Tennessee Turfgrass - August / September 2026 by leadingedgepubs

AUGUST / SEPTEMBER 2026

The Official Publication of the Tennessee Turfgrass Association, the Tennessee Valley Sports Field Management Association and the Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association

Managing Poa annua on Ultradwarf Bermudagrass Greens Plus, Save the Date for the 61st Annual TTA Conference & Trade Show January 4 – 6, 2027

2026 EARLY ORDER PROGRAM THE ADVANTAGE OF A PLAN Your season starts long before the first application. PLAN WITH CONFIDENCE SECURE YOUR SUPPLY STAY AHEAD OF THE SEASON

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The Official Publication of the Tennessee Turfgrass Association, Tennessee Valley Sports Field Management Association and the Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association

TABLE OF CONTENTS AUGUST / SEPTEMBER 2026 U P C O M I N G E V E NT S

8 16

BEACON 26 TTA Annual Conference & Trade Show

COV E R ST OR Y

Managing Poa annua on Ultradwarf Bermudagrass Greens

FEATURE

Keeping the Game Green

DE P A RT M E NT S From the TTA President................................. 6 The Turfgrass Team at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville............ 15 Calendar of Events....................................... 19 Index of Advertisers..................................... 19

Read the Digital Edition of Tennessee Turfgrass: THETURFZONE.COM

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS AUGUST / SEPTEMBER 2026

16 20

DO THE RIGHT THING. At Smith Turf & Irrigation, doing the right thing is more than a slogan – it’s our promise. We believe every decision matters. Every detail counts. Every challenge is an opportunity to do and be better. When you choose STI, you’re deciding on a partner that still values integrity, trust and responsibility and it’s been that way for over 100 years. Do the right thing. Choose a company that does too.

NORTH CAROLINA | SOUTH CAROLINA | VIRGINIA | TENNESSEE | BERMUDA

FROM THE TTA PRESIDENT

Changing Seasons

ne of my favorite parts of working in the turfgrass industry are the ever changing seasons. As the long hot days of summer come to an end I look forward to cooler temperatures and less time spent mowing and watering. The joy and excitement of the first few mowing of the season have long since passed and I am happy to see the end of the mowing season on the horizon. The cooler temperatures will provide us with some much needed change to our daily routine even though we all seem to remain just as busy. Over the past few months our various committees have been working as well to coordinate our 2027 conference and trade show. The educational program has been finalized and we once again have a strong panel of speakers from all across the turfgrass industry. On Monday in our general session we are going to have multiple presentations along with our Stars of the Industry awards lunch. Tuesday there will be congruent sessions for Golf, Sports and Sod in the morning, followed by lunch on the trade show floor that afternoon. Wednesday we will close out the conference with a congruent golf and sports agenda along with multiple workshops covering irrigation, equipment maintenance and sprayer calibration to name a few. I hope everyone can be part of this year’s Conference as your attendance makes a difference. I always look forward to seeing everyone in January and hope you are planning to attend.

The Official Publication of the Tennessee Turfgrass Association, the Tennessee Valley Sports Field Management Association and the Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association

Tennessee Turfgrass is the official publication of The Tennessee Turfgrass Association 400 Franklin Road Franklin, Tennessee 37069 (615) 928-7001 info@ttaonline.org www.ttaonline.org PUBLISHED BY Leading Edge Communications, LLC P.O. Box 246 Brentwood, TN 37024. info@leadingedgecommunications.com EDITOR Dr. James Brosnan TTA OFFICERS President Ryan Blair, CGCS Holston Hills Country Club Vice President Bart Cash Crossroads Sod Farm Secretary / Treasurer Bob McLean Indian Hills Country Club Past President Ryan Storey Line to Line LLC Executive Director Melissa Martin Tennessee Turfgrass Association TTA BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Ryan Blair, CGCS

The Tennessee Turfgrass Association serves its members in the industry through education, promotion and representation. The statements and opinions expressed herein are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the association, its staff, or its board of directors, Tennessee Turfgrass Magazine, or its editors. Likewise, the appearance of advertisers, or Turfgrass Association members, does not constitute an endorsement of the products or services featured in this, past or subsequent issues of this quarterly publication. Copyright © 2026 by the Tennessee Turfgrass Association. Tennessee Turfgrass is published bi-monthly. Subscriptions are complimentary to members of the Tennessee Turfgrass Association. Third-class postage is paid at Jefferson City, MO. Printed in the U.S.A. Reprints and Submissions: Tennessee Turfgrass allows reprinting of material. Permission requests should be directed to the Tennessee Turfgrass Association. We are not responsible for unsolicited freelance manuscripts and photographs. Contact the managing editor for contribution information. Advertising: For display and classified advertising rates and insertions, please contact Leading Edge Communications, LLC, P.O. Box 246, Brentwood, TN 37024.

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS AUGUST / SEPTEMBER 2026

Adam Adkins Jason Bradley Ben Dodd Dan Johnson Cal Hill Jeff Huber Bill Marbet Wells McClure, CGCS William Newsom Kevin Noble Mark Stovall John Wagnon Jeff Wyatt TTA ADVISORY MEMBERS OF THE BOARD Bill Blackburn Dr. Becky Bowling Dr. Jim Brosnan Joe Hill Dr. Brandon Horvath Lynn Ray Jeff Rumph Dr. Tom Samples Dr. Dennis Shepard Dr. John Sorochan Dr. Wes Totten

UPCOMING EVENT

TURFGRASS CAREER EVENT JOIN STUDENTS, EMPLOYERS AND FACULTY FOR TWO DAYS OF LEARNING, NETWORKING AND CAREER-BUILDING OPPORTUNITIES.

