North Carolina Turfgrass - January/February 2018

January/February 2018

A Publication of the Turfgrass Council of North Carolina

2017 NC State

TURFGRASS DIAGNOSTICS LAB REVIEW

Management Tips for

SPORTS PLAYED IN THE DIRT

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10 cover story

16 green light on sports

2017 NC State Turfgrass Diagnostics Lab Review

Management Tips for Sports Played in the Dirt

From the President, Damon Dean TCNC Career Hub

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TCNC Corporate and Deluxe Members

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New TCNC Members & NCCTPs Calendar of Events Index of Advertisers NC State Turf Team

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from the president

New Beginnings

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hope everyone had a wonderful holiday season and was able to spend time with your families. I am writing this after the New Year and as the polar vortex is sitting heavily on top of this wonderful state of ours. The cold weather is a concern for many of us in the turf industry, with winter damage always on our minds. Time will tell if cold-temperature damage (or even winterkill) occurs or not this year. I hope for the best, and that is all we can do.

As the New Year starts, I always think it’s a good idea to make goals, not resolutions. Hardly anyone keeps New Year’s resolutions. Goals, however, can be achieved with hard work and perseverance. Take time to think of some goals you would like to achieve this year (like becoming a North Carolina Certified Turf Professional, or NCCTP). You could strive for either career or personal goals, or both. Setting goals only makes us better and helps keep us from getting complacent with the daily tasks we face. One of my goals this year is to be a better basketball coach for my seven-year-old son’s team.

We have not won a game yet, so it can only get better from here (I HOPE!).

Let this year be your best year yet in all phases of your life.

Strive for your goals, and remember that it sometimes takes more than just yourself to reach your goals. Everyone needs assistance from time to time. Your fellow TCNC members are always here to help.

Damon Dean, CGCS

North Carolina Turfgrass is the official publication of the Turfgrass Council of North Carolina 110 Horizon Drive Suite 210 Raleigh, NC 27615 (919) 459-2070 fax (919) 459-2075 www.ncturfgrass.org

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Jessica Lytle IMI Association Executives jessica@imiae.com (919) 459-6095 Published by: Leading Edge Communications, LLC 206 Bridge Street Franklin, TN 37064 (615) 790-3718 fax (615) 794-4524 info@leadingedge communications.com

TCNC OFFICERS PRESIDENT Damon Dean Keith Hills Country Club West End, NC (910) 893-1372

VICE PRESIDENT Gene Queen Nature’s Select Premium Turf Services Winston-Salem, NC (336) 768-7999

PAST PRESIDENT Billy Cole Raleigh Country Club Raleigh, NC (919) 427-0312

TREASURER Kevin Herrmann Fairway Green, Inc. Raleigh, NC (919) 818-9640

DIRECTORS

2017–2018 TCNC President

H. Dean Baker Kinston Country Club Kinston, NC James (Bo) Barefoot, NCCTP Precision Labs Raleigh, NC David Bradley, NCCTP Turf Mountain Sod, Inc. Hendersonville, NC Michael Hrivnak, NCCTP Canopy Lawn Care Raleigh, NC Jonathan Richardson, NCCTP Coastal Floratine Dunn, NC

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TCNC Corporate & Deluxe Members

Thank You to Our CORPORATE MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS TCNC’s membership level for companies that wish to provide more support by adding ten or more employees to their membership has attracted five Corporate Members —

TCNC Corporate Memberships receive a distinguished listing in each issue of NC Turfgrass magazine. This membership includes ten employees with additional employees added for a nominal fee. Companies holding a Corporate Membership are

given priority for TCNC website home page advertising and event sponsorships. All employees included in the Corporate Membership receive full benefits and features including their own subscription to our magazine.

If you would like to know more about the Corporate Membership, please contact the TCNC office at (919) 459-2070 or info@ncturfgrass.org.

Thank You to Our DELUXE MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS American Turf Grass Corp.

Givens Estates

Revels Turf & Tractor

Barefoot & Associates, Inc.

JRM, Inc.

BASF Corporation

Keith Hills Country Club

SAS Institute Landscaping Dept.

Buy Sod, Inc.

Kinston Country Club

Carolina Farm Credit

Leap Frog Landcare, Inc.

Carolina Green Corp.

Myatt Landscaping Concepts, Inc.

