Tennessee Greentimes - Winter 2021

VOL. 22/NO. 4

Winter 2021

The Official Publication of The Tennessee Nursery and Landscape Association

What’s the Buzz?

Enthusiasts Can Engage in At Home Beekeeping: A Monthly Webinar Series PLUS :

Tennessee’s Newest Champion Trees are a Living Legacy for the State

31°28’36.5” N x 83°31’33.3” W

Marks the Spot

UGA Tifton, GA

VOL. 22/NO. 4 •

The Official Publication of The Tennessee Nursery and Landscape Association

C O V ER ST OR Y What’s the buzz?

Enthusiasts Can Engage in At Home Beekeeping: A Monthly Webinar Series

10

FEA TURE Box Tree Moth – A New Threat to Boxwood

14

MORE FEATURES Tennessee’s Newest Champion Trees are a Living Legacy for the State.................................. 16 A Guide for Detecting Boxwood Blight and Managing Its Impact on Nursery Stock and in Landscape Plantings....................................... 22

DEPARTMENTS From the President................................................................................................................... 6 TNLA Sponsors........................................................................................................................ 6 Welcome, New TNLA Members.............................................................................................. 8 Calendar of Events.................................................................................................................... 8 Index of Advertisers.................................................................................................................. 8

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tennessee greentimes WINTER 2021

Winter 2021

RECENT E VE N TS Tennessee Green Industry Celebration and Golf Tournament

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The Tennessee Nursery and Landscape Association serves its members in the industry through education, promotion and representation. The statements and opinions expressed herein are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the association, its staff, or its board of directors, Tennessee GreenTimes, or its editors. Likewise, the appearance of advertisers, or their identification as Tennessee Nursery and Landscape Association members, does not constitute an endorsement of the products or services featured in this, past or subsequent issues of this quarterly publication. Copyright ©2021 by the Tennessee Nursery and Landscape Association.

Tennessee GreenTimes is published quarterly.

Subscriptions are complimentary to members of the Tennessee Nursery and Landscape Association Third-class postage is paid at Jefferson City, MO. Printed in the U.S.A. Reprints and Submissions: Tennessee GreenTimes allows reprinting of material. Permission requests should be directed to the Tennessee Nursery and Landscape Association. We are not responsible for unsolicited freelance manuscripts and photographs. Contact the managing editor for contribution information.

Advertising: For display and classified advertising rates and insertions, please contact Leading Edge Communications, LLC, 206 Bridge Street, Suite 200, Franklin, TN 37064, (615) 790-3718, Fax (615) 794-4524.

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Member of the Boxwood Blight Cleanliness Program with University of Kentucky.

OFFICE PHONE: 606-346-0863 • FAX: 606-346-2139 • MIKE’S CELL: 606-706-1620 EMAIL: brownsnursery@yahoo.com

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From the President Morgan Adcock

TNLA would like to thank the following companies for being

Membership Sponsors GOLD MEMBERSHIP SPONSORS BASF Blankenship Farms and Nursery Bobcat of McMinnville Botanico, Inc. Carpe Diem Farms Flower City Nurseries Living Earth Nashville Nashville Landscape Systems, Inc. Nufarm Americas, Inc. Putnals Premium Pine Straw, Inc. Randall Walker Farms Riverbend Nurseries, LLC Safeguard Nursery Products Scenic Hills Nursery Swafford Nursery, Inc. Tennessee 811 Trivett’s Nursery Turf Mountain Sod Volunteer Turf, LLC Warren County Nursery, Inc. Youngblood Farms

SILVER MEMBERSHIP SPONSORS Bert Driver Nursery BioSafe Systems BWI of Memphis Dayton Bag & Burlap Co. Furbee Nursery Sales Old Courthouse Nursery Power Equipment Company Samara Farms 6

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SIGNING OFF As

I think back on my year as TNLA president, I keep going back to why I decided to serve on the board in the first place. I’d like to think it was a well thought out reason like “how I wanted to serve and help my industry” but if I’m being honest, that wasn’t it. The more I look back on it, I think it was as simple as I just got talked into it by some really good people. So, here goes my persuasion attempt.

I joined the board as a stubborn, hard-headed kid in my mid-twenties. At that time, probably still under the impression that I could solve most problems with a quick Google on my handy iPhone. I realized pretty quickly that wasn’t the case. I learned that most issues that arose were nuanced, and more often than not needed to be stewed on for a couple of days instead of just a couple of hours. And nowadays, I believe if you get a room full of people together that are all pulling in the same direction, 10 out of 10 times you’ll have come up with a better solution as a group than if you had tried to do it on your own. That has been the true beauty of my time as president. Getting to work with people toward a shared goal for a shared cause. Not because any of them are getting compensated to do it but because they love what they do, and want to see our Association and the green industry as a whole grow and succeed.

If you feel a passion for your industry or have ideas that you think need to be voiced I urge you to get involved! Speaking from experience, you won’t regret it. It truly has been one of the best decisions I have made and I can tell you right now I have learned and grown immensely from it. I’ve got lessons I’ll take with me for years to come.

In closing, I’d like to say thank you to the current board members and all those I have served with over the past several years. I’ve learned a great deal from each of you and feel incredibly lucky to have crossed paths.

