 16.

http://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/01/25/First-test-tube-babies-born-inMissouri/8289475477200/

Mastenbroek S, Twisk M, van der Veen F, Repping S. Preimplantation genetic screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Hum Reprod Update. 2011;17:454-66.

MenezoY, Testart J, Perrone D. Serum is not necessary in human in vitro fertilization, early embryo culture, and transfer. Fertil Steril. 1984;42:750-5.

Palermo G, Joris H, Devroey P, Van Steirteghem AC. Pregnancies after intracytoplasmic injection of single spermatozoon into an oocyte. Lancet. 1992 Jul 4;340(8810):17-8. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)92425-f. PMID: 1351601.

Quinn P, Kerin J, Warnes G. Improved pregnancy rate in human in vitro fertilization with the use of a medium based on the composition of human tubal ﬂuid. Fertil Steril. 1985;44:493-8.

Schoolcraft WB, Treff NR, Stevens JM, Ferry K, Katz-Jaffe M, Scott RT., Jr Live birth outcome with trophectoderm biopsy, blastocyst vitrification, and single-nucleotide polymorphism microarray-based comprehensive chromosome screening in infertile patients. Fertil Steril. 2011;96:638-40.

Smith DH, Picker RH, Sinosich M, Saunders DM. Assessment of ovulation by ultrasound and estradiol levels during spontaneous and induced cycles. Fertil Steril. 1980;33:387-90.

Steptoe PC, Edwards RG. Birth after reimplantation of a human embryo. The Lancet. 1978312:366.

Swain JE, Carrell D, Cobo A, Meseguer M, Rubio C, Smith GD. Optimizing the culture environment and embryo manipulation to help maintain embryo developmental potential. Fertil Steril. 2016;105:571-87. 15.

The Fertility Clinic Success Rate And Certiﬁcation Act (FCSRCA) of 1992 (Wyden Law) Requirements. Federal Register. 2000;65:53310-6.

Tilley L, Oxenham MF. Survival against the odds: Modeling the social implications of care provision to seriously disabled individuals. Int J Paleopathol. 2011 Mar;1(1):35-42

von Schondorf-Gleicher A, Mochizuki L, Orvieto R, Patrizio P, Caplan AS, Gleicher N. Revisiting selected ethical aspects of current clinical in vitro fertilization (IVF) practice. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2022 Mar;39(3):591-604. doi: 10.1007/s10815-02202439-7. Epub 2022 Feb 22. PMID: 35190959; PMCID: PMC8995227.

Wang J, Sauer MV. In vitro fertilization (IVF): a review of 3 decades of clinical innovation and technological advancement. Therapeutics and clinical risk management. 2006;2:355-64.

Washington Insider: Policies, Coverage, Access-to-Care & Advocacy

Key Resources and Reading Lists

• RESOLVE Advocacy & Policy (https://resolve.org/advocacy/): The premier patient advocacy site oﬀers up-to-date tracking on federal and state legislation, including Insurance Coverage by State mandates and how to ﬁght anti-IVF regulations.

• ASRM Practice Guidance (https://www.asrm.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/): Essential, data-driven committee opinions on fertility preservation, insurance parity, and evidence-based clinical treatments.

• ASRM Mental Health Professional Group Bibliography (https://connect.asrm.org/mhpg/bookshelf/mhpgbibliography881272?ssopc=1): Explores the psychological and systemic impacts of infertility, including speciﬁc reading recommendations regarding communities of color and third-party reproduction.

Academic and Systemic Policy Texts

For a deeper dive into the societal and economic policies that shape fertility rates and family-building access, the following publications provide comprehensive analyses:

• Fertility and Public Policy: How to Reverse the Trend of Declining Births (MIT Press) – An edited volume exploring the feasibility of using public interventions (childcare subsidies, tax incentives, and labor support) to address demographic shifts.

• State Fertility Control Policies (CQ Press) – An analysis of U.S. morality politics, reproductive access, and how statelevel policies shape fertility control outcomes.

• The Fertility Cascade (Published in the American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology) – Recent research detailing disparities across the U.S. fertility care cascade and how marginalized populations face unique barriers to treatment due to restrictive legislation

Government & Advocacy Organizations Fact Sheets and Guidance

• White House Fact Sheet: Summary of the Executive Order and the Administration’s recommendations.

• Department of Labor Guidance: FAQs explaining how employers can structure fertility beneﬁts under federal insurance rules.

• RESOLVE Blog: Breaking down the White House IVF Executive Order.

• https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ebsa/laws-and-regulations/laws/aﬀordable-care-act/for-employers-and-advisers/acaimplementation-faqs and https://www.cms.gov/marketplace/resources/fact-sheets-faqs

• Section 2792 of the PHS Act, section 734 of ERISA, and section 9833 of the Code authorize the Secretaries of HHS, Labor, and the Treasury (collectively, the Secretaries) to promulgate such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of title XXVII of the PHS Act, part 7 of ERISA, and chapter 100 of the Code. ↩

• 26 CFR 54.9831-1(c)(3)(v)-(viii); 29 CFR 2590.732(c)(3)(v)-(viii); 45 CFR 146.145(b)(3)(v)-(viii). ↩

• 90 FR 10451 (Feb. 24, 2025). ↩

• In 2007 and 2008, the Departments issued guidance on the circumstances under which supplemental health insurance would be considered an excepted beneﬁt under 2791(c)(4) of the PHS Act, section 733(c)(4) of ERISA, and section 9832(c)(4) of the Code. The guidance lists four criteria to qualify as supplemental health insurance. One of the criteria is that the cost of coverage does not exceed 15 percent of the cost of primary coverage. See EBSA Field Assistance Bulletin No. 2007-04, available at https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ebsa/employers-andadvisers/guidance/ﬁeld-assistance-bulletins/2007-04; CMS Insurance Standards Bulletin 08-01, available at http://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Resources/Files/Downloads/hipaa_08_01_508.pdf; and IRS Notice 2008-23, available at https://www.irs.gov/irb/2008-07_IRB#NOT-2008-23 ↩

• Section 9831(c)(2) of the Code, section 732(c)(2) of ERISA, and sections 2722(c)(2) and 2763(b) of the PHS Act. ↩

• Additionally, to the extent employers provide hospital indemnity or other fixed indemnity insurance that pays a fixed dollar amount per period of hospitalization or illness related to infertility (for example, $100/day) regardless of the amount of expenses incurred, such coverage may also qualify as an independent, noncoordinated excepted benefit, if it meets the other applicable requirements of section 2722(c)(2) of the PHS Act, section 732(c)(2) of ERISA, and section 9831(c)(2) of the Code and their implementing regulations.

• 84 FR 28888 (June 20, 2019).

• See Rev. Proc. 2024-25, available at https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/rp-24-25.pdf

• 26 CFR 54.9831-1(c)(3)(viii); 29 CFR 2590.732(c)(3)(viii); 45 CFR 146.145(b)(3)(viii).

• 26 CFR 54.9831-1(c)(3)(viii)(E)-(F); 29 CFR 2590.732(c)(3)(viii)(E)-(F); 45 CFR 146.145(b)(3)(viii)(E)-(F).

• 26 CFR 54.9831-1(c)(3)(vi); 29 CFR 2590.732(c)(3)(vi); 45 CFR 146.145(b)(3)(vi). Also see 79 FR 59130 (Oct. 1, 2014).

• 26 CFR 54.9831-1(c)(3)(vi)(A); 29 CFR 2590.732(c)(3)(vi)(A); 45 CFR 146.145(b)(3)(vi)(A).

• See 79 FR 59130, 59134, fn. 20 (Oct. 1, 2014) (providing examples of other EAPs that do not provide signiﬁcant beneﬁts in the nature of medical care).

• 26 CFR 54.9831-1(c)(3)(vi)(B)-(D); 29 CFR 2590.732(c)(3)(vi)(B)-(D); 45 CFR 146.145(b)(3)(vi)(B)-(D).