OCT 13–14 *NEW* PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND CAREER READINESS WORKSHOPS

JOIN US FOR THE DEBUT OF OUR REVERSE CAREER FAIR. STUDENTS STAY PUT.

NETWORK, SOCIALIZE AND VISIT CAMPUS

TINY.UTK.EDU/BEACON26 8

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS AUGUST / SEPTEMBER 2026 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org

2026

Your partner in maximizing savings.

Eastern TN

Clayton Stovall

Shannon Peterson

678.373.7130

828.243.1568

C O NTAC T : Dr. Becky Bowling rgrubbs5@utk.edu | 972.896.4236

TURFGRASS CAREER EVENT

AGENDA TUESDAY, OCT 13

WEDNESDAY, OCT 14

9:30 – 2:00

8:30 – 9:00 AM

CHECK-IN

BREAKFAST

Open throughout the day in the ANR concourse for check-in prior to event sessions. All attendees must register in advance. We will not be able to accomodate on-site registration.

9:00 – 10:30 AM PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT SESSION II: YOU GOT THE INTERVIEW … NOW WHAT?

10:30 – 12:00 PM

Carol Rau and Bryan Stromme

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT SESSION I: LANDING THE INTERVIEW

Learn how to prepare for interviews, communicate confidently, and make a lasting impression.

Carol Rau and Bryan Stromme

Students Only

Practical strategies for developing a competitive resume, networking effectively, and securing internship and career opportunities

10:30 – 10:45 AM BREAK

Students Only 12:30 – 2:00 PM EMPLOYER SHOWCASE

10:45 – 11:45 AM INDUSTRY EMPLOYER PANEL

Ten top employers showcase career opportunities and what makes their organizations unique.

Hear directly from turf industry leaders as they discuss hiring, career preparation, workplace expectations, and answer student questions.

Students Only; Lunch Included

Students and Panelists Only

2:30 – 4:30 PM BEACON REVERSE CAREER FAIR Meet with employers in a reimagined career event where students remain at designated tables while employers circulate, increasing opportunities for connection.

11:45 AM CLOSING REMARKS & EVENT CONCLUSION

All attendees 4:45 – 6:00 PM NETWORKING RECEPTION Connect with students, employers, faculty, alumni, and industry professionals in a relaxed setting. All attendees

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES & NATURAL RESOURCES BUILDING at The University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2431 Joe Johnson Dr, Knoxville, TN 37996

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS AUGUST / SEPTEMBER 2026 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org

Cause to Cure OARS PS® eliminates the underlying factors that create soil water repellency, restoring a healthy moisture balance. Excalibur® delivers rapid infiltra�on, consistent rehydra�on, and las�ng hydra�on to keep turf strong, resilient, and thriving.

Combines surfactant performance with patented organic acids to create op�mal rootzone condi�ons for healthy turf growth. Eliminates humic coa�ngs that restrict water movement, allowing roots to thrive in a consistent moisture environment. Restores uniform soil hydra�on, reducing turf stress and promo�ng steady plant development. Improves nutrient and water uptake efficiency, strengthening turf resilience to stress. Creates a healthier rootzone environment that supports stronger, more resilient turf year-round.

Provides rapid and uniform water movement to keep roots well-hydrated for op�mal growth. Enhances rehydra�on efficiency, helping turf recover quickly from dry or stressed condi�ons. Maintains a balanced moisture profile, reducing plant stress and improving overall turf vigor. Supports stronger root systems by ensuring consistent access to water and nutrients. Effec�ve year-round, delivering con�nuous plant health benefits.

C O NTAC T : Dr. Becky Bowling rgrubbs5@utk.edu | 972.896.4236

TURFGRASS CAREER EVENT

PRICING All sponsorships include a dedicated networking table throughout BEACON.

I. STUDENTS FREE (MUST PRE-REGISTER) Includes access to all applicable sessions and events. Students must pre-register for individual sessions for attendance and meal planning.

III. VIP EMPLOYER SOLD OUT $295 EARLY BIRD (through September 18) $350 STANDARD REGISTRATION (after September 18)

II. Standard Employer

Available on a first-come, first-served basis to the first 10 employers who pre-register and pre-pay.

$195 EARLY BIRD (through September 18)

Limit 1 showcase presentation per facility/company

$250 STANDARD REGISTRATION (after September 18) Registration fee is per representative each attendee must register separately. INCLUDES: • BEACON Reverse Career Fair

INCLUDES EVERYTHING IN STANDARD REGISTRATION, PLUS: • Five-minute employer showcase presentation • Employer Showcase Luncheon (lunch included) • Priority introduction to students immediately before the Career Event

• Networking Reception • Student Profiles More info on the employer showcase:

Prior to the BEACON Reverse Career Event, 10 employers will each have five minutes to introduce their organization, facility, career opportunities, and workplace culture directly to students. Presentations may be as formal or informal as you prefer, with a projector and screen available for slides or video, or simply a brief introduction. We hope this added visibility will help employers establish early connections with students and strengthen networking opportunities throughout the Career Event and the closing reception.

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS AUGUST / SEPTEMBER 2026 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org

From tank to target, we help you maximize the efficacy of water, improving results and allowing precise control of water and other input applications.