Respectfully submitted, Morgan Adcock TNLA President

The Tennessee Greentimes is the official publication of The Tennessee Nursery & Landscape Association, Inc. 115 Lyon Street McMinnville, Tennessee 37110 (931) 473-3951 Fax (931) 473-5883 www.tnla.com Email: mail@tnla.com Published by Leading Edge Communications, LLC 206 Bridge Street, Suite 200 Franklin, Tennessee 37064 (615) 790-3718 Fax (615) 794-4524 Email: info@leadingedge communications.com Editors Dr. Bill Klingeman Dr. Amy Fulcher Associate Editors Dr. Nick Gawel Dr. Frank Hale Dr. John Sorochan TNLA Officers President Morgan Adcock Scenic Hills Nursery 1st Vice President Michael Gallagher Heather Farms Nursery 2nd Vice President Terri Turner Turner & Son’s Nursery 3rd Vice President Stephaine Bryan Freedom Tree Farms Secretary-Treasurer Cody Walker Walker Nursery Co. Associate Director Chris Hackler Drees Plant Wholesalers

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News from TNLA

Welcome NEW MEMBERS ACTIVE

Denton Grange Jacquelyn Denton 20 Powell Street Ext Bradford, TN 38316

Rocky Top Outdoors, LLC Kyle Bratton P O Box 1673 Columbia, TN 38402

ASSOCIATE

Furbee Nursery Sales Bill and Chris Furbee 530 Timbrook Circle Beech Grove, IN 46107

Great Lakes Fastening Lucas Morris 2810 Hoitt Avenue Knoxville, TN 37917

OHP Tom McCarter, Jr. 1318 Freshwater Drive Fort Mill, SC 39708

Join online at

TNLA.COM

Index of Advertisers

Calendar of

EVENTS

Better Bilt Products....................... 30, 31 bbponline.com Braun Horticulture Inc......................... 21 www.braungroup.com Brown’s Nursery.................................... 5 Cam Too Camellia Nursery, Inc.. . ........ 21 www.camtoocamellia.com

JANUARY 5 – 7, 2022 Mid-Atlantic Nursery Trade Show (MANTS) Baltimore Convention Center Baltimore, MD (410) 296-6959 www.mants.com

Center Hill Nursery................................ 7 centerhillnurseries.com Dave’s Sale and Service. . .................... 24 www.turfeagle.com Evins Mill Nursery................................ 17 www.evinsmillnursery.com Fairview Evergreen Nurseries............... 9 www.fairviewevergreen.com Hidden Valley Nursery, LLC................. 29 www.hiddenvalleynursery.com Hills Creek Native Plants..................... 21 www.hillscreek.com

JANUARY 13 – 14, 2022 Green & Growin’ Trade Show Greensboro Coliseum Greensboro, NC (919) 816-9119 www.ncnla.com

Hoover & Son Insurance....................... 7 www.hooverins.com John Holmlund Nursery......................... 9 www.jhnsy.com Leading Edge Communications.......... 29 www.LeadingEdgeCommunications.com Mid Tenn Turf. . ..................................... 13 www.midtennturf.com Neely Coble Co.......... Inside Front Cover www.neelycoble.com Odom Nursery.. .................................... 11 odomnursery.com

JANUARY 20 – 21, 2022 Gulf States Horticultural Expo Mobile Convention Center Mobile, AL (334) 821-5148 www.gshe.org

Richey Nursery Company, LLC.............. 7 www.richeynursery.com Stowers Machinery Corporation. . ........ 25 stowerscat.com Surface Nursery Inc............................. 17 www.surfacenursery.com Tennessee 811.................................... 24 www.tnonecall.com The Turfgrass Group............................. 3 www.theturfgrassgroup.com Tree Equipment Design, Inc.................. 7 www.treeequip.com Wellmaster Carts.. ..................Back Cover www.wellmaster.ca

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Cover Story

WHAT’S THE BUZZ? Enthusiasts Can Engage in At Home Beekeeping:

PHOTO 1

A Monthly Webinar Series

By Dr. Jennifer Tsuruda, Assistant Professor, UT Entomology and Plant Pathology Department

I

nterest in beekeeping and pollinators has been on the rise for several years, both among the public and in agriculture. Researchers and educators have been actively providing their most up-to-date science-based information on management practices and recommendations.

Many states, including Tennessee, have a state beekeeping association, as well as local associations. During the last year and a half, programming efforts by these associations have had to switch gears as several of their regular, in-person meetings and conferences have been canceled or have had very limited attendance. A large population of beginning and even experienced beekeepers remain eager to increase their beekeeping knowledge and maintain their sense of community within the beekeeping world.

To bridge the outreach gap and continue education and community scholarship, a small group of research and Extension honey bee professors and professionals from Alabama Extension, Auburn University, University of Florida, University of Georgia, University of Tennessee, and Texas A&M University joined together to organize and deliver an “At Home Beekeeping” webinar series for the Southeast [sidebar box]. Across time, these webinars have grown into a much larger collaboration, which now includes several others in the Southeast, including Mississippi State University, the Baton Rouge USDA Honey Bee Lab, Louisiana State University, Kentucky State University, and North Carolina State University. Participants log in from all over the U.S. and internationally.

By working together to communicate science-based information, presenters share their insights and experiences that help increase the likelihood of success in beekeeping operations and maintaining healthy bee populations in our backyard (Photo 1) in managed agricultural fields.