Impact of Endocrine Disruptors on Reproduction and ART

Hassan S, Thacharodi A, Priya A, Meenatchi R, Hegde TA, R T, Nguyen HT, Pugazhendhi A. Endocrine disruptors: Unravelling the link between chemical exposure and Women's reproductive health. Environ Res. 2024 Jan 15;241:117385. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117385. Epub 2023 Oct 12. PMID: 37838203.

Puche-Juarez M, Toledano JM, Moreno-Fernandez J, Gálvez-OntiverosY, Rivas A, Diaz-Castro J, Ochoa JJ. The Role of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Gestation and Pregnancy Outcomes. Nutrients. 2023 Nov 3;15(21):4657. doi: 10.3390/nu15214657. PMID: 37960310; PMCID: PMC10648368.

Seli DA, Taylor HS. The impact of air pollution and endocrine disruptors on reproduction and assisted reproduction. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2023 Jun 1;35(3):210-215. doi: 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000868. Epub 2023 Mar 14. PMID: 36924404.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JhfW3yEfOPE&t=2s

PGT-A for Aneuploidy Update: What Nurses Need to Know

Franasiak JM, Forman EJ, Hong KH, et al. The nature of aneuploidy with increasing age of the female partner: a review of 15,169 consecutive trophectoderm biopsies evaluated with comprehensive chromosomal screening. Fertil Steril. 2014;101(3):656-663.e1. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.11.004.

Gleicher N, Mochizuki L, Barad DH, Patrizio P, Orvieto R; International Do No Harm Group in IVF (IDNHG-IVF). A review of the 2021/2022 PGDIS Position Statement on the transfer of mosaic embryos. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2023 Apr;40(4):817-826. doi: 10.1007/s10815-023-02763-6. Epub 2023 Mar 9. PMID: 36892704; PMCID: PMC10224891.

Greco E, Minasi MG, Fiorentino F. Healthy Babies after Intrauterine Transfer of Mosaic Aneuploid Blastocysts. N Engl J Med. 2015 Nov 19;373(21):2089-90. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1500421. PMID: 26581010.

Hipp HS, Crawford S, Boulet S, Toner J, Sparks AAE, Kawwass JF. Trends and Outcomes for Preimplantation Genetic Testing in the United States, 2014-2018. JAMA. 2022 Apr 5;327(13):1288-1290. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.1892. PMID: 35380591; PMCID: PMC8984775.

Kuliev A, Rechitsky S, Simpson JL. Practical Preimplantation Genetic Testing. 3rd Edition. Springer-Verlag NewYork. May 29 2020. ISBN: 9783030431570. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43157-0_3

Mumusoglu S, Telek SB, Ata B. Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy in unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 2025 Jan;123(1):121-136. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2024.08.326. Epub 2024 Aug 14. PMID: 39151684.

Oltramare VE, McDermott C, Dunn PJ. Changes in sequencing technology used for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2025 Aug;42(8):2483-2496. doi: 10.1007/s10815-025-03576-5. Epub 2025 Jul 11. PMID: 40643809; PMCID: PMC12423379.

Practice Committees of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine and the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. The use of preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril.2024;122(3):421-434. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2024.04.013. PMID:38762806.

Viotti M, Victor AR, Barnes FL, Zouves CG, Besser AG, Grifo JA, Cheng EH, Lee MS, Horcajadas JA, Corti L, Fiorentino F, Spinella F, Minasi MG, Greco E, Munné S. Using outcome data from one thousand mosaic embryo transfers to formulate an embryo ranking system for clinical use. Fertil Steril. 2021;115(5):1212-1224. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.11.041. PMID:33685629.

Beyond PGT-A Testing: PGT-M, PGT-SR, and Emerging Applications

Ethics Committee and Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Use of preimplantation genetic testing for polygenic disorders (PGT-P): an Ethics Committee opinion. Fertil Steril.2026;125(1):24-30. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2025.10.023. PMID: 41309413

Chada AR, Crawford S, Hipp HS, Kawwass JF. Trends and outcomes for preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic disorders in the United States, 2014-2018. Fertil Steril. 2022 Dec;118(6):1190-1193. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.08.854. Epub 2022 Oct 12. PMID: 36241429.

Kuliev A, Rechitsky S, Simpson JL. Practical Preimplantation Genetic Testing. 3rd Edition. Springer-Verlag NewYork. May 29 2020. ISBN: 9783030431570. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43157-0_3

Practice Committee and Genetic Counseling Professional Group of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Indications and management of preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic conditions: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2023;120(1):61-71. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.03.003. PMID: 37162432.

Stimulation Protocols

Badawy A, Wageah A, El Gharib M, Osman EE. Strategies for Pituitary Down-regulation to Optimize IVF/ICSI Outcome in Poor Ovarian Responders. J Reprod Infertil. 2012 Jul;13(3):124-30. PMID: 23926536; PMCID: PMC3719354.

Berkkanoglu M, Ozgur K. What is the optimum maximal gonadotropin dosage used in microdose ﬂare-up cycles in poor responders? Fertil Steril. 2010 Jul;94(2):662-5. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.03.027. Epub 2009 Apr 14. PMID: 19368912.

Cakmak H, Rosen MP. Random-start ovarian stimulation in patients with cancer. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Jun;27(3):21521. doi: 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000180. PMID: 25919235.

Dahan MH, Mills G, Khoudja R, Gagnon A, Tan G, Tan SL. Three hour abstinence as a treatment for high sperm DNA fragmentation: a prospective cohort study. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2021 Jan;38(1):227-233. doi: 10.1007/s10815-020-01999-w. Epub 2020 Nov 12. PMID: 33179134; PMCID: PMC7822978

Massin N, Abdennebi I, Porcu-Buisson G, Chevalier N, Descat E, Piétin-Vialle C, Goro S, Brussieux M, Pinto M, Pasquier M, BryGauillard H. The BISTIM study: a randomized controlled trial comparing dual ovarian stimulation (duostim) with two conventional ovarian stimulations in poor ovarian responders undergoing IVF. Hum Reprod. 2023 May 2;38(5):927-937. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dead038. PMID: 36864699; PMCID: PMC10152167.

Suñol J, Castillo JC, Ortiz JA, Ten J, Fuentes A, Moliner B, Martínez M, Llácer J, Guerrero J, Pitas A, Bernabeu A, Bernabeu R. Conventional follicular-phase ovarian stimulation vs. luteal-phase stimulation in suboptimal responders: a randomized controlled trial. F S Rep. 2023 Jul 27;4(4):344-352. doi: 10.1016/j.xfre.2023.07.003. PMID: 38204945; PMCID: PMC10774905.

The ESHRE Guideline Group on Ovarian Stimulation. Bosch E., Broer S., Griesinger G., Grynberg M., Humaidan P., Kolibianakis E., Kunicki M., La Marca A., Lainas G., Le Clef N., Massin N., Mastenbroek S., Polyzos N., Sunkara S.K., Timeva T., Töyli M., Urbancsek J., Vermeulen N., Broekmans F.ESHRE guideline: ovarian stimulation for IVF/ICSI†, Human Reproduction Open, Volume 2020, Issue 2, 2020, hoaa009, h ps://doi.org/10.1093/hropen/hoaa009

Vaiarelli A, Cimadomo D, Trabucco E, Vallefuoco R, Buﬀo L, Dusi L, Fiorini F, Barnocchi N, Bulletti FM, Rienzi L, Ubaldi FM. Double Stimulation in the Same Ovarian Cycle (DuoStim) to Maximize the Number of Oocytes Retrieved From Poor Prognosis Patients: A Multicenter Experience and SWOT Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018 Jun 14;9:317. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00317. PMID: 29963011; PMCID: PMC6010525.