Our cutting-edge surfactants and other specialty technologies maximize the use of water and inputs in the professional turfgrass and horticultural markets. Chris Vincent, CGCS

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TALL FESCUE

C O NTAC T : Dr. Becky Bowling rgrubbs5@utk.edu | 972.896.4236

TURFGRASS CAREER EVENT

SPONSORSHIP OPPORTUNITIES All sponsorships include a dedicated networking table throughout BEACON.

I. PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT SESSION SPONSOR

III. Networking Reception Sponsor

$2,500 (2 AVAILABLE)

$1,000 (4 AVAILABLE)

Support one of BEACON’s featured professional development sessions.

Help provide refreshments for the BEACON Networking Reception.

INCLUDES:

• Exclusive sponsorship of one session

• Recognition as a Networking Reception Sponsor

• Session naming recognition (e.g., “ABC Company’s Professional Development Session”)

• Sponsor signage displayed throughout the reception

• 5-minute welcome and company introduction • Logo recognition on session materials, signage, and registration website

• Recognition during reception announcements • Recognition on the registration website and event signage

AVAILABLE SESSIONS • Professional Development Session I: Landing the Interview • Professional Development Session II: You Got the Interview...Now What? II. D IGITAL BUSINESS CARD SPONSOR SOLD. THANK YOU TO SITEONE ! $1,500 (1 AVAILABLE) Sponsor personalized digital business cards for every student attendee.

INCLUDES: • Company logo featured alongside the BEACON logo on each student’s digital business card • Recognition on the registration website, event signage, and promotional materials • Recognition during opening remarks

TINY.UTK.EDU/ BEACON26

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS AUGUST / SEPTEMBER 2026 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org

THE TURFGRASS TEAM AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE, KNOXVILLE José Javier Vargas Almodóvar Research Associate II Turf & Ornamental Weed Science The University of Tennessee 2431 Joe Johnson Drive 252 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. Knoxville, TN 37996 (865) 974-7379 jvargas@utk.edu tnturfgrassweeds.org X: @UTweedwhisperer

Jim Brosnan, Ph.D. Professor, The University of Tennessee Director – UT Weed Diagnostics Center 112 Plant Biotechnology Bldg. 2505 EJ Chapman Drive. Knoxville, TN 37996 Office: (865) 974-8603 tnturfgrassweeds.org weeddiagnostics.org mobileweedmanual.com X: @ UTturfweeds

Midhula Gireesh, Ph.D. Assistant Professor and Extension Specialist Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology The University of Tennessee UT Soil, Plant and Pest Center 5201 Marchant Drive Nashville, TN 37211 mgireesh@utk.edu (615) 835-4571

Becky Bowling, Ph.D. Assistant Professor and Turfgrass Extension Specialist The University of Tennessee 112 Plant Biotechnology Bldg. 2505 E.J. Chapman Dr. Knoxville, TN 37919 (865) 974-2595 Rgrubbs5@utk.edu X: @TNTurfWoman

John Stier, Ph.D. Associate Dean The University of Tennessee 2621 Morgan Circle 126 Morgan Hall Knoxville, TN 37996-4561 (865) 974-7493 jstier1@utk.edu turf.utk.edu X: @ Drjohnstier

Greg Breeden Extension Specialist, The University of Tennessee 2431 Center Drive 252 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. Knoxville, TN 37996-4561 (865) 974-7208 gbreeden@utk.edu tnturfgrassweeds.org X: @gbreeden1

Kyley Dickson, Ph.D. Associate Director, Center for Athletic Field Safety Turfgrass Management & Physiology (865) 974-6730 kdickso1@utk.edu X: @ DicksonTurf

Brandon Horvath, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Turfgrass Science The University of Tennessee 252 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. 2431 Joe Johnson Drive Knoxville, TN 37996 (865) 974-2975 bhorvath@utk.edu turf.utk.edu X: @ UTturfpath

John Sorochan, Ph.D. Professor, Turfgrass Science The University of Tennessee 2431 Joe Johnson Drive 363 Ellington Plant Sci. Bldg. Knoxville, TN 37996-4561 (865) 974-7324 sorochan@utk.edu turf.utk.edu X: @ sorochan

Nar B. Ranabhat, Ph.D. Assistant Professor and Extension Plant Pathologist Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology University of Tennessee UT Soil, Plant and Pest Center 5201 Marchant Drive, Nashville, TN, 37211 (615) 835-4572 nranabhat@utk.edu X: @UTplantPathoDoc

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SAVE THE DATE

6 1 S T A N N U A L T TA CONFERENCE & TRADESHOW Embassy Suites | 1200 Conference Center Blvd | Murfreesboro, TN 37129

JANUARY 4 – 6, 2027

HOTEL RESERVATIONS

Bookmark https://ttaonline.org for details !

• Pesticide Session Registration • Online Vendor Registration • Tradeshow Floorplan

The TTA has reserved a block of room at The Embassy Suites Hotel in Murfreesboro until December 1. After December 1, reservations will be subject to availability and regular rates. The TTA rate is $176. Please call (615) 890-4464 to make your room reservation and reference The Tennessee Turfgrass Association group code TTG. To book your reservation online, click here.

LOCATION

• Conference Schedule • Exhibit / Tradeshow / Sponsorship Information • Awards Luncheon • Hotel Information

You are encouraged to register early.

The Embassy Suites Hotel in Murfreesboro is located at 1200 Conference Center Boulevard, Murfreesboro, TN 37129. From I-24 East or West take exit 76 Medical Center Parkway. Head north on Medical Center Parkway, hotel is located on the right. It is located 29 miles (35 minutes) from the Nashville airport (BNA). You may reach the hotel by calling 615-890-4464.