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WHEN:

Last Tuesday of every month; 6:30 – 7:30 PM Central Time

WHERE:

Live on Zoom & Facebook (recordings posted on Facebook for 2 weeks)

WHAT:

Presentations on timely, science-based management and information about honey bee biology and beekeeping

WHO:

Attendees: beekeepers and anyone wanting to learn more about honey bees Presenters: Southeast region researchers and Extension specialists from land-grant institutions and the USDA

ODOM NURSERY QUALITY. DEPENDABILITY. SERVICE. Odom Nursery is a 1200 acre B&B nursery located in Morrison, Tennessee.

For over 30 years we have been producing quality shade and flowering trees, shrubs and evergreens.

We are presently shipping to garden centers, landscape contractors, Re-wholesalers throughout much of the eastern half of the US.

931-635-3101 • OdomNursery.com 10279 MANCHESTER HWY. • MORRISON, TN. 37357 We strive to raise the bar every day.

Cover Story Continued Honey bees are fascinating animals with complex behavior and social structures, but they also face several challenges. The following themes are pertinent to beekeepers and non-beekeepers who interact with bees directly or indirectly. Therefore, the themes are frequently discussed in the webinars.

PHOTO 2 PHOTO 3

•H abitat and Nutrition. Beekeepers and non-beekeepers can help support honey bees and other pollinators through knowledge and practices, that include establishing and maintaining pollinator habitats. A webinar was held on establishing wildflower plantings, and an upcoming session will discuss honey bee nutrition to explore what is in a healthy honey bee diet. These topics relate to homeowners and growers who need pollination services or who just want to help support pollinators.

•Q ueens. While the workers (females) perform most of the foraging (Photo 2) and other duties in a honey bee colony, it is the queen (also female) (Photo 3) who is truly invaluable. Without her, the social structure of a colony can start to dissolve and unless a new queen is introduced, the colony will inevitably perish. Webinars have covered have covered aspects of queen health that are important for beekeepers to be aware of, but are of general interest to landowners and the public.

PHOTO 4

• Swarming. Swarming is a natural process – the behavior is how a colony reproduces. But swarming can be a challenge because a beekeeper’s investment flies away if preventative measures are not taken. The swarm typically clusters at a temporary location, such as a tree branch (Photo 4), and individual workers scout out permanent nest sites. It is during this temporary “hang out” when many homeowners and landscape professionals have close encounters with honey bees. If encountered, take a good photo and contact your local beekeeping association or Extension office to get in touch with a local beekeeper who can remove these bees.

• Pests, Parasites, and Disease. One of the major challenges in beekeeping is the parasitic Varroa mite. This mite feeds on immature and adult honey bees (Photo 5), and can vector several debilitating viruses. Monitoring and management are key for colonies to survive and thrive, but a simple recipe for success does not exist so we have had, and will continue to have several webinars on biology of and best management practices for Varroa as well as viruses and small hive beetles (a type of sap beetle), especially for the Southeastern region.

PHOTO 5

If these topics interest you or someone you know, please consider joining us!

• Preliminary surveys tell us that our average participants are women who are 55 – 64 years old and have kept bees for less than five years, but we are a diverse group and welcome all.

• Surveys also indicate 89% of attendees plan to implement practices presented during sessions; 5% do not plan to implement; 6% have no opinion • 66% of attendees thought the information would save them money • We have several attendees from Tennessee, but have only been the state with top attendance at one of 20 sessions so let’s try to knock it out of the park this year!

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UPCOMING WEBINARS – (topics and dates may be subject to change): – JANUARY 25 – The Many Facets of Honey Bee Nutrition with Dr. Priya Chakrabarti (Mississippi State University)

Contact your county Extension office or visit UT Apiculture’s website for more information: https://utextension.tennessee.edu https://tiny.utk.edu/apiculture

– FEBRUARY 22 – Integrated Pest Management in the Hive with Dr. Cameron Jack (University of Florida) – MARCH 29 – Methods for Controlling Varroa that Work with Jennifer Berry (University of Georgia)

D I D Y O U K N O W ? – According to the TN Department of Agriculture, TN had roughly 1,500 registered beekeepers in 2008, and that number has grown to almost 7,500 in 2020! * Apiary registration is mandatory in TN.

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Feature

Box Tree Moth

A NEW THREAT TO BOXWOOD

By Kripa Dhakal, TSU Post-doctoral Researcher, and Dr. Karla M. Addesso, TSU Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center

The

box tree moth, (Cydalima perspectalis) is an invasive pest of boxwood (Buxus spp.) causing severe damage to these popular ornamental plants.

The moth is native to China, Korea and Japan and was discovered in Europe in 2007 and has since spread widely across the continent (1). In 2018, box tree moth was first detected in North America in Ontario, Canada. On May 26, 2021, USDA-APHIS issued a federal order to halt the importation of host plants from Canada, including boxwood (Buxus species), its primary host, and potential secondary hosts euonymus (Euonymus species), and holly (Ilex species) (3). In addition, USDA-APHIS coordinated with states to find and destroy any imported plant material and provide box tree moth traps and lures for surveys in facilities that received potentially infected boxwood. In August 2021, the New York State Department of Agriculture confirmed the detection of box tree moth in Niagara County, near the Canadian border (3).

Box tree moths have multiple generations per year throughout the summer and early fall (4,5). The life cycle of the moth is around 30 days depending on temperature. Adult box tree moths lay eggs on the underside of the leaves (6,7). Eggs are pale yellow with average size 0.04 inches, deposited singly or in clusters of about 5-20 overlapping eggs (6,7).