Wald K, Hariton E, Morris JR, Chi EA, Jaswa EG, Cedars MI, McCulloch CE, Rosen M. Changing stimulation protocol on repeat conventional ovarian stimulation cycles does not lead to improved laboratory outcomes. Fertil Steril. 2021 Sep;116(3):757-765. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.04.030. Epub 2021 May 24. PMID: 34045067.

Adjuvants and New Tests

Akhtar MA, Sur S, Raine-Fenning N, Jayaprakasan K, Thornton J, Quenby S, Marjoribanks J. Heparin for assisted reproduction: summary of a Cochrane review. Fertil Steril. 2015 Jan;103(1):33-4.

Arian SE, Hessami K, Khatibi A, To AK, Shamshirsaz AA, Gibbons W. Endometrial receptivity array before frozen embryo transfer cycles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 2023 Feb;119(2):229-238.

Boomsma CM, Keay SD, Macklon NS. Peri-implantation glucocorticoid administration for assisted reproductive technology cycles. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jun 13;(6):CD005996.

Bontekoe S, Heineman MJ, Johnson N, Blake D. Adherence compounds in embryo transfer media for assisted reproductive technologies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Feb 25;2014(2):CD007421.

Check JH, Graziano V, Lee G, Nazari A, Choe JK, Dietterich C. Neither sildenaﬁl nor vaginal estradiol improves endometrial thickness in women with thin endometria after taking oral estradiol in graduating dosages. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2004;31(2):99-102.

Cozzolino M, Busnelli A, Pellegrini L, Riviello E, Vitagliano A. How vitamin D level inﬂuences in vitro fertilization outcomes: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 2020 Nov;114(5):1014-1025.

De Jong PG, Kaandorp S, Di Nisio M, Goddijn M, Middeldorp S. Aspirin and/or heparin for women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage with or without inherited thrombophilia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jul 4;2014(7):CD004734.

Fawzy M, El-Refaeey AA. Does combined prednisolone and low molecular weight heparin have a role in unexplained implantation failure? Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2014 Mar;289(3):677-80.

Gelbaya TA, Kyrgiou M, Li TC, Stern C, Nardo LG. Low-dose aspirin for in vitro fertilization: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2007 Jul-Aug;13(4):357-64.

Laganà AS, Vitagliano A, Noventa M, Ambrosini G, D'Anna R. Myo-inositol supplementation reduces the amount of gonadotropins and length of ovarian stimulation in women undergoing IVF: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2018 Oct;298(4):675-684.

Lensen S, Osavlyuk D, Armstrong S, Stadelmann C, Hennes A, Napier E, Wilkinson J, Sadler L, Gupta D, Strandell A, Bergh C, Vigneswaran K, The WT, Hamoda H, Webber L, Wakeman SA, Searle L, Bhide P, McDowell S, Peeraer K, KhalafY, Farquhar C. A Randomized Trial of Endometrial Scratching before In Vitro Fertilization. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jan 24;380(4):325-334.

Li D,Yang DL, An J, Jiao J, ZhouYM, Wu QJ, Wang XX. Eﬀect of assisted hatching on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sci Rep. 2016 Aug 9;6:31228.

Li J, ChenY, Liu C, HuY, Li L. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for repeated IVF/ICSI failure and unexplained infertility: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2013 Dec;70(6):434-47.

Metwally M, Chatters R, White D, Hall J, Walters S. Endometrial scratch in women undergoing ﬁrst-time IVF treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Reprod Biomed Online. 2022 Apr;44(4):617-629.

Nardo L, Chouliaras S. Adjuvants in IVF-evidence for what works and what does not work. Ups J Med Sci. 2020 May;125(2):144151.

Siristatidis CS, Dodd SR, Drakeley AJ. Aspirin for in vitro fertilization. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Aug 10;(8):CD004832. ZhangY, Zhang C, Shu J, Guo J, Chang HM, Leung PCK, Sheng JZ, Huang H. Adjuvant treatment strategies in ovarian stimulation for poor responders undergoing IVF: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2020 Feb 28;26(2):247-263

Clinical Updates on Endometriosis & Uterine Fibroids

Bulun SE. Endometriosis. N Engl J Med 2009 ;360 :268-279

Carr B, Dmowski WP, O’Brien C, et al. Elagolix, an oral GnRH antagonist, versus subcutaneous depot medroxyprogesterone acetate for the treatment of endometriosis: eﬀects on bone mineral density. Reprod Sci 2014;21:1341-1351

Diamond MP, Carr B, Dmowski WP, et al. Elagolix treatment for endometriosis-associated pain: results from a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Reprod Sci 2014;21:363-371

Du H, Taylor HS. Contribution of bone marrow-derived stem cells to endometrium and endometriosis. Stem Cells 2007;25:2082-2086

Giudice LC. Clinical practice. Endometriosis. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jun 24;362(25):238g-g8. Doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1000274.

Hornstein MD, Surrey ES, Weisberg GW, Casino LA. Leuprolide acetate depot and hormonal add-back in endometriosis: a 12month study. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91:16-24

Taylor HS, Giudice LC, Lessey BA, Abrao MS, Kotarski J, Archer DF, Diamond M, Surrey E, Johnson NP, Watts NB, Gallagher JC, Simon JA, Carr BR, Dmowski W, Leyland N, Rowan JP, Duan WR, Ng J, Schwefel B, Thomas J, Jain RI, Chwalisz K. Treatment of Endometriosis-Associated Pain with Elagolix, an Oral GnRH Antagonist. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 6;377(1):28-40.

Olive DL. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists for endometriosis. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1136-1142

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Treatment of pelvic pain associated with endometriosis: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2014;101:927-935

Surrey ES, Hornstein MD. Prolonged GnRH agonist and add-back therapy for symptomatic endometriosis: long- term followup. Obstet Gynecol 2002;99:709-719.

Infertility Management of Advanced Maternal Age

Bleil ME, Adler NE, Pasch LA, Sternfeld B, Gregorich SE, Rosen MP, Cedars MI. Psychological stress and reproductive aging among pre-menopausal women. Hum Reprod. 2012 Sep;27(9):2720-8. doi: 10.1093/humrep/des214. Epub 2012 Jul 5. PMID: 22767452; PMCID: PMC3415289.

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Broer SL, Dólleman M, van Disseldorp J, Broeze KA, Opmeer BC, Bossuyt PM, Eijkemans MJ, Mol BW, Broekmans FJ; IPDEXPORT Study Group. Prediction of an excessive response in in vitro fertilization from patient characteristics and ovarian reserve tests and comparison in subgroups: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 2013 Aug;100(2):420-9.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.04.024. Epub 2013 May 28. PMID: 23721718.

Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Electronic address: asrm@asrm.org. Assisted reproduction with advancing paternal and maternal age: an Ethics Committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2025 Jun;123(6):999-1005. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2025.03.031. Epub 2025 May 5. PMID: 40323247.

Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Electronic address: asrm@asrm.org; Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Fertility treatment when the prognosis is very poor or futile: an Ethics Committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2019 Apr;111(4):659-663. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.01.033. Epub 2019 Mar 11. PMID: 30871767.

Fett, R. (2019). It starts with the egg: how the science of egg quality can help you get pregnant naturally, prevent miscarriage, and improve your odds in IVF (Second edition.). Franklin Fox Publishing.

Franasiak JM, Forman EJ, Hong KH, Werner MD, Upham KM, Treﬀ NR, Scott RT Jr. The nature of aneuploidy with increasing age of the female partner: a review of 15,169 consecutive trophectoderm biopsies evaluated with comprehensive chromosomal screening. Fertil Steril. 2014 Mar;101(3):656-663.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.11.004. Epub 2013 Dec 17. PMID: 24355045.

Goldman MB, Thornton KL, Ryley D, Alper MM, Fung JL, Hornstein MD, Reindollar RH. A randomized clinical trial to determine optimal infertility treatment in older couples: the Forty and Over Treatment Trial (FORT-T). Fertil Steril. 2014 Jun;101(6):157481.e1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.03.012. Epub 2014 Apr 30. PMID: 24796764; PMCID: PMC4106674.