PESTICIDE POINTS Applications for pesticide points will be submitted to Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia and Mississippi.

Full Conference Registration: $450

GCSAA Continuing Education

One Day Pass for Monday: $375 This does not include the pesticide exam.

This program will be submitted for GCSAA continuing education.

CANCELLATION POLICY

One Day Pass for Tuesday: $375 One Day Pass Wednesday: $100 Since 1965, the Tennessee Turfgrass Association has held strong to its core mission: To promote the turfgrass industry through education, scholarship and research. We invite you to join us at this year’s conference and trade show at the Embassy Suites Hotel in Murfreesboro. This year’s conference features an excellent education program and an expanded tradeshow floor, plus our annual Stars of the Industry awards recognitions! This is a conference you will not want to miss!

All cancellations and substitutions must be received in writing. They may be emailed to info@ttaonline.org. Full refunds will be made if written notice of cancellation is received on or before December 1, 2026. After December 1, 2026, and prior to December 13, 2026 one half of the per person fee will be refunded. No refunds will be made for cancellations received after December 13, 2026. The association has to provide all food guarantees to the hotel on December 13 and is no longer able to lower those numbers. Substitutions are always welcome.

RE G I S T R A T I O N Registration available online by clicking the links. Everyone is encouraged to register early to take advantage of the discounted registration rates.

MORE INFORM ATION For more information, call The Association office at 615-928-7001, email info@ttaonline.org.

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS AUGUST / SEPTEMBER 2026 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org

Don’ t Miss Out ! PROMOTE YOUR BUSINESS IN THE NEXT ISSUE OF

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS

Tennessee Turfgrass allows you to get your message directly in the hands of your customers. The magazine is a key benefit of membership in the Tennessee Turfgrass Association, Tennessee Golf Course Superintendents Association and Tennessee Valley Sports Field Managers Association. Readers can also access the Digital Edition through The Turf Zone website. Archived issues ensure that your advertising will be seen indefinitely, for long-ranging impact. Members include:

Golf Course Superintendents

Landscape Contractors

Commercial Grounds Managers

Sod Producers

Lawn Care Operators

Parks & Recreation Supervisors

Sports Turf Professionals

Equipment Suppliers

sales@leadingedgecommunications.com

TTA I NDUST RY PARTNERS PLATINUM PARTNERS

GOLD PARTNERS

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TENNESSEE TURFGRASS AUGUST / SEPTEMBER 2026 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org

Thank You for Your Support !

UP COM I NG EVENTS

ADVERTISER INDEX Aqua Aid Solutions......................................... 11 www.aquaaid.com

OCTOBER 6, 2026 Turf Tuesdays: A Historic Career in Turfgrass Extension More Information: https://www.tnturfgrassweeds.org/turftuesday (Virtual)

Carolina Green Corp........................................ 27 www.cgcfields.com

Coosa Valley Turf Farms................................. 23 www.coosavalleyturffarms.com

Corbin Turf & Ornamental Supply.................... 9

OCTOBER 13 – 14, 2026

www.corbinturf.com

BEACON 26 (Bridging Education, Careers, and Opportunities in Turfgrass) More Information: https://plantsciences.tennessee.edu/turfgrass-2/events/ https://uthort.tennessee.edu/uthort-pros/ Knoxville, TN

Crossroads Sod Farm...................................... 27 www.csfsod.com

Greene County Fertilizer Co............................ 15 www.greenecountyfert.com

OCTOBER 19, 2026 11:00 AM (CST) 2026 Scott McNeer Scholarship Tournament Jackson Country Club

Harrell’s LLC...........................Inside Front Cover www.harrells.com

Leading Edge Communications....................... 17 www.LeadingEdgeCommunications.com

OCTOBER 22, 2026 West TN Lawn & Landscape Review Contact: Celeste Luckey Scott – cscott52@utk.edu Jackson, TN

McCurdy Sod Farms, LLC................................ 13 www.mccurdysodfarms.com

Poinsett Turfgrass Company........................... 15 www.poinsettturfgrass.com

OCTOBER 26, 2026 – 10:00 AM (EDT) 36th Annual East Tennessee Scholarship & Research Golf Tournament

Regal Chemical Company................. Back Cover www.regalchem.com

Blackthorn Club

Smith Seed Services....................................... 23 www.smithseed.com

NOVEMBER 4 – 5, 2026 Commercial Horticulture Expo Agricenter International Contact: Mr. Joseph Seago – jseago@utk.edu – Shelby County Extension Office: 901-752-1207 7777 Walnut Grove Rd., Memphis, TN 38120

Smith Turf & Irrigation...................................... 5 www.smithturf.com

Sod Solutions.................................................... 3 www.SodSolutionsPro.com

NOVEMBER 09, 2026 – 9:00 AM (CST) TNGCSA Chapter – Middle Tennessee Meeting TN Grasslands Club

Super-Sod......................................................... 7 www.supersod.com

Sur-Line Turf, Inc............................................. 25 www.surlineturf.com

NOVEMBER 16, 2026 – 9:00 AM MTGCSA Scholarship & Research Golf Tournament Jackson’s Old Hickory Country Club

The Aquatrols Company.................................. 13 www.aquatrols.com

The Turf Zone............................................ 27, 29 www.theturfzone.com

JANUARY 4 – 6, 2027 61st Annual TTA Conference & Tradeshow Embassy Suites, Murfreesboro

Tri-Turf Sod Farms................. Inside Back Cover www.triturfsod.com

Turf Mountain Sod, Inc................................... 25 www.turfmountain.com

TTA • TVSFMA • TGCSA

COVER STORY

Managing Poa annua on Ultradwarf Bermudagrass Greens By Chris Neff, Senior Agronomist, East Region and Jim Brosnan, Ph.D., Professor, University of Tennessee

Poa annua is one of the most persistent and disruptive weeds in ultradwarf bermudagrass greens. In this article, we explain why Poa annua thrives, how it impacts putting green playability and performance, and the cultural, chemical and routine maintenance practices that can help keep it under control. Success depends not on a single herbicide, but on an integrated management program that promotes healthy bermudagrass year-round.