First generation oviposition begins in early to mid-summer. Eggs take three days to hatch, and young larvae are about ½ inch long. Newly hatched larvae are green to yellow in color with shiny black heads (Fig. 1).

The larvae undergo five to seven instars depending upon the temperature and host plant (10). Young larvae feed on the lower sides of the leaves (4) (Fig. 2a). Older larvae consume entire leaves except for the midrib and hard leaf structures (4,5) (Fig. 2b). After defoliating a plant, larvae will consume the bark of the branches which can lead to girdling and dieback of branches or entire plants (6). Pupae develop inside a silk cocoon and are 0.6 to 0.8-inch long. They are initially green with black stripes on the back and turn brown as they mature (Fig. 1b). New adult moths emerge from overwintering pupae from April through July. Adult moths have a lifespan of approximately two weeks and they can travel long distance (6). During the daytime they will rest on boxwood or surrounding plants. The adult box tree moths have white wings with a brown border and a wingspan of about 1.5 in (Fig. 1c). Occasionally a dark color morph with brown wings is observed (Fig. 1d). Both color forms have small white comma-shaped spots on the forewing.

Eggs, larvae and pupae of moths can be transported on infested plants, so scouting of plant material is recommended. The white webbing spun by the caterpillars and the characteristic feeding damage of leaves is an obvious sign of an infestation. It can be difficult to detect early larval stages or eggs of moths, so monitoring and surveillance of adult moths is achieved using UV-light and pheromone traps (7).

Most research on insecticide efficacy has been conducted in Europe.

Some biological insecticides based on neem (active ingredient azadirachtin A) and some entomopathogenic nematode species (Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) produced significant mortality

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in box moth larvae (8,9). Products containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) var. kurstaki were also effective controls with the caterpillars ceasing feeding within an hour of ingesting a treated leaf (9). Chemical insecticides such as carbaryl, spinosad, chlorantraniliprole, deltamethrin, and diflubenzuron are labeled for control of caterpillars in nurseries and landscapes, but efficacy data on this species remains limited. Current recommendations for growers are available online and research in this area is ongoing (10).

For more information on box tree moth or if you suspect a plant is infested with this pest, contact Tennessee Department of Agriculture Plant Certification Office (615-837-5137; plant.certification@tn.gov) and the USDA-APHIS State Plant Heath Director (615-907-3357).

REFERENCES & ADDITIONAL READING 1.

Bras, A., D.N. Avtzis, M. Kenis et al. 2019. A complex invasion story underlies the fast spread of the invasive box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis) across Europe. Journal of Pest Science. 92: 1187–1202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340019-01111-x 2.

Maruyama, T., and N. Shinkaji. 1987. Studies on the life cycle of the box-tree pyralid, Glyphodes perspectalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

I. Seasonal adult emergence and developmental velocity. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 31: 226-232 3.

APHIS. 2021. Box tree moth. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/ planthealth/plant-pest-and-disease-programs/pests-and-diseases/ sa_insects/box-tree-moth. (Accessed 10-Sept 2021) 4.

Nacambo, S., F. L. Leuthardt, H. Wan, H. Li, T. Haye, B. Baur, R. M. Weiss, and M. Kenis. 2014. Development characteristics of the box-tree moth Cydalima perspectalis and its potential distribution in Europe. Journal of Applied Entomology 138: 14-26.

5.

Damman, H. 1991. Oviposition behaviour and clutch size in a groupfeeding pyralid moth, Omphalocera munroei. The Journal of Animal Ecology: 193-204.

6.

Maruyama, T., and N. Shinkaji. 1991. The life-cycle of the box-tree pyralid, Glyphodes perspectalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). II. Developmental characteristics of larvae. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 35: 221-230.

7.

G öttig, S., and A. Herz. 2014. The box tree pyralid Cydalima perspectalis: New results of the use of biological control agents and pheromone traps in the field. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 121: 98-99.

8.

Goettig, S., and A. Herz. 2018. Susceptibility of the box tree pyralid Cydalima perspectalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to potential biological control agents Neem (NeemAzal®-T/S) and entomopathogenic nematodes (Nemastar®) assessed in laboratory bioassays and field trials.

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 125: 365-375.

9.

Harry, K. K. 1991. Laboratory evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora against some forest insect pests. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology 30: 227-232.

10. Frank, S., D. Gilrein, M. Havers, and C. Palmer. 2021.

Insecticide Options for Box Tree Moth Management. https://ecoipm. org/wp-content/uploads/Insecticides-to-Consider-for-Box-Tree-MothManagement.pdf.

FIGURE 1 A — Cydalima perspectalis (box tree moth); larva.

Copyright Ferenc Lakatos, University of Sopron, Bugwood.org

FIGURE 1 B — Cydalima perspectalis (box tree moth); pupa.

Fronton, Haute-Garonne, France. April 2014. Copyright Didier Descouens-2014/Museum de Toulouse/via Wikipedia — CC BY-SA 4.0

FIGURE 1 C — Cydalima perspectalis (box-tree-moth); Adult female. Copyright 2013 by Florine Leuthardt.

FIGURE 1 D — Cydalima perspectalis (box-tree-moth) Adult.

Copyright New York State Department of Agriculture

FIGURE 2 A — Cydalima perspectalis (box tree moth); early stage larval damage to Buxus sempervirens (common boxwood).