Guesdon E, Vincent-Rohfritsch A, Bydlowski S, Santulli P, Goﬃnet F, Le Ray C. Oocyte donation recipients of very advanced age: perinatal complications for singletons and twins. Fertil Steril. 2017 Jan;107(1):89-96. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.09.021. Epub 2016 Oct 12. PMID: 27743695.

Kort DH, Gosselin J, Choi JM, Thornton MH, Cleary-Goldman J, Sauer MV. Pregnancy after age 50: deﬁning risks for mother and child. Am J Perinatol. 2012 Apr;29(4):245-50. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1285101. Epub 2011 Aug 1. PMID: 21809262.

Menken J, Trussell J, Larsen U. Age and infertility. Science. 1986 Sep 26;233(4771):1389-94. doi: 10.1126/science.3755843. Erratum in: Science 1986 Oct 24;234(5775):413. PMID: 3755843.

Pangas SA. Regulation of the ovarian reserve by members of the transforming growth factor beta family. Mol Reprod Dev. 2012 Oct;79(10):666-79. doi: 10.1002/mrd.22076. Epub 2012 Sep 11. PMID: 22847922; PMCID: PMC3473177.

Paulson RJ, Boostanfar R, Saadat P, Mor E, Tourgeman DE, Slater CC, Francis MM, Jain JK. Pregnancy in the sixth decade of life: obstetric outcomes in women of advanced reproductive age. JAMA. 2002 Nov 13;288(18):2320-3. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.18.2320. PMID: 12425710.

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Electronic address: asrm@asrm.org; Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Testing and interpreting measures of ovarian reserve: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2020 Dec;114(6):1151-1157. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.09.134. PMID: 33280722.

Schuh-Huerta SM, Johnson NA, Rosen MP, Sternfeld B, Cedars MI, Reijo Pera RA. Genetic markers of ovarian follicle number and menopause in women of multiple ethnicities. Hum Genet. 2012 Nov;131(11):1709-24. doi: 10.1007/s00439-012-1184-0. Epub 2012 Jun 13. PMID: 22696150; PMCID: PMC3470691

Steiner AZ, Paulson RJ. Motherhood after age 50: an evaluation of parenting stress and physical functioning. Fertil Steril. 2007 Jun;87(6):1327-32. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.074. Epub 2007 Feb 8. PMID: 17292363.

Ubaldi FM, Cimadomo D, Capalbo A, Vaiarelli A, Buﬀo L, Trabucco E, Ferrero S, Albani E, Rienzi L, Levi Setti PE. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy testing in women older than 44 years: a multicenter experience. Fertil Steril. 2017 May;107(5):1173-1180. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.03.007. Epub 2017 Apr 19. PMID: 28433373.

Yeh JS, Steward RG, Dude AM, Shah AA, Goldfarb JM, Muasher SJ. Pregnancy outcomes decline in recipients over age 44: an analysis of 27,959 fresh donor oocyte in vitro fertilization cycles from the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. Fertil Steril. 2014 May;101(5):1331-6. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.01.056. Epub 2014 Mar 11. PMID: 24626061

Strategies

for Treating Diminished Ovarian Reserve

Ata B, Capuzzo M, Turkgeldi E,Yildiz S, La Marca A. Progestins for pituitary suppression during ovarian stimulation for ART: a comprehensive and systematic review including meta-analyses. Hum Reprod Update. 2021 Jan 4;27(1):48-66. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmaa040. PMID: 33016316.

Bastu E, Buyru F, Ozsurmeli M, Demiral I, Dogan M,Yeh J. A randomized, single-blind, prospective trial comparing three diﬀerent gonadotropin doses with or without addition of letrozole during ovulation stimulation in patients with poor ovarian response. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016 Aug;203:30-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.05.027. Epub 2016 May 24. PMID: 27236602.

Datta AK, Maheshwari A, Felix N, Campbell S, Nargund G. Mild versus conventional ovarian stimulation for IVF in poor, normal and hyper-responders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2021 Feb 19;27(2):229-253. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmaa035. PMID: 33146690; PMCID: PMC7902993.

Dragisic KG, Davis OK, Fasouliotis SJ, Rosenwaks Z. Use of a luteal estradiol patch and a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist suppression protocol before gonadotropin stimulation for in vitro fertilization in poor responders. Fertil Steril. 2005 Oct;84(4):1023-6. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.04.031. PMID: 16213865.

Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Electronic address: asrm@asrm.org. Fertility treatment when the prognosis is very poor or futile: an Ethics Committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2024 Dec;122(6):1002-1007. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2024.09.034. Epub 2024 Oct 19. PMID: 39425708.

Fanchin R, Castelo Branco A, Kadoch IJ, Hosny G, Bagirova M, Frydman R. Premenstrual administration of gonadotropinreleasing hormone antagonist coordinates early antral follicle sizes and sets up the basis for an innovative concept of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. Fertil Steril. 2004 Jun;81(6):1554-9. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.11.037. PMID: 15193476.

Ferraretti AP, La Marca A, Fauser BC, Tarlatzis B, Nargund G, Gianaroli L; ESHRE working group on Poor Ovarian Response Deﬁnition. ESHRE consensus on the deﬁnition of 'poor response' to ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization: the Bologna criteria. Hum Reprod. 2011 Jul;26(7):1616-24. doi: 10.1093/humrep/der092. Epub 2011 Apr 19. PMID: 21505041.

Ghofranian A, Baird M, Reckhow J, Namath A, Eubanks A, Rambhatla A, Lee JA, Romanski PA, Copperman AB, Flisser ED, Flannagan KS. Mature oocyte yield in patients with diminished ovarian reserve treated with luteal estradiol priming with or without GnRH antagonist. Minerva Obstet Gynecol. 2026 Apr 16. doi: 10.23736/S2724-606X.26.05836-7. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 41992878.

Hill MJ, McWilliams GD, Miller KA, Scott RT Jr, Frattarelli JL. A luteal estradiol protocol for anticipated poor-responder patients may improve delivery rates. Fertil Steril. 2009 Mar;91(3):739-43. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.073. Epub 2008 Mar 7. PMID: 18314123.

Kaser DJ, Goldman MB, Fung JL, Alper MM, Reindollar RH. When is clomiphene or gonadotropin intrauterine insemination futile? Results of the Fast Track and Standard Treatment Trial and the Forty and Over Treatment Trial, two prospective randomized controlled trials. Fertil Steril. 2014 Nov;102(5):1331-1337.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.1239. Epub 2014 Sep 16. PMID: 25226857; PMCID: PMC4252804.

Pandian Z, McTavish AR, Aucott L, Hamilton MP, Bhattacharya S. Interventions for 'poor responders' to controlled ovarian hyper stimulation (COH) in in-vitro fertilisation (IVF). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;2010(1):CD004379. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004379.pub3. PMID: 20091563; PMCID: PMC13243861.

Poseidon Group (Patient-Oriented Strategies Encompassing IndividualizeD Oocyte Number); Alviggi C, Andersen CY, Buehler K, Conforti A, De Placido G, Esteves SC, Fischer R, Galliano D, Polyzos NP, Sunkara SK, Ubaldi FM, Humaidan P. A new more detailed stratiﬁcation of low responders to ovarian stimulation: from a poor ovarian response to a low prognosis concept. Fertil Steril. 2016 Jun;105(6):1452-3. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.02.005. Epub 2016 Feb 26. PMID: 26921622

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Electronic address: ASRM@asrm.org. Comparison of pregnancy rates for poor responders using IVF with mild ovarian stimulation versus conventional IVF: a guideline. Fertil Steril. 2018 Jun;109(6):993-999. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.03.019. PMID: 29935660.

Reichman DE, Zakarin L, Chao K, Meyer L, Davis OK, Rosenwaks Z. Diminished ovarian reserve is the predominant risk factor for gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist failure resulting in breakthrough luteinizing hormone surges in in vitro fertilization cycles. Fertil Steril. 2014 Jul;102(1):99-102. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.04.010. Epub 2014 May 29. PMID: 24882557.