Key Takeaways: • Poa annua is problematic in ultradwarf bermudagrass putting greens because the plant characteristics and timing of active growth for the two grasses are so different. • Fully eradicating Poa annua from ultradwarf greens is very challenging, so the goal for most courses is to minimize its presence and impact on playability. • Pre and postemergence herbicides are part of successful control, but resistance is an issue and herbicides alone cannot solve Poa annua problems. • Cultural practices and growing environments that favor dense and healthy ultradwarf greens are a critical part of any Poa annua control strategy.

Poa annua remains one of the most persistent and disruptive weeds in ultradwarf bermudagrass putting greens, particularly throughout the Southeast. From a consulting perspective, it is less a question of whether Poa annua will be an issue and more a matter of how well it is managed within the system. Its biological advantages, rapid germination, prolific seed production and adaptability to low mowing heights make it uniquely suited to exploit weaknesses in bermudagrass stands, especially during seasonal transitions. The primary issue Poa annua presents is inconsistency. Bermudagrass and Poa annua differ significantly in growth habit, color, leaf texture and seasonal performance. These differences manifest most noticeably on the putting surface, where uniformity is paramount. Poa annua tends to produce a lighter green color and a more upright growth habit, creating a mottled appearance

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS AUGUST / SEPTEMBER 2026 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org

Poa annua can be very disruptive to the playability, aesthetics and agronomics of ultradwarf bermudagrass greens.

that is often unacceptable to golfers. The differences in growth habit and timing of optimal growth also lead to bumpy surfaces, especially when Poa annua is growing actively in shoulder seasons while bermudagrass is growing slowly or is fully dormant. Early spring can be especially problematic in the Southeast because conditions are ideal for Poa annua while bermudagrass is often worn down by winter play. Aggressive Poa annua seedhead production, particularly in late winter and spring, adds to the variability in ball roll. Even under intensive management, seedheads can disrupt smoothness and trueness, leading to dissatisfaction among golfers. Beyond aesthetics and playability, Poa annua also introduces agronomic challenges. It is inherently less heat and drought tolerant than bermudagrass. As temperatures rise in late spring and early summer, Poa annua often declines rapidly, often leaving voids in

the putting surface. This decline is typically accelerated by disease pressure during hot, wet and humid conditions, as stressed Poa annua becomes highly susceptible to pathogens. The resulting voids reduce surface uniformity and create opportunities for further weed encroachment. Another agronomic issue is that when Poa annua is actively growing during cooler weather, ultradwarf bermudagrass greens are growing slowly, if at all. Mowing and/or rolling can help minimize the impact of Poa annua plants on ball roll, but these practices can also increase wear on the desired bermudagrass, which can lead to more opportunities for Poa annua to gain ground. As the population of Poa annua in the putting greens increases, these and other agronomic issues become more challenging to manage, so keeping Poa annua under control as much as possible is the primary goal.

TTA • TVSFMA • TGCSA

COVER STORY Fertility Program Achieving this level of surface dominance begins with a carefully balanced fertility program designed to sustain consistent growth without encouraging excessive thatch accumulation or unwanted vertical elongation. Nitrogen applications should be delivered in light, frequent increments to promote steady lateral spread and recovery, rather than flushes of growth that can lead to scalping or increased disease susceptibility. Equally important, potassium should be maintained at adequate levels to enhance plant resilience, particularly in the face of summer stressors such as heat, traffic, and periodic drought. Elevated soil phosphorus levels have been associated with increased Poa annua populations in closely mown turfgrass

environments (Guertal & McElroy, 2018). Excessive phosphorus can provide a competitive advantage to Poa annua, allowing it to establish and persist more readily in putting greens and other intensively managed turf areas. For this reason, phosphorus applications should be guided by soil test results and targeted to maintain levels within agronomically appropriate ranges, thereby promoting the competitiveness of the desired bermudagrass while reducing conditions that may favor Poa annua encroachment. Rutgers University turfgrass research has noted that elevated soil pH can be associated with increased Poa annua pressure in creeping bentgrass, making pH management an important cultural tool in suppression programs (McNally et al., 2024). Maintaining soil pH in a slightly more acidic range can help strengthen bermudagrass competitiveness and reduce Poa annua populations over time.

Even a small amount of Poa annua can disrupt ball roll in ultradwarf greens, especially during times when Poa annua is growing more vigorously than bermudagrass.