FIGURE 2 B — Cydalima perspectalis; severely defoliated Buxus sempervirens. Copyright Ferenc Lakatos / University of Sopron, Bugwood.org

tennessee greentimes WINTER 2021

15

Feature

Tennessee’s Newest

CHAMPION TREES

ARE A LIVING LEGACY FOR THE STATE

By Mara Lind, Jaqueline Payne, Jacob Chitwood, Kayla Stuart, (UT Forestry Wildlife and Fisheries students), and Dr. Sharon Jean-Philippe, Faculty Advisor and Professor, UT Forestry Wildlife and Fisheries Department

B

eginning as a friendly competition to find the largest American trees, the National Champion Trees program was established in 1940 by the nonprofit organization American Forests.

The program was initiated with the intention of bringing awareness to the ecosystem services, beauty, and need to protect these specimens.

During the last 80 years, hundreds of National Champions have been named, yet the search and constant work of updating is an ongoing exercise. Recognizing that the titleholder for Champion Trees is subject to change across time, the process was designed to be reevaluated frequently. Trees can fall victim to old age, weather, pests, and losses associated with human disturbance and development. Newly nominated and discovered trees might usurp past champions, claiming the title’s glory for themselves.

Standards for the title of National and State Champion trees are high.

Not just any tree can be awarded that top honor: only native, naturalized, or non-natural exotic species are eligible. Invasive species and unclassified variants need not apply – they will not be judged. Candidate trees must also be living, qualify as the largest of its species in the state, and be assessed and verified by an expert.

In Tennessee, the pursuit of State Champion Trees began in the 1970s and started with efforts to identify and catalog the largest trees in East Tennessee. The program has since been expanded to accept nominations across the entire state. An effort to reinvigorate the program was launched in 2016 (see Winter 2017 Tennessee Greentimes, 18(4): 10–12). In 2020, the Tennessee Division of Forestry partnered with the University of Tennessee, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries to officially host the state’s Champion Tree program. David Arnold, Tennessee State Forester commented that, “partnering with the UT Department of FWF has elevated Tennessee’s Champion Tree program to an elite status. The program is now more available and engaging to Tennessee’s citizens. The UT students have made it exciting and fun to learn about our state’s biggest individual tree species. Hats off to these dedicated students!” Now, a hard-working cadre of talented UT students are being trained as tree assessment experts and are taking the lead at assisting in 1) managing the champion tree website and database, 2) vetting new nominations, 3) reinventory of current champions and 4) publicity for the Tennessee’s Champion Program. This year round internship provides students with practical, professional skills, and training in the major that will support them as they matriculate through school into their careers.

In 2021, students Jaq Payne and Jacob Chitwood traveled at least 400 miles from Memphis to Johnson City as guides for the competition.

Over the course of two weeks, the team visited 116 trees, with 27 new trees winning the champion title. “The most impressive tree was the Dawn Redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) we measured in Nashville (Photo 1), just for the sheer size of it,” Chitwood said.

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PHOTO 1 — Student Jaq Payne stands beside the towering Dawn Redwood, measuring over 18 times her height.

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PHOTO 2 — Students Kayla Stuart and Jacob Chitwood measure a Sawtooth Oak on the campus of UT Knoxville.

The Dawn Redwood, measuring 110.25 feet tall, is roughly the same height reached by 3 school buses stacked on top of each other. Despite champions being the largest trees in the state, the trees can range anywhere from 19 feet tall (like our Franklin Tree (Franklinia alatamaha) Champion) to 213.6 feet tall (like our Post Oak (Quercus stellata) Champion). Trees are only judged against other trees in its species, leveling the playing field for each species to sprout its own champion.

Trees are measured on height, circumference, and crown spread (Table 1), which is the width of foliage and branches growing outward from the tree’s trunk. Each foot of height and circumference counts as one point, while each foot of crown spread counts as 0.25 points. While circumference can be measured manually by walking a measuring tape around the base of the tree, height and crown spread are calculated with a measuring device called a laser rangefinder. Students are trained during the school year (Photo 2) by Bob Leverett and Don Bertolette, who wrote the American Forests Tree-Measuring Guidelines Handbook, to prepare for the summer measurements.

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PHOTO 3 — The 2021 White Oak Champion has a crown spread of 96.82 feet, meaning its root spread could be almost 2.88 acres

But why award trees solely on size?

Because big trees are vital to ecosystems. Most trees provide services such as shade covering, stormwater management, and carbon sequestration, yet the largest trees do so on a bigger scale. As an example, tree roots improve soil aeration and water penetration within soil. Root systems typically spread between 2-4 times the size of a tree’s crown spread. To put this in perspective, the current White Oak (Quercus alba) champion (Photo 3) has a crown spread of 96.82 feet, meaning its root spread could be a little under 400 feet in diameter or covering about ~2.88 acres. Roots this size have a large positive impact on soil health.

Feature Continued TABLE 1 — Examples of recorded sizes of 25 Champion Trees located in multiple counties across Tennessee taken during the Champion Tree Internship Project.

Location

Species

Common Name

Circumference

Tree Height

Crown Spread

WESTERN TN Shelby Co.

Aesculus pavia

Red Buckeye

3.6'

32.5'

34'

Madison Co.

Cedrus deodara

Deodar Cedar

13.9'

42.5'

86.7'

Dyer Co.

Franklinia alatamaha

Franklin Tree

1.1'

19'

23'

Henderson Co.

Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Green Ash

8’

182.4'

74'

Fayette Co.

Juniperus virginiana

Eastern Red Cedar

17.6'

63’

45.9'

Shelby Co.

Magnolia virginiana

Sweetbay Magnolia

6.2'

67'

31'

Fayette Co.

Quercus marilandica

Blackjack Oak

12.3'

65'

78'

Madison Co.

Quercus stellata

Post Oak

21.1'

213.6'

75'

Shelby Co.

Viburnum prunifolium

Blackhaw

1.65'

24'

17'

MIDDLE TN Williamson Co.

Fagus grandifolia

American Beech

18.1'

67'

96.6'

Giles Co.

Ilex aquifolium

English Holly

4.2'

36'

32'

Giles Co.

Ilex longipes

Georgia Holly

1'

19'

14'

Davidson Co.

Metasequoia glyptostroboides

Dawn Redwood

12.3'

110.25'

74.05'

Dickson Co

Platanus occidentalis

American Sycamore

22.2'

82'

74.5'

Giles Co.

Pyrus communis

Common Pear

9'

28'

24.5'

Warren Co.

Quercus alba

White Oak

19.85'

101.5'

96.82'

Montgomery Co.

Quercus muehlenbergii

Chinkapin Oak

19.9'

80.5'

85.3'

Davidson Co.

Zelkova serrata

Japanese Zelkova

6.3'

62'

49'

EASTERN TN Knox Co.

Cedrus atlantica

Atlas Cedar

6.8'

45.5'

43'

Hamilton Co.

Euonymus atropurpureus

Eastern Burningbush

2.81'

34.5'

26.8'

Monroe Co.

Magnolia grandiflora

Southern Magnolia

5.76'

74.5'

17.8'

Hamilton Co.

Pinus taeda

Loblolly Pine

4'

117.5'

36.3'

Sullivan Co.

Quercus palustris

Pin Oak

6.87'

83'

38'

Knox Co.

Quercus virginiana

Live Oak

5.63'

58.3'

18.25'

Knox Co.

Sassafras albidum

Sassafras

16.92'

59.25'

48.7'

tennessee greentimes WINTER 2021

19

PHOTO 4 — Advisor Dr. Sharon Jean-Philippe and students and students (left-to-right) Kayla Stuart, Jaq Payne, and Jacob Chitwood.

Not pictured: IT Specialist Kristy Keel-Blackmon and students Mara Lind and Jimi Miller.

In addition to roots, the size of a tree’s trunk impacts the amount of carbon that can be held in its wood. The taller and wider a tree is, the more carbon it can hold. The impressive Dawn Redwood, which was over 110 feet tall, was also 12.3 feet wide. This large resource volume is ideal for carbon sequestration, or the capture of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which is an increasingly crucial ecosystem service provided by trees as climate changes occur.

This year, Tennessee’s Champion Tree program hopes to double its nominations. Student Director Jaq Payne is working hard to spread the word on Champion Trees (Photo 4).

“Now that we’ve had a few years to establish a strong foundation, we’re ready to ‘branch out,’ so to speak,” Payne says. “We’re hoping to get more Tennesseeans paying attention to Champions in their neck of the woods.” To nominate a tree, participants must simply fill out the form on the Tennessee Champion Trees website at championtree.tennessee.edu.

Identifying trees can be tricky, but apps such as TreeSnap (which was designed by University of Tennessee’s Plant and Entomology faculty member Dr. Meg Staton) bring down this barrier.

Bringing awareness to big trees is symbiotic. People are educated on the importance of big trees which in turn protects these valuable trees for future generations to come. Trees offer solutions to water management, air quality, even climate change and so much more. Awareness is also important because State Champion trees, like Tennessee’s Champion Sassafras, may be at risk from introduced, non-native plant pathogens.

The plant pathogen Raffaelea lauricola causes laurel wilt in native Bay trees (Persea spp.), Sassafras trees and Spicebush (Lindera bezoin) shrubs and was found infecting trees in several Tennessee counties in 2019.

20

tennessee greentimes WINTER 2021

“We can’t protect and honor what we can’t see,” Payne summarizes.

“When we recognize the largest trees in the state, we’re encouraging the community to consider the impact these trees have.”

MEET the CHAMPION TREE TEAM : • JAQ PAYNE – Student Director • KAYLA STUART – Data and Nominations Management • MARA LIND – Communications and Social Media • JACOB CHITWOOD – Mapping and Measurements • JIMI MILLER – Operations Assistant •K RISTY KEEL-BLACKMON – Champion Tree Program IT Specialist • DR. SHARON JEAN-PHILIPPE – Faculty Advisor

More information about the program can be found at https://fwf.tennessee.edu/champion-tree/.

For questions about the Tennessee Champion Tree Program, contact championtreehelpdesk@tennessee.edu.

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Feature

A Guide for

DETECTING BOXWOOD BLIGHT and

MANAGING ITS IMPACT

on Nursery Stock and in Landscape Plantings

By Dr. Fulya Baysal-Gurel, Associate Professor of Ornamental Plant Pathology and Bhawana Ghimire, PhD Graduate Research Assistant, Tennessee State University, Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center

How and when were boxwood blight found and what are its plant hosts?