City of Brevard

Nature’s Select Premium Turf Services

City of Raleigh P&R Country Boy Landscaping Diamond Creek Golf Club Duke University Fairway Green

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NCSU Landscape Construction Services Pennington Seed – ProTurf Division

Fayetteville Tech Community College

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NC A&T State University

Quality Turf

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SiteOne Landscape Supply Smith Turf & Irrigation Sod Solutions, Inc. Southern Ag Southern Seeds, Inc. The Club at Longview Town of Cary Public Works Town of Southern Pines Turf Mountain Sod, Inc. Vereens Turf Products

New TCNC Members and NCCTP

Welcome, NEW TCNC MEMBERS!

Congratulations to OUR NEW NCCTP!

Larry Adcock

Mindy Vereen-Jackson

Alan Morrow, NCCTP

Revels Turf & Tractor Fuquay-Varina, NC

Vereens Turf Products Longs, SC

Appalachian Hydroseeding & Landscaping Waynesville, NC

Scott Brady Umstead Pines Golf & Swim Club Durham, NC

Drew Carr Givens Estates Asheville, NC

Nelson Cato Vereens Turf Products Longs, SC

Abraham Contreras Incredible Lawns and Gardens Hampstead, NC

Rob Crain Carolina Farm Credit Statesville, NC

Neal Duff Revels Turf & Tractor Fuquay-Varina, NC

John Hart RealGreen Lawn & Shrub Care Cary, NC

Mike Johnson Vereens Turf Products Longs, SC

John Knight Town of Kernersville High Point, NC

Shane Memory Givens Estates Asheville, NC

Russell Montgomery Revels Turf & Tractor Fuquay-Varina, NC

Turner Revels Revels Turf & Tractor Fuquay-Varina, NC

Robert Sinclair Vereens Turf Products Longs, SC

Jonathan Stevenson NC Arboretum Asheville, NC

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cover story

2017 NC State

TURFGRASS DIAGNOSTICS LAB REVIEW

By Lee Butler, NC State Turf Diagnostics Laboratory

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verall, turfgrass samples submitted this past year to the NC State Turf Diagnostics Lab were up by 9% when compared to 2016. Creeping bentgrass putting green samples were down 39%, while bermudagrass putting green samples were up 54%, when compared to 2016. Below you will find information regarding all golf course putting green samples submitted in 2017. Enjoy!

As expected, the majority (68%) of our samples came from golf course superintendents (see Figure 1). Samples from homeowners and ornamental grass nurseries tied at a distant second place (12%).

Note! The charts below indicate only the samples we have received in our lab here at NC State. While we do receive samples from various regions of the country (Figure 2), the majority (~80%) of creeping bentgrass and bermudagrass putting green samples come from the southeastern United States. However, the following notes cover data collected from all golf course putting green samples.

FIGURE 2. Sample Submission Origin

FIGURE 1. 2017 Client Distribution

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We typically only receive samples from cases that are very hard to diagnose in the field alone. Simply put, we get the funky stuff! Therefore, these charts don’t necessarily represent the major disease outbreaks; instead, they illustrate what causes the most head scratching, if you will.

First, let’s take a look at which cultivars and varieties we receive the most; see Figure 3. This is NOT an indication of one variety being more susceptible to disease or problematic than another. These pie charts were compiled from all samples submitted in 2017, and they would likely match any survey that asks, “What do you have planted?” Remember, we receive most of our samples from the southeastern U.S., with the majority of those coming from right here in North Carolina.

For the most part, creeping bentgrass samples followed the same trends we observed in 2016. The yearly chart in Figure 5 is usually about the same each year, with the majority of samples coming during periods of stress between June and August. It has always been this way since we started tracking this information back in 2008.

FIGURE 5. Bentgrass Putting Green Samples

FIGURE 3. 2017 Most Common Cultivars/Varieties

At the request of some folks, we decided to go back and look at height of cut (HOC) for all creeping bentgrass sample submissions to see if there were any trends over the past couple of years. This (Figure 6) is what was reported on the sample submission forms, with no indication as to whether these were bench heights or actual heights. Regardless, you can see that the majority of samples are being mown below 0.140". In general, it seems most superintendents are willing to raise heights during stressful periods, but few are willing to go above 0.140".