TENNESSEE TURFGRASS AUGUST / SEPTEMBER 2026 Email TTA at: info@ttaonline.org

GROWERS OF QUALITY TURF SINCE 1987

Moisture Management Moisture management is equally critical in tipping the competitive balance toward bermudagrass during the summer months. Excessively wet conditions, whether from overwatering, poor drainage or prolonged rainfall, create an environment highly conducive to Poa annua germination, survival, and eventual reestablishment. In contrast, firm, well-drained surfaces inherently favor bermudagrass by promoting deeper rooting, improved oxygen exchange, and greater heat and traffic stress tolerance. Superintendents should target a consistently moderate soil moisture profile, carefully balancing the need to prevent drought-induced stress with the equally important goal of avoiding prolonged saturation. This requires a disciplined, responsive irrigation approach, in which water is applied based on plant demand and environmental conditions rather than on fixed schedules. Allowing the surface to dry down between irrigation events not only enhances firmness and playability but also puts Poa annua at a competitive disadvantage, encouraging bermudagrass to expand laterally and occupy available space. Using portable moisture meters to guide putting green irrigation can significantly improve the precision and effectiveness of this program. By providing real-time, site-specific data, these tools allow superintendents to make informed irrigation decisions that optimize water-use efficiency and maintain optimal rootzone moisture. Improving surface and subsurface drainage is also an effective part of Poa annua control. Areas of putting greens that tend to gather and hold more water are often where a high amount of Poa annua encroachment is observed during cooler and wetter periods, so any projects that can be done to improve drainage will enhance bermudagrass health and limit the amount of moisture available for Poa annua.

COOSA VALLEY TURF FARMS LLC MEMBER OF

TIFWAY 419 FESCUE www.CoosaValleyTurfFarms.com (256) 927-4228 • (256) 927-4758 FAX • cvtf@tds.net 900 County Road 492 • Centre, AL 35960

BLEND

COVER STORY Cultural Practices Cultural practices during the summer should be intentionally structured to enhance the density and vigor of bermudagrass and actively disrupt the life cycle of Poa annua. Topdressing and aeration are fundamental practices for maintaining healthy ultradwarf greens, and they place Poa annua at a relative disadvantage by limiting the amount of moisture that is held in the upper portion of the putting green rootzone. Incorporating vertical mowing and grooming into the program refines surface quality and triggers new shoot growth for improved density and increased surface smoothness. The frequency, intensity and timing of all cultural practices should be carefully managed to maintain bermudagrass vigor and allow adequate recovery time. Excessive stress weakens the competitive advantage of bermudagrass, creating favorable conditions for Poa annua germination, establishment and longterm persistence. Slightly raising the mowing height on ultradwarf putting greens heading into fall can help improve Poa annua control by reducing mechanical stress on the turf. Healthier, less-stressed bermudagrass develops greater density and is better able to compete with Poa annua. The additional leaf tissue will also help maintain bermudagrass density and coverage through the winter, when wear can create voids for Poa annua to occupy going into spring.

Minimizing shade on ultradwarf putting greens is another important “cultural practice” that will help minimize Poa annua issues. Bermudagrass requires high light levels to maintain density and vigor, whereas Poa annua can persist under lower light conditions. Trees or surrounding vegetation that intercept sunlight will weaken bermudagrass and create favorable conditions for Poa annua establishment. Increasing sunlight through selective tree pruning or removal can strengthen bermudagrass competitiveness and should be considered an important component of any long-term Poa annua management program.

Herbicides While routine maintenance practices that support bermudagrass health form the foundation of Poa annua control, a well-structured herbicide program is essential for long-term success. Preemergence herbicides are the cornerstone of this approach. Applications should be timed to coincide with declining soil temperatures in late summer and early fall, typically when temperatures at the 2-inch depth consistently fall below 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Poa annua emergence typically occurs when 24-hour mean soil temperatures are sustained at or below 66 degrees Fahrenheit (Taylor et al., 2021). Application timing is critical: Treatments made too early may break down before peak germination, while those made too late will fail to provide effective control.

Poa annua is often found on areas of ultradwarf greens that collect and hold moisture. Improving surface and subsurface drainage will enhance bermudagrass health and limit Poa annua encroachment.

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Sequential applications will be required to sustain an effective chemical barrier throughout the shoulder seasons when Poa annua can most easily invade ultradwarf putting greens. Once soil temperatures are below 66 degrees Fahrenheit, applications should deliver both pre and postemergence control from varying mode-of-action groups. Advanced management programs frequently incorporate tank-mixing and rotational sequencing of multiple herbicide modes of action across the preemergence and postemergence spectrum. For example, the preemergence herbicide methiozolin (PoaCure) can be alternated with pronamide (Kerb) to balance soil residual activity, while herbicides such as amicarbazone (Xonerate) and flazasulfuron (Katana) can offer postemergence activity. Some turfgrass managers have expressed curiosity about herbicides that may be effective for controlling Poa annua but are not labeled for use on putting greens. In fact, some of these products have been studied for Poa annua control on ultradwarf greens in research settings for this reason. It is important to remember that research putting greens are not subjected to many of the stressors commonly found on golf courses, primarily traffic and shade. Additionally, the herbicide label is the law when it comes to any application. Many courses throughout the Southeast are plagued with herbicide-resistant Poa annua on putting greens, particularly populations that are not controlled with Group 2 herbicides such as foramsulfuron (Revolver). From a resistance management standpoint, rotating herbicides across distinct sites of action is not optional, it is essential. Repeated reliance on a single mode of action, particularly within ALS-inhibiting chemistries, has contributed to documented cases of resistance in Poa annua populations. A diversified, programmatic approach that integrates multiple chemistries not only improves short-term control but also preserves long-term herbicide efficacy.