Recently, a 150-year-old boxwood plantation, the focal point of the Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site in North Carolina, was cut down because of a plant disease spreading like wildfire among boxwood plantings. Boxwood blight disease is caused by two fungal species, Calonectria pseudonaviculata and C. henricotiae. To date, only C. pseudonaviculata is present in the United States. This fungal pathogen was first reported in North Carolina and Connecticut in 2011, affecting boxwood shrubs in nurseries and landscape plantings. Since 2011, boxwood blight has been confirmed in 28 additional states. Boxwood, sweet box (Sarcococca spp.) and a few species of Pachysandra have been reported as host plants. Due to the potential for economic harm, the Tennessee Department of Agriculture established boxwood blight quarantine in February 2018. Proper precautionary actions should be taken to prevent the introduction of this threatening pathogen into healthy boxwood production areas and landscapes.

How do we monitor symptoms and signs of boxwood blight?

Symptoms often first appear on the lower part of the plants, or within the plant interior. Initially, reddish-brown to blackish-brown concentric

22

tennessee greentimes WINTER 2021

FIGURE 1 — Black to brown necrotic lesions may be apparent on the stems and leaves

circular spots with tan to light brown centers are visible on infected leaves (Fig. 1). Angular dark brown to black lesions also may appear from the base of stems to the shoot tip. With disease progression, whole leaves will turn brown; defoliation usually begins from the lower branches and spreads to the upper part of the plant (Fig. 2). When temperature is warm (64–77ºF) and humidity is high, continuous leaf wetness may facilitate fungal sporulation. White spore masses that can be seen without magnification may be produced on leaf undersides (Fig. 3) and on the stem. Sudden and severe defoliation is one of the characteristic symptoms of boxwood blight disease.

What can be done to prevent, limit spread and severity boxwood blight disease?

1.1 Precautionary measures One of the most important precautionary measures that can be used to prevent the disease is excluding pathogen/infected plant materials from nurseries and landscapes. The fungus produces sticky conidia which can stick to the cutting tools, workers’ boots, and clothes. The accidental introduction of the disease from one site to another can be prevented by sanitizing tools, equipment, hard surfaces, vehicle tires and footwear using disinfectants such as Simple Green D Pro 5, KleenGrow (0.12%) and Greenshield. Boots and clothes can also be changed or cleaned before entering a new production area or client landscape.

FIGURE 2 — Defoliation on infected boxwood plants may start from the canopy interior or be initiated from the bottom of the shrub

Purchase plants and liners from nurseries that are licensed and/or certified according to applicable phytosanitary laws and regulations.

Proper inspection should be performed for all incoming host plants, including cuttings, at the time of delivery. Isolate newly received host plants or rooted cuttings away from existing plant hosts in the nursery for at least 30 days. Isolation should involve a minimum of three meters distance between blocks. Provide a physical barrier and practice other sanitary best practices. For example, within isolation keep newly received host plants that were obtained from different vendors separate; maintain a clean isolation area; and remove plant debris on at least a weekly basis. Fungicides should not be applied during isolation. Do not allow run off from the isolated retention ponds, other surface water, into or production areas.

There are several other steps that can be taken to protect your nursery stock and client landscapes. Vehicles that are used to transport boxwood plants should be cleaned and free of host plants and plant tissue debris before entering production areas. At delivery destinations, plants should be unloaded within an isolation area. Proper cleaning and disposal of host materials from the vehicle, as well as loading area, should be conducted after each unloading. Every boxwood plant returned by customers or clients also should be received and held within the isolation area and monitored for boxwood blight symptoms. Within managed landscapes, if there are boxwood plantings or historic gardens near homes, then decoration of those homes using boxwood greenery in holidays should be avoided to prevent the introduction of boxwood blight disease in those plantings.

FIGURE 3 — Spores of Calonectria pseudonaviculata can be seen on the under-sides of infected boxwood leaves

1.2 Best management practices Host Plant Resistance: Production and landscape use of Buxus species and cultivars which are moderately tolerant or tolerant is a practical way to reduce incidence and severity of boxwood blight. Readily-available boxwood blight-tolerant cultivars include Buxus harlandii ‘Richard’, B. microphylla ‘John Baldwin’, B. microphylla var. japonica ‘Green Beauty’, ‘Golden Dream’, ‘NewGen Independence’, ‘Jim Stauffer’, ‘NewGen Freedom’, ‘Cranberry Creek’, ‘Calgary’, ‘Little Missy’ and ‘Sprinter’, B. sempervirens ‘Dee Runk’, and B. sinica var. insularis ‘Nana’ and ‘Franklin’s Gem’.

Scouting and Early Diagnosis: Scouting and making early diagnosis of infected plants are critical in limiting the spread and severity of boxwood blight disease. If infection is suspected, plant samples should be submitted for proper diagnosis in Department of Agriculture or diagnostic labs. If infection is confirmed, the Tennessee Department of Agriculture should be informed immediately. Infected plants and their plant parts/debris should be immediately eradicated; sanitation should follow using various methods including flaming. Other host plants within the nursery or landscape should also immediately be scouted and any suspect symptoms should be screened for boxwood blight infection. If confirmed, then other infected host plants should also be eradicated.

Cultural Practices: Recognize that pathogen inoculum can survive in plant debris and fallen leaves for a long time. Removal of older and senescent leaves should be performed on a regular basis, with plant parts destroyed or disposed of off-site.

tennessee greentimes WINTER 2021

23

Feature Continued Irrigation Practices: Drip irrigation instead of overhead irrigation is preferred in nursery production areas and if there is a need to use recycled irrigation water, scheduled monitoring and water treatments inoculum may be necessary.