Reichman DE, Gunnala V, Meyer L, Spandorfer S, Schattman G, Davis OK, Rosenwaks Z. In vitro fertilization versus conversion to intrauterine insemination in the setting of three or fewer follicles: how should patients proceed when follicular response falls short of expectation? Fertil Steril. 2013 Jul;100(1):94-9. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.02.049. Epub 2013 Apr 20. PMID: 23615126.

Revelli A, Chiadò A, Dalmasso P, Stabile V, Evangelista F, Basso G, Benedetto C. "Mild" vs. "long" protocol for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in patients with expected poor ovarian responsiveness undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF): a large prospective randomized trial. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2014 Jul;31(7):809-15. doi: 10.1007/s10815-014-0227-y. Epub 2014 Apr 4. PMID: 24700398; PMCID: PMC4096882.

Romanski PA, Bortoletto P, Rosenwaks Z, Schattman GL. Delay in IVF treatment up to 180 days does not aﬀect pregnancy outcomes in women with diminished ovarian reserve. Hum Reprod. 2020 Jul 1;35(7):1630-1636. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deaa137. PMID: 32544225; PMCID: PMC7337822.

Scott RT, Navot D. Enhancement of ovarian responsiveness with microdoses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist during ovulation induction for in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 1994 May;61(5):880-5. doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)56700-4. PMID: 8174725.

Steiner AZ, Pritchard D, Stanczyk FZ, Kesner JS, Meadows JW, Herring AH, Baird DD. Association Between Biomarkers of Ovarian Reserve and Infertility Among Older Women of Reproductive Age. JAMA. 2017 Oct 10;318(14):1367-1376. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.14588. PMID: 29049585; PMCID: PMC5744252.

Endometrial Receptivity Assessment: Evidence and Enigma

Bergin K, ElinerY, Duvall Jr DW, Roger S, Elguero S, Penzias AS, Sakkas D, Vaughan DA. The use of propensity score matching to assess the beneﬁt of the endometrial receptivity analysis in frozen embryo transfers. Fertility and Sterility. 2021 Aug 1;116(2):396-403.

Coutifaris, Christos, et al. "Histological dating of timed endometrial biopsy tissue is not related to fertility status." Fertility and sterility 82.5 (2004): 1264-1272.

Díaz-Gimeno P, Horcajadas JA, Martínez-Conejero JA, Esteban FJ, Alamá P, Pellicer A, Simón C. A genomic diagnostic tool for human endometrial receptivity based on the transcriptomic signature. Fertility and sterility. 2011 Jan 1;95(1):50-60.

Doyle N, Jahandideh S, Hill MJ, Widra EA, Levy M, Devine K. Eﬀect of Timing by Endometrial Receptivity Testing vs Standard Timing of Frozen Embryo Transfer on Live Birth in Patients Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2022 Dec 6;328(21):2117-25.

Edwards RG. Human implantation: the last barrier in assisted reproduction technologies?. Reproductive biomedicine online. 2006 Jan 1;13(6):887-904.

Filicori M, Butler JP, Crowley WF. Neuroendocrine regulation of the corpus luteum in the human. Evidence for pulsatile progesterone secretion. The Journal of clinical investigation. 1984 Jun 1;73(6):1638-47.

Gingold JA, Lee JA, Rodriguez-Purata J, Whitehouse MC, Sandler B, Grunfeld L, Mukherjee T, Copperman AB. Endometrial pattern, but not endometrial thickness, aﬀects implantation rates in euploid embryo transfers. Fertility and sterility. 2015 Sep 1;104(3):620-8.

Hoﬀ JD, Quigley ME,Yen SS. Hormonal dynamics at midcycle: a reevaluation. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1983 Oct 1;57(4):792-6.

Kolb BA, Paulson RJ. The luteal phase of cycles utilizing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and the possible impact of this hyperstimulation on embryo implantation. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1997 Jun 1;176(6):1262-9.

Lessey BA,Young SL. What exactly is endometrial receptivity?. Fertility and sterility. 2019 Apr 1;111(4):611-7.

Lessey BA. Assessment of endometrial receptivity. Fertility and sterility. 2011 Sep 1;96(3):522-9.

Noyes RW, Hertig AT, Rock J. Dating the endometrial biopsy. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 1950 Aug 1;5(4):561-4.

Paulson RJ. Hormonal induction of endometrial receptivity. Fertility and sterility. 2011 Sep 1;96(3):530-5.

Quaas AM, Gavrizi SZ, Peck JD, Diamond MP, Legro RS, Robinson RD, Casson P, Christman GM, Zhang H, Hansen KR, Network HD. Endometrial thickness after ovarian stimulation with gonadotropin, clomiphene, or letrozole for unexplained infertility, and association with treatment outcomes. Fertility and sterility. 2021 Jan 1;115(1):213-20.

Quaas AM, Paulson RJ. Is the endometrial receptivity analysis batting high enough to warrant widespread—or at least selective—use?. Fertility and Sterility. 2021 Aug 1;116(2):341-2.

Simón C, Gómez C, Cabanillas S, Vladimirov I, Castillón G, Giles J, Boynukalin K, Findikli N, Bahçeci M, Ortega I, Vidal C. A 5-year multicentre randomized controlled trial comparing personalized, frozen and fresh blastocyst transfer in IVF. Reproductive BioMedicine Online. 2020 Sep 1;41(3):402-15.

Weiss NS, Van Vliet MN, Limpens J, Hompes PG, Lambalk CB, Mochtar MH, Van Der Veen F, Mol BW, Van Wely M. Endometrial thickness in women undergoing IUI with ovarian stimulation. How thick is too thin? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction. 2017 May 1;32(5):1009-18.

Emerging AI-Enabled Technologies for Infertility

Clinical results of IVF trials: https://www.cell.com/cell-stehttps://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/fulltext/S1934-5909(25)004540m-cell/fulltext/S1934-5909(25)00454-0

Multi-objective peptide design (PepTune): https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.17780

CRISPR-mediated editing of human embryos to study embryogenesis: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10792-1

Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Polycystic ovary syndrome. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 194. Obstet Gynecol 2018;131:e157-71.

American Diabetes Association. Management of diabetes in pregnancy: standards of care in diabetes—2025. Diabetes Care 2025;48(Suppl 1).

Legro RS, Arslanian SA, Ehrmann DA, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of PCOS: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:4565-92.

Legro RS, Brzyski RG, Diamond MP, et al. Letrozole versus clomiphene for infertility in PCOS. N Engl J Med 2014;371:119-29.

Practice Committee of the ASRM. Obesity and reproduction: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2021;116:1266-85.

Teede HJ, Bahri Khomami M, Morman R, et al. Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome, the new name for PCOS: a multistep global consensus process. Lancet 2026 (online May 12).

Teede HJ, Tay CT, Laven JJE, et al. Recommendations from the 2023 international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of PCOS. Fertil Steril 2023;120:767-93.

Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

Coomarasamy A, Devall AJ, Cheed V, Harb H, Middleton LJ, Gallos ID, Williams H, Eapen AK, Roberts T, Ogwulu CC, Goranitis I, Daniels JP, Ahmed A, Bender-Atik R, Bhatia K, Bottomley C, Brewin J, Choudhary M, Crosﬁll F, Deb S, Duncan WC, Ewer A, Hinshaw K, Holland T, Izzat F, Johns J, Kriedt K, Lumsden MA, Manda P, Norman JE, Nunes N, Overton CE, Quenby S, Rao S, Ross J, Shahid A, Underwood M, Vaithilingam N, Watkins L, Wykes C, Horne A, Jurkovic D. A Randomized Trial of Progesterone in Women with Bleeding in Early Pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2019 May 9;380(19):1815-1824. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1813730. PMID: 31067371.