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COVER STORY To expand the modes of action available for Poa annua control, some superintendents have considered or applied nonselective herbicides to dormant ultradwarf putting greens where this use is not explicitly prohibited by the product label. This type of application carries substantial risk, it is not recommended by the authors of this article, and we do not believe it should be considered a viable management option. Although bermudagrass may appear fully dormant, herbicides can still translocate to the crowns and roots, increasing the risk of turf injury, delayed spring greenup and reduced recovery. Any use of nonselective herbicides should be evaluated carefully based on product label requirements, turfgrass condition, environmental conditions, and the potential impact on spring transition. Successful implementation of an herbicide program to control Poa annua requires precise attention to turfgrass tolerance, environmental conditions and product label guidance and restrictions.

Ultradwarf bermudagrass exhibits variable sensitivity to many postemergence chemistries, particularly when it is under stress or during spring transition. Applications made during periods of fluctuating temperatures, low carbohydrate reserves, or reduced growth can result in chlorosis, thinning or delayed recovery from dormancy. As such, rate selection, application interval and environmental timing must be carefully calibrated to balance effective Poa annua suppression with acceptable levels of bermudagrass safety.

Managing the Presence of Poa annua Despite best efforts, many facilities will continue to contend with significant Poa annua populations in their ultradwarf greens, particularly during the fall, winter and early spring. In these situations, the focus must shift from eradication to minimizing the impact on playability. This requires a thoughtful, integrated approach that addresses both agronomic considerations and golfer expectations.

Table 1: These herbicides have been used successfully to minimize the presence of Poa annua in ultradwarf bermudagrass greens, but resistance is always a potential issue, so rotating chemistries is important.

Herbicide Options for Poa annua Control in Ultradwarf Bermudagrass Greens Activity

Herbicide

Active Ingredient

Mode of Action Group #

Preemergence

Anderson’s Crab & Goose

bensulide + oxadiazon

0 + 14

Bensumec

bensulide

Kerb SC T&O

pronamide

StriCore

pethoxamid

PoaCure

methiozolin

Revolver

foramsulfuron

Katana

flazasulfuron

Kerb SC T&O

pronamide

Xonerate

amicarbazone

Postemergence

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COVER STORY During the cooler months, Poa annua will become more pronounced on putting surfaces. Mowing and rolling are essential for controlling its vertical growth and maintaining smoothness, but there must be a balance between managing the impact of Poa annua on playability and wearing down the desired bermudagrass that is growing slowly or not at all. Rolling can help mitigate the impact of seedheads and improve ball roll consistency without placing as much additional stress on the bermudagrass as mowing would, but excessive rolling during periods of slow bermudagrass growth can lead to turf thinning, particularly around putting green edges, which can lead to more Poa annua becoming established. When Poa annua populations are still scattered and individual plants are small, hand removal can be one of the most practical and precise tools available. While this process is labor intensive, physically removing isolated plants before they expand or produce seed can help protect surface uniformity without potentially weakening the bermudagrass base with herbicide applications. The key is timing. Plants should be removed by the roots while they are small enough to leave only minimal disruption to the surface, followed by careful repair so the surrounding bermudagrass can quickly knit back into the void. Bermudagrass is uniquely adapted to tolerate and respond favorably to frequent, low mowing during periods of active growth when supported by adequate fertility and moisture. Under these conditions, the turf exhibits improved density, finer texture and greater resiliency to traffic and environmental stress when mowed lower. On the other hand, Poa annua is less tolerant of sustained low mowing heights as temperatures rise and environmental pressures increase. As bermudagrass growing conditions improve, frequent low mowing further weakens Poa annua plants and reduces seedhead production. Superintendents should capitalize on this opportunity in late spring and early summer by implementing mowing practices that promote bermudagrass performance without overextending the plant. This includes maintaining sharp, well-adjusted equipment to ensure clean cuts and avoiding abrupt mowing height changes that could induce stress.

Transition Back to Bermudagrass As temperatures begin to rise in spring, the transition back to bermudagrass dominance presents both challenges and opportunities. This is often the most volatile period for putting green performance, as declining Poa annua and emerging bermudagrass compete for space. Patience and restraint are essential during this time. Aggressive practices aimed at removing Poa annua too quickly can lead to unacceptable surface disruption, while insufficient management may delay bermudagrass recovery. Gradual adjustments in cultural practices such as verticutting and topdressing, can facilitate a smoother transition. Increasing nitrogen inputs to favor bermudagrass, combined with strategic aeration

and topdressing, can accelerate recovery from winter and encourage the bermudagrass to fill voids left by declining Poa annua. Continued use of PGRs may be warranted to suppress any remaining Poa annua populations and maintain surface consistency.

Conclusion Communicating with stakeholders is also a key component of successful Poa annua management. Golfers must understand the challenges of maintaining ultradwarf bermudagrass putting greens in regions with high Poa annua pressure. Setting realistic expectations and providing clear explanations of management strategies can go a long way in fostering support and reducing frustration during transitional periods. Ultimately, managing Poa annua in ultradwarf putting greens is a year-round endeavor that requires a proactive, integrated approach. There is no single solution, and success is rarely defined by complete eradication. Instead, the goal is to minimize impact on playability and aesthetics while promoting the long-term health and dominance of bermudagrass. Superintendents who embrace this philosophy by combining sound agronomic practices with strategic chemical inputs and effective communication will be best positioned to navigate the challenges Poa annua presents. While it may never be fully eliminated, the influence of Poa annua can be managed to a level that allows for consistently high-quality putting surfaces, even under the most demanding conditions.