Plant Spacing and Interplanting: Maintaining proper plant to plant distance and planting of non-host plants in between the plantings can be done to prevent the spread of disease within a production system.

Mulching of boxwood could also be done to prevent accidental plantto-plant spread of the pathogen in the landscape.

Preventative Treatment with Fungicides: Many fungicides work preventatively and growers can initiate protective sprays, particularly if the disease has been confirmed locally, to prevent the further spread of this disease. Fungicide efficacy is best when used in combination with the other management strategies described above. When there is a risk of boxwood blight occurrence, repeated applications of fungicides may be necessary at 7 or 14-day intervals. A spray program that includes fungicides with different modes of action, such as chlorothalonil, benzovindiflupyr + azoxystrobin, boscalid + pyraclostrobin, etc. should be used to reduce the risk of fungicide resistance development.

For more information about boxwood blight in Spanish and English, please visit Tennessee State University Extension Publications (https://www.tnstate.edu/extension/publication_index.aspx) and Horticultural Research Institute Boxwood Blight Insight Group (https://www.boxwoodhealth.org). This work was supported, in part,

by USDA-NIFA SCRI grant #2020-51181-32135. If you encounter boxwood plants in nurseries or managed landscapes that present disease problems, contact Dr. Fulya Baysal-Gurel, fbaysalg@tnstate.edu.

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tennessee greentimes WINTER 2021

Recent Event

GREEN INDUSTRY Photos by Matthew Antoniak

The

Tennessee Green Industry Celebration and TNLA Golf Classic were once again a great success! Held on September 23rd at NYP Corporation in McMinnville, the event included vendor exhibits, food trucks, live music, awards ceremony, our TNLA business meeting and more!

26

We were grateful to come together with our industry friends from across the state and celebrate yet another year of learning and growing in the green industry. We offer a special thanks to our sponsors and all who were a part of this exciting occasion.

WE HOPE TO SEE YOU ALL THERE NEXT YEAR!

Wholesale Nurseryman of the Year 2021

Young Nursery Professional of the Year

Buddy Patterson

John Adam Turner (with Terri Turner)

TNLA Hall of Fame inductee 2021

TNLA Hall of Fame inductee 2021

Tim Gallagher

Jeffrey Hobbs

tennessee greentimes WINTER 2021

CELEBRATION SPONSORS PLAT IN U M

Boyd & Boyd Nursery

BASF

Cedarwood Nursery

Haviland Plastics

Botanico, Inc.

Cherry Springs Nursery

Hidden Hollow Nursery

First National Bank

Harrell’s, LLC

Country Folks Grower

Home Nursery

Scenic Hills Nursery

Freedom Tree Farms

Homeland Community Bank

Mid-South Nursery

Landsculptures

GOL D

Nufarm Americas, Inc.

Peoples Bank & Trust

Ag Workforce Management Association

NYP Corporation

Pirtle Nursery, Inc.

BWI Companies, Inc.

Panter & Sunderland Nursery

Proven Winners® ColorChoice®

Farm Credit Mid-America

ProSolutions

Swallows Insurance

Riverbend Nurseries, LLC

Southern Agriculture

Tri Green Equipment

SiteOne Landscape Supply

Turner & Sons Nursery

Triple C Nursery

Tennessee Valley Tractor & Equipment

Warren County Nursery

Westrock

SILVE R

BR O N Z E

Barky Beaver Mulch & Soil

Albertville Wood Products

Bert Driver Nursery

Circle J Tree Farm

Blankenship Farms & Nursery

Drees Plant Wholesalers

THANK YOU!

Committee Chair

Retailer of the Year

Jon Flanders (with Chloe Flanders)

Walker Gardens, accepted by Cody Walker

Salesperson of the Year

Landscaper of the Year

Drees Trees, Fred Drees

Osvaldo Lopez tennessee greentimes WINTER 2021

27

Photos by Matthew Antoniak

Recent Event

GOLF CLASSIC Continued

TNLA

First Place Team: Don Yancy & Sons Nursery Matt Walker, Allen Johnson, Bill Locke & Mechelle Dodson

Closest to the Pin Mechelle Dodson

Second Place Team: Team Willmore Andy Jacobs, Johnny Murray, Al Womack & Larry Willmore

Closest to the Pin Bill Locke

Third Place Team: McMinnville Country Club Tim Newby accepting; John McNulty, Alan West & Jason Denny (not pictured)

28

Closest to the Pin

Fourth Place Team: Faron Green Nursery

Adam Wood

Davis Adcock, Nick Stern accepting; Austin Green & Liam Brock (not present)

tennessee greentimes WINTER 2021

GOLF SPONSORS BASF* Bobcat of McMinnville Botanico, Inc.* Burlap Room BWI Companies * Champion Chevrolet Cherokee Mfg. Don Yancy & Sons Nursery Farm Bureau Insurance – McMinnville

Gateway Tire & Service Center Griffin Greenhouse Supplies, Inc. Harrell’s, LLC* Heather Farms Nursery, Inc. Homeland Community Bank J & D Nursery John Holmlund Nursery JS Gardening, LLC Kirby Real Estate – Hoover & Son Insurance

Mize Farm & Garden NYP Corp.

Scenic Hills Nursery * Security Federal Savings Bank Tennessee Valley Tractor* Tennessee Valley Nursery Turner & Sons Nursery* * PAID FOR 2021

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