Coomarasamy A, Williams H, Truchanowicz E, Seed PT, Small R, Quenby S, Gupta P, Dawood F, KootYE, Bender Atik R, Bloemenkamp KW, Brady R, Briley AL, Cavallaro R, CheongYC, Chu JJ, Eapen A, Ewies A, Hoek A, Kaaijk EM, Koks CA, Li TC, MacLean M, Mol BW, Moore J, Ross JA, Sharpe L, Stewart J, Vaithilingam N, Farquharson RG, Kilby MD, KhalafY, Goddijn M, Regan L, Rai R. A Randomized Trial of Progesterone in Women with Recurrent Miscarriages. N Engl J Med. 2015 Nov 26;373(22):2141-8. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1504927. PMID: 26605928.

Murugappan G, Shahine LK, Perfetto CO, Hickok LR, Lathi RB. Intent to treat analysis of in vitro fertilization and preimplantation genetic screening versus expectant management in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss. Hum Reprod. 2016 Aug;31(8):1668-74. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dew135. Epub 2016 Jun 7. PMID: 27278003.

Popescu F, Jaslow CR, Kutteh WH. Recurrent pregnancy loss evaluation combined with 24-chromosome microarray of miscarriage tissue provides a probable or deﬁnite cause of pregnancy loss in over 90% of patients. Hum Reprod. 2018 Apr 1;33(4):579-587. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dey021. PMID: 29538673.

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Electronic address: asrm@asrm.org; Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Recurrent pregnancy loss: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2026 Jun;125(6):1023-1041. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.03.001. Epub 2026 Apr 29. PMID: 42062119.

The ESHRE Guideline Group on RPL, Ruth Bender Atik, Ole Bjarne Christiansen, Janine Elson, Astrid Marie Kolte, Sheena Lewis, Saskia Middeldorp, Saria Mcheik, Braulio Peramo, Siobhan Quenby, Henriette Svarre Nielsen, Marie-Louise van der Hoorn, Nathalie Vermeulen, Mariëtte Goddijn, ESHRE guideline: recurrent pregnancy loss: an update in 2022, Human Reproduction Open, Volume 2023, Issue 1, 2023.

Wong LF, Porter TF, Scott JR. Immunotherapy for recurrent miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Oct 21;2014(10):CD000112. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000112.pub3. PMID: 25331518; PMCID: PMC7051032.

Best Practices for Recurrent Implantation Failure

Ata B, Kalafat E, Somigliana E. A new deﬁnition of recurrent implantation failure on the basis of anticipated blastocyst aneuploidy rates across female age. Fertil Steril. 2021 Nov;116(5):1320-1327. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.06.045. Epub 2021 Jul 28. PMID: 34332750.

Ata B, Liñán A, Kalafat E, Ruíz F, Melado L, Bayram A, Elkhatib I, Lawrenz B, Fatemi HM. Eﬀect of the endometrial thickness on the live birth rate: insights from 959 single euploid frozen embryo transfers without a cutoﬀ for thickness. Fertil Steril. 2023 Jul;120(1):91-98. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.02.035. Epub 2023 Mar 2. PMID: 36870593.

Busnelli A, Somigliana E, Cirillo F, Baggiani A, Levi-Setti PE. Eﬃcacy of therapies and interventions for repeated embryo implantation failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021 Jan 18;11(1):1747. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81439-6. PMID: 33462292; PMCID: PMC7814130.

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ESHRE Working Group on Recurrent Implantation Failure; Cimadomo D, de Los Santos MJ, Griesinger G, Lainas G, Le Clef N, McLernon DJ, Montjean D, Toth B, Vermeulen N, Macklon N. ESHRE good practice recommendations on recurrent implantation failure. Hum Reprod Open. 2023 Jun 15;2023(3):hoad023. doi: 10.1093/hropen/hoad023. PMID: 37332387; PMCID: PMC10270320.

Gill P, Ata B, Arnanz A, Cimadomo D, Vaiarelli A, Fatemi HM, Ubaldi FM, Garcia-Velasco JA, Seli E. Does recurrent implantation failure exist? Prevalence and outcomes of ﬁve consecutive euploid blastocyst transfers in 123 987 patients. Hum Reprod. 2024 May 2;39(5):974-980. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deae040. PMID: 38452358.

Jeong HG, Cho S, Ryu KJ, Kim T, Park H. Eﬀect of weight loss before in vitro fertilization in women with obesity or overweight and infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2024 Mar 14;14(1):6153. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-56818-4. PMID: 38486057; PMCID: PMC10940611.

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Kitaya K, Matsubayashi H, TakayaY, Nishiyama R,Yamaguchi K, Takeuchi T, Ishikawa T. Live birth rate following oral antibiotic treatment for chronic endometritis in infertile women with repeated implantation failure. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2017 Nov;78(5). doi: 10.1111/aji.12719. Epub 2017 Jun 13. PMID: 28608596.

Lashley LE, van der Westerlaken LA, Haasnoot GW, Drabbels JJ, Spruyt-Gerritse MJ, Scherjon SA, Claas FH. Maternal HLA-C2 and 14 bp insertion in HLA-G is associated with recurrent implantation failure after in vitro fertilization treatment. Tissue Antigens. 2014 Dec;84(6):536-44. doi: 10.1111/tan.12452. Epub 2014 Nov 4. PMID: 25367742.

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Liao Z, Liu C, Cai L, Shen L, Sui C, Zhang H, Qian K. The Eﬀect of Endometrial Thickness on Pregnancy, Maternal, and Perinatal Outcomes of Women in Fresh Cycles After IVF/ICSI: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022 Feb 11;12:814648. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.814648. PMID: 35222264; PMCID: PMC8874279.

Liu Z, Liu X, Wang M, Zhao H, He S, Lai S, Qu Q, Wang X, Zhao D, Bao H. The Clinical Eﬃcacy of Personalized Embryo Transfer Guided by the Endometrial Receptivity Array/Analysis on IVF/ICSI Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol. 2022 Apr 27;13:841437. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.841437. PMID: 35574479; PMCID: PMC9092494.

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Pirtea P, De Ziegler D, Tao X, Sun L, ZhanY, Ayoubi JM, Seli E, Franasiak JM, Scott RT Jr. Rate of true recurrent implantation failure is low: results of three successive frozen euploid single embryo transfers. Fertil Steril. 2021 Jan;115(1):45-53. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.07.002. Epub 2020 Oct 16. PMID: 33077239.

Podolak A, Woclawek-Potocka I, Lukaszuk K. The Role of Mitochondria in Human Fertility and Early Embryo Development: What Can We Learn for Clinical Application of Assessing and Improving Mitochondrial DNA? Cells. 2022 Feb 24;11(5):797. doi: 10.3390/cells11050797. PMID: 35269419; PMCID: PMC8909547.

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Rimmer MP, Black N, Keay S, Quenby S, Al Wattar BH. Intralipid infusion at time of embryo transfer in women with history of recurrent implantation failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2021 Jun;47(6):2149-2156. doi: 10.1111/jog.14763. Epub 2021 Mar 23. PMID: 33754451.

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Tiegs AW, Tao X, ZhanY, Whitehead C, Kim J, Hanson B, Osman E, Kim TJ, Patounakis G, Gutmann J, Castelbaum A, Seli E, Jalas C, Scott RT Jr. A multicenter, prospective, blinded, nonselection study evaluating the predictive value of an aneuploid diagnosis

using a targeted next-generation sequencing-based preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy assay and impact of biopsy. Fertil Steril. 2021 Mar;115(3):627-637. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.07.052. Epub 2020 Aug 28. PMID: 32863013.

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Future on Ice: The Ethics and Medicine of Oocyte Cryopreservation

Birenbaum-Carmeli D, Inhorn MC, Patrizio P. Transgender men's fertility preservation: experiences, social support, and the quest for genetic parenthood. Cult Health Sex. 2021 Jul;23(7):945-960. doi: 10.1080/13691058.2020.1743881. Epub 2020 Jun 2. PMID: 32484394.