References Guertal, E.A., & McElroy, J.S. (2018). Soil type and phosphorus fertilization affect Poa annua growth and seedhead production. Agronomy Journal, 110(6), 2165-2170. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2018.02.0139 McNally, B.C., Elmore, M.T., Murphy, J.A., & Murphy, S.L. (2024). Annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass tiller response to phosphate fertilizer and soil pH. Crop Science, 64, 511-522. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21144 Taylor, D.R., Prorock, M., Horvath, B.J., & Brosnan, J.T. (2021). Modeling seasonal emergence of Poa annua in urban greenspace. Scientific Reports, 11, 18960. https:// doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-98525-4 Editor’s note: This article is reprinted with permission from the August 07, 2026, issue of the USGA Green Section Record. Copyright USGA. All rights reserved. The original article can be accessed at https://bit. ly/4cHLeZU:

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FEATURE

KEEPING THE GAME GREEN Fall Overseeding Sports Fields By David Lawrence, Alabama Cooperative Extension System

or many turf managers, fall marks a welcome transition time when cooler temperatures slow turf growth and the frantic pace of summer maintenance finally eases. The start of the fall season often brings a sense of relief and satisfaction as turf maintains its green color without the surge of growth that demands constant mowing and management. For some, it’s a rare chance to pause, reflect on the successes and challenges of the summer, and prepare for the months ahead. However, not everyone gets to slow down. For many sports field managers, fall is one of the busiest times of the year. Football season is in full swing, and fields endure relentless stress from practices, games, and unpredictable weather. While most fans focus on the players and the scoreboard, turfgrass professionals can’t help but notice the condition and aesthetic appeal of the playing surfaces when attending a game or watching on television. Beyond appearances, turf managers know that the quality of the surface directly affects player safety. Dense, healthy turf cushions impact, reduces divots and holes, and helps minimize the risk of slips and injuries. One of the most effective ways to maintain both aesthetics and playability during this demanding stretch is through overseeding bermudagrass fields with perennial ryegrass. Across the southeastern U.S., bermudagrass growth slows dramatically in the fall as temperatures drop and daylength shortens, limiting the plant’s ability to recover from traffic and wear. Even during milder years, reduced sunlight and cooler nights simply don’t allow bermudagrass to sustain vigorous growth and recover after the pounding of a typical football season. That’s where perennial ryegrass shines. Its deep-green color, fine texture, and excellent striping potential make it the go-to choice for achieving high-quality field appearance. Beyond visual appeal, perennial ryegrass establishes quickly, provides dense coverage, and enhances traction, all key factors in maintaining safe and consistent playing conditions. A well-established ryegrass overseed offers a stable, even surface that keeps athletes confident in their footing throughout the season. Most athletic field managers begin overseeding in mid-September, adjusting timing based on local climate and field schedules. Typical seeding rates range from 8 to 12 pounds per 1,000 square

feet, with periodic supplemental applications to fill divots and high-wear zones such as between hash marks and along sidelines. Proper irrigation and fertility management are critical during establishment. It’s important to provide consistent moisture to promote uniform germination, while avoiding excessive wetness that could compromise field conditions during play. Managers should also monitor soil temperatures closely, as seeding too early can stress young ryegrass, while seeding too late can delay establishment as cooler weather sets in. Of course, overseeding comes with challenges. Weed management requires careful planning to avoid damaging both ryegrass and the underlying bermudagrass. Annual bluegrass (Poa annua) remains one of the most persistent issues on overseeded fields. Herbicide options are limited, and success depends heavily on timing for both pre-emergent and post-emergent applications. Precision and patience are essential for achieving control while minimizing damage to desirable turf species. The following provides examples of commonly used products, though it does not represent a complete list of all labeled options. Pre-emergent herbicides such as prodiamine or pronamide can be applied prior to overseeding but must be applied several weeks before the expected overseed date to allow time for herbicide degradation before seeding. Some sulfonylurea herbicides such as foramsulfuron or rimsulfuron can be applied one week prior to overseeding. These products that can be used do not have any pre-emergent activity but will control any annual bluegrass that has already germinated. This application can be beneficial especially when the overseeding date is later into the fall after annual bluegrass germination. Post-emergent options for overseeded turf include ethofumesate, amicarbazone, paclobutrazol, and bispyribac. These products can be temperature dependent so careful planning should be considered when making an application. Some PGRs such as ethephon can reduce or prevent seedhead formation on annual bluegrass when applied at the proper time. Applicators should read all herbicide labels to ensure turfgrass safety while providing the best opportunity for annual bluegrass control. Another management hurdle arises during spring transition. If not carefully managed, perennial ryegrass can delay bermudagrass green-up, leading to thin, uneven turf. Many managers opt for chemical removal of ryegrass once bermudagrass begins active growth, though the timing varies depending on field use and athletic schedules. Sulfonylurea herbicides are commonly used for ryegrass transition. However, due to the increased incidence of ALS herbicide resistance, many managers may need to rely on other products such as pronamide for ryegrass transition if annual bluegrass is present. The goal is to remove ryegrass early enough to allow bermudagrass to recover, yet late enough to maintain playability for spring sports. When managed thoughtfully, fall overseeding with perennial ryegrass delivers multiple benefits such as enhanced color, improved traction, extended playability, and safer, more resilient fields. It’s not just about keeping the turf green when bermudagrass slows down; it’s about protecting players, preserving field quality, and ensuring that every game, practice, and play happens on a quality surface. For many sports field managers, overseeding is not simply a seasonal task but a key component of year-round field performance and visual quality.

This article was originally published in Alabama Turf Times Summer 2026 and is reprinted with permission.

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