As expected, with the industry shifting more towards ultradwarf bermudagrass putting greens, creeping bentgrass samples continue to decline (Figure 4). In fact, for the first time ever, we received more bermudagrass samples this year than creeping bentgrass samples.

FIGURE 6. Bentgrass Samples by Height of Cut 16–17

FIGURE 4. Bentgrass Putting Green Samples

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FIGURE 7. 2017 Bentgrass Putting Green Diagnoses

Next, let’s take a look at actual disease diagnoses (Figure 7). In general, the majority of the time, we do not find any active disease-causing organisms in samples.

This could be due to any number of factors, such as (1) it never was a disease, (2) it was a disease and the damage was done too long ago to detect, or (3) it was a disease, and you’ve suppressed it with your fungicide program. I’m looking right at you folks who send samples after spraying everything in the barn BEFORE you take your samples!

Now, think about all of the problems listed in Figure 7. With the exception of summer patch and fairy ring when they create nice little rings, they can all look similar! It’s very hard to diagnose most of these biotic and abiotic diseases in the field with 100% accuracy without looking under a microscope or testing for high salt levels.

Once again, remember that rarely do growers send us samples of things like fairy ring, brown patch, dollar spot, etc., that are relatively easy to diagnose in the field.

Also, receiving a diagnosis of “no disease” is equally as valuable as receiving a disease diagnosis. There are lots of things that cause turfgrass quality to decline, so don’t assume it has to be a disease.

FIGURE 8. Chronology of Bentgrass Putting Green Disease

Figure 8 shows when each disease was diagnosed for creeping bentgrass putting green samples. While most diseases occur when expected, you can clearly see that sometimes diseases appear unexpectedly due to short-term atypical weather patterns. A good example of this would be the several Pythium root rot and summer patch diagnoses in early March.

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While Figure 9 is the inverse of the creeping bentgrass chart in Figure 4, this graph shows the rise of bermudagrass putting green samples over the past several years due to the industry shift towards these grasses for putting green surfaces.

Just like the bentgrass chart in Figure 5, the bermudagrass chart follows a very similar path each and every year. The problems are fairly well distributed throughout the year, with a spike in the spring and fall (Figure 10).

FIGURE 9. Bermudagrass Putting Green Samples

FIGURE 10. 2017 Bermudagrass Samples

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cover story | continued

As with creeping bentgrass, we decided to go back and look at height of cut (HOC) for all bermudagrass sample submissions to see if there were any trends over the past couple of years. This is what was reported on the sample submission forms, with no indication as to whether these were bench heights or actual heights.

Regardless, you can see that the majority of samples are being mown below 0.130", with many samples below 0.110" (Figure 11).

FIGURE 11. Bermudagrass Samples by Height of Cut 16–17

Just as in 2016, take-all root rot (a.k.a., bermudagrass decline) remains at the top of the disease diagnoses list (Figure 12). We saw a significant increase in the occurrence of this disease starting in fall of 2015, when weather conditions were abnormally wet and warm for extended periods of time. Just like bentgrass diseases, many of these bermudagrass diseases can look alike and require a microscope to make an accurate diagnosis.

Our lab does not test for nematodes; however, we will report root-knot nematodes when they are observed in high numbers because the attached females are very easy to see (while all other nematodes go down the drain when we wash soil away from the roots for disease diagnosis).

Figure 13 shows when each disease was diagnosed for bermudagrass putting green samples. While most diseases occur when expected, you can clearly see that sometimes diseases appear unexpectedly due to short-term atypical weather patterns. A good example of this would be the sporadic nature of Pythium blight that was most likely tied with wet periods in the regions from where those samples came from. Also, in most cases, take-all diagnoses from January through June were likely also observed the prior fall (2016), and symptoms came and went with the weather, cultural practices, etc.

FIGURE 12. 2017 Bermudagrass Putting Green Diagnoses

FIGURE 13. Chronology of Bermudagrass Putting Green Diagnoses

Summary Bottom line: As you can clearly see, both bentgrass and bermudagrass have their fair share of disease issues!

Editor’s note: The article above was posted as an NC State Turf Pathology blog post on January 8, 2018, on TurfFiles, which is an excellent source of information for most turfgrass issues that arise in North Carolina. Visit www.turffiles.com regularly!