Cobo A, Giles J, Paolelli S, Pellicer A, Remohí J, García-Velasco JA. Oocyte vitriﬁcation for fertility preservation in women with endometriosis: an observational study. Fertil Steril 2020;113:836e44.

Dolmans MM, Donnez J. Fertility preservation in women for medical and social reasons: Oocytes vs ovarian tissue. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2021 Jan;70:63-80. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.06.011. Epub 2020 Jul 21. PMID: 32800711.

Errázuriz J, Filselcker I, Alwane E, Silva M, Diaz Reiher E, Sanhueza P, Gonzalez P, Donoso P. An exploratory study of motivations for elective oocyte cryopreservation. Medwave. 2023 Jun 14;23(5):e268. English, Spanish. doi: 10.5867/medwave.2023.05.2685. PMID: 37315306.

Goldman RH, Racowsky C, Farland LV, Munné S, Ribustello L, Fox JH. Predicting the likelihood of live birth for elective oocyte cryopreservation: a counseling tool for physicians and patients. Hum Reprod. 2017;32:853-859.

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Electronic address: asrm@asrm.org. Evidence-based outcomes after oocyte cryopreservation for donor oocyte in vitro fertilization and planned oocyte cryopreservation: a guideline. Fertil Steril. 2021 Jul;116(1):36-47. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.02.024. PMID: 34148587. Evidence-based outcomes after oocyte cryopreservation for donor oocyte in vitro fertilization and planned oocyte cryopreservation: a guideline. Fertil Steril. 2021 Jul;116(1):36-47. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.02.024. PMID: 34148587.

Rodgers RJ, Reid GD, Koch J, Deans R, Ledger WL, Friedlander M, Gilchrist RB, Walters KA, Abbott JA. The safety and eﬃcacy of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for fertility preservation in women with early breast cancer: a systematic review. Hum Reprod. 2017 May 1;32(5):1033-1045. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dex027. PMID: 28333356.

Varlas VN, Bors RG, Albu D, Penes ON, Nasui BA, Mehedintu C, Pop AL. Social Freezing: Pressing Pause on Fertility. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jul 30;18(15):8088. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18158088. PMID: 34360381; PMCID: PMC8345795.

Volodarsky-Perel A, CohenY, Arab S, Son WY, Suarthana E, Dahan MH, Tulandi T, Buckett W. Eﬀects of cancer stage and grade on fertility preservation outcome and ovarian stimulation response. Hum Reprod. 2019 Mar 1;34(3):530-538. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dey382. PMID: 30689898.

YuY, Zhai XM. Oocyte cryopreservation for non-medical reasons: Ethical and regulatory concerns in China. Dev World Bioeth. 2024 Sep;24(3):198-206. doi: 10.1111/dewb.12418. Epub 2023 Aug 9. PMID: 37555748.

How AI is Revolutionizing Medicine

Illustrated Transformer: https://jalammar.github.io/illustrated-transformer/ Med-Gemini: https://research.google/blog/advancing-medical-ai-with-med-gemini/ Agentic AI in healthcare: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-026-02517-5

AI for reproductive medicine: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666389925001953

Male Factor & Advanced Paternal Age

Agarwal A, Majzoub A, Baskaran S, et al. Sperm DNA Fragmentation: A New Guideline for Clinicians. World J Mens Health. 2020;38(4):412–471. doi:10.5534/wjmh.200128

Murugesu S, Kasaven LS, Petrie A, et al. Does advanced paternal age aﬀect outcomes following assisted reproductive technology? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Biomed Online. 2022;45(2):283–331. doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.03.031

Updates on Frozen Embryo Transfer

Bortoletto P, Prabhu M, Baker VL. Association between programmed frozen embryo transfer and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Fertil Steril. 2022 Nov;118(5):839-848. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.07.025. Epub 2022 Sep 25. PMID: 36171152.

Chen ZJ, ShiY, SunY, Zhang B, Liang X, CaoY,Yang J, Liu J, Wei D, Weng N, Tian L, Hao C,Yang D, Zhou F, Shi J, XuY, Li J,Yan J, QinY, Zhao H, Zhang H, Legro RS. Fresh versus Frozen Embryos for Infertility in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2016 Aug 11;375(6):523-33. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1513873. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2016 Nov 17;375(20):2010. doi: 10.1056/NEJMx160029. PMID: 27509101.

Devine K, Richter KS, Jahandideh S, Widra EA, McKeeby JL. Intramuscular progesterone optimizes live birth from programmed frozen embryo transfer: a randomized clinical trial. Fertil Steril. 2021 Sep;116(3):633-643. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.04.013. Epub 2021 May 13. PMID: 33992421.

Eblen A, Bedient C, Hudson S. The IVF Blueprint. Chapter 9 – EmbryoTransfers: A Fresh Start or an Ice Cold Surprise, and Chapter 13 – It’s Cold In Here: Getting Ready for Frozen EmbryoTransfer. Little Brown Spark. 2025.

Lensen S, Lantsberg D, Gardner DK, Sophian AD, Wandaﬁana N, Kamath MS. The role of timing in frozen embryo transfer. Fertil Steril. 2022 Nov;118(5):832-838. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.08.009. Epub 2022 Sep 21. PMID: 36150920.

Imaging and Diagnostic Procedures in ART Practice

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Chapron C, Vannuccini S, Santulli P, Abrão MS, Carmona F, Fraser IS, Gordts S, Guo SW, Just PA, Noël JC, Pistoﬁdis G. Diagnosing adenomyosis: an integrated clinical and imaging approach. Human reproduction update. 2020 Apr 15;26(3):392411.

Chin LH, LiYL, Lee KH. Venetian blind shadowing on ultrasound. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2019 Feb 1;44(02):796-7 Doubilet PM, Benson CB, Bourne T, Blaivas M. Diagnostic criteria for nonviable pregnancy early in the ﬁrst trimester. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013 Oct 10;369(15):1443-51.

Kasius A, Smit JG, Torrance HL, Eijkemans MJ, Mol BW, Opmeer BC, Broekmans FJ. Endometrial thickness and pregnancy rates after IVF: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human reproduction update. 2014 Jul 1;20(4):530-41. Munro, Malcolm G. "Uterine polyps, adenomyosis, leiomyomas, and endometrial receptivity." Fertility and sterility 111.4 (2019): 629-640.

Role of Minimally Invasive Surgery for Infertility

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Egg Banking: Latest Innovations & Role in Future of Fertility Care

ASRM Ethics Committee. Financial compensation of oocyte donors: an Ethics Committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2021;116:319–325.

ASRM Practice Committee. A review of best practices of rapid-cooling vitriﬁcation for oocytes and embryos: a committee opinion. 2021.

ASRM Ethics Committee. Planned oocyte cryopreservation to preserve future reproductive potential: Ethics Committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2024;121:604–612.

Cascante SD et al. Eﬀects of age, mature oocyte number, and cycle number on cumulative live birth after planned OC. 2024.

Chang CC, Shapiro DB, Bernal DP, Wright G, Kort HI, Nagy ZP. Two successful pregnancies obtained following oocyte vitriﬁcation and embryo re-vitriﬁcation. Reprod Biomed Online. 2008;16:346–349.

Ethics and Practice Committees of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Electronic address: asrm@asrm.org. Updated terminology for gamete and embryo donors: directed (identiﬁed) to replace "known" and nonidentiﬁed to replace "anonymous": a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2022 Jul;118(1):75-78. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.02.032. Epub 2022 Apr 17. PMID: 35443924.

Goldman RH et al. Predicting likelihood of live birth for elective oocyte cryopreservation. Hum Reprod. 2017;32:853–859.

Hirsch A et al. Planned oocyte cryopreservation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2024;30:558–571.

Kuleshova L, Gianaroli L, Magli C, Ferraretti AP, Trounson AO. Birth following vitriﬁcation of a small number of human oocytes. Hum Reprod. 1999;14:3077–3079.