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green light on sports

By Pat White, Sports Field Consultant

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afety and playability should be the first priority of any maintenance and/or construction plan of baseball and softball playing surfaces. So much is involved in maintaining the turf of an athletic field that often the infield surface does not receive adequate attention to ensure the safety of the athlete participants. Keeping in mind that six of the required nine players who comprise the defensive unit of a softball or baseball team are actually in the dirt part of the field, with only three defensive players in

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the turf outfield, be prepared to spend the necessary time required to prepare a safe and playable infield surface.

In the ideal scenario, the turf portion of your field has been aerified, topdressed, fertilized and cared for well in advance of an event so that it just needs to be mowed, and the rest of your attention can be spent tending to the infield, pitchers’ mound, batters’ boxes and home plate area. Understanding the sport being played and knowing the intricacies of your field should aid in the approach to maintaining your field.

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Choosing the infield material The keys to a quality playing surface begin with (1) choosing a material that will hold up to the traffic of competitive play and (2) having a water source to be able to keep your material consistent. An infield surface must start with a compactable base material, regardless of whether you plan to have a clay surface with conditioner or a stone surface. I prefer an 80% to 90% clay-base material, free of any rocks or debris. Most commonly, an infield surface for baseball should be

graded from the turf edge out so that it will drain excess water to the outfield and off of the skinned area of the infield.

Once the grading of the infield base material is set, the base material should be compacted with a heavy, smooth drum roller.

The next step is the addition of the playable surface material that you have chosen. The deciding factor in choosing between a clay with a conditioner surface or a stone surface would be how much time you are able or willing to spend in maintaining it and prepping it for an event. What also must be considered in

choosing between stone or clay is the playability. A clay surface that is properly cared for, with moisture consistency and grooming, will hold together better over the course of a game, therefore making it a superior playing surface. The stone material is a looser material that will get moved around more freely, especially after heavy traffic from competition play.

The two stone surfaces that I’m familiar with are Crimson Stone and Southern Red Rock. Both are somewhat less maintenance intensive than a clay surface, which is why they are used in the multiple-field complexes, municipal fields

and high school fields. Although they still require regular grooming, watering and compaction, a stone surface does not get slick like clay when it is excessively wet, therefore allowing play on it without as much intensive scarifying and grooming to have it ready.

Keeping the infield safe A baseball that is pitched at 90 mph can leave the bat traveling at 110 mph.

Keeping this fact in mind as you work an infield surface will help you understand the importance of what you are doing.

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The infield surface should be free of any rocks, debris, depressions or anything else that may alter the path of the ball traveling at a high rate of speed. The most common injuries associated with the sports of baseball and softball, aside from arm injuries, are injuries to the face, head and neck. Therefore, if you are responsible

for preparing a field for competition play, you are responsible for the safety of the athletes and the playability of the surface.

Coaches are responsible for inspecting a field’s surface before play to ensure the safety of his/her team.

Proper care of an infield surface begins with moisture consistency. Clay or stone

surfaces will require watering to keep an adequate amount of compaction so the materials don’t break down and become loose and free moving. This causes poor footing and divots or depressions that can alter the path of the ball.

Also, a high-pressure, hose-watering source is needed to keep your infield materials separate from the turf edges. Buildup of these materials causes a “lip” to be formed that is the number-one cause of a ball taking a bad hop and causing injury to the face, head or neck.

Lips are most commonly formed by wind and rainfall pushing loose infill material to the turf edges. Ways to prevent lips from forming include alternating your dragging patterns, not scarifying the surface without mat dragging to smooth it back out (especially before rainfall or heavy winds) and, most importantly, keeping adequate moisture to prevent the material from drying and becoming dusty. Use the high-pressure hose to flush any buildup of material from the turf lips when there is a day or so of downtime from events.

Handling rain events Now that you’ve invested your time in getting the moisture content right and the field ready for play is when a thunderstorm pops up and dumps an excess of water. Going back to the original installation of your infield, ideally it was graded so that excess water rolls off the surface away from play and that there are no low areas that will puddle. If you have a prior warning to thunderstorms rolling in, it is helpful to not scarify and create any more loose material that can be moved by heavy runoff; instead, roll and compact the material so water will roll off the top and not create a muddy mess.

After the rainfall has subsided, the best course of action is to allow sun and wind to air out the material before trying to work it. If you rush out on a wet surface to rake and scarify, you will do more harm than good and actually compromise the integrity of your grade and material consistency. If you step on the infield and water surfaces from under your foot or the material is still slick, then it is not ready to be worked.

If you have heard someone say they are bringing in a helicopter to dry up the field, there is some validity to that concept because it is about movement of air.

I have even used blowers from inflatables to circulate air movement.

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green light on sports | continued

Once the determination is made to be able to work the surface, a light scarification with a nail drag can be done to open it up and let it breathe, being cautious to not move material out of wet areas. If you have a clay surface, add conditioner to absorb excess moisture and take the slickness out of the clay, making it more workable. I prefer not to use the quickdry products unless you plan to remove them from the surface later, as they

can compromise the consistency of your clay.

After the surface has aired enough to groom, use a cocoa mat drag to smooth the surface again for play. I recommend not using a steel mat drag if your surface is wet or tacky, as it is more aggressive in moving material. If there are areas of the infield that are wetter, you can end up moving more material from those areas, causing more of a problem area.

Annual renovation A heavy scarification is needed from time to time to keep your infield material consistent. I recommend a renovation of your surface annually before seasonal play. The best method that I have found to till an infield is to use a stand-on skid steer with a power rake attachment that will till and blend the material like preparing a soil bed. Once the surface is tilled, re-grade the surface to be sure water will runoff properly.

In most cases, there will be a buildup of material at the backside of the infield that can be pulled back in where it is needed. Add material to areas that are low, and use the tilling attachment a little less aggressively to blend materials together. Add moisture as necessary, and compact the surface. Begin with your regularly scheduled maintenance of watering, scarifying and grooming in preparation for play.

Final thoughts Sports complexes continue to pop up all over the country as travel sports and tournament play represent big money these days. Too often, I have seen a new complex built with a great vision for success but no real plan to maintain it to the standard all athletes should expect.

Many times, the maintenance of such a facility is an afterthought and is turned over to volunteers or a landscape company to keep the grass cut. Coaches, parents and athletes deserve a safe environment in which to compete, especially when they are in front of an object traveling at a high rate of speed that could cause severe injury or even death.

It is inexcusable to me that athletes are subjected to poor conditions because of lack of personnel, lack of knowledge, lack of budget or whatever the case may be. If the field cannot be properly cared for and prepped for each game, then do not open it up for play. Would you put your child on a roller coaster if the track wasn’t maintained to standards? Maybe it is time to change the phrase “if you build it, they will come,” to “if you maintain it right, they will come.”

About the author Written by: Pat White – Sports Field Consultant, The Athlete In Mind.

Contact him at patwhitestc@gmail. com, or message him on Facebook at The Athlete In Mind.

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calendar of events

Mark Your Calendar and

April 9–10

July 15–17

2018 National Turfgrass Entomology Conference

NALP Legislative Day on the Hill

Hilton Wilmington Riverside Hotel Wilmington, NC

Washington, DC

February 19–23

April 24

August TBA

NC State Turfgrass Short Course

Annual Guy Hollar Memorial Golf Tournament

NCSU Turfgrass Field Day

WakeMed Soccer Park Cary, NC

Rock Barn Country Club Conover, NC

Lake Wheeler Turfgrass Research Labs Raleigh NC

March 3

June 21

November 12–14

Landscape Management Workshop

8th Annual GIC Water Symposium

Carolinas GCSA Annual Conference & Show

Givens Estates Asheville, NC

McKimmon Center Raleigh NC

Myrtle Beach Convention Ctr. Myrtle Beach, SC

SAVE THESE DATES! (Visit ncturfgrass.org for links to event pages)

Digital Marketplace Scan the QR code: Download your favorite QR reader to your phone, and scan the code to learn more about this company.

The Turfgrass Council of North Carolina (TCNC) serves its members in the industry through education, promotion and representation. The statements and opinions expressed herein are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the association, its staff, or its board of directors, North Carolina Turfgrass, or its editors. Likewise, the appearance of advertisers, or TCNC members, does not constitute an endorsement of the products or services featured in this, past or subsequent issues of this bimonthly publication. Copyright © 2018 by the Turfgrass Council of North Carolina. North Carolina Turfgrass is published bi-monthly.