Nagy ZP, Chang CC, Shapiro DB, Bernal DP, Elsner CW, Mitchell-Leef D, Toledo AA, Kort HI. Clinical evaluation of an oocyte donation program using egg cryo-banking. Fertil Steril. 2009;92:520–526.

Practice Committees of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine and Society of Reproductive Biologists and Technologists. Electronic address: jgoldstein@asrm.org. A review of best practices of rapid-cooling vitriﬁcation for oocytes and embryos: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2021 Feb;115(2):305-310. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.11.017. Epub 2020 Dec 24. PMID: 33358335.

Practice Committees of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Society for Reproductive Biologists and Technologists, and Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. Electronic address: asrm@asrm.org. Cryostorage of reproductive tissues in the in vitro fertilization laboratory: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2020 Sep;114(3):486-491. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.06.019. Epub 2020 Aug 7. PMID: 32778330.

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine and the Practice Committee for the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. Guidance regarding gamete and embryo donation. Fertil Steril 2021;115:1395–410.

Rall WF, Fahy GM. Ice-free cryopreservation of mouse embryos at −196°C by vitriﬁcation. Nature. 1985;313:573–575.

Rinehart LA. Storage, transport, and disposition of gametes and embryos: legal issues and practical considerations. Fertil Steril. 2021 Feb;115(2):274-281. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.11.025. PMID: 33579521.

Gestational Carriers: FDA Testing, Screening & Coordinating Cycles

ACOG. Committee Opinion Number 660. March 2016. Family Building Through Gestational Surrogacy (https://www.acog.org//media/project/acog/acogorg/clinical/ﬁles/committee-opinion/articles/2016/03/family-building-through-gestationalsurrogacy.pdf). Accessed 6/7/2022.

American Association of Tissue Banks. Guidance Document. Tissue donor physical assessment form [No. 1, version 2, June 27, 2005]. Available at: https://www.aatb.org/sites/default/ﬁles/guidance-docs/AATB-Guidance-Document-No1-v2-06-27-05.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2021.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion no. 691: carrier screening for genetic conditions. Obstet Gynecol 2017; 129:e41–55.

American Psychological Association. APA Guidelines for psychological assessment and evaluation. 2020. Available at: http://www.apa.org/about/policy/guidelines-psychological-assessment-evaluation.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2022

American Society of Reproductive Medicine. Gestational Carrier (Surrogate). (https://www.reproductivefacts.org/news-andpublications/patient-fact-sheets-and-booklets/documents/fact-sheets-and-info-booklets/gestational-carrier-surrogate/) Accessed 6/7/2022.

James JN. Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory. The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, 2010:1–3. Leslie MC. The personality assessment inventory (PAI). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, 2004. NewYork Depart of Health. Gestational Surrogacy Fact Sheet

Patel NH, JadejaYD, Bhadarka HK, Patel MN, Patel NH, Sodagar NR. Insight into Diﬀerent Aspects of Surrogacy Practices (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6262674/). J Hum Reprod Sci. 2018;11(3):212-218. Accessed 6/7/2022.

Perkins KM, Boulet SL, Jamieson DJ, Kissin DM; National Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance System (NASS) Group. Trends and outcomes of gestational surrogacy in the United States (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27087401/). Fertil Steril. 2016 Aug;106(2):435-442.e2. Accessed 6/7/2022.

Practice Committee and the Mental Health Professional Group of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Guidance on qualiﬁcations for fertility counselors: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2021;115:1411–5.

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine and the Practice Committee for the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Guidance on the limits to the number of embryos to transfer: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2021;116:651–4.

Riddle M. Psychological assessment of gestational carrier candidates: current approaches, challenges, and future considerations. Fertil Steril 2020;113:897–902.

US Department of Health and Human Services. Guidance for industry: donor screening recommendations to reduce the risk of transmission of Zika virus by human cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue-based products. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/96528/download. Accessed December 22, 2020.

US Food and Drug Administration. Donor eligibility ﬁnal rule and guidance questions and answers. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/tissue-tissue-products/donor-eligibility-ﬁnal-rule-and-guidance-questions-andanswers. Accessed November 30, 2021.

US Food and Drug Administration. Testing donors of human cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue-based products (HCT/P): speciﬁc requirements. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/safety-availability-biologics/testing-donorshuman-cells-tissues-and-cellular-and-tissue-based-products-hctp-speciﬁc-requirements. Accessed November 30, 2021.

Early Pregnancy Management: Complex Cases

Anderson K, Jimenez P, Omurtag K . (2020). Outcomes of in vitro fertilization pregnancies complicated by subchorionic hematoma detected on ﬁrst-trimester ultrasound. F&S Reports, 2020; 1, 149-153.

Laifer-Narin, et al. (2025) . ACR Appropriateness Criteria ® First Trimester Vaginal Bleeding: 2025 Update. American College of Radiology. 1546-1440/25/. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2025.08.043.

Lin R, DiCenzo N, Rosen (2023). Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy: nuances in diagnosis and treatment. Fertility and Sterility, 2023; 120, 563-572.

Mehta S, Mahay SB, Satapathy A, Arora K. (2024). Decoding the Genetics of Recurrent Molar Pregnancy. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2024 Jan-Mar;17(1):61-64. doi: 10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_121_23. Epub 2024 Mar 28. PMID: 38665615; PMCID: PMC11041314. https://journals.lww.com/jhrs/fulltext/2024/17010/decoding_the_genetics_of_recurrent_molar_pregnancy.9.aspx

Miller R, Gyamﬁ-Bannerman C. (2022). Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #63: Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2022; 227, B9-B20.

National Cancer Institute (2024). Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Treatment (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version. https://www.cancer.gov/types/gestational-trophoblastic/hp/gtd-treatment-pdq. Accessed June 6, 2026

Norowitz and Park (2026). Evaluation and diﬀerential diagnosis of vaginal bleeding before 20 weeks of gestation. UpToDate. Current May 2026, Accessed June 7, 2026. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-and-diﬀerential-diagnosis-ofvaginal-bleeding-before-20-weeks-of-gestation.

Surana, K. (2023). Doctors Warned Her Pregnancy Could Kill Her. Then Tennessee Outlawed Abortion. Propublica. Available at: https://www.propublica.org/article/tennessee-abortion-ban-doctors-ectopic-pregnancy. Accessed June 13, 2026

Yale Medicine (2026). Gestational Trophoblastic Tumors. https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/gestational-trophoblastictumors. Accessed June 7, 2026.

Confronting Compassion Fatigue & Burnout

Alharbi, B. A. A., & McKenna, N. (2025). Mindfulness-based interventions to reduce ICU nurse burnout: A systematic review. BMC Nursing, 24, 927.

American Nurses Foundation & McKinsey & Company. (2023). Understanding and prioritizing nurses’ mental health and wellbeing. [nursingworld.org]

Garnett, A., Hui, L., Oleynikov, C., & Boamah, S. (2023). Compassion fatigue in healthcare providers: A scoping review. BMC Health Services Research, 23, 1336.

Lee, M., & Cha, C. (2023). Interventions to reduce burnout among clinical nurses: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientiﬁc Reports, 13, 10971.

National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN). (2023). Examining the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on burnout and stress among U.S. nurses. [ncsbn.org]

Peters, E. (2018). Compassion fatigue in nursing: A concept analysis. Nursing Forum, 53(4), 466–480. [onlinelibr....wiley.com] Simply Psychology. (2026). Compassion fatigue: Signs, causes, and recovery.

Urteaga, R., & Díaz, A. (2024). Burnout in assisted reproduction professionals: The inﬂuence of workplace stressors. Healthcare, 12(21), 2136.

Young, T., Dickinson, N.,Yau, H. L. O., & Watson, B. (2025). Fertility nurses’ stressors, wellbeing, burnout and work engagement. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing. [ajan.com.au]