Subscriptions are complimentary to members of TCNC. Presorted standard postage is paid at Nashville, TN. Printed in the U.S.A. Reprints and Submissions: North Carolina Turfgrass allows reprinting of material published here. Permission requests should be directed to TCNC. We are not responsible for unsolicited freelance manuscripts and photographs. Contact the managing editor for contribution information. Advertising: For display and classified advertising rates and insertions, please contact Leading Edge Communications, LLC, 206 Bridge Street, Franklin, TN 37064, 615-790-3718, Fax 615-794-4524.

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nc state turf team

index of advertisers

CROP AND SOIL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT

Barenbrug USA ....................................13 www.barusa.com

Daniel C. Bowman, Ph.D. Professor (919) 515-2085 dan_bowman@ncsu.edu Arthur H. Bruneau, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus (919) 515-5855 art_bruneau@ncsu.edu Richard J. Cooper, Ph.D. Professor, Turfgrass Management Specialist (919) 515-7600 rich_cooper@ncsu.edu Emily Erickson CENTERE Assoc. Director (919) 513-2034 emily_erickson@ncsu.edu Travis Gannon, Ph.D. Assistant Professor (919) 513-4655 travis_gannon@ncsu.edu

Matthew C. Martin Extension Associate (910) 675-2314 matthew_martin@ncsu.edu

Rongda Qu, Ph.D. Professor (919) 515-7616 rongda_qu@ncsu.edu

Susana Milla-Lewis, Ph.D. Associate Professor (919) 515-3196 susana_milla@ncsu.edu

Rob Richardson, Ph.D. Professor, Extension Specialist (919) 515-5653 rob_richardson@ncsu.edu

Grady Miller, Ph.D. Professor & Ext. Specialist (919) 515-5656 grady_miller@ncsu.edu

Thomas Rufty, Ph.D. CENTERE Co-Director Professor (919) 515-3660 tom_rufty@ncsu.edu

Charles Peacock, Ph.D. Professor & Ext. Specialist (919) 515-7615 charles_peacock@ ncsu.edu

Wei Shi (919) 513-4641 wei_shi@ncsu.edu Fred H. Yelverton, Ph.D. CENTERE Co-Director Professor, Ext. Specialist (919) 515-5639 fred_yelverton@ncsu.edu

Marty Parish Superintendent Lake Wheeler Turf Field Lab (919) 498-4808 mbparish@ncsu.edu

Buy Sod ...................... Inside Back Cover www.buysod.com

Camp Chemical Corp...........................20

Carolina Green Corp............................21 www.cgcfields.com

Carolina Turf Farms, Inc.......................18 www.carolinaturffarms.com

Divots, Inc. ...........................................21 www.divotssand.com

Golf Agronomics Supply & Handling ...............................20 www.golfag.com

Green Resource .................... Back Cover www.green-resource.com

ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY DEPARTMENT

HORTICULTURE SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

Mid-Atlantic STIHL, Inc. .......................19 www.stihldealers.com

Rick Brandenburg, Ph.D. Professor (919) 515-8876 rick_brandenburg@ ncsu.edu

Joe Neal, Ph.D. Professor, Ext. Specialist (919) 805-1707 joe_neal@ncsu.edu

Morgan Sand Co. ...................................9

Danesha Seth Carley, Ph.D. NC IPM Coordinator (919) 513-2717 danesha_carley@ncsu.edu

Jim Kerns, Ph.D. Associate Professor & Extension Specialist (919) 515-4820 jpkerns@ncsu.edu

SANDHILLS RESEARCH STATION

Lee Butler Extension Coordinator Turf Diagnostic Lab (919) 513-3878 lee_butler@ncsu.edu

Jeremy R. Martin Research Operations Manager (910) 974-4673 jeremy_martin@ncsu.edu John Michael Phillips II Turfgrass Unit Manager (910) 974-4673 johnmichael_phillips@ ncsu.edu

Progressive Turf Equipment, Inc. ........15 www.progressiveturfequip.com

Revels Tractor Co. Inc............................5 www.revelstractor.com

Smith Seed Services.............................21 www.smithseed.com

Southern Specialty Equipment ..............9 www.ssequip.net

Super-Sod...............................................3 www.supersod.com

The Turfgrass Group ..Inside Front Cover www.theturfgrassgroup.com

Vandemark Farms ................................15 www.vandemarkfarms.com

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